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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elevation_(Pharoah_Sanders_album) | Elevation (Pharoah Sanders album) | ["1 Reception","2 Track listing","3 Personnel","4 References"] | Live album by Pharoah Sanders
ElevationLive album by Pharoah SandersReleased1974RecordedSeptember 7, 9 & 14, 1973GenreJazz, free jazz, ethno jazzLength47:18LabelImpulse!ProducerEd MichelPharoah Sanders chronology
Love in Us All(1974)
Elevation(1974)
Pharoah(1977)
Elevation is a live album by American saxophonist and composer Pharoah Sanders (containing one track recorded in the studio), released in 1973 on the Impulse! label.
Reception
Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingAllMusicThe Encyclopedia of Popular MusicThe Penguin Guide to Jazz RecordingsUncut8/10
The AllMusic review by Thom Jurek stated: "This may not rate as highly as some of Sanders' other recordings for the label like Thembi or Karma, but there is plenty here for fans, and it is well worth the investigation and the purchase."
Brian P. Lonergan of All About Jazz compared the album to Alice Coltrane's Journey in Satchidananda, on which Sanders appeared, noting that it "shares much of the ambiance and sonic palette" of that recording, and stated that it "ventures into some pretty bizarre and wild territory."
A writer for Jazz Impressions singled out "Greeting to Saud" for praise, calling it "a rich soundscape that is both peaceful and meditative," and "a tranquil counterpoint" to the opening track.
Track listing
All compositions by Pharoah Sanders except as indicated
"Elevation" – 18:01
"Greeting to Saud (Brother McCoy Tyner)" – 4:07
"Ore-Se-Rere" (Ebenezer Obey) – 5:38
"The Gathering" – 13:51
"Spiritual Blessing" – 5:41
Recorded in performance at the Ash Grove in Los Angeles, California on September 7, 1973 (tracks 3 & 4) and September 9, 1973 (tracks 1 & 5) and at Wally Heider Studios in San Francisco, California on September 13, 1973 (track 2)
Personnel
Pharoah Sanders – tenor saxophone, soprano saxophone, shaker, vocals, bells, percussion
Joe Bonner – piano, harmonium, cow horn, wood flute, percussion, vocals
Calvin Hill – bass, vocals, tambura
Michael Carvin – drums, vocals
Lawrence Killian – conga, bell tree, vocals
John Blue (tracks 3 & 4), Jimmy Hopps (tracks 1, 2 & 5) – percussion, vocals
Michael White – violin (track 2)
Kenneth Nash – percussion (track 2)
Sedatrius Brown – vocals (track 2)
References
^ Impulse! Records discography accessed January 5, 2012
^ a b Jurek, T. Allmusic Review accessed January 5, 2012.
^ Larkin, Colin (2006). The Encyclopedia of Popular Music. Vol. 7. MUZE. p. 245.
^ Cook, Richard; Morton, Brian (2008). The Penguin Guide to Jazz Recordings (9th ed.). Penguin. p. 1259. ISBN 978-0-141-03401-0.
^ "How to Buy Pharoah Sanders". Uncut. November 2023. p. 69.
^ Lonergan, Brian P. (September 9, 2006). "Pharoah Sanders And Don Cherry: Elevation And Where Is Brooklyn?". All About Jazz. Retrieved October 17, 2022.
^ "Pharoah Sanders – Greeting To Saud (Brother McCoy Tyner)". Jazz Impressions. March 27, 2020. Retrieved October 17, 2022.
vtePharoah SandersAlbums
Pharoah's First (1964)
Tauhid (1966)
Izipho Zam (My Gifts) (1969)
Karma (1969)
Jewels of Thought (1969)
Deaf Dumb Blind (Summun Bukmun Umyun) (1970)
Thembi (1970–71)
Black Unity (1971)
Wisdom Through Music (1972)
Village of the Pharoahs (1971–73)
Live at the East (1972)
Love in Us All (1972–73)
Elevation (1973)
Pharoah (1976)
Journey to the One (1979)
Pharoah Sanders Live... (1981)
Rejoice (1981)
Shukuru (1981)
Heart Is a Melody (1982)
Africa (1987)
Oh Lord, Let Me Do No Wrong (1987)
A Prayer Before Dawn (1987)
Moon Child (1989)
Welcome to Love (1990)
Promises (2021) | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pharoah Sanders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharoah_Sanders"},{"link_name":"Impulse!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impulse!_Records"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Impulse!_Records_discography-1"}],"text":"Elevation is a live album by American saxophonist and composer Pharoah Sanders (containing one track recorded in the studio), released in 1973 on the Impulse! label.[1]","title":"Elevation (Pharoah Sanders album)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"AllMusic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic"},{"link_name":"Thembi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thembi"},{"link_name":"Karma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karma_(Pharoah_Sanders_album)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Allmusic-2"},{"link_name":"All About Jazz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_About_Jazz"},{"link_name":"Alice Coltrane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_Coltrane"},{"link_name":"Journey in Satchidananda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journey_in_Satchidananda"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"The AllMusic review by Thom Jurek stated: \"This may not rate as highly as some of Sanders' other recordings for the label like Thembi or Karma, but there is plenty here for fans, and it is well worth the investigation and the purchase.\"[2]Brian P. Lonergan of All About Jazz compared the album to Alice Coltrane's Journey in Satchidananda, on which Sanders appeared, noting that it \"shares much of the ambiance and sonic palette\" of that recording, and stated that it \"ventures into some pretty bizarre and wild territory.\"[6]A writer for Jazz Impressions singled out \"Greeting to Saud\" for praise, calling it \"a rich soundscape that is both peaceful and meditative,\" and \"a tranquil counterpoint\" to the opening track.[7]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ebenezer Obey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebenezer_Obey"},{"link_name":"Wally Heider Studios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wally_Heider_Studios"}],"text":"All compositions by Pharoah Sanders except as indicated\"Elevation\" – 18:01\n\"Greeting to Saud (Brother McCoy Tyner)\" – 4:07\n\"Ore-Se-Rere\" (Ebenezer Obey) – 5:38\n\"The Gathering\" – 13:51\n\"Spiritual Blessing\" – 5:41Recorded in performance at the Ash Grove in Los Angeles, California on September 7, 1973 (tracks 3 & 4) and September 9, 1973 (tracks 1 & 5) and at Wally Heider Studios in San Francisco, California on September 13, 1973 (track 2)","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pharoah Sanders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharoah_Sanders"},{"link_name":"tenor saxophone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenor_saxophone"},{"link_name":"soprano saxophone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soprano_saxophone"},{"link_name":"shaker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaker_(musical_instrument)"},{"link_name":"bells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_(instrument)"},{"link_name":"Joe Bonner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Bonner"},{"link_name":"harmonium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pump_organ"},{"link_name":"wood flute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flute"},{"link_name":"bass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_bass"},{"link_name":"tambura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanpura_(instrument)"},{"link_name":"Michael Carvin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Carvin"},{"link_name":"conga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conga"},{"link_name":"bell tree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_tree"},{"link_name":"Michael White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_White_(violinist)"}],"text":"Pharoah Sanders – tenor saxophone, soprano saxophone, shaker, vocals, bells, percussion\nJoe Bonner – piano, harmonium, cow horn, wood flute, percussion, vocals\nCalvin Hill – bass, vocals, tambura\nMichael Carvin – drums, vocals\nLawrence Killian – conga, bell tree, vocals\nJohn Blue (tracks 3 & 4), Jimmy Hopps (tracks 1, 2 & 5) – percussion, vocals\nMichael White – violin (track 2)\nKenneth Nash – percussion (track 2)\nSedatrius Brown – vocals (track 2)","title":"Personnel"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Larkin, Colin (2006). The Encyclopedia of Popular Music. Vol. 7. MUZE. p. 245.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Cook, Richard; Morton, Brian (2008). The Penguin Guide to Jazz Recordings (9th ed.). Penguin. p. 1259. ISBN 978-0-141-03401-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Cook_(journalist)","url_text":"Cook, Richard"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Morton_(Scottish_writer)","url_text":"Morton, Brian"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Penguin_Guide_to_Jazz","url_text":"The Penguin Guide to Jazz Recordings"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penguin_Books","url_text":"Penguin"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-141-03401-0","url_text":"978-0-141-03401-0"}]},{"reference":"\"How to Buy Pharoah Sanders\". Uncut. November 2023. p. 69.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uncut_(magazine)","url_text":"Uncut"}]},{"reference":"Lonergan, Brian P. (September 9, 2006). \"Pharoah Sanders And Don Cherry: Elevation And Where Is Brooklyn?\". All About Jazz. Retrieved October 17, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allaboutjazz.com/pharoah-sanders-and-don-cherry-elevation-and-where-is-brooklyn-by-brian-p-lonergan","url_text":"\"Pharoah Sanders And Don Cherry: Elevation And Where Is Brooklyn?\""}]},{"reference":"\"Pharoah Sanders – Greeting To Saud (Brother McCoy Tyner)\". Jazz Impressions. March 27, 2020. Retrieved October 17, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jazzimpressions.co.uk/pharoah-sanders-greeting-to-saud-brother-mccoy-tyner","url_text":"\"Pharoah Sanders – Greeting To Saud (Brother McCoy Tyner)\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.jazzdisco.org/impulse-records/catalog-9200-series/#as-9261","external_links_name":"Impulse! 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1977%E2%80%9378_IIHF_European_Cup | 1977–78 IIHF European Cup | ["1 First round","2 Second round","3 Third round","4 Fourth round","5 Semifinals","6 Final","7 References"] | The 1977–78 European Cup was the 13th edition of the European Cup, IIHF's premier European club ice hockey tournament. The season started on September 27, 1977, and finished on August 29, 1979.
The tournament was won by CSKA Moscow, who beat Poldi Kladno in the final
First round
Team #1
Score
Team #2
Gap HC
7:9, 3:14
Kölner EC
Dynamo Berlin
7:3, 4:4
Podhale Nowy Targ
HC Steaua București
3:2, 1:3
SC Bern
EC KAC
5:2, 5:3
Ferencvárosi TC
HC Bolzano
6:2, 6:6
HK Jesenice
Manglerud/Star
3:3, 6:7
F Verwarming Heerenveen
Tappara,
Brynäs IF : bye
Second round
Team #1
Score
Team #2
SC Bern
7:3, 4:8 (0:2 PS)
Kölner EC
EC KAC
5:5, 2:3
HC Bolzano
Dynamo Berlin
7:7, 6:5
Brynäs IF
F Verwarming Heerenveen
w/o
Tappara
Third round
Team #1
Score
Team #2
Dynamo Berlin
5:1, 6:2
Kölner EC
HC Bolzano
4:2, 1:7
F Verwarming Heerenveen
Poldi Kladno : bye
Fourth round
Team #1
Score
Team #2
F Verwarming Heerenveen
3:9, 5:13
Poldi Kladno
Dynamo Berlin : bye
Semifinals
Team #1
Score
Team #2
Dynamo Berlin
5:5, 2:9
Poldi Kladno
CSKA Moscow : bye
Final
Team #1
Score
Team #2
CSKA Moscow
3:1
Poldi Kladno
References
Season 1978
vteTop-level European ice hockey club tournamentsEuropean Cup
1965–66
1966–67
1967–68
1968–69
1969–70
1970–71
1971–72
1972–73
1973–74
1974–75
1975–76
1976–77
1977–78
1978–79
1979–80
1980–81
1981–82
1982–83
1983–84
1984–85
1985–86
1986–87
1987–88
1988–89
1989–90
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
European Hockey League
1996–97
1997–98
1998–99
1999–2000
European Champions Cup
2005
2006
2007
2008
Champions Hockey League (2008–09)
2008–09
European Trophy
2010
2011
2012
2013
Champions Hockey League
2014–15
2015–16
2016–17
2017–18
2018–19
2019–20
2020–21
2021–22
2022–23
2023–24
2024–25
Silver Stone Trophy
Victoria Cup
IIHF Continental Cup
IIHF Super Cup | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"CSKA Moscow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HC_CSKA_Moscow"},{"link_name":"Poldi Kladno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HC_Kladno"}],"text":"The tournament was won by CSKA Moscow, who beat Poldi Kladno in the final","title":"1977–78 IIHF European Cup"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland"},{"link_name":"Tappara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tappara"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden"},{"link_name":"Brynäs IF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryn%C3%A4s_IF"}],"text":"Tappara, \n Brynäs IF : bye","title":"First round"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Second round"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czechoslovakia"},{"link_name":"Poldi Kladno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HC_Kladno"}],"text":"Poldi Kladno : bye","title":"Third round"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Germany"},{"link_name":"Dynamo Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eisb%C3%A4ren_Berlin"}],"text":"Dynamo Berlin : bye","title":"Fourth round"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"CSKA Moscow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HC_CSKA_Moscow"}],"text":"CSKA Moscow : bye","title":"Semifinals"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Final"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"http://www.passionhockey.com/hockeyarchives/Europe1978.htm","external_links_name":"Season 1978"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincoln_Steen | Lincoln Steen | ["1 Professional wrestling career","1.1 2000–2004","1.2 2005–present","2 Championships and accomplishments","3 References"] | This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: "Lincoln Steen" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (September 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Lincoln SteenBirth nameRyan MaderBorn (1982-03-18) March 18, 1982 (age 42)Halifax, Nova Scotia, CanadaProfessional wrestling careerRing name(s) Lincoln SteenBilled height5 ft 11 in (1.80 m)Billed weight228 lb (103 kg)DebutOctober 27, 2000
Ryan Mader (born March 18, 1982), better known by his ring name Lincoln Steen, is a Canadian professional wrestler, who has competed in Canadian independent promotions since October 27, 2000. He has featured as a prominent character in The Fight Network's Wrestling Reality and appeared in Rush HD's The Kardinal Sinners.
Professional wrestling career
2000–2004
Steen grew up in Enfield, Nova Scotia as a wrestling fan. He eventually met Devin Chittick and Scott Savage through various local wrestling events and began his training with the pair in Sheet Harbour, Nova Scotia in June 2000. The following October, at the inaugural event for MainStream Wrestling (MSW), he squared off for the first time against Savage. In 2001, Vance Nevada arrived in Nova Scotia and assisted in securing new booking opportunities for Steen, who had recently become the first ever MainStream Wrestling Champion on July 21. Steen lost the title to Jeremiah Delinquent (Scott Savage) on November 30, 2001.
Steen travelled to Winnipeg, Manitoba with Top Rope Championship Wrestling and took part in Tony Condello's Northern Hell Tour during early 2002. Returning to MSW in the spring, Steen was the first two time MSW champion after winning the title back from "Red Hot" Ryan Wood. He then lost the title to Flex Falcone in a three-way match including Jeremiah Delinquent.
Steen showed up in Real Action Wrestling (RAW) in June 2002 where he was featured as part of the new cruiserweight division, winning the championship on EastLink Television, a decision that was immediately reversed by RAW officials. After the demise of RAW, Steen continued competing with MSW and appeared on various other dates throughout the region, most notably, losing in the first round of the first Maritime Cup to the eventual winner Bobby Rude. Steen was also featured on shows with Chi Chi Cruz, the Honky Tonk Man and Gangrel.
On August 24, 2002, Steen defeated Scott Savage and Sarah Stock in Halifax for the Canadian Unified Junior Heavyweight Championship. He lost it to Savage on May 15. He regained it on May 22 and lost it again on May 29 to Savage. Steen won his third MSW Championship from Tony Armstrong on November 27, 2003. On April 31, 2004, Steen vacated the title.
2005–present
In late 2004, Brody Steele invited Steen to take part in Wrestling Reality. Steen returned for the second annual Maritime Cup featuring independent wrestlers in Canada including "Wildman" Gary Williams, Duke MacIsaac, Scott Savage and Tony Armstrong. He lost to Savage in the opening round. It was during this time that Steen found appeared with East Coast Pro Wrestling (ECPW) and Atlantic Grand Prix Wrestling. On May 2, 2008, Steen and Kowboy Mike Hughes defeated "Wildman" Gary Williams and Trash Canyon in a tag team match. Steen, Brody Steele and Hughes also defeated Williams, Canyon and James Mason in a 6-man tag-team match during which Hughes and Steele turned on Steen.
Steen then reemerged in MainStream Wrestling, when, disguised as Firefly, he went on to win a number one contender's battle for the MSW Championship. He has also appeared on selected shows for New Breed Wrestling in Debert, Nova Scotia, ECPW in Cape Breton, Red Rock Wrestling on Prince Edward Island, Innovative Hybrid Wrestling in New Brunswick and various events throughout Nova Scotia.
Championships and accomplishments
Canadian Pro-Wrestling Hall of Fame
Class of 2023
MainStream Wrestling
MSW Heavyweight Championship (3 times)
MSW Atlantic Canadian Championship
Real Action Wrestling
RAW Cruiser weight Championship (1 time)
Various Canadian Independent Promotions
Canadian Unified Junior Heavyweight Championship (2 times)
Red Rock Wrestling
RRW North American Championship
RRW Heavyweight Championship
CWF Canada
Tag Team Champion
References
^ "HISTORY OF THE MSWE CHAMPIONSHIP". Archived from the original on 2010-09-20.
^ "Canadian Unified Junior Heavyweight Title".
^ "HISTORY OF THE MSWE CHAMPIONSHIP". Archived from the original on 2010-09-20.
^ "HISTORY OF THE MSWE CHAMPIONSHIP". Archived from the original on 2010-09-20.
^ Richardson, Adam. "Ready to Rumble". The News.
^ McDaniel, Grant. "Hughes retains title at Richmond Arena".
^ "2023 Class". Canadian Pro-Wrestling Hall of Fame. Archived from the original on March 22, 2023. Retrieved November 29, 2023.
^ "HISTORY OF THE MSWE CHAMPIONSHIP". Archived from the original on 2010-09-20.
^ "Canadian Unified Junior Heavyweight Title". | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"professional wrestler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_wrestler"},{"link_name":"The Fight Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fight_Network"},{"link_name":"Wrestling Reality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrestling_Reality"}],"text":"Ryan Mader (born March 18, 1982), better known by his ring name Lincoln Steen, is a Canadian professional wrestler, who has competed in Canadian independent promotions since October 27, 2000. 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He eventually met Devin Chittick and Scott Savage through various local wrestling events and began his training with the pair in Sheet Harbour, Nova Scotia in June 2000. The following October, at the inaugural event for MainStream Wrestling (MSW), he squared off for the first time against Savage. In 2001, Vance Nevada arrived in Nova Scotia and assisted in securing new booking opportunities for Steen, who had recently become the first ever MainStream Wrestling Champion on July 21. Steen lost the title to Jeremiah Delinquent (Scott Savage) on November 30, 2001.[1]Steen travelled to Winnipeg, Manitoba with Top Rope Championship Wrestling and took part in Tony Condello's Northern Hell Tour during early 2002. Returning to MSW in the spring, Steen was the first two time MSW champion after winning the title back from \"Red Hot\" Ryan Wood. He then lost the title to Flex Falcone in a three-way match including Jeremiah Delinquent.Steen showed up in Real Action Wrestling (RAW) in June 2002 where he was featured as part of the new cruiserweight division, winning the championship on EastLink Television, a decision that was immediately reversed by RAW officials. After the demise of RAW, Steen continued competing with MSW and appeared on various other dates throughout the region, most notably, losing in the first round of the first Maritime Cup to the eventual winner Bobby Rude. Steen was also featured on shows with Chi Chi Cruz, the Honky Tonk Man and Gangrel.On August 24, 2002, Steen defeated Scott Savage and Sarah Stock in Halifax for the Canadian Unified Junior Heavyweight Championship. He lost it to Savage on May 15. He regained it on May 22 and lost it again on May 29 to Savage.[2] Steen won his third MSW Championship from Tony Armstrong on November 27, 2003.[3] On April 31, 2004, Steen vacated the title.[4]","title":"Professional wrestling career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wrestling Reality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrestling_Reality"},{"link_name":"\"Wildman\" Gary Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Williams"},{"link_name":"Duke MacIsaac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_MacIsaac"},{"link_name":"Scott Savage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Savage"},{"link_name":"East Coast Pro Wrestling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=East_Coast_Pro_Wrestling&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Atlantic Grand Prix Wrestling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Grand_Prix_Wrestling"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"New Breed Wrestling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New_Breed_Wrestling&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Red Rock Wrestling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Red_Rock_Wrestling&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"2005–present","text":"In late 2004, Brody Steele invited Steen to take part in Wrestling Reality. Steen returned for the second annual Maritime Cup featuring independent wrestlers in Canada including \"Wildman\" Gary Williams, Duke MacIsaac, Scott Savage and Tony Armstrong. He lost to Savage in the opening round. It was during this time that Steen found appeared with East Coast Pro Wrestling (ECPW) and Atlantic Grand Prix Wrestling. On May 2, 2008, Steen and Kowboy Mike Hughes defeated \"Wildman\" Gary Williams and Trash Canyon in a tag team match. Steen, Brody Steele and Hughes also defeated Williams, Canyon and James Mason in a 6-man tag-team match during which Hughes and Steele turned on Steen.Steen then reemerged in MainStream Wrestling,[5] when, disguised as Firefly, he went on to win a number one contender's battle for the MSW Championship. He has also appeared on selected shows for New Breed Wrestling in Debert, Nova Scotia, ECPW in Cape Breton,[6] Red Rock Wrestling on Prince Edward Island, Innovative Hybrid Wrestling in New Brunswick and various events throughout Nova Scotia.","title":"Professional wrestling career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Canadian Pro-Wrestling Hall of Fame\nClass of 2023[7]\nMainStream Wrestling\nMSW Heavyweight Championship (3 times)[8]\nMSW Atlantic Canadian Championship\nReal Action Wrestling\nRAW Cruiser weight Championship (1 time)\nVarious Canadian Independent Promotions\nCanadian Unified Junior Heavyweight Championship (2 times)[9]\nRed Rock Wrestling\nRRW North American Championship\nRRW Heavyweight Championship\nCWF Canada\nTag Team Champion","title":"Championships and accomplishments"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"HISTORY OF THE MSWE CHAMPIONSHIP\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Missionaries | The Missionaries | ["1 Cast","2 Notes","3 References","4 External links"] | 2014 film by Tonie Marshall
The MissionariesTheatrical release posterFrenchTu veux ou tu veux pas
Directed byTonie MarshallScreenplay by
Tonie Marshall
Erwan Augoyard
Sophie Kovess-Brun
Adaptation and dialogue byTonie MarshallNicolas Mercier
Produced by
Tonie Marshall
Bruno Pésery
Starring
Sophie Marceau
Patrick Bruel
André Wilms
François Morel
Philippe Lellouche
Sylvie Vartan
CinematographyPascal RidaoEdited by
Jacques Comets
Stan Collet
Music by
Philippe Cohen-Solal
Christophe Chassol
Loïk Dury
Christophe "Disco" Minck
Productioncompanies
Tabo Tabo Films
Arena Productions
Cinéfrance 1888
TF1 Films Production
Entre Chien et Loup
Distributed by
Warner Bros. (France)
Alternative Films (Belgium)
Release dates
22 August 2014 (2014-08-22) (Angoulême)
1 October 2014 (2014-10-01) (France and Belgium)
Running time111 minutesCountries
France
Belgium
LanguageFrenchBudget€10.7 million($11.5 million)Box office$9.3 million
The Missionaries (French: Tu veux ou tu veux pas, lit. 'Do You Want It or Not'), also known as Sex, Love & Therapy, is a 2014 romantic comedy film co-written, produced and directed by Tonie Marshall. The film stars Sophie Marceau and Patrick Bruel.
Cast
Sophie Marceau as Judith Chabrier
Patrick Bruel as Lambert Levallois
André Wilms as Michel Chabrier
Sylvie Vartan as Nadine Levallois
François Morel as Alain
Philippe Lellouche as Bruno
Jean-Pierre Marielle as himself
Patrick Braoudé as L'écureuil
Claude Perron as Fabienne Lavial
Pascal Demolon as Christian Lavial
Marie Rivière as Martine
Philippe Harel as Jacques
Scali Delpeyrat as Pierre Joubert
Camille Panonacle as Valérie Joubert
Fanny Sidney as Véronique
Thomas Sagols as Luc
Laurent Heynemann as Le barbu
Fabienne Galula as Annie
Alexia Barlier as Daphné
Notes
^ a b Collaboration
References
^ a b "Tu veux... ou tu veux pas?". Lumiere. Retrieved 10 May 2023.
^ "Tu veux ou tu veux pas (The Missionaries) (2014)". JP Box-Office (in French). Retrieved 23 October 2014.
^ "Sex, Love & Therapy (2014)". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved 18 December 2023.
^ Mintzer, Jordan (2 October 2014). "'Sex, Love & Therapy' ('Tu veux ou tu veux pas'): Film Review". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 10 May 2023.
External links
The Missionaries at IMDb
The Missionaries at AlloCiné (in French)
The Missionaries at Rotten Tomatoes
This article related to a French film of the 2010s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language"},{"link_name":"lit.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literal_translation"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"romantic comedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romantic_comedy"},{"link_name":"Tonie Marshall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonie_Marshall"},{"link_name":"Sophie Marceau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sophie_Marceau"},{"link_name":"Patrick Bruel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Bruel"}],"text":"The Missionaries (French: Tu veux ou tu veux pas, lit. 'Do You Want It or Not'), also known as Sex, Love & Therapy,[4] is a 2014 romantic comedy film co-written, produced and directed by Tonie Marshall. The film stars Sophie Marceau and Patrick Bruel.","title":"The Missionaries"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sophie Marceau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sophie_Marceau"},{"link_name":"Patrick Bruel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Bruel"},{"link_name":"André Wilms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Wilms"},{"link_name":"Sylvie Vartan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylvie_Vartan"},{"link_name":"François Morel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Morel_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Philippe Lellouche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippe_Lellouche"},{"link_name":"Jean-Pierre Marielle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Marielle"},{"link_name":"Patrick Braoudé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Braoud%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Claude Perron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Perron"},{"link_name":"Marie Rivière","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Rivi%C3%A8re"},{"link_name":"Philippe Harel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippe_Harel"},{"link_name":"Fanny Sidney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fanny_Sidney"},{"link_name":"Alexia Barlier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexia_Barlier"}],"text":"Sophie Marceau as Judith Chabrier\nPatrick Bruel as Lambert Levallois\nAndré Wilms as Michel Chabrier\nSylvie Vartan as Nadine Levallois\nFrançois Morel as Alain\nPhilippe Lellouche as Bruno\nJean-Pierre Marielle as himself\nPatrick Braoudé as L'écureuil\nClaude Perron as Fabienne Lavial\nPascal Demolon as Christian Lavial\nMarie Rivière as Martine\nPhilippe Harel as Jacques\nScali Delpeyrat as Pierre Joubert\nCamille Panonacle as Valérie Joubert\nFanny Sidney as Véronique\nThomas Sagols as Luc\nLaurent Heynemann as Le barbu\nFabienne Galula as Annie\nAlexia Barlier as Daphné","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-collab_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-collab_1-1"}],"text":"^ a b Collaboration","title":"Notes"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Tu veux... ou tu veux pas?\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandon_and_Byshottles | Brandon and Byshottles | ["1 References","2 External links","3 External links"] | Coordinates: 54°45′51″N 1°39′08″W / 54.76417°N 1.65222°W / 54.76417; -1.65222
Brandon and Byshottles is a civil parish and electoral ward in County Durham, England. According to the 2001 census it had a population of 17,774 increasing to 18,509 at the 2011 Census. The parish includes Brandon, New Brancepeth, Broompark, Langley Moor, Ushaw Moor, Meadowfield, Waterhouses and Esh Winning.
Unusually, the parish shares jurisdiction over a quarry south of Esh Winning, with the neighbouring parish of Brancepeth.
For electoral purposes the parish is divided into wards;
Central Ward (includes Brandon) - elects four parish councillors
East Ward (includes Langley Moor) - elects three parish councillors
North Ward (includes New Brancepeth) - elects three parish councillors
South Ward (includes Meadowfield and Browney) - elects three parish councillors
Ushaw Moor Ward (includes Ushaw Moor and Broompark) - elects four parish councillors
West Ward (includes Esh Winning and Waterhouses) - elects four parish councillors
Currently, a majority of the Councillors were elected as Labour Party candidates.
Brandon & Byshottles was established as a local government unit when it was also established as a Local Board District in 1882. Brandon & Byshottles was reconstituted as an Urban District through the Local Government Act 1894.
The Brandon & Byshottles Urban District Council was abolished in 1974 when the area became part of the (now abolished) City of Durham local government area. The Brandon & Byshottles Parish is co-terminous with the pre-1974 UDC area.
References
^ "Civil Parish and Electoral Ward population 2011". Retrieved 8 July 2015.
External links
Parish Council Website
Parish Archive
External links
Media related to Brandon and Byshottles at Wikimedia Commons
vteCivil parishes in County Durham
including Stockton-on-Tees (north of the river)
Darlington
Parishes
Archdeacon Newton
Barmpton
Bishopton
Brafferton
Coatham Mundeville
Denton
East and West Newbiggin
Great Burdon
Great Stainton
Heighington
High Coniscliffe
Houghton le Side
Hurworth
Killerby
Little Stainton
Low Coniscliffe and Merrybent
Middleton St. George
Morton Palms
Neasham
Piercebridge
Sadberge
Summerhouse
Walworth
Whessoe
Unparished areas
The former Darlington County Borough
County Durham
Towns
Barnard Castle
Bishop Auckland
Chilton
Ferryhill
Great Aycliffe
Greater Willington
Peterlee
Seaham
Sedgefield
Shildon
Spennymoor
Stanley
Tow Law
Parishes
Barforth
Barningham
Bearpark
Belmont
Bishop Middleham
Bolam
Boldron
Bournmoor
Bowes
Bradbury and the Isle
Brancepeth
Brandon and Byshottles
Brignall
Burnhope
Cassop-cum-Quarrington
Castle Eden
City of Durham
Cleatlam
Cockfield
Cornforth
Cornsay
Cotherstone
Coxhoe
Croxdale and Hett
Dalton-le-Dale
Dene Valley
Easington Colliery
Easington Village
Edmondbyers
Edmondsley
Eggleston
Egglestone Abbey
Eldon
Esh
Etherley
Evenwood and Barony
Fishburn
Forest and Frith
Framwellgate Moor
Gainford
Gilmonby
Great Lumley
Greencroft
Hamsterley
Hamsterley Common
Haswell
Hawthorn
Headlam
Healeyfield
Hedleyhope
Hilton
Holwick
Hope
Horden
Hunderthwaite
Hunstanworth
Hutton Henry and Station Town
Hutton Magna
Ingleton
Kelloe
Kimblesworth and Plawsworth
Lanchester
Langleydale and Shotton
Langton
Lartington
Little Lumley
Lunedale
Lynesack and Softley
Marwood
Mickleton
Middleton in Teesdale
Middridge
Monk Hesleden
Mordon
Morton Tinmouth
Muggleswick
Murton
Nesbitt
Newbiggin
North Lodge
Ouston
Ovington
Pelton
Pittington
Raby with Keverstone
Rokeby
Romaldkirk
Sacriston
Satley
Scargill
Seaton with Slingley
Shadforth
Sheraton with Hulam
Sherburn Village
Shincliffe
Shotton
South Bedburn
South Hetton
Staindrop
Stanhope
Startforth
Streatlam and Stainton
Thornley
Toft Hill
Trimdon
Trimdon Foundry
Urpeth
Waldridge
Wackerfield
Weather Hill Wood
West Auckland
West Rainton and Leamside
Westwick
Wheatley Hill
Whorlton
Windlestone
Wingate
Winston
Witton Gilbert
Witton-le-Wear
Wolsingham
Wolsingham Park Moor
Woodland
Wycliffe with Thorpe
Unparished areas
The former Chester le Street Urban District
Consett
Parts of the former Durham Municipal Borough
Parts of the former Bishop Auckland Urban District
Crook and Willington Urban District
Stanley Urban District
Hartlepool
Towns
Headland
Parishes
Brierton
Claxton
Dalton Piercy
Elwick
Greatham
Hart
Newton Bewley
Wynyard
Unparished areas
Part of the former Hartlepool County Borough
Stockton-on-Tees
Towns
Billingham
Parishes
Aislaby
Carlton
Egglescliffe
Elton
Grindon and Thorpe Thewles
Longnewton
Newsham
Preston-on-Tees
Redmarshall
Stillington and Whitton
Wolviston
Wynyard
Unparished areas
Part of the former Teesside County Borough
For further information about the above parishes, see List of civil parishes in County Durham.
For the part of Stockton-on-Tees (borough) south of the River Tees, see List of civil parishes in North Yorkshire.
54°45′51″N 1°39′08″W / 54.76417°N 1.65222°W / 54.76417; -1.65222
This County Durham location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"civil parish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_parish"},{"link_name":"electoral ward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wards_and_electoral_divisions_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"County Durham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Durham"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Brandon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandon,_County_Durham"},{"link_name":"New Brancepeth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Brancepeth"},{"link_name":"Broompark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broompark"},{"link_name":"Langley Moor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langley_Moor"},{"link_name":"Ushaw Moor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ushaw_Moor"},{"link_name":"Meadowfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meadowfield"},{"link_name":"Waterhouses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterhouses,_County_Durham"},{"link_name":"Esh Winning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esh_Winning"},{"link_name":"Brancepeth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brancepeth"},{"link_name":"Labour Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)"},{"link_name":"Local Board","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_board_of_health"},{"link_name":"Urban District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_district_(Great_Britain_and_Ireland)"},{"link_name":"Local Government Act 1894","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_Government_Act_1894"},{"link_name":"City of Durham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durham_(district)"}],"text":"Brandon and Byshottles is a civil parish and electoral ward in County Durham, England. According to the 2001 census it had a population of 17,774 increasing to 18,509 at the 2011 Census.[1] The parish includes Brandon, New Brancepeth, Broompark, Langley Moor, Ushaw Moor, Meadowfield, Waterhouses and Esh Winning.Unusually, the parish shares jurisdiction over a quarry south of Esh Winning, with the neighbouring parish of Brancepeth.For electoral purposes the parish is divided into wards;Central Ward (includes Brandon) - elects four parish councillors\nEast Ward (includes Langley Moor) - elects three parish councillors\nNorth Ward (includes New Brancepeth) - elects three parish councillors\nSouth Ward (includes Meadowfield and Browney) - elects three parish councillors\nUshaw Moor Ward (includes Ushaw Moor and Broompark) - elects four parish councillors\nWest Ward (includes Esh Winning and Waterhouses) - elects four parish councillorsCurrently, a majority of the Councillors were elected as Labour Party candidates.Brandon & Byshottles was established as a local government unit when it was also established as a Local Board District in 1882. Brandon & Byshottles was reconstituted as an Urban District through the Local Government Act 1894.The Brandon & Byshottles Urban District Council was abolished in 1974 when the area became part of the (now abolished) City of Durham local government area. The Brandon & Byshottles Parish is co-terminous with the pre-1974 UDC area.","title":"Brandon and Byshottles"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Civil Parish and Electoral Ward population 2011\". Retrieved 8 July 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadKeyFigures.do?a=7&b=11121088&c=DH1+3RX&d=16&e=62&g=6419309&i=1001x1003x1032x1004&m=0&r=0&s=1436350013067&enc=1","url_text":"\"Civil Parish and Electoral Ward population 2011\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Brandon_and_Byshottles¶ms=54_45_51_N_1_39_08_W_type:adm3rd_region:GB_dim:1000","external_links_name":"54°45′51″N 1°39′08″W / 54.76417°N 1.65222°W / 54.76417; -1.65222"},{"Link":"http://www.neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadKeyFigures.do?a=7&b=11121088&c=DH1+3RX&d=16&e=62&g=6419309&i=1001x1003x1032x1004&m=0&r=0&s=1436350013067&enc=1","external_links_name":"\"Civil Parish and Electoral Ward population 2011\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100905021710/http://www.brandonandbyshottlesparishcouncil.gov.uk/","external_links_name":"Parish Council Website"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20050818063117/http://members.fortunecity.com/brandon_archive/","external_links_name":"Parish Archive"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Brandon_and_Byshottles¶ms=54_45_51_N_1_39_08_W_type:adm3rd_region:GB_dim:1000","external_links_name":"54°45′51″N 1°39′08″W / 54.76417°N 1.65222°W / 54.76417; -1.65222"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brandon_and_Byshottles&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_M._Tuck | William M. Tuck | ["1 Early and Family Life","2 Career","3 Legacy","4 Electoral history","5 References","6 External links"] | American politician
William M. TuckMember of the U.S. House of Representativesfrom Virginia's 5th districtIn officeApril 14, 1953 – January 3, 1969Preceded byThomas B. StanleySucceeded byDan Daniel55th Governor of VirginiaIn officeJanuary 16, 1946 – January 18, 1950LieutenantLewis Preston Collins IIPreceded byColgate DardenSucceeded byJohn S. Battle25th Lieutenant Governor of VirginiaIn officeJanuary 21, 1942 – January 16, 1946GovernorColgate DardenPreceded bySaxon Winston HoltSucceeded byLewis Preston Collins IIMember of the Virginia Senatefrom the 10th districtIn officeJanuary 13, 1932 – January 14, 1942Preceded byJames Stone EasleySucceeded byJames D. HagoodMember of the Virginia House of Delegates from Halifax CountyIn officeJanuary 9, 1924 – January 13, 1932Alongside John Glass, Samuel Adams and A. Owen KingPreceded byDaniel W. OwenSucceeded byRoy B. Davis
Personal detailsBorn(1896-09-28)September 28, 1896Halifax County, Virginia, U.S.DiedJune 9, 1983(1983-06-09) (aged 86)South Boston, Virginia, U.S.Political partyDemocraticSpouseEva Ellis Lovelace DillardParentRobert J. Tuck (father)Alma materCollege of William & MaryWashington & Lee UniversityProfessionAttorneyMilitary serviceAllegianceUnited StatesBranch/serviceUnited States Marine CorpsYears of service1918–1919Battles/warsWorld War I
William Munford Tuck (September 28, 1896 – June 9, 1983) was an American lawyer and lieutenant in the Byrd Organization, who served as the 55th Governor of Virginia from 1946 to 1950 as a Democrat, and as a U.S. Congressman from 1953 until 1969.
Early and Family Life
He was the youngest of nine children of Halifax County, Virginia tobacco warehouseman Robert James Tuck (1863–1930) and Virginia Susan Fitts (1860–1909). He was named for his grandfather William Munford Tuck (1832–1899), who served in the Third Virginia Infantry during the American Civil War. Tuck's mother died when he was 13. He attended county schools, Virgilina High School, and Chatham Training School (now Hargrave Military Academy). He attended the College of William and Mary for two years, earning a teacher's certificate and working for a year as a teacher/principal in Northumberland County. Tuck then enlisted in the U.S. Marine Corps and served in 1917 in the Caribbean. Tuck returned to attend law school at the Washington and Lee University School of Law, graduating in 1921. In 1929 he married widow (and former schoolteacher) Eva Lovelace Dillard (1891–1975), to whom he remained married until her death in 1975, raising her son Lester Layne (L.L.) Dillard Jr. as his own.
Career
Tuck as governor
Upon being admitted to Virginia bar, Tuck maintained a private legal practice in Halifax for decades, eventually with his stepson L.L. Dillard.
His career as an elected official began in 1923, when Halifax County voters elected Tuck as their delegate (a part-time position) to the Virginia General Assembly. He was re-elected once but declined to run for re-election in 1929, citing the need to grow his legal business to support his new family. However, when his elected successor died, Tuck was drafted in 1930 and served the remainder of the term. He was then elected to the Virginia Senate in 1931, where he became a friend of U.S. Senator Harry F. Byrd, a former governor. During the national New Deal, state Senator Tuck worked to repeal Prohibition and sponsored new child labor laws, as well as an unemployment compensation system, old age assistance and jail reforms. He also helped develop the state park system.
In 1941, Tuck sought statewide office, but Senator Byrd slated Colgate Darden to run for Governor of Virginia, so Tuck was slated for and won election as the 25th Lieutenant Governor of Virginia. He served from 1942 to 1946 under Governor Darden, and gained visibility throughout the Commonwealth. Tuck defeated his Republican opponent, S. Floyd Landreth by a 2 to 1 margin and won election as governor.
As governor from 1946 to 1950, Tuck demonstrated his fiscal conservatism as a Dixiecrat by reorganizing state government and enacting a right-to-work law. He also created a state water pollution control agency, helped reform state schools and mental hospitals, as well as constructed roads. Governor Tuck gained national exposure, however, for labor unrest in his home state. He worked with Senator Harry Byrd to oppose President Harry Truman, although a fellow Democrat, especially Truman's plan to establish a Fair Employment Practices Commission. Once, as governor, Tuck drafted workers of the Virginia Electric Power Company into the state's national guard to avoid a threatened strike in an unionization effort. Transportation and coal also experienced labor unrest.
Tuck's resumption of legal practice in South Boston after his governorship proved short-lived, for he rose within the Byrd Organization. In 1953 Tuck won election as a Democrat to U.S. Congress vacated by Thomas Bahnson Stanley who had resigned to run for Governor of Virginia. A militant segregationist, Congressman Tuck opposed most major items of civil rights legislation during the 1950s and 1960s. Like U.S. Senator Harry F. Byrd, Tuck promised "massive resistance" to the Supreme Court's 1954 and 1955 decisions banning segregation, Brown v. Board of Education, and helped draft the Stanley Plan—a series of state laws designed to legally avoid Brown, most of which were soon declared unconstitutional. Tuck was a signatory to the 1956 Southern Manifesto. Tuck voted against the Civil Rights Acts of 1957, 1960, 1964, and 1968 as well as the 24th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution and the Voting Rights Act of 1965. He was a member of the U.S. House of Representative's Committee on Un-American Activities (HUAC).
He was a delegate to Democratic National Conventions of 1948 and 1952, and in 1967 announced he would not seek reelection to Congress, citing health problems. He remained a power broker in the state for years. He retired from his law practice in South Boston in 1979, after suffering a stroke.
Legacy
Virginia named highway 58 in Halifax County after Tuck, and elected a historical marker in his memory.
His personal papers, including papers from his time as congressman and governor, are held by the Special Collections Research Center at the College of William & Mary. His executive papers from his time as governor are held by the Library of Virginia.
His birthplace and home Buckshoal Farm was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1987.
Electoral history
1945; Tuck was elected Governor of Virginia with 66.57% of the vote, defeating Republican Sidney Floyd Landreth and Independent Howard Hearnes Carwile.
1953; Tuck was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives with 57.81% of the vote in a special election, defeating Republican Lorne R. Campbell.
1954; Tuck was re-elected unopposed.
1956; Tuck was re-elected unopposed.
1958; Tuck was re-elected unopposed.
1960; Tuck was re-elected unopposed.
1962; Tuck was re-elected unopposed.
1964; Tuck was re-elected with 63.47% of the vote, defeating Republican Robert L. Gilliam.
1966; Tuck was re-elected with 56.18% of the vote, defeating Republican Gilliam.
References
^ "Bioguide Search". bioguide.congress.gov. Retrieved October 1, 2023.
^ "William Munford Tuck, Former Va. Governor, Dies - The Washington Post". The Washington Post.
^ "Wm. M. Tuck and the Third Virginia Infantry". researchworks.oclc.org. Retrieved October 1, 2023.
^ "Gov. & Mrs. William M. Tuck". www.oldhalifax.com. Retrieved October 1, 2023.
^ "L.L. Dillard Jr., lawyer in South Boston, dies". June 23, 2008.
^ "Senate – March 12, 1956" (PDF). Congressional Record. 102 (4). U.S. Government Printing Office: 4459–4461.
^ "HR 6127. CIVIL RIGHTS ACT OF 1957". GovTrack.us.
^ "HR 8601. PASSAGE".
^ "H.R. 7152. PASSAGE".
^ "TO PASS H.R. 2516, A BILL TO ESTABLISH PENALTIES FOR … -- House Vote #113 -- Aug 16, 1967". GovTrack.us. Retrieved January 11, 2024.
^ "S.J. RES. 29. CONSTITUTIONAL AMENDMENT TO BAN THE USE OF POLL TAX AS A REQUIREMENT FOR VOTING IN FEDERAL ELECTIONS". GovTrack.us.
^ "TO PASS H.R. 6400, THE 1965 VOTING RIGHTS ACT".
^ William M. Tuck Marker Archived August 11, 2016, at the Wayback Machine
^ "William Munford Tuck Papers". Special Collections Research Center, Earl Gregg Swem Library, College of William and Mary. Retrieved February 1, 2011.
^ "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. July 9, 2010.
^ Virginia Historic Landmarks Commission (June 1978). "National Register of Historic Places Inventory/Nomination: Buckshoal Farm" (PDF). Virginia Department of Historic Resources.
External links
Finding aid for the Milliam Munford Tuck Papers
SCRC Wiki page for William Munford Tuck
Party political offices
Preceded byColgate Darden
Democratic nominee for Governor of Virginia 1945
Succeeded byJohn S. Battle
Political offices
Preceded byColgate Darden
Governor of Virginia 1946–1950
Succeeded byJohn S. Battle
Preceded bySaxon Winston Holt
Lieutenant Governor of Virginia 1942–1946
Succeeded byLewis Preston Collins II
U.S. House of Representatives
Preceded byThomas B. Stanley
Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Virginia's 5th congressional district 1953–1969
Succeeded byW. C. "Dan" Daniel
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SNAC | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Byrd Organization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byrd_Organization"},{"link_name":"55th Governor of Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Democrat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"William Munford Tuck (September 28, 1896 – June 9, 1983) was an American lawyer and lieutenant in the Byrd Organization, who served as the 55th Governor of Virginia from 1946 to 1950 as a Democrat, and as a U.S. Congressman from 1953 until 1969.[1][2]","title":"William M. Tuck"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Halifax County, Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halifax_County,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Robert James Tuck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_J._Tuck"},{"link_name":"American Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Hargrave Military Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hargrave_Military_Academy"},{"link_name":"College of William and Mary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_of_William_and_Mary"},{"link_name":"Northumberland County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northumberland_County,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"U.S. Marine Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Marine_Corps"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Washington and Lee University School of Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_and_Lee_University_School_of_Law"}],"text":"He was the youngest of nine children of Halifax County, Virginia tobacco warehouseman Robert James Tuck (1863–1930) and Virginia Susan Fitts (1860–1909). He was named for his grandfather William Munford Tuck (1832–1899), who served in the Third Virginia Infantry during the American Civil War.[3] Tuck's mother died when he was 13. He attended county schools, Virgilina High School, and Chatham Training School (now Hargrave Military Academy). He attended the College of William and Mary for two years, earning a teacher's certificate and working for a year as a teacher/principal in Northumberland County. Tuck then enlisted in the U.S. Marine Corps and served in 1917 in the Caribbean.[4] Tuck returned to attend law school at the Washington and Lee University School of Law, graduating in 1921. In 1929 he married widow (and former schoolteacher) Eva Lovelace Dillard (1891–1975), to whom he remained married until her death in 1975, raising her son Lester Layne (L.L.) Dillard Jr. as his own.","title":"Early and Family Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:William_M._Tuck_(VA).png"},{"link_name":"Halifax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halifax_County,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Virginia General Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_General_Assembly"},{"link_name":"Virginia Senate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Senate"},{"link_name":"Harry F. Byrd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_F._Byrd"},{"link_name":"New Deal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Deal"},{"link_name":"state park system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_state_parks"},{"link_name":"Colgate Darden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colgate_Darden"},{"link_name":"Lieutenant Governor of Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_of_Virginia"},{"link_name":"S. 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Dillard.[5]His career as an elected official began in 1923, when Halifax County voters elected Tuck as their delegate (a part-time position) to the Virginia General Assembly. He was re-elected once but declined to run for re-election in 1929, citing the need to grow his legal business to support his new family. However, when his elected successor died, Tuck was drafted in 1930 and served the remainder of the term. He was then elected to the Virginia Senate in 1931, where he became a friend of U.S. Senator Harry F. Byrd, a former governor. During the national New Deal, state Senator Tuck worked to repeal Prohibition and sponsored new child labor laws, as well as an unemployment compensation system, old age assistance and jail reforms. He also helped develop the state park system.In 1941, Tuck sought statewide office, but Senator Byrd slated Colgate Darden to run for Governor of Virginia, so Tuck was slated for and won election as the 25th Lieutenant Governor of Virginia. He served from 1942 to 1946 under Governor Darden, and gained visibility throughout the Commonwealth. Tuck defeated his Republican opponent, S. Floyd Landreth by a 2 to 1 margin and won election as governor.As governor from 1946 to 1950, Tuck demonstrated his fiscal conservatism as a Dixiecrat by reorganizing state government and enacting a right-to-work law. He also created a state water pollution control agency, helped reform state schools and mental hospitals, as well as constructed roads. Governor Tuck gained national exposure, however, for labor unrest in his home state. He worked with Senator Harry Byrd to oppose President Harry Truman, although a fellow Democrat, especially Truman's plan to establish a Fair Employment Practices Commission. Once, as governor, Tuck drafted workers of the Virginia Electric Power Company into the state's national guard to avoid a threatened strike in an unionization effort. Transportation and coal also experienced labor unrest.Tuck's resumption of legal practice in South Boston after his governorship proved short-lived, for he rose within the Byrd Organization. In 1953 Tuck won election as a Democrat to U.S. Congress vacated by Thomas Bahnson Stanley who had resigned to run for Governor of Virginia. A militant segregationist, Congressman Tuck opposed most major items of civil rights legislation during the 1950s and 1960s. Like U.S. Senator Harry F. Byrd, Tuck promised \"massive resistance\" to the Supreme Court's 1954 and 1955 decisions banning segregation, Brown v. Board of Education, and helped draft the Stanley Plan—a series of state laws designed to legally avoid Brown, most of which were soon declared unconstitutional. Tuck was a signatory to the 1956 Southern Manifesto.[6] Tuck voted against the Civil Rights Acts of 1957,[7] 1960,[8] 1964,[9] and 1968[10] as well as the 24th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution[11] and the Voting Rights Act of 1965.[12] He was a member of the U.S. House of Representative's Committee on Un-American Activities (HUAC).He was a delegate to Democratic National Conventions of 1948 and 1952, and in 1967 announced he would not seek reelection to Congress, citing health problems. He remained a power broker in the state for years. He retired from his law practice in South Boston in 1979, after suffering a stroke.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Special Collections Research Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earl_Gregg_Swem_Library#Special_Collections_Research_Center"},{"link_name":"College of William & Mary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_of_William_%26_Mary"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Library of Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_of_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Buckshoal Farm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buckshoal_Farm"},{"link_name":"National Register of Historic Places","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nris-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vaNRHPnom-16"}],"text":"Virginia named highway 58 in Halifax County after Tuck, and elected a historical marker in his memory.[13]His personal papers, including papers from his time as congressman and governor, are held by the Special Collections Research Center at the College of William & Mary.[14] His executive papers from his time as governor are held by the Library of Virginia.His birthplace and home Buckshoal Farm was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1987.[15][16]","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1945","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1945_Virginia_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"Howard Hearnes Carwile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Carwile"}],"text":"1945; Tuck was elected Governor of Virginia with 66.57% of the vote, defeating Republican Sidney Floyd Landreth and Independent Howard Hearnes Carwile.\n1953; Tuck was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives with 57.81% of the vote in a special election, defeating Republican Lorne R. Campbell.\n1954; Tuck was re-elected unopposed.\n1956; Tuck was re-elected unopposed.\n1958; Tuck was re-elected unopposed.\n1960; Tuck was re-elected unopposed.\n1962; Tuck was re-elected unopposed.\n1964; Tuck was re-elected with 63.47% of the vote, defeating Republican Robert L. Gilliam.\n1966; Tuck was re-elected with 56.18% of the vote, defeating Republican Gilliam.","title":"Electoral history"}] | [{"image_text":"Tuck as governor","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/William_M._Tuck_%28VA%29.png/140px-William_M._Tuck_%28VA%29.png"},{"image_text":"Colony of Virginia","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Red_Ensign_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/45px-Red_Ensign_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Virginia","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Flag_of_Virginia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Virginia.svg.png"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"Bioguide Search\". bioguide.congress.gov. Retrieved October 1, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://bioguide.congress.gov/search/bio/T000395","url_text":"\"Bioguide Search\""}]},{"reference":"\"William Munford Tuck, Former Va. Governor, Dies - The Washington Post\". The Washington Post.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/local/1983/06/10/william-munford-tuck-former-va-governor-dies/33a2bbd1-108e-4046-b610-76a3e6f126a4","url_text":"\"William Munford Tuck, Former Va. Governor, Dies - The Washington Post\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post","url_text":"The Washington Post"}]},{"reference":"\"Wm. M. Tuck and the Third Virginia Infantry\". researchworks.oclc.org. Retrieved October 1, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://researchworks.oclc.org/archivegrid/collection/data/288544677","url_text":"\"Wm. M. Tuck and the Third Virginia Infantry\""}]},{"reference":"\"Gov. & Mrs. William M. Tuck\". www.oldhalifax.com. Retrieved October 1, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.oldhalifax.com/airport/GovWilliamMTuck.html","url_text":"\"Gov. & Mrs. William M. Tuck\""}]},{"reference":"\"L.L. Dillard Jr., lawyer in South Boston, dies\". June 23, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.richmond.com/entertainment/article_c6de0b92-7ff9-5969-bd9a-b94d71c087ce.html","url_text":"\"L.L. Dillard Jr., lawyer in South Boston, dies\""}]},{"reference":"\"Senate – March 12, 1956\" (PDF). Congressional Record. 102 (4). U.S. Government Printing Office: 4459–4461.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-CRECB-1956-pt4/pdf/GPO-CRECB-1956-pt4-3-1.pdf","url_text":"\"Senate – March 12, 1956\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congressional_Record","url_text":"Congressional Record"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Government_Publishing_Office","url_text":"U.S. Government Printing Office"}]},{"reference":"\"HR 6127. CIVIL RIGHTS ACT OF 1957\". GovTrack.us.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/85-1957/h42","url_text":"\"HR 6127. CIVIL RIGHTS ACT OF 1957\""}]},{"reference":"\"HR 8601. PASSAGE\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/86-1960/h102","url_text":"\"HR 8601. PASSAGE\""}]},{"reference":"\"H.R. 7152. PASSAGE\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/88-1964/h128","url_text":"\"H.R. 7152. PASSAGE\""}]},{"reference":"\"TO PASS H.R. 2516, A BILL TO ESTABLISH PENALTIES FOR … -- House Vote #113 -- Aug 16, 1967\". GovTrack.us. Retrieved January 11, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/90-1967/h113","url_text":"\"TO PASS H.R. 2516, A BILL TO ESTABLISH PENALTIES FOR … -- House Vote #113 -- Aug 16, 1967\""}]},{"reference":"\"S.J. RES. 29. CONSTITUTIONAL AMENDMENT TO BAN THE USE OF POLL TAX AS A REQUIREMENT FOR VOTING IN FEDERAL ELECTIONS\". GovTrack.us.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/87-1962/h193","url_text":"\"S.J. RES. 29. CONSTITUTIONAL AMENDMENT TO BAN THE USE OF POLL TAX AS A REQUIREMENT FOR VOTING IN FEDERAL ELECTIONS\""}]},{"reference":"\"TO PASS H.R. 6400, THE 1965 VOTING RIGHTS ACT\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/89-1965/h87","url_text":"\"TO PASS H.R. 6400, THE 1965 VOTING RIGHTS ACT\""}]},{"reference":"\"William Munford Tuck Papers\". Special Collections Research Center, Earl Gregg Swem Library, College of William and Mary. Retrieved February 1, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://scrc.swem.wm.edu/index.php?p=collections/controlcard&id=7032","url_text":"\"William Munford Tuck Papers\""}]},{"reference":"\"National Register Information System\". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. July 9, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP","url_text":"\"National Register Information System\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places","url_text":"National Register of Historic Places"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Park_Service","url_text":"National Park Service"}]},{"reference":"Virginia Historic Landmarks Commission (June 1978). \"National Register of Historic Places Inventory/Nomination: Buckshoal Farm\" (PDF). Virginia Department of Historic Resources.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dhr.virginia.gov/registers/Counties/Halifax/041-0108_Buckshoal_Farm_1987_Final_Nomination.pdf","url_text":"\"National Register of Historic Places Inventory/Nomination: Buckshoal Farm\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://bioguide.congress.gov/search/bio/T000395","external_links_name":"\"Bioguide Search\""},{"Link":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/local/1983/06/10/william-munford-tuck-former-va-governor-dies/33a2bbd1-108e-4046-b610-76a3e6f126a4","external_links_name":"\"William Munford Tuck, Former Va. Governor, Dies - The Washington Post\""},{"Link":"https://researchworks.oclc.org/archivegrid/collection/data/288544677","external_links_name":"\"Wm. M. Tuck and the Third Virginia Infantry\""},{"Link":"http://www.oldhalifax.com/airport/GovWilliamMTuck.html","external_links_name":"\"Gov. & Mrs. William M. 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Tuck Marker"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160811192435/http://www.markerhistory.com/william-munford-tuck-1896-1983-marker-u-51/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://scrc.swem.wm.edu/index.php?p=collections/controlcard&id=7032","external_links_name":"\"William Munford Tuck Papers\""},{"Link":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP","external_links_name":"\"National Register Information System\""},{"Link":"http://www.dhr.virginia.gov/registers/Counties/Halifax/041-0108_Buckshoal_Farm_1987_Final_Nomination.pdf","external_links_name":"\"National Register of Historic Places Inventory/Nomination: Buckshoal Farm\""},{"Link":"http://scrc.swem.wm.edu/index.php?p=collections/controlcard&id=7032","external_links_name":"Finding aid for the Milliam Munford Tuck Papers"},{"Link":"http://scrc.swem.wm.edu/wiki/index.php/William_Munford_Tuck","external_links_name":"SCRC Wiki page for William Munford Tuck"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/232584/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/4015782","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJxxbkG7yfcr3Xxk3VD6rq","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/117599880X","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n88059192","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=T000395","external_links_name":"US Congress"},{"Link":"https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10572060","external_links_name":"NARA"},{"Link":"https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6n58tnx","external_links_name":"SNAC"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apposition | Apposition | ["1 Restrictive versus non-restrictive","2 Examples","3 Appositive genitive","4 See also","5 Notes","6 References","7 External links"] | Modifying noun phrases by placing them next to each other
This article is about the grammatical construction. For other uses, see Apposition (disambiguation).
Not to be confused with dislocations, an apposition-like structure whose elements are not placed side by side.
Not to be confused with adposition.
Apposition is a grammatical construction in which two elements, normally noun phrases, are placed side by side so one element identifies the other in a different way. The two elements are said to be in apposition, and one of the elements is called the appositive, but its identification requires consideration of how the elements are used in a sentence.
For example, in these sentences, the phrases Alice Smith and my sister are in apposition, with the appositive identified with italics:
My sister, Alice Smith, likes jelly beans.
Alice Smith, my sister, likes jelly beans.
Traditionally, appositives were called by their Latin name appositio, derived from the Latin ad ("near") and positio ("placement"), although the English form is now more commonly used.
Apposition is a figure of speech of the scheme type and often results when the verbs (particularly verbs of being) in supporting clauses are eliminated to produce shorter descriptive phrases. That makes them often function as hyperbatons, or figures of disorder, because they can disrupt the flow of a sentence. For example, in the phrase: "My wife, a surgeon by training,...", it is necessary to pause before the parenthetical modification "a surgeon by training".
Restrictive versus non-restrictive
A restrictive appositive provides information essential to identifying the phrase in apposition. It limits or clarifies that phrase in some crucial way, such that the meaning of the sentence would change if the appositive were removed. In English, restrictive appositives are not set off by commas. The sentences below use restrictive appositives. Here and elsewhere in this section, the relevant phrases are marked as the appositive phraseA or the phrase in appositionP.
My friendP Alice SmithA likes jelly beans. – I have many friends, but I am restricting my statement to the one named Alice Smith.
He likes the television showP The SimpsonsA. – There are many television shows, and he likes that particular one.
A non-restrictive appositive provides information not critical to identifying the phrase in apposition. It provides non-essential information, and the essential meaning of the sentence would not change if the appositive were removed. In English, non-restrictive appositives are typically set off by commas. The sentences below use non-restrictive appositives.
Alice SmithP, my friendA, likes jelly beans. – The fact that Alice is my friend is not necessary to identify her.
I visited CanadaP, a beautiful countryA. – The appositive (that it is beautiful) is not needed to identify Canada.
The first to arrive at the houseA, sheP unlocked the front door.
The same phrase can be a restrictive appositive in one context and a non-restrictive appositive in another:
My brotherP NathanA is here. – Restrictive: I have several brothers, and the one named Nathan is here.
My brotherP, NathanA, is here. – Non-restrictive: I have only one brother and, as an aside, his name is Nathan.
If there is any doubt that the appositive is non-restrictive, it is safer to use the restrictive punctuation. In the example above, the restrictive first sentence is still correct even if there is only one brother.
A relative clause is not always an appositive.
My sisterP, Alice SmithA, likes jelly beans. – The appositive is the noun phrase Alice Smith.
My sisterP, a doctor whose name is Alice SmithA, likes jelly beans. – The appositive is the noun phrase with dependent relative clause a doctor whose name is Alice Smith.
My sister, whose name is Alice Smith, likes jelly beans. – There is no appositive. There is a relative clause: whose name is Alice Smith.
More examples:
Zero article:
The English writer Agatha Christie, author of nearly a hundred mystery novels and stories, was born in 1891.
Examples
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In the following examples, the appositive phrases are shown in italics:
I was born in Finland, the land of a thousand lakes. – Appositives are not limited to describing people.
Barry Goldwater, the junior senator from Arizona, received the Republican nomination in 1964. – Clarifies who Barry Goldwater is.
Ren and Stimpy, both friends of mine, are starting a band. – Provides context on my relation to Ren and Stimpy.
Alexander the Great, the Macedonian conqueror of Persia, was one of the most successful military commanders of the ancient world. – Substantiates the sentence's predicate.
Aretha Franklin, a very popular singer, will be performing at the White House. – Explains why Aretha Franklin is performing at that venue.
You are better than anyone, anyone I've ever met. – Provides additional strength to the phrase.
A staunch supporter of democracy, Ann campaigned against the king's authoritarian rule. – Indicates the reason for Ann's actions.
A false title is a kind of restrictive appositive, as in "Noted biologist Jane Smith has arrived". Here the phrase noted biologist appears without an article as if it were a title. The grammatical correctness of false titles is controversial.
Appositive phrases can also serve as definitions:
No one – not a single person – should ever suffer that way. – Emphatic semantic duplication.
Appositive genitive
In several languages, the same syntax that is used to express such relations as possession can also be used appositively:
In English:
"Appositive oblique", a prepositional phrase with of as in: the month of December, the sin of pride, or the city of New York. That has also been invoked as an explanation for the double genitive: a friend of mine.
The ending -'s as in In Dublin's Fair City, which is uncommon.
In Classical Greek:
"Genitive of explanation" as in Greek: ὑὸς μέγα χρῆμα, romanized: hyòs méga chrêma, "a monster (great affair) of a boar" (Histories of Herodotus, 1.36), where ὑὸς, the word for boar is inflected for the genitive singular
In Japanese:
Postpositive no as in: Japanese: ふじの山, romanized: Fuji no Yama, lit. 'the Mountain of Fuji'
In Biblical Hebrew:
Construct, "genitive of association" as in: Hebrew: גַּן עֵדֶן, romanized: Gan 'Ēden, "the Garden of Eden"
See also
Figure of speech
Hyperbaton
Literary device
Parenthesis
Notes
^
"Commas: Some Common Problems", Princeton Writing Program, Princeton University, 1999, princeton.edu/writing/center/resources/.
^ Chapter 5, §14.3 (pages 447–448), Rodney Huddleston, Geoffrey K. Pullum, The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002. ISBN 0-521-43146-8
^ §1322 (pages 317–318), Herbert Weir Smyth, revised by Gordon M. Messing, Greek Grammar, Cambridge, Massachusetts : Harvard University Press, 1956 Perseus Digital Library
^ "Noun-related Particles | Learn Japanese". www.guidetojapanese.org. Retrieved 2016-05-10.
^ A dictionary of basic Japanese Grammar. The Japan Times. 1986. p. 312. ISBN 4-7890-0454-6.
^ §9.5.3h (p. 153), Bruce K. Waltke and Michael Patrick O'Connor, An Introduction to Biblical Hebrew Syntax, Winona Lake, Ind.: Eisenbrauns, 1990. ISBN 0-931464-31-5
References
A comprehensive treatment of apposition in English is given in §§17.65–93 (pages 1300–1320) and elsewhere in: Randolph Quirk; Sidney Greenbaum; Geoffrey Leech; Jan Svartvik (1985). A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language. London and New York: Longman. ISBN 0-582-51734-6.
On the apposition vs. double subject issue in Romanian, see: Appositions Versus Double Subject Sentences – What Information the Speech Analysis Brings to a Grammar Debate, by Horia-Nicolai Teodorescu and Diana Trandabăţ. In: Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Springer Berlin, Heidelberg, ISSN 0302-9743, Volume 4629/2007, "Text, Speech and Dialogue", pp. 286–293.
External links
Look up apposition in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Allen and Greenough's New Latin Grammar, §282
Audio illustrations at AmericanRhetoric.com
Appositives at chompchomp.com
Apposition and double subject in Romanian – a controversial issue in * Sounds of the Romanian Language
Purdue OWL: Appositives
Appositions Versus Double Subject Sentences – What Information the Speech Analysis Brings to a Grammar Debate
Authority control databases: National
Israel
Czech Republic | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Apposition (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apposition_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"dislocations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dislocation_(syntax)"},{"link_name":"adposition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adposition"},{"link_name":"grammatical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical"},{"link_name":"noun phrases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noun_phrases"},{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin"},{"link_name":"scheme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scheme_(linguistics)"},{"link_name":"hyperbatons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperbaton"}],"text":"This article is about the grammatical construction. For other uses, see Apposition (disambiguation).Not to be confused with dislocations, an apposition-like structure whose elements are not placed side by side.Not to be confused with adposition.Apposition is a grammatical construction in which two elements, normally noun phrases, are placed side by side so one element identifies the other in a different way. The two elements are said to be in apposition, and one of the elements is called the appositive, but its identification requires consideration of how the elements are used in a sentence.For example, in these sentences, the phrases Alice Smith and my sister are in apposition, with the appositive identified with italics:My sister, Alice Smith, likes jelly beans.\nAlice Smith, my sister, likes jelly beans.Traditionally, appositives were called by their Latin name appositio, derived from the Latin ad (\"near\") and positio (\"placement\"), although the English form is now more commonly used.Apposition is a figure of speech of the scheme type and often results when the verbs (particularly verbs of being) in supporting clauses are eliminated to produce shorter descriptive phrases. That makes them often function as hyperbatons, or figures of disorder, because they can disrupt the flow of a sentence. 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Here and elsewhere in this section, the relevant phrases are marked as the appositive phraseA or the phrase in appositionP.My friendP Alice SmithA likes jelly beans. – I have many friends, but I am restricting my statement to the one named Alice Smith.\nHe likes the television showP The SimpsonsA. – There are many television shows, and he likes that particular one.A non-restrictive appositive provides information not critical to identifying the phrase in apposition. It provides non-essential information, and the essential meaning of the sentence would not change if the appositive were removed. In English, non-restrictive appositives are typically set off by commas.[1] The sentences below use non-restrictive appositives.Alice SmithP, my friendA, likes jelly beans. – The fact that Alice is my friend is not necessary to identify her.\nI visited CanadaP, a beautiful countryA. – The appositive (that it is beautiful) is not needed to identify Canada.\nThe first to arrive at the houseA, sheP unlocked the front door.The same phrase can be a restrictive appositive in one context and a non-restrictive appositive in another:My brotherP NathanA is here. – Restrictive: I have several brothers, and the one named Nathan is here.\nMy brotherP, NathanA, is here. – Non-restrictive: I have only one brother and, as an aside, his name is Nathan.If there is any doubt that the appositive is non-restrictive, it is safer to use the restrictive punctuation.[citation needed] In the example above, the restrictive first sentence is still correct even if there is only one brother.A relative clause is not always an appositive.My sisterP, Alice SmithA, likes jelly beans. – The appositive is the noun phrase Alice Smith.\nMy sisterP, a doctor whose name is Alice SmithA, likes jelly beans. – The appositive is the noun phrase with dependent relative clause a doctor whose name is Alice Smith.\nMy sister, whose name is Alice Smith, likes jelly beans. – There is no appositive. There is a relative clause: whose name is Alice Smith.More examples:\nZero article:The English writer Agatha Christie, author of nearly a hundred mystery novels and stories, was born in 1891.","title":"Restrictive versus non-restrictive"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Finland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland"},{"link_name":"the land of a thousand lakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakes_in_Finland"},{"link_name":"Barry Goldwater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barry_Goldwater"},{"link_name":"senator from Arizona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Senator_from_Arizona"},{"link_name":"Republican nomination in 1964","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1964_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries"},{"link_name":"Alexander the Great","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_the_Great"},{"link_name":"Aretha Franklin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aretha_Franklin"},{"link_name":"White House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_House"},{"link_name":"false title","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/False_title"},{"link_name":"controversial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/False_title#Controversy"}],"text":"In the following examples, the appositive phrases are shown in italics:I was born in Finland, the land of a thousand lakes. – Appositives are not limited to describing people.\nBarry Goldwater, the junior senator from Arizona, received the Republican nomination in 1964. – Clarifies who Barry Goldwater is.\nRen and Stimpy, both friends of mine, are starting a band. – Provides context on my relation to Ren and Stimpy.\nAlexander the Great, the Macedonian conqueror of Persia, was one of the most successful military commanders of the ancient world. – Substantiates the sentence's predicate.\nAretha Franklin, a very popular singer, will be performing at the White House. – Explains why Aretha Franklin is performing at that venue.\nYou are better than anyone, anyone I've ever met. – Provides additional strength to the phrase.\nA staunch supporter of democracy, Ann campaigned against the king's authoritarian rule. – Indicates the reason for Ann's actions.A false title is a kind of restrictive appositive, as in \"Noted biologist Jane Smith has arrived\". Here the phrase noted biologist appears without an article as if it were a title. The grammatical correctness of false titles is controversial.Appositive phrases can also serve as definitions:No one – not a single person – should ever suffer that way. – Emphatic semantic duplication.","title":"Examples"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"double genitive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_possessive#Double_genitive"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"In Dublin's Fair City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_Dublin%27s_Fair_City"},{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language"},{"link_name":"romanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_of_Greek"},{"link_name":"Histories of Herodotus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histories_(Herodotus)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Japanese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_language"},{"link_name":"romanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_of_Japanese"},{"link_name":"lit.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literal_translation"},{"link_name":"the Mountain of Fuji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Fuji#Variations"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Construct","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_grammar#Noun_construct"},{"link_name":"Hebrew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_language"},{"link_name":"romanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_of_Hebrew"},{"link_name":"Garden of Eden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garden_of_Eden"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"In several languages, the same syntax that is used to express such relations as possession can also be used appositively:In English:\n\"Appositive oblique\", a prepositional phrase with of as in: the month of December, the sin of pride, or the city of New York. That has also been invoked as an explanation for the double genitive: a friend of mine.[2]\nThe ending -'s as in In Dublin's Fair City, which is uncommon.\nIn Classical Greek:\n\"Genitive of explanation\" as in Greek: ὑὸς μέγα χρῆμα, romanized: hyòs méga chrêma, \"a monster (great affair) of a boar\" (Histories of Herodotus, 1.36), where ὑὸς, the word for boar is inflected for the genitive singular[3]\nIn Japanese:\nPostpositive no as in: Japanese: ふじの山, romanized: Fuji no Yama, lit. 'the Mountain of Fuji'[4][5]\nIn Biblical Hebrew:\nConstruct, \"genitive of association\" as in: Hebrew: גַּן עֵדֶן, romanized: Gan 'Ēden, \"the Garden of Eden\"[6]","title":"Appositive genitive"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-WritingPU_1-0"},{"link_name":"\"Commas: Some Common Problems\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.princeton.edu/writing/center/resources/commas.pdf"},{"link_name":"permanent dead link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot"},{"link_name":"Princeton University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princeton_University"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-521-43146-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-43146-8"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"Herbert Weir Smyth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Weir_Smyth"},{"link_name":"Perseus Digital Library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0007&query=head%3D%23366"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"\"Noun-related Particles | Learn Japanese\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.guidetojapanese.org/learn/grammar/nounparticles"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"4-7890-0454-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/4-7890-0454-6"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"Bruce K. Waltke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_K._Waltke"},{"link_name":"Michael Patrick O'Connor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Patrick_O%27Connor"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-931464-31-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-931464-31-5"}],"text":"^ \n\"Commas: Some Common Problems\"[permanent dead link], Princeton Writing Program, Princeton University, 1999, princeton.edu/writing/center/resources/.\n\n^ Chapter 5, §14.3 (pages 447–448), Rodney Huddleston, Geoffrey K. Pullum, The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002. ISBN 0-521-43146-8\n\n^ §1322 (pages 317–318), Herbert Weir Smyth, revised by Gordon M. Messing, Greek Grammar, Cambridge, Massachusetts : Harvard University Press, 1956 Perseus Digital Library\n\n^ \"Noun-related Particles | Learn Japanese\". www.guidetojapanese.org. Retrieved 2016-05-10.\n\n^ A dictionary of basic Japanese Grammar. The Japan Times. 1986. p. 312. ISBN 4-7890-0454-6.\n\n^ §9.5.3h (p. 153), Bruce K. Waltke and Michael Patrick O'Connor, An Introduction to Biblical Hebrew Syntax, Winona Lake, Ind.: Eisenbrauns, 1990. ISBN 0-931464-31-5","title":"Notes"}] | [] | [{"title":"Figure of speech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Figure_of_speech"},{"title":"Hyperbaton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperbaton"},{"title":"Literary device","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literary_device"},{"title":"Parenthesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parenthesis_(rhetoric)"}] | [{"reference":"\"Noun-related Particles | Learn Japanese\". www.guidetojapanese.org. Retrieved 2016-05-10.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.guidetojapanese.org/learn/grammar/nounparticles","url_text":"\"Noun-related Particles | Learn Japanese\""}]},{"reference":"A dictionary of basic Japanese Grammar. The Japan Times. 1986. p. 312. ISBN 4-7890-0454-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/4-7890-0454-6","url_text":"4-7890-0454-6"}]},{"reference":"Randolph Quirk; Sidney Greenbaum; Geoffrey Leech; Jan Svartvik (1985). A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language. London and New York: Longman. ISBN 0-582-51734-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/comprehensivegra00quir","url_text":"A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-582-51734-6","url_text":"0-582-51734-6"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Apposition&action=edit","external_links_name":"improve it"},{"Link":"http://www.princeton.edu/writing/center/resources/commas.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Commas: Some Common Problems\""},{"Link":"https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0007&query=head%3D%23366","external_links_name":"Perseus Digital Library"},{"Link":"http://www.guidetojapanese.org/learn/grammar/nounparticles","external_links_name":"\"Noun-related Particles | Learn Japanese\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/comprehensivegra00quir","external_links_name":"A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language"},{"Link":"https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0001%3Asmythp%3D282","external_links_name":"Allen and Greenough's New Latin Grammar, §282"},{"Link":"https://www.americanrhetoric.com/figures/appositio.htm","external_links_name":"Audio illustrations"},{"Link":"http://www.chompchomp.com/terms/appositive.htm","external_links_name":"Appositives"},{"Link":"http://www.etc.tuiasi.ro/sibm/romanian_spoken_language/en/fraze_subiect_dublu.htm","external_links_name":"Apposition and double subject in Romanian – a controversial issue"},{"Link":"http://www.etc.tuiasi.ro/sibm/romanian_spoken_language/index.htm","external_links_name":"Sounds of the Romanian Language"},{"Link":"https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/596/01/","external_links_name":"Appositives"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-540-74628-7_38","external_links_name":"Appositions Versus Double Subject Sentences – What Information the Speech Analysis Brings to a Grammar Debate"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007535902105171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph634144&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palazzo_Madama,_Turin | Palazzo Madama, Turin | ["1 History","2 Museum of Ancient Art","3 Gallery","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"] | Coordinates: 45°4′15.4″N 7°41′8.8″E / 45.070944°N 7.685778°E / 45.070944; 7.685778Palace in Turin, Italy
For the building in Rome, seat of the Italian Senate, see Palazzo Madama, Rome.
Palazzo MadamaJuvarra's façade of the castlePalazzo MadamaLocation within TurinInteractive fullscreen mapGeneral informationCoordinates45°4′15.4″N 7°41′8.8″E / 45.070944°N 7.685778°E / 45.070944; 7.685778
UNESCO World Heritage SiteCriteria(i)(ii)(iv)(v)Reference823bisInscription1997 (21st Session)
Palazzo Madama e Casaforte degli Acaja is a palace in Turin, Piedmont. It was the first Senate of the Kingdom of Italy, and takes its traditional name from the embellishments it received under two queens (madama) of the House of Savoy.
In 1997, it was placed on the UNESCO World Heritage Site list along with 13 other residences of the House of Savoy.
History
The rear area, still bearing the 15th-century appearance of a castle.
At the beginning of the first century BC, the site of the palace was occupied by a gate in the Roman walls from which the decumanus maximus of Augusta Taurinorum (the ancient name of Turin) departed. Two of the towers, although restored, still testify to this original nucleus. After the fall of the Western Roman Empire, the gate was used as a fortified stronghold in the defences of the city.
Stone piers atop brick footings stand out of the excavated Roman stratum.
Later the building became a possession of the Savoia-Acaja, a secondary branch of the House of Savoy; in the early 14th century, they enlarged it into a castle. A century later Ludovico of Acaja rebuilt it in square shape, with an inner court and a portico, and four cylindrical towers at each corner. The form of this edifice is still clearly recognisable from the back section of the palace. After the extinction of the Acajas, the edifice became a residence for guests of the house of Savoy.
Triumph of virtue of Madama Reale by Domenico Guidobono in the Palazzo Madama
In 1637 the regent for Duke Charles Emmanuel II, Christine of France (aunt of Louis XIV), chose it as her personal residence. She commissioned the covering of the court and a revamping of the inner apartments. Sixty years later another regent, Marie Jeanne of Savoy, who was known as Madama Reale, lived in the palace. She conferred upon it definitively the nickname of Madama (Italian for Madame). She invited many artists to renovate the building which the duchess wanted to turn into a sumptuous royal palace. The artist Domenico Guidobono became the undisputed protagonist of the decorations of the halls on the first floor of Palazzo Madama, known as the Guidobono halls – the Madama Reale’s Chamber, the Chinese Cabinet, and the Southern Veranda. The duchess also asked architect Filippo Juvarra to design a new Baroque palace in white stone, which he did in 1716, but the works halted in 1721 after only the front section had been completed.
Later the palace had various uses, and housed the headquarters of the provisional French government during the Napoleonic Wars. In the 19th century King Charles Albert selected it as seat of the Pinacoteca Regia, the royal art gallery, and, later, of the Subalpine Senate (the Parliament of the Kingdom of Sardinia) and of the High Court. Since 1934 it has housed to the City Museum of Ancient Art.
A defiant monument to the Sardinian troops, erected by Milanese exiles during the triumphant visit to Milan of Austrian Emperor Franz Joseph, 15 January 1857, stands before the Palazzo Madama.
Overlooking Piazza Castello, the section built by Juvarra (illustration, right) constitutes today a scenographic façade a single bay deep, screening the rear part of the edifice, which has remained unchanged (illustration, above right). On the exterior, Juvarra expressed what was intended as a magnificent architectural preamble to an edifice that was never built, as a high-ceilinged piano nobile with arch-headed windows, which is linked to a mezzanine above it by a colossal order of pilasters of a Composite order. Each pilaster stands on a sturdy and formal fielded channel-rusticated base against the ashlar masonry of the ground floor. The central three bays are emphasised by the bolder relief offered by full columns attached to the façade, which is returned inward behind them to afford a vast glass-fronted central interior space like a glazed loggia. Their prominence is emphasised by the tall socles on which they stand, carved with trophies of arms in relief. In the flanking triple bays, each central bay is broken slightly forwards, given its window a deeper, more shadowed reveal within the depth of the wall; its two outer giant pilasters overlap the main order as if that continued behind them. On either side the bays' windows are set together within a slightly recessed panel, thus there are three layered planes to the façade. The dentiled cornice supported on bold consoles in the frieze breaks forward over the central columns and subtly over the central bays of the flanking sections as well. A conforming balustrade decorated with vases and statues in white marble surmounts the façade.
Palazza Madama at night
On 25th January 2022, the semi-final allocation draw and host city handover for the Eurovision Song Contest 2022 was set and took place at the palace.
Museum of Ancient Art
The Palazzo Madama houses the Turin City Museum of Ancient Art. Despite its name, it is a large collection of paintings, statues, church ornaments, porcelain, and decorative art, mostly from the late Middle Ages to the 18th century.
Turin's museum of ancient art, called Museo dell'Antichità, is located on the grounds of the Palazzo Reale.
Gallery
Vittorio Amedeo Cignaroli
Pietro Vaser
Rudolf von Alt
See also
List of Baroque residences
References
^ Centre, UNESCO World Heritage. "Residences of the Royal House of Savoy".
^ Lucia Casellato, Guidobono, Domenico, in: Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani - Volume 61 (2004) (in Italian)
^ The Guidobono brothers, the refined lightness of baroque
^ The resulting rhythm is abaABAaba.
^ "Semi-Final Allocation Draw: Pots, Palaces and Participants". eurovision.tv. 18 January 2022. Retrieved 22 January 2022.
External links
City Museum of Ancient Art in Palazzo Madama
Palazzo Madama Staircase: the universe is a wave on YouTube
Virtual tour of the https://artsandculture.google.com/partner/palazzo-madama?hl=en provided by Google Arts & Culture
Media related to Palazzo Madama (Turin) at Wikimedia Commons
vteTourism in TurinArchaeological sites
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vteResidences of the Royal House of SavoyTurin
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vteFilippo JuvarraChurches and religious buildings
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Related
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United States
Czech Republic | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Palazzo Madama, Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palazzo_Madama,_Rome"},{"link_name":"Turin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turin"},{"link_name":"Piedmont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piedmont"},{"link_name":"Senate of the Kingdom of Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senate_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy"},{"link_name":"House of Savoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Savoy"},{"link_name":"UNESCO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCO"},{"link_name":"residences of the House of Savoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Residences_of_the_Royal_House_of_Savoy"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Palace in Turin, ItalyFor the building in Rome, seat of the Italian Senate, see Palazzo Madama, Rome.Palazzo Madama e Casaforte degli Acaja is a palace in Turin, Piedmont. It was the first Senate of the Kingdom of Italy, and takes its traditional name from the embellishments it received under two queens (madama) of the House of Savoy.In 1997, it was placed on the UNESCO World Heritage Site list along with 13 other residences of the House of Savoy.[1]","title":"Palazzo Madama, Turin"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Casaforte_degli_Acaja_Torino.JPG"},{"link_name":"decumanus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decumanus_Maximus"},{"link_name":"Western Roman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ScaviRomaniPalazzoMadamaTorino.JPG"},{"link_name":"House of Savoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Savoy"},{"link_name":"castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castle"},{"link_name":"portico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portico"},{"link_name":"house of Savoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Savoy"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Domenico_Guidobono_-_Triumph_of_virtue_of_Madama_Reale.jpg"},{"link_name":"Domenico Guidobono","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domenico_Guidobono"},{"link_name":"Charles Emmanuel II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Emmanuel_II,_Duke_of_Savoy"},{"link_name":"Christine of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christine_of_France"},{"link_name":"Louis XIV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_XIV"},{"link_name":"Marie Jeanne of Savoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Jeanne_of_Savoy"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-trec-2"},{"link_name":"Domenico Guidobono","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domenico_Guidobono"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-art-3"},{"link_name":"Filippo Juvarra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filippo_Juvarra"},{"link_name":"Napoleonic Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars"},{"link_name":"Charles Albert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Albert"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Sardinia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Torino_Palazzo_Madama_e_Casaforte_degli_Acaja.JPG"},{"link_name":"Emperor Franz Joseph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_Franz_Joseph"},{"link_name":"piano nobile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piano_nobile"},{"link_name":"mezzanine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mezzanine_(architecture)"},{"link_name":"pilasters of a Composite order","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Composite_order"},{"link_name":"fielded channel-rusticated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rustication_(architecture)"},{"link_name":"loggia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loggia"},{"link_name":"dentiled cornice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dentil"},{"link_name":"consoles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corbel"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"balustrade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balustrade"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Palazza_Madama_at_night_Turin_4-12-21.jpg"},{"link_name":"Eurovision Song Contest 2022","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_2022"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"The rear area, still bearing the 15th-century appearance of a castle.At the beginning of the first century BC, the site of the palace was occupied by a gate in the Roman walls from which the decumanus maximus of Augusta Taurinorum (the ancient name of Turin) departed. Two of the towers, although restored, still testify to this original nucleus. After the fall of the Western Roman Empire, the gate was used as a fortified stronghold in the defences of the city.Stone piers atop brick footings stand out of the excavated Roman stratum.Later the building became a possession of the Savoia-Acaja, a secondary branch of the House of Savoy; in the early 14th century, they enlarged it into a castle. A century later Ludovico of Acaja rebuilt it in square shape, with an inner court and a portico, and four cylindrical towers at each corner. The form of this edifice is still clearly recognisable from the back section of the palace. After the extinction of the Acajas, the edifice became a residence for guests of the house of Savoy.Triumph of virtue of Madama Reale by Domenico Guidobono in the Palazzo MadamaIn 1637 the regent for Duke Charles Emmanuel II, Christine of France (aunt of Louis XIV), chose it as her personal residence. She commissioned the covering of the court and a revamping of the inner apartments. Sixty years later another regent, Marie Jeanne of Savoy, who was known as Madama Reale, lived in the palace. She conferred upon it definitively the nickname of Madama (Italian for Madame). She invited many artists to renovate the building which the duchess wanted to turn into a sumptuous royal palace.[2] The artist Domenico Guidobono became the undisputed protagonist of the decorations of the halls on the first floor of Palazzo Madama, known as the Guidobono halls – the Madama Reale’s Chamber, the Chinese Cabinet, and the Southern Veranda.[3] The duchess also asked architect Filippo Juvarra to design a new Baroque palace in white stone, which he did in 1716, but the works halted in 1721 after only the front section had been completed.Later the palace had various uses, and housed the headquarters of the provisional French government during the Napoleonic Wars. In the 19th century King Charles Albert selected it as seat of the Pinacoteca Regia, the royal art gallery, and, later, of the Subalpine Senate (the Parliament of the Kingdom of Sardinia) and of the High Court. Since 1934 it has housed to the City Museum of Ancient Art.A defiant monument to the Sardinian troops, erected by Milanese exiles during the triumphant visit to Milan of Austrian Emperor Franz Joseph, 15 January 1857, stands before the Palazzo Madama.Overlooking Piazza Castello, the section built by Juvarra (illustration, right) constitutes today a scenographic façade a single bay deep, screening the rear part of the edifice, which has remained unchanged (illustration, above right). On the exterior, Juvarra expressed what was intended as a magnificent architectural preamble to an edifice that was never built, as a high-ceilinged piano nobile with arch-headed windows, which is linked to a mezzanine above it by a colossal order of pilasters of a Composite order. Each pilaster stands on a sturdy and formal fielded channel-rusticated base against the ashlar masonry of the ground floor. The central three bays are emphasised by the bolder relief offered by full columns attached to the façade, which is returned inward behind them to afford a vast glass-fronted central interior space like a glazed loggia. Their prominence is emphasised by the tall socles on which they stand, carved with trophies of arms in relief. In the flanking triple bays, each central bay is broken slightly forwards, given its window a deeper, more shadowed reveal within the depth of the wall; its two outer giant pilasters overlap the main order as if that continued behind them. On either side the bays' windows are set together within a slightly recessed panel, thus there are three layered planes to the façade. The dentiled cornice supported on bold consoles in the frieze breaks forward over the central columns and subtly over the central bays of the flanking sections as well.[4] A conforming balustrade decorated with vases and statues in white marble surmounts the façade.Palazza Madama at nightOn 25th January 2022, the semi-final allocation draw and host city handover for the Eurovision Song Contest 2022 was set and took place at the palace.[5]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Turin City Museum of Ancient Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turin_City_Museum_of_Ancient_Art"},{"link_name":"Palazzo Reale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Palace_of_Turin"}],"text":"The Palazzo Madama houses the Turin City Museum of Ancient Art. Despite its name, it is a large collection of paintings, statues, church ornaments, porcelain, and decorative art, mostly from the late Middle Ages to the 18th century.Turin's museum of ancient art, called Museo dell'Antichità, is located on the grounds of the Palazzo Reale.","title":"Museum of Ancient Art"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vittorio_Amedeo_Cignaroli_-_Tobia_e_l%27angelo.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pietro_Vaser_-_Jesus_among_the_Doctors_-_c._1503.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rudolf_von_Alt_-_Interior_Scene_with_Woman_Reading_Newspaper_-_1847.jpg"}],"text":"Vittorio Amedeo Cignaroli\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPietro Vaser\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tRudolf von Alt","title":"Gallery"}] | [{"image_text":"The rear area, still bearing the 15th-century appearance of a castle.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Casaforte_degli_Acaja_Torino.JPG/190px-Casaforte_degli_Acaja_Torino.JPG"},{"image_text":"Stone piers atop brick footings stand out of the excavated Roman stratum.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/ScaviRomaniPalazzoMadamaTorino.JPG/220px-ScaviRomaniPalazzoMadamaTorino.JPG"},{"image_text":"Triumph of virtue of Madama Reale by Domenico Guidobono in the Palazzo Madama","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Domenico_Guidobono_-_Triumph_of_virtue_of_Madama_Reale.jpg/290px-Domenico_Guidobono_-_Triumph_of_virtue_of_Madama_Reale.jpg"},{"image_text":"A defiant monument to the Sardinian troops, erected by Milanese exiles during the triumphant visit to Milan of Austrian Emperor Franz Joseph, 15 January 1857, stands before the Palazzo Madama.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Torino_Palazzo_Madama_e_Casaforte_degli_Acaja.JPG/250px-Torino_Palazzo_Madama_e_Casaforte_degli_Acaja.JPG"},{"image_text":"Palazza Madama at night","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Palazza_Madama_at_night_Turin_4-12-21.jpg/220px-Palazza_Madama_at_night_Turin_4-12-21.jpg"}] | [{"title":"List of Baroque residences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Baroque_residences"}] | [{"reference":"Centre, UNESCO World Heritage. \"Residences of the Royal House of Savoy\".","urls":[{"url":"https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/823","url_text":"\"Residences of the Royal House of Savoy\""}]},{"reference":"\"Semi-Final Allocation Draw: Pots, Palaces and Participants\". eurovision.tv. 18 January 2022. Retrieved 22 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://eurovision.tv/story/semi-final-allocation-draw-pots-palaces-and-participants","url_text":"\"Semi-Final Allocation Draw: Pots, Palaces and Participants\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Palazzo_Madama,_Turin¶ms=45_4_15.4_N_7_41_8.8_E_type:landmark","external_links_name":"45°4′15.4″N 7°41′8.8″E / 45.070944°N 7.685778°E / 45.070944; 7.685778"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Palazzo_Madama,_Turin¶ms=45_4_15.4_N_7_41_8.8_E_type:landmark","external_links_name":"45°4′15.4″N 7°41′8.8″E / 45.070944°N 7.685778°E / 45.070944; 7.685778"},{"Link":"https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/823bis","external_links_name":"823bis"},{"Link":"https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/823","external_links_name":"\"Residences of the Royal House of Savoy\""},{"Link":"http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/domenico-guidobono_(Dizionario-Biografico)","external_links_name":"Lucia Casellato, Guidobono, Domenico"},{"Link":"http://www.culturaitalia.it/opencms/en/contenuti/eventi/The_Guidobono_brothers__the_refined_lightness_of_baroque.html?language=en","external_links_name":"The Guidobono brothers, the refined lightness of baroque"},{"Link":"https://eurovision.tv/story/semi-final-allocation-draw-pots-palaces-and-participants","external_links_name":"\"Semi-Final Allocation Draw: Pots, Palaces and Participants\""},{"Link":"http://www.palazzomadamatorino.it/#","external_links_name":"City Museum of Ancient Art in Palazzo Madama"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=16N2YCYB238","external_links_name":"Palazzo Madama Staircase: the universe is a wave"},{"Link":"https://artsandculture.google.com/partner/palazzo-madama?hl=en","external_links_name":"Virtual tour of the https://artsandculture.google.com/partner/palazzo-madama?hl=en"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000122699156","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/172595551","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/4273219-0","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007282117105171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85097001","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=xx0122766&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Adventures_of_Uncle_Sam,_in_Search_After_His_Lost_Honor | The Adventures of Uncle Sam, in Search After His Lost Honor | ["1 References","2 External links"] | The Adventures of Uncle Sam, in Search After his Lost Honor is an allegorical book published in 1816 written by Frederick Augustus Fidfaddy. The book was written in English and contains 162 pages. It was republished in 1971 by Liberty House, a division of Gregg Press, in Saddle River, New Jersey.
The book is a satire on the policies leading up to the War of 1812 and the events of that war, modeled after John Arbuthnot's 1712 The Law is a Bottomless Pit, and his immediately following History of John Bull. Albert Matthews, writing in the Proceedings of the American Antiquarian Society in 1908, asserted that this book was the first use in literature (as distinct from newspapers) of the term Uncle Sam to personalise the United States.
References
^ "The adventures of Uncle Sam, in search after his lost honor". archive.org. Retrieved 12 June 2015.
^ Google Books
^ a b p. 40-41 of Albert Matthews, "Uncle Sam". Proceedings of the American Antiquarian Society, v.19, 1908. pp.21–65.
External links
"The adventures of Uncle Sam, in search after his lost honor". archive.org. Retrieved 12 June 2015. Full text of the book
This article about a book on politics of the United States is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[],"title":"The Adventures of Uncle Sam, in Search After His Lost Honor"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"The adventures of Uncle Sam, in search after his lost honor\". archive.org. Retrieved 12 June 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/advunclesam00fidfrich","url_text":"\"The adventures of Uncle Sam, in search after his lost honor\""}]},{"reference":"\"The adventures of Uncle Sam, in search after his lost honor\". archive.org. Retrieved 12 June 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/advunclesam00fidfrich","url_text":"\"The adventures of Uncle Sam, in search after his lost honor\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/advunclesam00fidfrich","external_links_name":"\"The adventures of Uncle Sam, in search after his lost honor\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=HiS5LVZIxEwC","external_links_name":"Google Books"},{"Link":"https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.31205015572231&view=1up&seq=54&skin=2021","external_links_name":"Uncle Sam"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/advunclesam00fidfrich","external_links_name":"\"The adventures of Uncle Sam, in search after his lost honor\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Adventures_of_Uncle_Sam,_in_Search_After_His_Lost_Honor&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huxley,_Iowa | Huxley, Iowa | ["1 History","2 Geography","3 Demographics","3.1 2010 census","3.2 2000 census","4 Arts and culture","5 Education","6 Cultural references","7 References","8 External links"] | Coordinates: 41°53′46″N 93°36′10″W / 41.89611°N 93.60278°W / 41.89611; -93.60278
City in Iowa, United StatesHuxley, IowaCityMotto: "Heart Of The Prairie"Location of Huxley, IowaCoordinates: 41°53′46″N 93°36′10″W / 41.89611°N 93.60278°W / 41.89611; -93.60278Country United StatesState IowaCountyStoryGovernment • MayorKevin Deaton • Chief of PoliceNate AlbaughArea • Total3.28 sq mi (8.49 km2) • Land3.28 sq mi (8.49 km2) • Water0.00 sq mi (0.00 km2)Elevation1,024 ft (312 m)Population (2020) • Total4,244 • Density1,294.69/sq mi (499.92/km2)Time zoneUTC-6 (Central (CST)) • Summer (DST)UTC-5 (CDT)ZIP code50124Area code515FIPS code19-37920GNIS feature ID0464176WebsiteCity of Huxley, Iowa
Huxley is a city in Story County, Iowa, United States. The population was 4,244 at the time of the 2020 census. It is part of the Ames, Iowa Metropolitan Statistical Area, which is a part of the larger Ames-Boone, Iowa Combined Statistical Area.
History
Huxley was incorporated on August 27, 1902.
Geography
Huxley is located at 41°53′46″N 93°36′10″W / 41.895983°N 93.602782°W / 41.895983; -93.602782 (41.895983, -93.602782).
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 3.15 square miles (8.16 km2), all land.
Demographics
Historical populationsYearPop.±%1910336— 1920366+8.9%1930362−1.1%1940392+8.3%1950422+7.7%1960486+15.2%1970937+92.8%19801,884+101.1%19902,047+8.7%20002,316+13.1%20103,317+43.2%20204,244+27.9%Source:"U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved March 29, 2020. and Iowa Data CenterSource: U.S. Decennial Census
The population of Huxley, Iowa from US census data
2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 3,317 people, 1,194 households, and 884 families living in the city. The population density was 1,053.0 inhabitants per square mile (406.6/km2). There were 1,322 housing units at an average density of 419.7 per square mile (162.0/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 95.6% White, 1.0% African American, 0.2% Native American, 0.5% Asian, 1.1% from other races, and 1.7% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.2% of the population.
There were 1,194 households, of which 45.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 60.2% were married couples living together, 9.6% had a female householder with no husband present, 4.2% had a male householder with no wife present, and 26.0% were non-families. 20.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 7.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.78 and the average family size was 3.25.
The median age in the city was 31.2 years. 34.1% of residents were under the age of 18; 7.2% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 29.4% were from 25 to 44; 20.4% were from 45 to 64; and 9% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 48.6% male and 51.4% female.
2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 2,316 people, 917 households, and 631 families living in the city. The population density was 2,042.9 inhabitants per square mile (788.8/km2). There were 964 housing units at an average density of 850.3 per square mile (328.3/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 97.41% White, 0.22% African American, 0.30% Native American, 0.56% Asian, 0.65% from other races, and 0.86% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.30% of the population.
There were 917 households, out of which 36.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 55.1% were married couples living together, 9.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 31.1% were non-families. 23.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.50 and the average family size was 3.00.
27.2% are under the age of 18, 12.1% from 18 to 24, 30.4% from 25 to 44, 21.7% from 45 to 64, and 8.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 32 years. For every 100 females, there were 93.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 93.0 males.
The median income for a household in the city was $48,068, and the median income for a family was $56,202. Males had a median income of $37,736 versus $29,013 for females. The per capita income for the city was $20,172. About 3.5% of families and 6.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 5.3% of those under age 18 and 3.9% of those age 65 or over.
Arts and culture
Huxley hosts the annual Prairie Festival.
Education
Huxley is part of the Ballard Community School District.
Cultural references
Huxley is the home town of the fictional Riley Finn in the television series Buffy the Vampire Slayer.
References
^ "City of Huxley, Iowa". City of Huxley, Iowa. Retrieved August 31, 2012.
^ "2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved March 16, 2022.
^ a b "2020 Census State Redistricting Data". census.gov. United states Census Bureau. Retrieved August 12, 2021.
^ "Huxley, Iowa". City-Data.com. Retrieved August 31, 2012.
^ "US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990". United States Census Bureau. February 12, 2011. Retrieved April 23, 2011.
^ "US Gazetteer files 2010". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on January 25, 2012. Retrieved May 11, 2012.
^ "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2015.
^ "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved May 11, 2012.
^ "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.
^ "Ballard" (PDF). Iowa Department of Education. Retrieved July 10, 2020.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Huxley, Iowa.
Iowa portal
City of Huxley, Iowa Website
City-Data Comprehensive Statistical Data and more about Huxley
vteMunicipalities and communities of Story County, Iowa, United StatesCounty seat: NevadaCities
Ames
Cambridge
Collins
Colo
Gilbert
Huxley
Kelley
Maxwell
McCallsburg
Nevada
Roland
Sheldahl‡
Slater
Story City
Zearing
Map of Iowa highlighting Story CountyTownships
Collins
Franklin
Grant
Howard
Indian Creek
Lafayette
Lincoln
Milford
Nevada
New Albany
Palestine
Richland
Sherman
Union
Warren
Washington
Unincorporated communities
Fernald
Iowa Center
Ghost towns/neighborhoods
Ontario
Footnotes‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties
Iowa portal
United States portal | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Story County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Story_County,_Iowa"},{"link_name":"Iowa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iowa"},{"link_name":"2020 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_United_States_Census"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cen2020-3"},{"link_name":"Ames, Iowa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ames,_Iowa"},{"link_name":"Metropolitan Statistical Area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_Statistical_Area"},{"link_name":"Boone, Iowa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boone,_Iowa"},{"link_name":"Combined Statistical Area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combined_Statistical_Area"}],"text":"City in Iowa, United StatesHuxley is a city in Story County, Iowa, United States. The population was 4,244 at the time of the 2020 census.[3] It is part of the Ames, Iowa Metropolitan Statistical Area, which is a part of the larger Ames-Boone, Iowa Combined Statistical Area.","title":"Huxley, Iowa"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Huxley was incorporated on August 27, 1902.[4]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"41°53′46″N 93°36′10″W / 41.895983°N 93.602782°W / 41.895983; -93.602782","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Huxley,_Iowa¶ms=41.895983_N_93.602782_W_type:city_region:US"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR1-5"},{"link_name":"United States Census Bureau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gazetteer_files-6"}],"text":"Huxley is located at 41°53′46″N 93°36′10″W / 41.895983°N 93.602782°W / 41.895983; -93.602782 (41.895983, -93.602782).[5]According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 3.15 square miles (8.16 km2), all land.[6]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:HuxleyIowaPopPlot.png"}],"text":"The population of Huxley, Iowa from US census data","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wwwcensusgov-8"},{"link_name":"population density","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_density"},{"link_name":"White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"African American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Native American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Asian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"other races","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Hispanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanic_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Latino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latino_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"married couples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage"}],"sub_title":"2010 census","text":"As of the census[8] of 2010, there were 3,317 people, 1,194 households, and 884 families living in the city. The population density was 1,053.0 inhabitants per square mile (406.6/km2). There were 1,322 housing units at an average density of 419.7 per square mile (162.0/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 95.6% White, 1.0% African American, 0.2% Native American, 0.5% Asian, 1.1% from other races, and 1.7% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.2% of the population.There were 1,194 households, of which 45.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 60.2% were married couples living together, 9.6% had a female householder with no husband present, 4.2% had a male householder with no wife present, and 26.0% were non-families. 20.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 7.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.78 and the average family size was 3.25.The median age in the city was 31.2 years. 34.1% of residents were under the age of 18; 7.2% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 29.4% were from 25 to 44; 20.4% were from 45 to 64; and 9% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 48.6% male and 51.4% female.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR2-9"},{"link_name":"White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"African American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Native American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Asian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"other races","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(United_States_Census)"},{"link_name":"Hispanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanic_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Latino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latino_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"married couples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage"},{"link_name":"per capita income","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per_capita_income"},{"link_name":"poverty line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_line"}],"sub_title":"2000 census","text":"As of the census[9] of 2000, there were 2,316 people, 917 households, and 631 families living in the city. The population density was 2,042.9 inhabitants per square mile (788.8/km2). There were 964 housing units at an average density of 850.3 per square mile (328.3/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 97.41% White, 0.22% African American, 0.30% Native American, 0.56% Asian, 0.65% from other races, and 0.86% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.30% of the population.There were 917 households, out of which 36.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 55.1% were married couples living together, 9.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 31.1% were non-families. 23.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.50 and the average family size was 3.00.27.2% are under the age of 18, 12.1% from 18 to 24, 30.4% from 25 to 44, 21.7% from 45 to 64, and 8.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 32 years. For every 100 females, there were 93.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 93.0 males.The median income for a household in the city was $48,068, and the median income for a family was $56,202. Males had a median income of $37,736 versus $29,013 for females. The per capita income for the city was $20,172. About 3.5% of families and 6.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 5.3% of those under age 18 and 3.9% of those age 65 or over.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Huxley hosts the annual Prairie Festival.","title":"Arts and culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ballard Community School District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballard_Community_School_District"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"Huxley is part of the Ballard Community School District.[10]","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Riley Finn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riley_Finn"},{"link_name":"Buffy the Vampire Slayer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffy_the_Vampire_Slayer"}],"text":"Huxley is the home town of the fictional Riley Finn in the television series Buffy the Vampire Slayer.","title":"Cultural references"}] | [{"image_text":"The population of Huxley, Iowa from US census data","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/HuxleyIowaPopPlot.png/220px-HuxleyIowaPopPlot.png"},{"image_text":"Map of Iowa highlighting Story County","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Map_of_Iowa_highlighting_Story_County.svg/75px-Map_of_Iowa_highlighting_Story_County.svg.png"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"City of Huxley, Iowa\". City of Huxley, Iowa. Retrieved August 31, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.huxleyiowa.org/","url_text":"\"City of Huxley, Iowa\""}]},{"reference":"\"2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved March 16, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2020_Gazetteer/2020_gaz_place_19.txt","url_text":"\"2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files\""}]},{"reference":"\"2020 Census State Redistricting Data\". census.gov. United states Census Bureau. Retrieved August 12, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial/2020/data/01-Redistricting_File--PL_94-171/Iowa/","url_text":"\"2020 Census State Redistricting Data\""}]},{"reference":"\"Huxley, Iowa\". City-Data.com. Retrieved August 31, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.city-data.com/city/Huxley-Iowa.html","url_text":"\"Huxley, Iowa\""}]},{"reference":"\"US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990\". United States Census Bureau. February 12, 2011. Retrieved April 23, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/geographies/reference-files/time-series/geo/gazetteer-files.html","url_text":"\"US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"\"US Gazetteer files 2010\". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on January 25, 2012. Retrieved May 11, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120125061959/http://www.census.gov/geo/www/gazetteer/files/Gaz_places_national.txt","url_text":"\"US Gazetteer files 2010\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"},{"url":"https://www.census.gov/geo/www/gazetteer/files/Gaz_places_national.txt","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Census of Population and Housing\". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census.html","url_text":"\"Census of Population and Housing\""}]},{"reference":"\"U.S. Census website\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved May 11, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/","url_text":"\"U.S. Census website\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"\"U.S. Census website\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/","url_text":"\"U.S. Census website\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"\"Ballard\" (PDF). Iowa Department of Education. Retrieved July 10, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://educateiowa.gov/sites/files/ed/documents/FY20_BALLARD_0.pdf","url_text":"\"Ballard\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iowa_Department_of_Education","url_text":"Iowa Department of Education"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Huxley,_Iowa¶ms=41_53_46_N_93_36_10_W_region:US-IA_type:city(4244)","external_links_name":"41°53′46″N 93°36′10″W / 41.89611°N 93.60278°W / 41.89611; -93.60278"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Huxley,_Iowa¶ms=41_53_46_N_93_36_10_W_region:US-IA_type:city(4244)","external_links_name":"41°53′46″N 93°36′10″W / 41.89611°N 93.60278°W / 41.89611; -93.60278"},{"Link":"http://www.huxleyiowa.org/","external_links_name":"City of Huxley, Iowa"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Huxley,_Iowa¶ms=41.895983_N_93.602782_W_type:city_region:US","external_links_name":"41°53′46″N 93°36′10″W / 41.895983°N 93.602782°W / 41.895983; -93.602782"},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/","external_links_name":"\"U.S. Census website\""},{"Link":"http://data.iowadatacenter.org/datatables/PlacesAll/plpopulation18502000.pdf","external_links_name":"Iowa Data Center"},{"Link":"http://www.huxleyiowa.org/","external_links_name":"\"City of Huxley, Iowa\""},{"Link":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2020_Gazetteer/2020_gaz_place_19.txt","external_links_name":"\"2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files\""},{"Link":"https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial/2020/data/01-Redistricting_File--PL_94-171/Iowa/","external_links_name":"\"2020 Census State Redistricting Data\""},{"Link":"http://www.city-data.com/city/Huxley-Iowa.html","external_links_name":"\"Huxley, Iowa\""},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/geographies/reference-files/time-series/geo/gazetteer-files.html","external_links_name":"\"US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120125061959/http://www.census.gov/geo/www/gazetteer/files/Gaz_places_national.txt","external_links_name":"\"US Gazetteer files 2010\""},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/geo/www/gazetteer/files/Gaz_places_national.txt","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census.html","external_links_name":"\"Census of Population and Housing\""},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/","external_links_name":"\"U.S. Census website\""},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/","external_links_name":"\"U.S. Census website\""},{"Link":"https://educateiowa.gov/sites/files/ed/documents/FY20_BALLARD_0.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Ballard\""},{"Link":"http://www.huxleyiowa.org/","external_links_name":"City of Huxley, Iowa Website"},{"Link":"http://www.city-data.com/city/Huxley-Iowa.html","external_links_name":"City-Data"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cordova,_New_Mexico | Cordova, New Mexico | ["1 Demographics","2 Description","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"] | Coordinates: 36°00′26″N 105°51′38″W / 36.00722°N 105.86056°W / 36.00722; -105.86056
Census-designated place in New Mexico, United StatesCordova, New MexicoCensus-designated place (CDP)Cordova, New MexicoCoordinates: 36°00′26″N 105°51′38″W / 36.00722°N 105.86056°W / 36.00722; -105.86056CountryUnited StatesStateNew MexicoCountyRio ArribaArea • Total1.66 sq mi (4.31 km2) • Land1.66 sq mi (4.31 km2) • Water0.00 sq mi (0.00 km2)Elevation6,955 ft (2,120 m)Population (2020) • Total380 • Density228.50/sq mi (88.21/km2)Time zoneUTC-7 (Mountain (MST)) • Summer (DST)UTC-6 (MDT)ZIP code87523Area code505GNIS feature ID905338
Cordova is a census-designated place in Rio Arriba County, New Mexico, United States.
Demographics
Historical population
CensusPop.Note%±
2020380—U.S. Decennial Census
Description
Cordova city sign, May 2015
The place-name Cordova derives from the Spanish surname Cordova (or Cordoba). The town takes its name from the surname of Matías Córdova, one of the inhabitants of Pueblo Quemado, the original name of the town. The word cordova derives from the name of the Spanish city Córdoba
The village lies a short distance off the "High Road to Taos", New Mexico State Road 76, between Chimayo and Truchas.
Its population was 414 as of the 2010 census. Cordova has a post office with ZIP code 87523, which opened on March 26, 1900. Cordova is well known for wood carvers.
Cordova was the scene of a serigraph completed 1946-1947 on wove paper, "Street in Cordova, New Mexico" made by noted Oregon born printmaker Norma Bassett Hall (d. 1957) Size 8.875 x 11.5 in. Held in 2015 by the Lockhart Family Collection. It features a view up to the Pecos mountains from a street scene containing a narrow adobe dwelling lined street, three adults and a child, and the rear and steeple of the church. The scene is awash in light with predominant beige and white tones.
See also
New Mexico portal
List of census-designated places in New Mexico
References
^ "ArcGIS REST Services Directory". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved October 12, 2022.
^ a b "Census Population API". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved October 12, 2022.
^ "Cordova". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior.
^ a b "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved May 14, 2011.
^ "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2016.
^ United States Postal Service (2012). "USPS - Look Up a ZIP Code". Retrieved February 15, 2012.
^ "Postmaster Finder - Post Offices by ZIP Code". United States Postal Service. Archived from the original on October 17, 2020. Retrieved August 29, 2013.
External links
Media related to Cordova, New Mexico at Wikimedia Commons
vteMunicipalities and communities of Rio Arriba County, New Mexico, United StatesCounty seat: Tierra AmarillaCity
Española‡
Map of New Mexico highlighting Rio Arriba CountyVillage
Chama
CDPs
Abiquiú
Alcalde
Brazos
Canjilon
Cañones
Canova
Chamita
Chili
Chimayo‡
Cordova
Coyote
Dixon
Dulce
El Duende
El Rito
Ensenada
Gallina
Hernandez
La Madera
La Mesilla
La Villita
Lindrith
Los Luceros
Los Ojos
Lumberton
Lybrook
Lyden
Medanales
Ohkay Owingeh
Ojo Caliente‡
Ojo Sarco
Pueblito
Rio Chiquito‡
San Jose
San Juan
Santa Clara Pueblo
Tierra Amarilla
Truchas
Velarde
Youngsville
Othercommunities
Arroyo Del Agua
Cañoncito
Cebolla
Embudo
Las Tablas
Navajo City
Petaca
Rutheron
San Lorenzo
Vallecitos
Ghost towns and former settlements
Hopewell
Riverside
Santa Rosa de Lima
Sublette
Indianreservations
Jicarilla Apache Indian Reservation‡
Santa Clara Indian Reservation‡
Footnotes‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties
New Mexico portal
United States portal
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
Israel
United States
This New Mexico state location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"census-designated place","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census-designated_place"},{"link_name":"Rio Arriba County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rio_Arriba_County,_New_Mexico"},{"link_name":"New Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Mexico"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR8-4"}],"text":"Census-designated place in New Mexico, United StatesCordova is a census-designated place in Rio Arriba County, New Mexico, United States.[4]","title":"Cordova, New Mexico"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cordova_(17660115179).jpg"},{"link_name":"Córdoba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B3rdoba_(Spain)"},{"link_name":"High Road to Taos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Road_to_Taos,_New_Mexico"},{"link_name":"New Mexico State Road 76","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Mexico_State_Road_76"},{"link_name":"Truchas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truchas,_New_Mexico"},{"link_name":"2010 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_United_States_Census"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR8-4"},{"link_name":"post office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post_office"},{"link_name":"ZIP code","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZIP_code"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR7-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Cordova city sign, May 2015The place-name Cordova derives from the Spanish surname Cordova (or Cordoba). The town takes its name from the surname of Matías Córdova, one of the inhabitants of Pueblo Quemado, the original name of the town. The word cordova derives from the name of the Spanish city CórdobaThe village lies a short distance off the \"High Road to Taos\", New Mexico State Road 76, between Chimayo and Truchas.Its population was 414 as of the 2010 census.[4] Cordova has a post office with ZIP code 87523, which opened on March 26, 1900.[6][7] Cordova is well known for wood carvers.Cordova was the scene of a serigraph completed 1946-1947 on wove paper, \"Street in Cordova, New Mexico\" made by noted Oregon born printmaker Norma Bassett Hall (d. 1957) Size 8.875 x 11.5 in. Held in 2015 by the Lockhart Family Collection. It features a view up to the Pecos mountains from a street scene containing a narrow adobe dwelling lined street, three adults and a child, and the rear and steeple of the church. The scene is awash in light with predominant beige and white tones.[citation needed]","title":"Description"}] | [{"image_text":"Cordova city sign, May 2015","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Cordova_%2817660115179%29.jpg/220px-Cordova_%2817660115179%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Map of New Mexico highlighting Rio Arriba County","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Map_of_New_Mexico_highlighting_Rio_Arriba_County.svg/180px-Map_of_New_Mexico_highlighting_Rio_Arriba_County.svg.png"}] | [{"title":"New Mexico portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:New_Mexico"},{"title":"List of census-designated places in New Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_census-designated_places_in_New_Mexico"}] | [{"reference":"\"ArcGIS REST Services Directory\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved October 12, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://tigerweb.geo.census.gov/arcgis/rest/services/TIGERweb/Places_CouSub_ConCity_SubMCD/MapServer/5/query?where=STATE=%2735%27&outFields=NAME,STATE,PLACE,AREALAND,AREAWATER,LSADC,CENTLAT,CENTLON&orderByFields=PLACE&returnGeometry=false&returnTrueCurves=false&f=json","url_text":"\"ArcGIS REST Services Directory\""}]},{"reference":"\"Census Population API\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved October 12, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://api.census.gov/data/2020/dec/pl?get=P1_001N,NAME&for=place:*&in=state:35&key=5ccd0821c15d9f4520e2dcc0f8d92b2ec9336108","url_text":"\"Census Population API\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cordova\". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior.","urls":[{"url":"https://edits.nationalmap.gov/apps/gaz-domestic/public/search/names/905338","url_text":"\"Cordova\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographic_Names_Information_System","url_text":"Geographic Names Information System"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey","url_text":"United States Geological Survey"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Interior","url_text":"United States Department of the Interior"}]},{"reference":"\"U.S. Census website\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved May 14, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/","url_text":"\"U.S. Census website\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"\"Census of Population and Housing\". Census.gov. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Strong_(priest,_died_1654) | William Strong (priest, died 1654) | ["1 Life","2 Works","3 References"] | English clergyman
William Strong (died 1654) was an English clergyman and then pastor of an independent congregation, and member of the Westminster Assembly.
Life
He was born in Dorset, and was educated at Cambridge, graduating B. A. from St. Catharine Hall, of which he was elected a fellow on 30 December 1631. In 1640 he became rector of Moore Critchell in Dorset, but he was driven out in 1643, when the royalists obtained the ascendancy in the county. He fled to London, where he met a cordial reception, and frequently preached before Parliament.
On 31 December 1645 the Commons appointed him as successor to Edward Peale in the Westminster Assembly, and on 14 October 1647 he became minister of St. Dunstan's-in-the-West, Fleet Street.. On 9 December 1650 he was chosen pastor to a congregation of independents, which comprised many members of parliament, and to which he preached in Westminster Abbey. On 29 July 1652 he was appointed to a committee for selecting preachers to go to Ireland. A sermon preached at Westminster in July 1653 'against the liberty of the times as introducing popery,' attracted some attention. He died in middle life in June 1654, and was buried in Westminster Abbey on 4 July; but on the Restoration his remains, with those of several others, were dug up and thrown into a pit in St. Margaret's churchyard. His widow Damaris survived him.
Works
Strong was the author of:
Clavis Apocalyptica ad incudem revocata, London, 1653.
The Saints Communion with God, and Gods Communion with them in Ordinances, ed. Hering, London, 1656.
Heavenly Treasure, or Man's Chiefest Good, ed. Howe, London 1656.
Thirty-one Select Sermons, London, 1656.
A Treatise showing the Subordination of the Will of Man to the Will of God, ed. Rowe, London, 1657.
A Discourse on the Two Covenants, published by Theophilus Gale, London, 1678.
Strong also published several sermons, and wrote prefatory remarks to Robert Dingley's Spiritual Taste Described, London, 1649.
References
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: "Strong, William". Dictionary of National Biography. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900.
Authority control databases International
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vteThe Westminster AssemblyDocuments
Westminster Confession of Faith
Westminster Larger Catechism
Westminster Shorter Catechism
Directory for Public Worship
Form of Presbyterial Church Government
People
John Arrowsmith
Simeon Ashe
Robert Baillie
Thomas Baylie
Robert Blair
Samuel Bolton
John Bond
William Bridge
Ralph Brownrigg
Anthony Burges
Cornelius Burges
Jeremiah Burroughs
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Richard Byfield
Edmund Calamy
Archibald Campbell
John Campbell
Richard Capel
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Thomas Case
Daniel Cawdry
William Cecil
Francis Cheynell
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Thomas Coleman
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Edward Conway
John Cook
Edward Corbet
Robert Crosse
Robert Devereux
Robert Douglas
Calybute Downing
John Dury
John Earle
John Elphinstone
Daniel Featley
Basil Feilding
Nathaniel Fiennes
William Fiennes
Thomas Ford
Thomas Gataker
George Gillespie
John Glynne
Thomas Goodwin
William Gouge
William Greenhill
William Grey
John Hacket
Matthew Hale
Henry Hammond
Robert Harley
John Harris
Robert Harris
Arthur Haselrig
Alexander Henderson
Philip Herbert
Charles Herle
Thomas Hill
Richard Holdsworth
Edward Howard
Joshua Hoyle
Archibald Johnston
John Ley
John Lightfoot
Richard Love
William Lyford
John Maitland
Stephen Marshall
John Maynard
William Mew
Edward Montagu
George Morley
Matthew Newcomen
William Nicholson
Philip Nye
Herbert Palmer
Algernon Percy
Andrew Perne
William Pierrepont
John Pym
Edward Reynolds
Robert Reynolds
Henry Rich
Francis Rous
Benjamin Rudyerd
Samuel Rutherford
Robert Sanderson
Henry Scudder
Lazarus Seaman
Obadiah Sedgwick
John Selden
Josias Shute
Sidrach Simpson
William Spurstowe
Edmund Staunton
Peter Sterry
Oliver St John (1580–1646)
Oliver St John (1598–1673)
William Strode
William Strong
Zouch Tate
Henry Tozer
Anthony Tuckney
William Twisse
Henry Vane the Elder
Henry Vane the Younger
Richard Vines
George Walker
Samuel Ward
Thomas Westfield
Philip Wharton
Jeremiah Whitaker
John White
Bulstrode Whitelocke
John Wilde
Henry Wilkinson
Walter Yonge
Thomas Young
Westminster Abbey
Jerusalem Chamber | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Westminster Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westminster_Assembly"}],"text":"William Strong (died 1654) was an English clergyman and then pastor of an independent congregation, and member of the Westminster Assembly.","title":"William Strong (priest, died 1654)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dorset","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorset"},{"link_name":"St. Catharine Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Catharine_Hall,_Cambridge"},{"link_name":"Moore Critchell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Moore_Critchell&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Dorset","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorset"},{"link_name":"Edward Peale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edward_Peale&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"St. Dunstan's-in-the-West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Dunstan%27s-in-the-West"},{"link_name":"Westminster Abbey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westminster_Abbey"},{"link_name":"Restoration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Restoration"}],"text":"He was born in Dorset, and was educated at Cambridge, graduating B. A. from St. Catharine Hall, of which he was elected a fellow on 30 December 1631. In 1640 he became rector of Moore Critchell in Dorset, but he was driven out in 1643, when the royalists obtained the ascendancy in the county. He fled to London, where he met a cordial reception, and frequently preached before Parliament.On 31 December 1645 the Commons appointed him as successor to Edward Peale in the Westminster Assembly, and on 14 October 1647 he became minister of St. Dunstan's-in-the-West, Fleet Street.. On 9 December 1650 he was chosen pastor to a congregation of independents, which comprised many members of parliament, and to which he preached in Westminster Abbey. On 29 July 1652 he was appointed to a committee for selecting preachers to go to Ireland. A sermon preached at Westminster in July 1653 'against the liberty of the times as introducing popery,' attracted some attention. He died in middle life in June 1654, and was buried in Westminster Abbey on 4 July; but on the Restoration his remains, with those of several others, were dug up and thrown into a pit in St. Margaret's churchyard. His widow Damaris survived him.","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Theophilus Gale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theophilus_Gale"},{"link_name":"Robert Dingley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Dingley_(puritan)"}],"text":"Strong was the author of:Clavis Apocalyptica ad incudem revocata, London, 1653.\nThe Saints Communion with God, and Gods Communion with them in Ordinances, ed. Hering, London, 1656.\nHeavenly Treasure, or Man's Chiefest Good, ed. Howe, London 1656.\nThirty-one Select Sermons, London, 1656.\nA Treatise showing the Subordination of the Will of Man to the Will of God, ed. Rowe, London, 1657.\nA Discourse on the Two Covenants, published by Theophilus Gale, London, 1678.Strong also published several sermons, and wrote prefatory remarks to Robert Dingley's Spiritual Taste Described, London, 1649.","title":"Works"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1849558/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/61897112","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n85005903","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6x1003w","external_links_name":"SNAC"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salam%C3%A1,_Baja_Verapaz | Salamá | ["1 Etymology","2 History","2.1 Battle of Salamá of 1839","2.2 Miguel Enríquez and president Barillas in 1892","2.3 Miguel Ángel Asturias in Salamá","2.4 Anticommunist rebellion in 1953","3 Festivals","4 Climate","5 Geography and location","5.1 Settlements","5.2 Geographic location","6 See also","7 Notes and references","7.1 References","7.2 Bibliography","8 External links"] | Coordinates: 15°06′N 90°16′W / 15.100°N 90.267°W / 15.100; -90.267For other uses, see Salama.
Municipality of Guatemala in Baja VerapazSalamáMunicipality of GuatemalaSan Mateo churchSalamáLocation in GuatemalaCoordinates: 15°06′N 90°16′W / 15.100°N 90.267°W / 15.100; -90.267Country GuatemalaDepartment Baja VerapazGovernment • Mayor (2016-2020)Byron Tejeda (PP)Area • Municipality of Guatemala295 sq mi (764 km2)Elevation3,080 ft (940 m)Population (2018 census) • Municipality of Guatemala65,275 • Density220/sq mi (85/km2) • Urban65,275ClimateAw
Salamá is a city in Guatemala. It is the capital of the department of Baja Verapaz and it is situated at 940 m above sea level. The municipality of Salamá, for which the city of Salamá serves as the administrative centre, covers a total surface area of 764 km² with a population of 65,275 inhabitants at the 2018 census.
Etymology
Salamá comes from Kʼicheʼ Tz'alam Ha meaning table on water.
History
The Order of Preachers settled the Salamá doctrine in the 1550s.
Salamá was settled as a doctrine by the Order of Preachers in the 1550s, as part of the Tezulutlán Capitulations that friar Bartolomé de las Casas lobbied from the Crown. The friars had thousands of acres with hills, forest, a section of the plain and abundant water supply. Both location and weather were ideal for vines; the characteristic soil and dried grass from the rest of the plain was replaced by vines thanks to a superb irrigation system the friars built inspired by the Romans.
After independence in 1821, the Central Ameran liberal criollos tried to remove the Catholic Church from power, along with the Guatemalan aristocrats of the Aycinena family . By 1829, the liberal forces of general Francisco Morazán expelled both the aristocrats and the regular orders from Central America, including the Order of Preachers, one of the richest. In Salamá, they had to leave behind their monastery, church and vines, which were confiscated by the Guatemalan State government, but remained abandoned due to the political turmoil of the times.
Battle of Salamá of 1839
Main article: Rafael Carrera
Guatemala State in 1839
Captain General Rafael Carrera, president for life of Guatemala (1840–1865)
In early 1838, Morazán's liberal forces were back in Guatemala after a peasant revolt ousted Guatemalan governor Mariano Gálvez. Morazán and his Guatemalan ally José Francisco Barrundia invaded Guatemalan soil and when they arrived in San Sur, they summarily executed Chúa Álvarez, general Rafael Carrera's father-in-law, because Carrera was the leader of the revolt. Morazán's soldiers placed Álvarez' head on top of a spike as a warning to Carrera's followers. Upon learning the news, both Carrera and his wife, Petrona Álvarez – who had left Guatemala City to face Morazán and were in Mataquescuintla – promised to avenge Chúa even after Morazán's death. The liberals sent several envoys to try to meet with Carrera, but he did not want to talk to them –especially not to Barrundia, who was told that he should not try to come in to talk to Carrera if he wanted to remain alive. After this, Morazán began a strong offensive, destroying every single town in his path, stealing the few belongings and forcing Carrera militants to hide in the mountains.
Thinking that Carrera was completely defeated, Morazán and Barrundia went on to Guatemala City, where governor Valenzuela and the conservative criollos of the Aycinena family celebrated finally having a leader like Morazán, who had defeated Carrera and his peasant revolt once and for all. The Guatemalans offered to sponsor any campaign that Morazán wanted at that point. Morazán helped Los Altos and appointed Mariano Rivera Paz, who was close to the Aycinena family; however he did not return to the former aristocrats any of their confiscated possessions. In return, Juan José de Aycinena y Piñol, leader of the family, voted in favor of dissolving the Central American Federation, thus forcing Morazán to return to El Salvador to try to save what was left of his presidential powers. On his way to El Salvador, he increased repression, on anybody suspect of helping Carrera in the past.
Knowing that Morazán was on his way to El Salvador, Carrera tried to take Salamá with the little forces that he still had left, but was defeated and even lost his brother Laureano in the battle. With only a handful of men he was able to escape, badly wounded, to Sanarate. After a halfway recovery, Carrera had a few more battles where he won, but suffered considerable casualties.
Finally, the liberal forces captured Carrera, but could not shoot him, because the Central American Federation was in turmoil and they needed the caudillo to keep the peasants in check. Morazán was forced to appoint him as commander in Mita. Morazán would come to regret that decision, as Carrera would eventually defeat him in 1840, finishing the Honduran general run as the main political figure of Central America.
As of 1850, the population was estimated to be 4,500.
Miguel Enríquez and president Barillas in 1892
Main article: Manuel Barillas
General Manuel Barillas; Guatemalan president from 1886 to 1892
Temple of Minerva, Salamá, 1910
In 1892, president general Manuel Barillas called an election. It was the first time a Guatemalan president had become tired of the office and it was also the first election in Guatemala that allowed the candidates to run propaganda in the local newspapers. Among the candidates who ran for office were:
Lorenzo Montúfar y Rivera: a well known a respected liberal intellectual. He was the only one of all candidates who made an engraving of his portrait to publish it in the newspapers and was accused of wasting resources for doing this.
General José María Reina Barrios: nephew of former president Justo Rufino Barrios and eventual winner.
Miguel Enríquez: a Salamá landowner. Enríquez had been a liberal, but became a conservative after the persecution that he suffered from the Barillas administration.
Barillas was unique among all liberal presidents of Guatemala between 1871 and 1944: he handed over power to his successor peacefully. When election time approached, he sent for the three Liberal candidates to ask them what their government plan would be. Satisfied with the response of Reyna Barrios, Barillas made sure a huge column of Quetzaltenango and Totonicapán Indigenous people came down from the mountains to vote for the general. The official agents did their job: Reyna was elected president and, so as not to offend the losing candidates, Barillas gave them checks to cover the costs of their presidential campaigns. Reyna Barrios of course received nothing, but he went on to become President on March 15, 1892.
Only Enríquez was not compensated; on the contrary, after the elections he had to run away from his farmland in Salamá after being accused of sedition; he was captured and executed near Zacapa.
Miguel Ángel Asturias in Salamá
Main article: Miguel Ángel Asturias
In 1904, the father of future Literature Nobel Prize awardee Miguel Ángel Asturias, who was a judge, freed several students that had been detained after rioting. In consequence president Manuel Estrada Cabrera, and removed him from his post. In 1905, the family was forced to move to Salamá, where Miguel Ángel Asturias lived on his grandparents' farm and came in contact with Guatemalan natives for the first time. His nanny, Lola Reyes, was a native girl who told him stories, myths and legends from her culture which eventually would impact heavily in his work. In 1908, when Asturias was nine years old, his family returned to Guatemala City.
Salamá in the 1920sSan Mateo churchEl Calvario churchCentral SquareMinerva Temple
Anticommunist rebellion in 1953
Main article: Jacobo Árbenz
Captain Jacobo Árbenz and his wife, María Cristina Vilanova, ca. 1940
During the revolutionary government of colonel Jacobo Árbenz, the opposition – mainly formed by Guatemalan landlords and United Fruit Company executives – was completely against any reform that the government of Juan José Arévalo had established: social security, creation of commercial and public labor unions, democracy and freedom of press, among others. At the election of Árbenz in 1950, the Guatemalan elite was desperate, but most of its members hoped that the new president would back out of the policies of his predecessor, whom they accused of communism. Árbenz' image convinced them of that: the Guatemalan colonel was married to María Cristina Vilanova, a lady from the Salvadorian elite. He was an Army officer, lived in a mansion in zone 10 in Guatemala City and had the proper aristocratic presence. But their hopes were shattered when Árbenz supported the formation of the Guatemalan Communist Party and then pushed for aggressive agrarian reform. Confronted with the situation, the opposition had only one clear goal: to defend the privileges that they had enjoyed in Guatemala for generations and so they embraced anticommunism to justify their fight against the government. On the other hand, the middle class enjoyed benefits that allowed them to prosper and they were loyal to Árbenz. The peasants were for the first time since the Rafael Carrera government treated with respect and dignity.
This was the political and economic situation of the country when on 29 March 1953 the anticommunist opposition assaulted Salamá at dawn: approximately 100 rebels invaded Salamá and neighboring San Jerónimo. The invasion was not properly organized and by 6:00 a.m. was completedly defeated by army forces that arrived from Cobán. This event however began government prosecution of anticommunist elements, which gradually escalated until it became pure repression in May 1954, when CIA Operation PBSuccess and the Carlos Castillo Armas invasion were well in progress and the Arbenz regime was practically doomed.
Festivals
The annual festival takes place from September 17 to September 22.
Climate
Salamá has a tropical savanna climate (Köppen: Aw).
Climate data for Salamá
Month
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Year
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)
26.6(79.9)
28.0(82.4)
29.5(85.1)
30.6(87.1)
29.9(85.8)
28.4(83.1)
27.9(82.2)
28.4(83.1)
28.2(82.8)
27.7(81.9)
27.0(80.6)
26.8(80.2)
28.3(82.9)
Daily mean °C (°F)
20.1(68.2)
21.1(70.0)
22.5(72.5)
24.0(75.2)
23.9(75.0)
23.6(74.5)
23.0(73.4)
23.2(73.8)
23.0(73.4)
22.5(72.5)
21.2(70.2)
20.4(68.7)
22.4(72.3)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)
13.6(56.5)
14.2(57.6)
15.6(60.1)
17.4(63.3)
18.0(64.4)
18.8(65.8)
18.2(64.8)
18.0(64.4)
17.8(64.0)
17.3(63.1)
15.4(59.7)
14.1(57.4)
16.5(61.8)
Average precipitation mm (inches)
15(0.6)
11(0.4)
16(0.6)
28(1.1)
82(3.2)
204(8.0)
148(5.8)
99(3.9)
169(6.7)
102(4.0)
39(1.5)
16(0.6)
929(36.4)
Source: Climate-Data.orgInstituto Nacional de Sismología, Vulcanología, Meteorología e Hidrología de Guatemala
Geography and location
Settlements
Salamá has 146 settlements, being the main ones:
San Nicolás
El Tunal
El Tempisque
San Juan
Paso Ancho
Las Tunas
La Laguna
San Ignacio
Trapiche de Agua
Llano Grande
Los Paxtes
La Canoa
Chilascó
Niño Perdido
La Unión Barrios
La Paz 1 y 2
Cachil
El Amate
San José El Espinero
Las Limas
El Nance
Llano Largo
La Divina Providencia
San Rafael Chilasco is the largest settlement and is a tourist attraction given that it has one of the tallest waterfalls in Central America.
Geographic location
Salamá is surrounded by Baja Verapaz municipalities, except by South, where it borders Chuarrancho, a Guatemala Department municipality.
Places adjacent to Salamá
Purulhá
Purulhá
San Miguel Chicaj
Salamá
San Jerónimo
Chuarrancho, Guatemala Department municipality
See also
Guatemala portal
Geography portal
Baja Verapaz
History of Guatemala
Order of Preachers
List of places in Guatemala
Notes and references
References
^ "Byron Tejeda gana elección a alcalde de Salamá". Prensa Libre (in Spanish). Guatemala. 8 September 2015. Retrieved 8 September 2015.
^ Citypopulation.de Population of departments and municipalities in Guatemala
^ Citypopulation.de Population of cities & towns in Guatemala
^ a b c Maudslay & Maudslay 1899, p. 107.
^ a b González Davison 2008, p. 4-15.
^ a b Stephens & Catherwood 1854, p. 1.
^ González Davison 2008, p. 84-85.
^ González Davison 2008, p. 85.
^ González Davison 2008, p. 86.
^ González Davison 2008, p. 87.
^ González Davison 2008, p. 89.
^ González Davison 2008, p. 91-92.
^ González Davison 2008, p. 92.
^ Hernández de León 1959, p. April 20.
^ González Davison 2008, p. 94.
^ González Davison 2008, p. 98.
^ Bailey 1850, p. 87.
^ a b c Castellanos 2014, p. 40:00.
^ De los Ríos 1948, p. 82.
^ De los Ríos 1948, p. 79.
^ Callan 1970, p. 11.
^ Martin & Asturias 2000, p. 483.
^ a b Gleijeses 1992, p. 208.
^ Gleijeses 1992, p. 211.
^ Gleijeses 1992, p. 209.
^ Gleijeses 1992, p. 210.
^ Gleijeses 1992, p. 217.
^ Gleijeses 1992, p. 216.
^
"Climate: Salamá". Climate-Data.org. Retrieved 20 August 2015.
^ Departamento de Investigación y servicios meteorológicos. "Isotermas de temperatura mínima absoluta anual" (in Spanish). Archived from the original on May 17, 2012.; "Isotermas de temperatura máxima absoluta anual". Archived from the original on May 24, 2012.; "Isotermas de temperatura máxima promedio anual". Archived from the original on May 15, 2012.; "Isotermas de temperature mínima promedio annual". Archived from the original on May 29, 2012.; "Sumatoria de días con lluvia promedio anual". Instituto Nacional de Sismología, Vulcanología, Metereología e Hidrología (in Spanish). Guatemala. Archived from the original on May 15, 2012. Retrieved 23 October 2015.
^ Instituto Nacional de Estadística 2013.
^ a b c SEGEPLAN n.d.
Bibliography
Bailey, John (1850). Central America; Describing Each of the States of Guatemala, Honduras, Salvador, Nicaragua, and Costa Rica. London: Trelawney Saunders. p. 87.
Callan, Richard (1970). Miguel Ángel Asturias. Nueva York: Twayne. OCLC 122016.
Castellanos, Lorena (2014). "Vida y obra de José María Reyna Barrios". Universidad Francisco Marroquín (in Spanish). Guatemala. Retrieved 3 November 2014.
De los Ríos, Efraín (1948). Ombres contra Hombres (in Spanish) (2nd ed.). México: Fondo de la Cultura de la Universidad de México.
Gleijeses, Piero (1992). Shattered hope: the Guatemalan revolution and the United States, 1944-1954. USA: Princeton University Press. ISBN 9780691025568.
González Davison, Fernando (2008). La montaña infinita; Carrera, caudillo de Guatemala (in Spanish). Guatemala: Artemis y Edinter. ISBN 978-84-89452-81-7.
Hernández de León, Federico (1959). "El capítulo de las efemérides". Diario La Hora (in Spanish). Guatemala.
— (1930). El libro de las efemérides (in Spanish). Vol. III. Guatemala: Tipografía Sánchez y de Guise.
Instituto Nacional de Estadística (2013). "Publicaciones" (in Spanish). Guatemala. Archived from the original on 10 March 2014. Retrieved 19 November 2014.
Marroquín Rojas, Clemente (1952). "Los ricos con el agua al cuello". Impacto (in Spanish). Guatemala.
— (February 1954). "El caso del diputado José Luis Arenas". La Hora (in Spanish). Guatemala.
Martin, Gerald; Asturias, Miguel Ángel (2000). "Cronología". In Martin, Gerald (ed.). El Señor Presidente (in Spanish). Madrid, Spain: ALLCA XX. pp. xxxix–li. ISBN 84-89666-51-2.
Maudslay, Alfred Percival; Maudslay, Anne Cary (1899). A glimpse at Guatemala, and some notes on the ancient monuments of Central America (PDF). London, United Kingdom: John Murray.
SEGEPLAN (n.d.). "Municipios de Alta Verapaz, Guatemala". Secretaría General de Planificación y Programación de la Presidencia de la República (in Spanish). Guatemala. Archived from the original on 30 June 2015. Retrieved 30 June 2015.
Stephens, John Lloyd; Catherwood, Frederick (1854). Incidents of travel in Central America, Chiapas, and Yucatan. London, United Kingdom: Arthur Hall, Virtue and Co.
External links
Media related to Salamá (Guatemala) at Wikimedia Commons
Salama article - Guatemalan Tourism Committee (in Spanish)
15°06′N 90°16′W / 15.100°N 90.267°W / 15.100; -90.267
vte Baja Verapaz DepartmentCapital
Salamá
Municipalities
Cubulco
Granados
Purulhá
Rabinal
Salamá
San Jerónimo
San Miguel Chicaj
Santa Cruz El Chol
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
Israel
United States | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Salama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salama_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Guatemala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guatemala"},{"link_name":"department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Departments_of_Guatemala"},{"link_name":"Baja Verapaz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baja_Verapaz"},{"link_name":"sea level","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_level"}],"text":"For other uses, see Salama.Municipality of Guatemala in Baja VerapazSalamá is a city in Guatemala. It is the capital of the department of Baja Verapaz and it is situated at 940 m above sea level. The municipality of Salamá, for which the city of Salamá serves as the administrative centre, covers a total surface area of 764 km² with a population of 65,275 inhabitants at the 2018 census.","title":"Salamá"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kʼicheʼ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%CA%BCiche%CA%BC_language"}],"text":"Salamá comes from Kʼicheʼ Tz'alam Ha meaning table on water.","title":"Etymology"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Orderofpreachears.png"},{"link_name":"Order of Preachers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominican_Order"},{"link_name":"Bartolomé de las Casas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bartolom%C3%A9_de_las_Casas"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaudslayMaudslay1899107-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaudslayMaudslay1899107-4"},{"link_name":"criollos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criollo_people"},{"link_name":"Aycinena family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aycinena_family&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"es","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clan_Aycinena"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGonz%C3%A1lez_Davison20084-15-5"},{"link_name":"Francisco Morazán","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Moraz%C3%A1n"},{"link_name":"regular orders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regular_clergy"},{"link_name":"Order of Preachers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Preachers"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGonz%C3%A1lez_Davison20084-15-5"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaudslayMaudslay1899107-4"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStephensCatherwood18541-6"}],"text":"The Order of Preachers settled the Salamá doctrine in the 1550s.Salamá was settled as a doctrine by the Order of Preachers in the 1550s, as part of the Tezulutlán Capitulations that friar Bartolomé de las Casas lobbied from the Crown. The friars had thousands of acres with hills, forest, a section of the plain and abundant water supply.[4] Both location and weather were ideal for vines; the characteristic soil and dried grass from the rest of the plain was replaced by vines thanks to a superb irrigation system the friars built inspired by the Romans.[4]After independence in 1821, the Central Ameran liberal criollos tried to remove the Catholic Church from power, along with the Guatemalan aristocrats of the Aycinena family [es].[5] By 1829, the liberal forces of general Francisco Morazán expelled both the aristocrats and the regular orders from Central America, including the Order of Preachers, one of the richest.[5] In Salamá, they had to leave behind their monastery, church and vines, which were confiscated by the Guatemalan State government,[4] but remained abandoned due to the political turmoil of the times.[6]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Map_of_Journey.jpg"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStephensCatherwood18541-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Carrerayturcios_2014-06-22_09-46.jpg"},{"link_name":"Mariano Gálvez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariano_G%C3%A1lvez"},{"link_name":"José Francisco Barrundia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Francisco_Barrundia"},{"link_name":"Rafael Carrera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafael_Carrera"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGonz%C3%A1lez_Davison200884-85-7"},{"link_name":"Mataquescuintla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mataquescuintla"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGonz%C3%A1lez_Davison200885-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGonz%C3%A1lez_Davison200886-9"},{"link_name":"Guatemala City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guatemala_City"},{"link_name":"criollos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criollo_people"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGonz%C3%A1lez_Davison200887-10"},{"link_name":"Mariano Rivera Paz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariano_Rivera_Paz"},{"link_name":"Juan José de Aycinena y Piñol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Jos%C3%A9_de_Aycinena_y_Pi%C3%B1ol"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGonz%C3%A1lez_Davison200889-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGonz%C3%A1lez_Davison200891-92-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGonz%C3%A1lez_Davison200892-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHern%C3%A1ndez_de_Le%C3%B3n1959April_20-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGonz%C3%A1lez_Davison200894-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGonz%C3%A1lez_Davison200898-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBailey185087-17"}],"sub_title":"Battle of Salamá of 1839","text":"Guatemala State in 1839[6]Captain General Rafael Carrera, president for life of Guatemala (1840–1865)In early 1838, Morazán's liberal forces were back in Guatemala after a peasant revolt ousted Guatemalan governor Mariano Gálvez. Morazán and his Guatemalan ally José Francisco Barrundia invaded Guatemalan soil and when they arrived in San Sur, they summarily executed Chúa Álvarez, general Rafael Carrera's father-in-law, because Carrera was the leader of the revolt. Morazán's soldiers placed Álvarez' head on top of a spike as a warning to Carrera's followers.[7] Upon learning the news, both Carrera and his wife, Petrona Álvarez – who had left Guatemala City to face Morazán and were in Mataquescuintla – promised to avenge Chúa even after Morazán's death.[8] The liberals sent several envoys to try to meet with Carrera, but he did not want to talk to them –especially not to Barrundia, who was told that he should not try to come in to talk to Carrera if he wanted to remain alive. After this, Morazán began a strong offensive, destroying every single town in his path, stealing the few belongings and forcing Carrera militants to hide in the mountains.[9]Thinking that Carrera was completely defeated, Morazán and Barrundia went on to Guatemala City, where governor Valenzuela and the conservative criollos of the Aycinena family celebrated finally having a leader like Morazán, who had defeated Carrera and his peasant revolt once and for all. The Guatemalans offered to sponsor any campaign that Morazán wanted at that point.[10] Morazán helped Los Altos and appointed Mariano Rivera Paz, who was close to the Aycinena family; however he did not return to the former aristocrats any of their confiscated possessions. In return, Juan José de Aycinena y Piñol, leader of the family, voted in favor of dissolving the Central American Federation, thus forcing Morazán to return to El Salvador to try to save what was left of his presidential powers. On his way to El Salvador, he increased repression, on anybody suspect of helping Carrera in the past.[11]Knowing that Morazán was on his way to El Salvador, Carrera tried to take Salamá with the little forces that he still had left, but was defeated and even lost his brother Laureano in the battle. With only a handful of men he was able to escape, badly wounded, to Sanarate.[12] After a halfway recovery, Carrera had a few more battles where he won, but suffered considerable casualties.[13]Finally, the liberal forces captured Carrera, but could not shoot him, because the Central American Federation was in turmoil and they needed the caudillo to keep the peasants in check. Morazán was forced to appoint him as commander in Mita.[14][15] Morazán would come to regret that decision, as Carrera would eventually defeat him in 1840, finishing the Honduran general run as the main political figure of Central America.[16]As of 1850, the population was estimated to be 4,500.[17]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Barillas3.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Salama1910.jpeg"},{"link_name":"Manuel Barillas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_Barillas"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECastellanos201440:00-18"},{"link_name":"Lorenzo Montúfar y Rivera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorenzo_Mont%C3%BAfar_y_Rivera"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECastellanos201440:00-18"},{"link_name":"José María Reina Barrios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Reina_Barrios"},{"link_name":"Justo Rufino Barrios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justo_Rufino_Barrios"},{"link_name":"Reyna Barrios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Reina_Barrios"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_los_R%C3%ADos194882-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_los_R%C3%ADos194879-20"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECastellanos201440:00-18"}],"sub_title":"Miguel Enríquez and president Barillas in 1892","text":"General Manuel Barillas; Guatemalan president from 1886 to 1892Temple of Minerva, Salamá, 1910In 1892, president general Manuel Barillas called an election. It was the first time a Guatemalan president had become tired of the office and it was also the first election in Guatemala that allowed the candidates to run propaganda in the local newspapers.[18] Among the candidates who ran for office were:Lorenzo Montúfar y Rivera: a well known a respected liberal intellectual. He was the only one of all candidates who made an engraving of his portrait to publish it in the newspapers and was accused of wasting resources for doing this.[18]\nGeneral José María Reina Barrios: nephew of former president Justo Rufino Barrios and eventual winner.\nMiguel Enríquez: a Salamá landowner. Enríquez had been a liberal, but became a conservative after the persecution that he suffered from the Barillas administration.Barillas was unique among all liberal presidents of Guatemala between 1871 and 1944: he handed over power to his successor peacefully. When election time approached, he sent for the three Liberal candidates to ask them what their government plan would be. Satisfied with the response of Reyna Barrios, Barillas made sure a huge column of Quetzaltenango and Totonicapán Indigenous people came down from the mountains to vote for the general. The official agents did their job: Reyna was elected president[19] and, so as not to offend the losing candidates, Barillas gave them checks to cover the costs of their presidential campaigns. Reyna Barrios of course received nothing, but he went on to become President on March 15, 1892.[20]Only Enríquez was not compensated; on the contrary, after the elections he had to run away from his farmland in Salamá after being accused of sedition; he was captured and executed near Zacapa.[18]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literature"},{"link_name":"Nobel Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Prize"},{"link_name":"Miguel Ángel Asturias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miguel_%C3%81ngel_Asturias"},{"link_name":"Manuel Estrada Cabrera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_Estrada_Cabrera"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECallan197011-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartinAsturias2000483-22"},{"link_name":"Guatemala City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guatemala_City"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Salama3.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Salamacalvario.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Salamaparque.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Templo_Minerva_Salama.jpg"}],"sub_title":"Miguel Ángel Asturias in Salamá","text":"In 1904, the father of future Literature Nobel Prize awardee Miguel Ángel Asturias, who was a judge, freed several students that had been detained after rioting. In consequence president Manuel Estrada Cabrera, and removed him from his post. In 1905, the family was forced to move to Salamá, where Miguel Ángel Asturias lived on his grandparents' farm and[21] came in contact with Guatemalan natives for the first time. His nanny, Lola Reyes, was a native girl who told him stories, myths and legends from her culture which eventually would impact heavily in his work.[22] In 1908, when Asturias was nine years old, his family returned to Guatemala City.Salamá in the 1920sSan Mateo churchEl Calvario churchCentral SquareMinerva Temple","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Arbenz-Vilanova.jpg"},{"link_name":"María Cristina Vilanova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Cristina_Vilanova"},{"link_name":"Jacobo Árbenz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacobo_%C3%81rbenz"},{"link_name":"United Fruit Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Fruit_Company"},{"link_name":"Juan José Arévalo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Jos%C3%A9_Ar%C3%A9valo"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGleijeses1992208-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGleijeses1992211-24"},{"link_name":"Guatemalan Communist Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guatemalan_Party_of_Labour"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGleijeses1992209-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGleijeses1992210-26"},{"link_name":"Rafael Carrera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafael_Carrera"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGleijeses1992217-27"},{"link_name":"San Jerónimo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Jer%C3%B3nimo,_Baja_Verapaz"},{"link_name":"Cobán","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cob%C3%A1n"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGleijeses1992208-23"},{"link_name":"CIA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CIA"},{"link_name":"Operation PBSuccess","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_PBSuccess"},{"link_name":"Carlos Castillo Armas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_Castillo_Armas"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGleijeses1992216-28"}],"sub_title":"Anticommunist rebellion in 1953","text":"Captain Jacobo Árbenz and his wife, María Cristina Vilanova, ca. 1940During the revolutionary government of colonel Jacobo Árbenz, the opposition – mainly formed by Guatemalan landlords and United Fruit Company executives – was completely against any reform that the government of Juan José Arévalo had established: social security, creation of commercial and public labor unions, democracy and freedom of press, among others.[23] At the election of Árbenz in 1950, the Guatemalan elite was desperate, but most of its members hoped that the new president would back out of the policies of his predecessor, whom they accused of communism. Árbenz' image convinced them of that: the Guatemalan colonel was married to María Cristina Vilanova, a lady from the Salvadorian elite. He was an Army officer, lived in a mansion in zone 10 in Guatemala City and had the proper aristocratic presence.[24] But their hopes were shattered when Árbenz supported the formation of the Guatemalan Communist Party and then pushed for aggressive agrarian reform.[25] Confronted with the situation, the opposition had only one clear goal: to defend the privileges that they had enjoyed in Guatemala for generations and so they embraced anticommunism to justify their fight against the government.[26] On the other hand, the middle class enjoyed benefits that allowed them to prosper and they were loyal to Árbenz. The peasants were for the first time since the Rafael Carrera government treated with respect and dignity.[27]This was the political and economic situation of the country when on 29 March 1953 the anticommunist opposition assaulted Salamá at dawn: approximately 100 rebels invaded Salamá and neighboring San Jerónimo. The invasion was not properly organized and by 6:00 a.m. was completedly defeated by army forces that arrived from Cobán.[23] This event however began government prosecution of anticommunist elements, which gradually escalated until it became pure repression in May 1954, when CIA Operation PBSuccess and the Carlos Castillo Armas invasion were well in progress and the Arbenz regime was practically doomed.[28]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The annual festival takes place from September 17 to September 22.","title":"Festivals"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"tropical savanna climate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_savanna_climate"},{"link_name":"Köppen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification"},{"link_name":"precipitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precipitation"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Climate-Data.org-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"}],"text":"Salamá has a tropical savanna climate (Köppen: Aw).Climate data for Salamá\n\n\nMonth\n\nJan\n\nFeb\n\nMar\n\nApr\n\nMay\n\nJun\n\nJul\n\nAug\n\nSep\n\nOct\n\nNov\n\nDec\n\nYear\n\n\nMean daily maximum °C (°F)\n\n26.6(79.9)\n\n28.0(82.4)\n\n29.5(85.1)\n\n30.6(87.1)\n\n29.9(85.8)\n\n28.4(83.1)\n\n27.9(82.2)\n\n28.4(83.1)\n\n28.2(82.8)\n\n27.7(81.9)\n\n27.0(80.6)\n\n26.8(80.2)\n\n28.3(82.9)\n\n\nDaily mean °C (°F)\n\n20.1(68.2)\n\n21.1(70.0)\n\n22.5(72.5)\n\n24.0(75.2)\n\n23.9(75.0)\n\n23.6(74.5)\n\n23.0(73.4)\n\n23.2(73.8)\n\n23.0(73.4)\n\n22.5(72.5)\n\n21.2(70.2)\n\n20.4(68.7)\n\n22.4(72.3)\n\n\nMean daily minimum °C (°F)\n\n13.6(56.5)\n\n14.2(57.6)\n\n15.6(60.1)\n\n17.4(63.3)\n\n18.0(64.4)\n\n18.8(65.8)\n\n18.2(64.8)\n\n18.0(64.4)\n\n17.8(64.0)\n\n17.3(63.1)\n\n15.4(59.7)\n\n14.1(57.4)\n\n16.5(61.8)\n\n\nAverage precipitation mm (inches)\n\n15(0.6)\n\n11(0.4)\n\n16(0.6)\n\n28(1.1)\n\n82(3.2)\n\n204(8.0)\n\n148(5.8)\n\n99(3.9)\n\n169(6.7)\n\n102(4.0)\n\n39(1.5)\n\n16(0.6)\n\n929(36.4)\n\n\nSource: Climate-Data.org[29]Instituto Nacional de Sismología, Vulcanología, Meteorología e Hidrología de Guatemala[30]","title":"Climate"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Geography and location"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEInstituto_Nacional_de_Estad%C3%ADstica2013-31"}],"sub_title":"Settlements","text":"Salamá has 146 settlements, being the main ones:San Nicolás\nEl Tunal\nEl Tempisque\nSan Juan\nPaso Ancho\nLas Tunas\nLa Laguna\nSan Ignacio\nTrapiche de Agua\nLlano Grande\nLos Paxtes\nLa Canoa\nChilascó\nNiño Perdido\nLa Unión Barrios\nLa Paz 1 y 2\nCachil\nEl Amate\nSan José El Espinero\nLas Limas\nEl Nance\nLlano Largo\nLa Divina Providencia[31]San Rafael Chilasco is the largest settlement and is a tourist attraction given that it has one of the tallest waterfalls in Central America.","title":"Geography and location"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Baja Verapaz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baja_Verapaz_Department"},{"link_name":"Chuarrancho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuarrancho"},{"link_name":"Guatemala Department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guatemala_Department"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-segeplan-32"},{"link_name":"Purulhá","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purulh%C3%A1"},{"link_name":"Purulhá","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purulh%C3%A1"},{"link_name":"San Miguel Chicaj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Miguel_Chicaj"},{"link_name":"San Jerónimo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Jer%C3%B3nimo,_Baja_Verapaz"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-segeplan-32"},{"link_name":"Chuarrancho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuarrancho"},{"link_name":"Guatemala Department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guatemala_Department"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-segeplan-32"}],"sub_title":"Geographic location","text":"Salamá is surrounded by Baja Verapaz municipalities, except by South, where it borders Chuarrancho, a Guatemala Department municipality.[32]Places adjacent to Salamá\n\nPurulhá\nPurulhá\n\n\n\n\n\nSan Miguel Chicaj\n\nSalamá\n\nSan Jerónimo[32]\n\n\n\n\n\n\nChuarrancho, Guatemala Department municipality[32]","title":"Geography and location"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Notes and references"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"\"Byron Tejeda gana elección a alcalde de Salamá\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.prensalibre.com/guatemala/baja-verapaz/comite-civico-encabeza-resultados-en-eleccion-de-alcalde-de-salama"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"Citypopulation.de","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.citypopulation.de/en/guatemala/admin/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"Citypopulation.de","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.citypopulation.de/en/guatemala/cities/"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaudslayMaudslay1899107_4-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaudslayMaudslay1899107_4-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaudslayMaudslay1899107_4-2"},{"link_name":"Maudslay & Maudslay 1899","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMaudslayMaudslay1899"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGonz%C3%A1lez_Davison20084-15_5-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGonz%C3%A1lez_Davison20084-15_5-1"},{"link_name":"González Davison 2008","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFGonz%C3%A1lez_Davison2008"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStephensCatherwood18541_6-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStephensCatherwood18541_6-1"},{"link_name":"Stephens & Catherwood 1854","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFStephensCatherwood1854"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGonz%C3%A1lez_Davison200884-85_7-0"},{"link_name":"González Davison 2008","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFGonz%C3%A1lez_Davison2008"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGonz%C3%A1lez_Davison200885_8-0"},{"link_name":"González Davison 2008","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFGonz%C3%A1lez_Davison2008"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGonz%C3%A1lez_Davison200886_9-0"},{"link_name":"González Davison 2008","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFGonz%C3%A1lez_Davison2008"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGonz%C3%A1lez_Davison200887_10-0"},{"link_name":"González Davison 2008","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFGonz%C3%A1lez_Davison2008"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGonz%C3%A1lez_Davison200889_11-0"},{"link_name":"González Davison 2008","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFGonz%C3%A1lez_Davison2008"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGonz%C3%A1lez_Davison200891-92_12-0"},{"link_name":"González Davison 2008","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFGonz%C3%A1lez_Davison2008"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGonz%C3%A1lez_Davison200892_13-0"},{"link_name":"González Davison 2008","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFGonz%C3%A1lez_Davison2008"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHern%C3%A1ndez_de_Le%C3%B3n1959April_20_14-0"},{"link_name":"Hernández de León 1959","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHern%C3%A1ndez_de_Le%C3%B3n1959"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGonz%C3%A1lez_Davison200894_15-0"},{"link_name":"González Davison 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1948","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFDe_los_R%C3%ADos1948"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDe_los_R%C3%ADos194879_20-0"},{"link_name":"De los Ríos 1948","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFDe_los_R%C3%ADos1948"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECallan197011_21-0"},{"link_name":"Callan 1970","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFCallan1970"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartinAsturias2000483_22-0"},{"link_name":"Martin & Asturias 2000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMartinAsturias2000"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGleijeses1992208_23-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGleijeses1992208_23-1"},{"link_name":"Gleijeses 1992","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFGleijeses1992"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGleijeses1992211_24-0"},{"link_name":"Gleijeses 1992","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFGleijeses1992"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGleijeses1992209_25-0"},{"link_name":"Gleijeses 1992","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFGleijeses1992"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGleijeses1992210_26-0"},{"link_name":"Gleijeses 1992","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFGleijeses1992"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGleijeses1992217_27-0"},{"link_name":"Gleijeses 1992","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFGleijeses1992"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGleijeses1992216_28-0"},{"link_name":"Gleijeses 1992","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFGleijeses1992"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Climate-Data.org_29-0"},{"link_name":"\"Climate: Salamá\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//en.climate-data.org/location/44577/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-30"},{"link_name":"\"Isotermas de temperatura mínima absoluta anual\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20120517095244/http://www.insivumeh.gob.gt/hidrologia/ATLAS_HIDROMETEOROLOGICO/Atlas_Climatologico/t-mn-abs.jpg"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.insivumeh.gob.gt/hidrologia/ATLAS_HIDROMETEOROLOGICO/Atlas_Climatologico/t-mn-abs.jpg"},{"link_name":"\"Isotermas de temperatura máxima absoluta anual\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20120524204623/http://www.insivumeh.gob.gt/hidrologia/ATLAS_HIDROMETEOROLOGICO/Atlas_Climatologico/t-mx-abs.jpg"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.insivumeh.gob.gt/hidrologia/ATLAS_HIDROMETEOROLOGICO/Atlas_Climatologico/t-mx-abs.jpg"},{"link_name":"\"Isotermas de temperatura máxima promedio anual\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20120515143756/http://www.insivumeh.gob.gt/hidrologia/ATLAS_HIDROMETEOROLOGICO/Atlas_Climatologico/t-mx-prom.jpg"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.insivumeh.gob.gt/hidrologia/ATLAS_HIDROMETEOROLOGICO/Atlas_Climatologico/t-mx-prom.jpg"},{"link_name":"\"Isotermas de temperature mínima promedio annual\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20120529150210/http://www.insivumeh.gob.gt/hidrologia/ATLAS_HIDROMETEOROLOGICO/Atlas_Climatologico/t-mn-prom.jpg"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.insivumeh.gob.gt/hidrologia/ATLAS_HIDROMETEOROLOGICO/Atlas_Climatologico/t-mn-prom.jpg"},{"link_name":"\"Sumatoria de días con lluvia promedio anual\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20120515150925/http://www.insivumeh.gob.gt/hidrologia/ATLAS_HIDROMETEOROLOGICO/Atlas_Climatologico/d-lluvia.jpg"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.insivumeh.gob.gt/hidrologia/ATLAS_HIDROMETEOROLOGICO/Atlas_Climatologico/d-lluvia.jpg"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEInstituto_Nacional_de_Estad%C3%ADstica2013_31-0"},{"link_name":"Instituto Nacional de Estadística 2013","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFInstituto_Nacional_de_Estad%C3%ADstica2013"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-segeplan_32-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-segeplan_32-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-segeplan_32-2"},{"link_name":"SEGEPLAN n.d.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFSEGEPLANn.d."}],"sub_title":"References","text":"^ \"Byron Tejeda gana elección a alcalde de Salamá\". Prensa Libre (in Spanish). Guatemala. 8 September 2015. Retrieved 8 September 2015.\n\n^ Citypopulation.de Population of departments and municipalities in Guatemala\n\n^ Citypopulation.de Population of cities & towns in Guatemala\n\n^ a b c Maudslay & Maudslay 1899, p. 107.\n\n^ a b González Davison 2008, p. 4-15.\n\n^ a b Stephens & Catherwood 1854, p. 1.\n\n^ González Davison 2008, p. 84-85.\n\n^ González Davison 2008, p. 85.\n\n^ González Davison 2008, p. 86.\n\n^ González Davison 2008, p. 87.\n\n^ González Davison 2008, p. 89.\n\n^ González Davison 2008, p. 91-92.\n\n^ González Davison 2008, p. 92.\n\n^ Hernández de León 1959, p. April 20.\n\n^ González Davison 2008, p. 94.\n\n^ González Davison 2008, p. 98.\n\n^ Bailey 1850, p. 87.\n\n^ a b c Castellanos 2014, p. 40:00.\n\n^ De los Ríos 1948, p. 82.\n\n^ De los Ríos 1948, p. 79.\n\n^ Callan 1970, p. 11.\n\n^ Martin & Asturias 2000, p. 483.\n\n^ a b Gleijeses 1992, p. 208.\n\n^ Gleijeses 1992, p. 211.\n\n^ Gleijeses 1992, p. 209.\n\n^ Gleijeses 1992, p. 210.\n\n^ Gleijeses 1992, p. 217.\n\n^ Gleijeses 1992, p. 216.\n\n^ \n\"Climate: Salamá\". Climate-Data.org. Retrieved 20 August 2015.\n\n^ Departamento de Investigación y servicios meteorológicos. \"Isotermas de temperatura mínima absoluta anual\" (in Spanish). Archived from the original on May 17, 2012.; \"Isotermas de temperatura máxima absoluta anual\". Archived from the original on May 24, 2012.; \"Isotermas de temperatura máxima promedio anual\". Archived from the original on May 15, 2012.; \"Isotermas de temperature mínima promedio annual\". Archived from the original on May 29, 2012.; \"Sumatoria de días con lluvia promedio anual\". Instituto Nacional de Sismología, Vulcanología, Metereología e Hidrología (in Spanish). Guatemala. Archived from the original on May 15, 2012. Retrieved 23 October 2015.\n\n^ Instituto Nacional de Estadística 2013.\n\n^ a b c SEGEPLAN n.d.","title":"Notes and references"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Central America; Describing Each of the States of Guatemala, Honduras, Salvador, Nicaragua, and Costa Rica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.wdl.org/en/item/7306/view/1/87/"},{"link_name":"Miguel Ángel Asturias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/miguelangelastur0000call"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"122016","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/122016"},{"link_name":"\"Vida y obra de José María Reyna Barrios\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//newmedia.ufm.edu/gsm/index.php?title=Castellanosvidayobra"},{"link_name":"Universidad Francisco Marroquín","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universidad_Francisco_Marroqu%C3%ADn"},{"link_name":"Shattered hope: the Guatemalan revolution and the United States, 1944-1954","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=mS7ZVKa6i3AC&pg=PA134"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780691025568","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780691025568"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-84-89452-81-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-84-89452-81-7"},{"link_name":"Hernández de León, Federico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federico_Hern%C3%A1ndez_de_Le%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"El libro de las efemérides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=1FsKAQAAIAAJ"},{"link_name":"\"Publicaciones\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20140310161615/http://www.ine.gob.gt/index.php/estadisticas/publicaciones"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.ine.gob.gt/index.php/estadisticas/publicaciones"},{"link_name":"Marroquín Rojas, Clemente","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clemente_Marroqu%C3%ADn"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"84-89666-51-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/84-89666-51-2"},{"link_name":"Maudslay, Alfred Percival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Maudslay"},{"link_name":"A glimpse at Guatemala, and some notes on the ancient monuments of Central America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:A_Glimpse_at_Guatemala.pdf"},{"link_name":"\"Municipios de Alta Verapaz, Guatemala\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20150630153430/http://www.segeplan.gob.gt/2.0/index.php?option=com_k2&view=itemlist&task=category&id=2:alta-verapaz&Itemid=333"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.segeplan.gob.gt/2.0/index.php?option=com_k2&view=itemlist&task=category&id=2:alta-verapaz&Itemid=333"},{"link_name":"Stephens, John Lloyd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lloyd_Stephens"},{"link_name":"Incidents of travel in Central America, Chiapas, and Yucatan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/incidentstravel00cathgoog"}],"sub_title":"Bibliography","text":"Bailey, John (1850). Central America; Describing Each of the States of Guatemala, Honduras, Salvador, Nicaragua, and Costa Rica. London: Trelawney Saunders. p. 87.\nCallan, Richard (1970). Miguel Ángel Asturias. Nueva York: Twayne. OCLC 122016.\nCastellanos, Lorena (2014). \"Vida y obra de José María Reyna Barrios\". Universidad Francisco Marroquín (in Spanish). Guatemala. Retrieved 3 November 2014.\nDe los Ríos, Efraín (1948). Ombres contra Hombres (in Spanish) (2nd ed.). México: Fondo de la Cultura de la Universidad de México.\nGleijeses, Piero (1992). Shattered hope: the Guatemalan revolution and the United States, 1944-1954. USA: Princeton University Press. ISBN 9780691025568.\nGonzález Davison, Fernando (2008). La montaña infinita; Carrera, caudillo de Guatemala (in Spanish). Guatemala: Artemis y Edinter. ISBN 978-84-89452-81-7.\nHernández de León, Federico (1959). \"El capítulo de las efemérides\". Diario La Hora (in Spanish). Guatemala.\n— (1930). El libro de las efemérides (in Spanish). Vol. III. Guatemala: Tipografía Sánchez y de Guise.\nInstituto Nacional de Estadística (2013). \"Publicaciones\" (in Spanish). Guatemala. Archived from the original on 10 March 2014. Retrieved 19 November 2014.\nMarroquín Rojas, Clemente (1952). \"Los ricos con el agua al cuello\". Impacto (in Spanish). Guatemala.\n— (February 1954). \"El caso del diputado José Luis Arenas\". La Hora (in Spanish). Guatemala.\nMartin, Gerald; Asturias, Miguel Ángel (2000). \"Cronología\". In Martin, Gerald (ed.). El Señor Presidente (in Spanish). Madrid, Spain: ALLCA XX. pp. xxxix–li. ISBN 84-89666-51-2.\nMaudslay, Alfred Percival; Maudslay, Anne Cary (1899). A glimpse at Guatemala, and some notes on the ancient monuments of Central America (PDF). London, United Kingdom: John Murray.\nSEGEPLAN (n.d.). \"Municipios de Alta Verapaz, Guatemala\". Secretaría General de Planificación y Programación de la Presidencia de la República (in Spanish). Guatemala. Archived from the original on 30 June 2015. Retrieved 30 June 2015.\nStephens, John Lloyd; Catherwood, Frederick (1854). Incidents of travel in Central America, Chiapas, and Yucatan. London, United Kingdom: Arthur Hall, Virtue and Co.","title":"Notes and references"}] | [{"image_text":"The Order of Preachers settled the Salamá doctrine in the 1550s.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Orderofpreachears.png/170px-Orderofpreachears.png"},{"image_text":"Guatemala State in 1839[6]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Map_of_Journey.jpg/170px-Map_of_Journey.jpg"},{"image_text":"Captain General Rafael Carrera, president for life of Guatemala (1840–1865)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Carrerayturcios_2014-06-22_09-46.jpg/200px-Carrerayturcios_2014-06-22_09-46.jpg"},{"image_text":"General Manuel Barillas; Guatemalan president from 1886 to 1892","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f5/Barillas3.jpg"},{"image_text":"Temple of Minerva, Salamá, 1910","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Salama1910.jpeg/200px-Salama1910.jpeg"},{"image_text":"Captain Jacobo Árbenz and his wife, María Cristina Vilanova, ca. 1940","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Arbenz-Vilanova.jpg/200px-Arbenz-Vilanova.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Baja_Verapaz_in_Guatemala.svg/120px-Baja_Verapaz_in_Guatemala.svg.png"}] | [{"title":"Guatemala portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Guatemala"},{"title":"Geography portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Geography"},{"title":"Baja Verapaz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baja_Verapaz"},{"title":"History of Guatemala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Guatemala"},{"title":"Order of Preachers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Preachers"},{"title":"List of places in Guatemala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_places_in_Guatemala"}] | [{"reference":"\"Byron Tejeda gana elección a alcalde de Salamá\". Prensa Libre (in Spanish). Guatemala. 8 September 2015. Retrieved 8 September 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.prensalibre.com/guatemala/baja-verapaz/comite-civico-encabeza-resultados-en-eleccion-de-alcalde-de-salama","url_text":"\"Byron Tejeda gana elección a alcalde de Salamá\""}]},{"reference":"\"Climate: Salamá\". Climate-Data.org. Retrieved 20 August 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://en.climate-data.org/location/44577/","url_text":"\"Climate: Salamá\""}]},{"reference":"Departamento de Investigación y servicios meteorológicos. \"Isotermas de temperatura mínima absoluta anual\" (in Spanish). 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Archived from the original on May 15, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120515143756/http://www.insivumeh.gob.gt/hidrologia/ATLAS_HIDROMETEOROLOGICO/Atlas_Climatologico/t-mx-prom.jpg","url_text":"\"Isotermas de temperatura máxima promedio anual\""},{"url":"http://www.insivumeh.gob.gt/hidrologia/ATLAS_HIDROMETEOROLOGICO/Atlas_Climatologico/t-mx-prom.jpg","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Isotermas de temperature mínima promedio annual\". Archived from the original on May 29, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120529150210/http://www.insivumeh.gob.gt/hidrologia/ATLAS_HIDROMETEOROLOGICO/Atlas_Climatologico/t-mn-prom.jpg","url_text":"\"Isotermas de temperature mínima promedio annual\""},{"url":"http://www.insivumeh.gob.gt/hidrologia/ATLAS_HIDROMETEOROLOGICO/Atlas_Climatologico/t-mn-prom.jpg","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Sumatoria de días con lluvia promedio anual\". Instituto Nacional de Sismología, Vulcanología, Metereología e Hidrología (in Spanish). Guatemala. Archived from the original on May 15, 2012. Retrieved 23 October 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120515150925/http://www.insivumeh.gob.gt/hidrologia/ATLAS_HIDROMETEOROLOGICO/Atlas_Climatologico/d-lluvia.jpg","url_text":"\"Sumatoria de días con lluvia promedio anual\""},{"url":"http://www.insivumeh.gob.gt/hidrologia/ATLAS_HIDROMETEOROLOGICO/Atlas_Climatologico/d-lluvia.jpg","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Bailey, John (1850). Central America; Describing Each of the States of Guatemala, Honduras, Salvador, Nicaragua, and Costa Rica. London: Trelawney Saunders. p. 87.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.wdl.org/en/item/7306/view/1/87/","url_text":"Central America; Describing Each of the States of Guatemala, Honduras, Salvador, Nicaragua, and Costa Rica"}]},{"reference":"Callan, Richard (1970). Miguel Ángel Asturias. Nueva York: Twayne. OCLC 122016.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/miguelangelastur0000call","url_text":"Miguel Ángel Asturias"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/122016","url_text":"122016"}]},{"reference":"Castellanos, Lorena (2014). \"Vida y obra de José María Reyna Barrios\". Universidad Francisco Marroquín (in Spanish). Guatemala. Retrieved 3 November 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://newmedia.ufm.edu/gsm/index.php?title=Castellanosvidayobra","url_text":"\"Vida y obra de José María Reyna Barrios\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universidad_Francisco_Marroqu%C3%ADn","url_text":"Universidad Francisco Marroquín"}]},{"reference":"De los Ríos, Efraín (1948). Ombres contra Hombres (in Spanish) (2nd ed.). México: Fondo de la Cultura de la Universidad de México.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Gleijeses, Piero (1992). Shattered hope: the Guatemalan revolution and the United States, 1944-1954. USA: Princeton University Press. ISBN 9780691025568.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=mS7ZVKa6i3AC&pg=PA134","url_text":"Shattered hope: the Guatemalan revolution and the United States, 1944-1954"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780691025568","url_text":"9780691025568"}]},{"reference":"González Davison, Fernando (2008). La montaña infinita; Carrera, caudillo de Guatemala (in Spanish). Guatemala: Artemis y Edinter. ISBN 978-84-89452-81-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-84-89452-81-7","url_text":"978-84-89452-81-7"}]},{"reference":"Hernández de León, Federico (1959). \"El capítulo de las efemérides\". Diario La Hora (in Spanish). Guatemala.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federico_Hern%C3%A1ndez_de_Le%C3%B3n","url_text":"Hernández de León, Federico"}]},{"reference":"— (1930). El libro de las efemérides (in Spanish). Vol. III. Guatemala: Tipografía Sánchez y de Guise.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=1FsKAQAAIAAJ","url_text":"El libro de las efemérides"}]},{"reference":"Instituto Nacional de Estadística (2013). \"Publicaciones\" (in Spanish). Guatemala. Archived from the original on 10 March 2014. Retrieved 19 November 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140310161615/http://www.ine.gob.gt/index.php/estadisticas/publicaciones","url_text":"\"Publicaciones\""},{"url":"http://www.ine.gob.gt/index.php/estadisticas/publicaciones","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Marroquín Rojas, Clemente (1952). \"Los ricos con el agua al cuello\". Impacto (in Spanish). Guatemala.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clemente_Marroqu%C3%ADn","url_text":"Marroquín Rojas, Clemente"}]},{"reference":"— (February 1954). \"El caso del diputado José Luis Arenas\". La Hora (in Spanish). Guatemala.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Martin, Gerald; Asturias, Miguel Ángel (2000). \"Cronología\". In Martin, Gerald (ed.). El Señor Presidente (in Spanish). Madrid, Spain: ALLCA XX. pp. xxxix–li. ISBN 84-89666-51-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/84-89666-51-2","url_text":"84-89666-51-2"}]},{"reference":"Maudslay, Alfred Percival; Maudslay, Anne Cary (1899). A glimpse at Guatemala, and some notes on the ancient monuments of Central America (PDF). London, United Kingdom: John Murray.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Maudslay","url_text":"Maudslay, Alfred Percival"},{"url":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:A_Glimpse_at_Guatemala.pdf","url_text":"A glimpse at Guatemala, and some notes on the ancient monuments of Central America"}]},{"reference":"SEGEPLAN (n.d.). \"Municipios de Alta Verapaz, Guatemala\". Secretaría General de Planificación y Programación de la Presidencia de la República (in Spanish). Guatemala. Archived from the original on 30 June 2015. Retrieved 30 June 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150630153430/http://www.segeplan.gob.gt/2.0/index.php?option=com_k2&view=itemlist&task=category&id=2:alta-verapaz&Itemid=333","url_text":"\"Municipios de Alta Verapaz, Guatemala\""},{"url":"http://www.segeplan.gob.gt/2.0/index.php?option=com_k2&view=itemlist&task=category&id=2:alta-verapaz&Itemid=333","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Stephens, John Lloyd; Catherwood, Frederick (1854). Incidents of travel in Central America, Chiapas, and Yucatan. London, United Kingdom: Arthur Hall, Virtue and Co.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lloyd_Stephens","url_text":"Stephens, John Lloyd"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/incidentstravel00cathgoog","url_text":"Incidents of travel in Central America, Chiapas, and Yucatan"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Salam%C3%A1¶ms=15_06_N_90_16_W_region:GT_type:city","external_links_name":"15°06′N 90°16′W / 15.100°N 90.267°W / 15.100; -90.267"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Salam%C3%A1¶ms=15_06_N_90_16_W_region:GT_type:city(65275)","external_links_name":"15°06′N 90°16′W / 15.100°N 90.267°W / 15.100; -90.267"},{"Link":"http://www.prensalibre.com/guatemala/baja-verapaz/comite-civico-encabeza-resultados-en-eleccion-de-alcalde-de-salama","external_links_name":"\"Byron Tejeda gana elección a alcalde de Salamá\""},{"Link":"https://www.citypopulation.de/en/guatemala/admin/","external_links_name":"Citypopulation.de"},{"Link":"https://www.citypopulation.de/en/guatemala/cities/","external_links_name":"Citypopulation.de"},{"Link":"http://en.climate-data.org/location/44577/","external_links_name":"\"Climate: Salamá\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120517095244/http://www.insivumeh.gob.gt/hidrologia/ATLAS_HIDROMETEOROLOGICO/Atlas_Climatologico/t-mn-abs.jpg","external_links_name":"\"Isotermas de temperatura mínima absoluta anual\""},{"Link":"http://www.insivumeh.gob.gt/hidrologia/ATLAS_HIDROMETEOROLOGICO/Atlas_Climatologico/t-mn-abs.jpg","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120524204623/http://www.insivumeh.gob.gt/hidrologia/ATLAS_HIDROMETEOROLOGICO/Atlas_Climatologico/t-mx-abs.jpg","external_links_name":"\"Isotermas de temperatura máxima absoluta anual\""},{"Link":"http://www.insivumeh.gob.gt/hidrologia/ATLAS_HIDROMETEOROLOGICO/Atlas_Climatologico/t-mx-abs.jpg","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120515143756/http://www.insivumeh.gob.gt/hidrologia/ATLAS_HIDROMETEOROLOGICO/Atlas_Climatologico/t-mx-prom.jpg","external_links_name":"\"Isotermas de temperatura máxima promedio anual\""},{"Link":"http://www.insivumeh.gob.gt/hidrologia/ATLAS_HIDROMETEOROLOGICO/Atlas_Climatologico/t-mx-prom.jpg","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120529150210/http://www.insivumeh.gob.gt/hidrologia/ATLAS_HIDROMETEOROLOGICO/Atlas_Climatologico/t-mn-prom.jpg","external_links_name":"\"Isotermas de temperature mínima promedio annual\""},{"Link":"http://www.insivumeh.gob.gt/hidrologia/ATLAS_HIDROMETEOROLOGICO/Atlas_Climatologico/t-mn-prom.jpg","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120515150925/http://www.insivumeh.gob.gt/hidrologia/ATLAS_HIDROMETEOROLOGICO/Atlas_Climatologico/d-lluvia.jpg","external_links_name":"\"Sumatoria de días con lluvia promedio anual\""},{"Link":"http://www.insivumeh.gob.gt/hidrologia/ATLAS_HIDROMETEOROLOGICO/Atlas_Climatologico/d-lluvia.jpg","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.wdl.org/en/item/7306/view/1/87/","external_links_name":"Central America; 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allerton,_West_Yorkshire | Allerton, West Yorkshire | ["1 Geography and history","2 Governance","3 Notable people","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"] | Coordinates: 53°48′N 1°50′W / 53.80°N 01.83°W / 53.80; -01.83Former village in Bradford, West Yorkshire, England
Not to be confused with Chapel Allerton, Moor Allerton, Northallerton, or Allerton Bywater.
Human settlement in EnglandAllertonChellow Dene Lower ReservoirAllertonLocation within West YorkshirePopulation12,000 OS grid referenceSE1134Metropolitan boroughCity of BradfordMetropolitan countyWest YorkshireRegionYorkshire and the HumberCountryEnglandSovereign stateUnited KingdomPost townBRADFORDPostcode districtBD15Dialling code01274PoliceWest YorkshireFireWest YorkshireAmbulanceYorkshire
UK ParliamentBradford West
List of places
UK
England
Yorkshire
53°48′N 1°50′W / 53.80°N 01.83°W / 53.80; -01.83
Allerton is a village within the metropolitan borough of the City of Bradford, West Yorkshire, England, now increasingly part of the Bradford conurbation. With a population of around 12,000, the village is situated 3 miles west-north-west of Bradford.
Allerton was recorded in the Domesday Book as Wilsden-cum-Allerton. The local residents of the suburb pronounce it as Ollerton, 'Ol' rather than 'Al'.
Geography and history
Allerton derives from Old English, and means an alder tree at a farm or settlement. Allerton is mentioned as a settlement worth 2 pounds, 10 shillings to the Lord, Ilbert of Lacy, in 1066. It is also known that the settlement was waste in the 11th century, probably due to the Harrying of the North that was led by William the Conqueror as a retaliation to Viking-influenced rebellions in the North of England at the time.
Chellow Dene is a local beauty spot at the north of Allerton. It is a wooded valley with two Victorian reservoirs, and is a haven for local wildlife. A significant amount of the village, mostly towards the south, was built in the decades following the Second World War as council housing and thus it contains over half of the population of the Thornton and Allerton ward, towards the west of Bradford.
In 1825, on the eastern fringes of the village with Bradford, the Bradford Public Dispensary opened at Darley Street, moved to Westgate as the Bradford Infirmary in 1843. The hospital became the Bradford Royal Infirmary (known as BRI to locals) in commemoration of Queen Victoria's Diamond Jubilee. This joined the National Health Service in 1948.
Seabrook Potato Crisps was founded in 1945 in Bradford and the company opened its first factory in Allerton in 1956 when Charles and Colin Brook converted the old Allerton liberal club into their factory. The company's Allerton factory closed in 2004 and was finally demolished in 2015 following a fire, in 2016 an Aldi store was built on the site, production then moved to the company's Princeville site, also in Bradford.
A new housing development on the immediate western edge of the village - known as Heron's Reach - consisting of nearly 300 houses, began construction at the end of 2016. The development had previously been cancelled following opposition from local ward councillors and residents, and remains controversial, due to its situation on a green belt site.
Governance
Allerton has been within the boundaries of the City of Bradford metropolitan borough since 1974 as part of the Thornton and Allerton electoral ward. It falls within the parliamentary constituency of Bradford West, a Labour safe seat. Allerton currently has three Labour councillors, who preside over the entire of the Thornton and Allerton wards, whose population primarily are within the village.
Notable people
Dean Cavanagh (born 1966), writer for screen, film and theatre
Nicky Evans (born 1979), actor appearing as Roy Glover in Emmerdale and Shane Maguire in Shameless
Kimberley Walsh (born 1981), singer from all-female band Girls Aloud
See also
Listed buildings in Thornton and Allerton, West Yorkshire
References
^ a b "Allerton". Eagle Media Publishing Limited. Retrieved 28 November 2009.
^ "Domesday Online: Thornton (West Riding)".
^ "CAC". Archived from the original on 24 August 2007.
^ Watson, Elaine (1 July 2007). "Crispy business". Food Manufacture. Archived from the original on 11 October 2007. Retrieved 28 November 2009.
^ "Keepmoat breaks ground on £43m Heron's Reach". Bdaily. 13 December 2016. Retrieved 21 January 2022.
^ "Thornton and Allerton ward" (PDF). bradford.gov.uk. Bradford Council. March 2016. p. 1. Retrieved 25 September 2017.
^ "Elections 2015". Bradford Telegraph and Argus. Retrieved 25 September 2017.
External links
Media related to Allerton, West Yorkshire at Wikimedia Commons
Allerton in the Domesday Book
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This West Yorkshire location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chapel Allerton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chapel_Allerton"},{"link_name":"Moor Allerton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moor_Allerton"},{"link_name":"Northallerton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northallerton"},{"link_name":"Allerton Bywater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allerton_Bywater"},{"link_name":"metropolitan borough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_borough"},{"link_name":"City of Bradford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_Bradford"},{"link_name":"West Yorkshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Yorkshire"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"conurbation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conurbation"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Allerton-1"},{"link_name":"west-north-west","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Points_of_the_compass"},{"link_name":"Domesday Book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domesday_Book"}],"text":"Former village in Bradford, West Yorkshire, EnglandNot to be confused with Chapel Allerton, Moor Allerton, Northallerton, or Allerton Bywater.Human settlement in EnglandAllerton is a village within the metropolitan borough of the City of Bradford, West Yorkshire, England, now increasingly part of the Bradford conurbation.[1] With a population of around 12,000, the village is situated 3 miles west-north-west of Bradford.Allerton was recorded in the Domesday Book as Wilsden-cum-Allerton. The local residents of the suburb pronounce it as Ollerton, 'Ol' rather than 'Al'.","title":"Allerton, West Yorkshire"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Harrying of the North","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harrying_of_the_North"},{"link_name":"William the Conqueror","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_the_Conqueror"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Allerton-1"},{"link_name":"Second World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_World_War"},{"link_name":"council housing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_housing_in_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Thornton and Allerton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thornton_and_Allerton"},{"link_name":"Bradford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bradford"},{"link_name":"Bradford Royal Infirmary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bradford_Royal_Infirmary"},{"link_name":"Queen Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Victoria"},{"link_name":"Seabrook Potato Crisps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seabrook_Potato_Crisps"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CAC-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Crispy-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Allerton derives from Old English, and means an alder tree at a farm or settlement. Allerton is mentioned as a settlement worth 2 pounds, 10 shillings to the Lord, Ilbert of Lacy, in 1066. It is also known that the settlement was waste in the 11th century, probably due to the Harrying of the North that was led by William the Conqueror as a retaliation to Viking-influenced rebellions in the North of England at the time.[2]Chellow Dene is a local beauty spot at the north of Allerton. It is a wooded valley with two Victorian reservoirs, and is a haven for local wildlife.[1] A significant amount of the village, mostly towards the south, was built in the decades following the Second World War as council housing and thus it contains over half of the population of the Thornton and Allerton ward, towards the west of Bradford.In 1825, on the eastern fringes of the village with Bradford, the Bradford Public Dispensary opened at Darley Street, moved to Westgate as the Bradford Infirmary in 1843. The hospital became the Bradford Royal Infirmary (known as BRI to locals) in commemoration of Queen Victoria's Diamond Jubilee. This joined the National Health Service in 1948.Seabrook Potato Crisps was founded in 1945 in Bradford and the company opened its first factory in Allerton in 1956 when Charles and Colin Brook converted the old Allerton liberal club into their factory.[3] The company's Allerton factory closed in 2004 and was finally demolished in 2015 following a fire, in 2016 an Aldi store was built on the site, production then moved to the company's Princeville site, also in Bradford.[4]A new housing development on the immediate western edge of the village - known as Heron's Reach - consisting of nearly 300 houses, began construction at the end of 2016.[5] The development had previously been cancelled following opposition from local ward councillors and residents, and remains controversial, due to its situation on a green belt site.","title":"Geography and history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"City of Bradford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_Bradford"},{"link_name":"metropolitan borough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_borough"},{"link_name":"Thornton and Allerton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thornton_and_Allerton"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Bradford West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bradford_West_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"safe seat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safe_seat"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Allerton has been within the boundaries of the City of Bradford metropolitan borough since 1974 as part of the Thornton and Allerton electoral ward.[6] It falls within the parliamentary constituency of Bradford West, a Labour safe seat.[7] Allerton currently has three Labour councillors, who preside over the entire of the Thornton and Allerton wards, whose population primarily are within the village.","title":"Governance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dean Cavanagh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dean_Cavanagh"},{"link_name":"Nicky Evans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicky_Evans"},{"link_name":"Kimberley Walsh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimberley_Walsh"},{"link_name":"all-female band","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All-female_band"},{"link_name":"Girls Aloud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girls_Aloud"}],"text":"Dean Cavanagh (born 1966), writer for screen, film and theatre\nNicky Evans (born 1979), actor appearing as Roy Glover in Emmerdale and Shane Maguire in Shameless\nKimberley Walsh (born 1981), singer from all-female band Girls Aloud","title":"Notable people"}] | [] | [{"title":"Listed buildings in Thornton and Allerton, West Yorkshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Listed_buildings_in_Thornton_and_Allerton,_West_Yorkshire"}] | [{"reference":"\"Allerton\". Eagle Media Publishing Limited. Retrieved 28 November 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bronte-country.com/allerton.html","url_text":"\"Allerton\""}]},{"reference":"\"Domesday Online: Thornton (West Riding)\".","urls":[{"url":"http://opendomesday.org/place/SE1133/Allerton/Open","url_text":"\"Domesday Online: Thornton (West Riding)\""}]},{"reference":"\"CAC\". Archived from the original on 24 August 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070824012537/http://www.cac.gov.uk/recent_decisions/Decision_texts/54-00BUDec.htm","url_text":"\"CAC\""},{"url":"http://www.cac.gov.uk/recent_decisions/Decision_texts/54-00BUDec.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Watson, Elaine (1 July 2007). \"Crispy business\". Food Manufacture. Archived from the original on 11 October 2007. Retrieved 28 November 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071011213122/http://www.foodmanufacture.co.uk/news/fullstory.php/aid/4934/Crispy__business.html","url_text":"\"Crispy business\""},{"url":"http://www.foodmanufacture.co.uk/news/fullstory.php/aid/4934/Crispy__business.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Keepmoat breaks ground on £43m Heron's Reach\". Bdaily. 13 December 2016. Retrieved 21 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://bdaily.co.uk/articles/2016/12/13/keepmoat-breaks-ground-on-43m-herons-reach-development-in-bradford","url_text":"\"Keepmoat breaks ground on £43m Heron's Reach\""}]},{"reference":"\"Thornton and Allerton ward\" (PDF). bradford.gov.uk. Bradford Council. March 2016. p. 1. Retrieved 25 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bradford.gov.uk/media/2218/ta-ward-plan-2016-17.pdf","url_text":"\"Thornton and Allerton ward\""}]},{"reference":"\"Elections 2015\". Bradford Telegraph and Argus. Retrieved 25 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thetelegraphandargus.co.uk/news/elections2015/","url_text":"\"Elections 2015\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Allerton,_West_Yorkshire¶ms=53.8_N_1.83_W_region:GB_type:city(12000)","external_links_name":"53°48′N 1°50′W / 53.80°N 01.83°W / 53.80; -01.83"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Allerton,_West_Yorkshire¶ms=53.802186_N_1.834465_W_region:GB_scale:25000&title=Allerton","external_links_name":"SE1134"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Allerton,_West_Yorkshire¶ms=53.8_N_1.83_W_region:GB_type:city(12000)","external_links_name":"53°48′N 1°50′W / 53.80°N 01.83°W / 53.80; -01.83"},{"Link":"http://www.bronte-country.com/allerton.html","external_links_name":"\"Allerton\""},{"Link":"http://opendomesday.org/place/SE1133/Allerton/Open","external_links_name":"\"Domesday Online: Thornton (West Riding)\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070824012537/http://www.cac.gov.uk/recent_decisions/Decision_texts/54-00BUDec.htm","external_links_name":"\"CAC\""},{"Link":"http://www.cac.gov.uk/recent_decisions/Decision_texts/54-00BUDec.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071011213122/http://www.foodmanufacture.co.uk/news/fullstory.php/aid/4934/Crispy__business.html","external_links_name":"\"Crispy business\""},{"Link":"http://www.foodmanufacture.co.uk/news/fullstory.php/aid/4934/Crispy__business.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://bdaily.co.uk/articles/2016/12/13/keepmoat-breaks-ground-on-43m-herons-reach-development-in-bradford","external_links_name":"\"Keepmoat breaks ground on £43m Heron's Reach\""},{"Link":"https://www.bradford.gov.uk/media/2218/ta-ward-plan-2016-17.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Thornton and Allerton ward\""},{"Link":"http://www.thetelegraphandargus.co.uk/news/elections2015/","external_links_name":"\"Elections 2015\""},{"Link":"https://opendomesday.org/place/SE1133/allerton/","external_links_name":"Allerton"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007498919805171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Allerton,_West_Yorkshire&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Robinson,_1st_Earl_of_Ripon | F. J. Robinson, 1st Viscount Goderich | ["1 Early years: 1782–1804","2 Early political career: 1804–1807","2.1 Member of Parliament, 1804–1812","2.2 First political appointments: 1807–1812","2.3 Marriage","3 Senior Minister: 1812–1822","4 Chancellor of the Exchequer: 1822–1827","5 Prime Minister: 1827–1828","5.1 Appointment","5.2 Government crisis","5.3 Resignation","6 Later years: 1828–1859","6.1 Later cabinet posts, 1830–1846","6.2 Death","7 Goderich's government, September 1827 – January 1828","8 Notes and references","9 Sources","10 External links"] | Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1827 to 1828
"Lord Goderich" and "The Viscount Goderich" redirect here. For other holders of the title, see Viscount Goderich.
The Right HonourableThe Earl of RiponPCPortrait of Frederick Robinson by Thomas Lawrence, c. 1824Prime Minister of the United KingdomIn office31 August 1827 – 21 January 1828MonarchGeorge IVPreceded byGeorge CanningSucceeded byThe Duke of Wellington
Ministerial offices
President of the Board of ControlIn office17 May 1843 – 30 June 1846Prime MinisterSir Robert PeelPreceded byThe Lord FitzGerald and VeseySucceeded bySir John HobhousePresident of the Board of TradeIn office3 September 1841 – 15 May 1843Prime MinisterSir Robert PeelPreceded byHenry LabouchereSucceeded byWilliam Ewart GladstoneIn office24 January 1818 – 21 February 1823Prime MinisterThe Earl of LiverpoolPreceded byThe Earl of ClancartySucceeded byWilliam HuskissonLord Keeper of the Privy SealIn office3 April 1833 – 5 June 1834Prime MinisterThe Earl GreyPreceded byThe Lord DurhamSucceeded byThe Earl of CarlisleSecretary of State for War and the ColoniesIn office22 November 1830 – 3 April 1833Prime MinisterThe Earl GreyPreceded bySir George MurraySucceeded byEdward StanleyIn office30 April 1827 – 3 September 1827Prime MinisterGeorge CanningPreceded byThe Earl BathurstSucceeded byWilliam HuskissonChancellor of the ExchequerIn office31 January 1823 – 20 April 1827Prime MinisterThe Earl of LiverpoolPreceded byNicholas VansittartSucceeded byGeorge CanningTreasurer of the NavyIn office12 February 1818 – 8 February 1823Prime MinisterThe Earl of LiverpoolPreceded byGeorge RoseSucceeded byWilliam HuskissonPaymaster of the ForcesIn office26 November 1813 – 9 August 1817Prime MinisterThe Earl of LiverpoolPreceded byLord Charles SomersetSucceeded byThe Lord FarnboroughVice-President of the Board of TradeIn office29 September 1812 – 24 January 1818Prime MinisterThe Earl of LiverpoolPreceded byGeorge RoseSucceeded byThomas Wallace
Personal detailsBornFrederick John Robinson(1782-11-01)1 November 1782Skelton-on-Ure, Yorkshire, EnglandDied28 January 1859(1859-01-28) (aged 76)Putney Heath, Surrey, EnglandResting placeAll Saints' Church, NoctonPolitical party
Pittite Tory (1806–1834)
Conservative (1834–1846)
Spouse
Sarah Hobart (m. 1814)Parent2nd Baron Grantham (father)Alma materSt John's College, Cambridge
Arms of Robinson of Newby: Vert, a chevron between three bucks at gaze or
Newby Hall, Robinson's birthplace
Frederick John Robinson, 1st Earl of Ripon, PC (1 November 1782 – 28 January 1859), styled The Honourable F. J. Robinson until 1827 and known between 1827 and 1833 as The Viscount Goderich (pronounced /ˈɡoʊdrɪtʃ/ GOHdrich), the name by which he is best known to history, was a British politician who served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1827 to 1828.
A member of the rural landowning aristocracy, Robinson entered politics through family connections. In the House of Commons, he rose through junior ministerial ranks, achieving cabinet office in 1818 as President of the Board of Trade. In 1823, he was appointed Chancellor of the Exchequer, a post he held for four years. In 1827, he was raised to the peerage, and in the House of Lords was Leader of the House and Secretary of State for War and the Colonies.
In 1827, Prime Minister George Canning died after only 119 days in office, and Goderich succeeded him. However, he was unable to hold together Canning's fragile coalition of moderate Tories and Whigs, and he himself resigned after only 144 days. Canning and Goderich were the two shortest-ruling Prime Ministers in British history, until Liz Truss in 2022.
After leaving the premiership Goderich served in the cabinets of two of his successors, the Earl Grey and Sir Robert Peel.
Early years: 1782–1804
Robinson was born at Newby Hall, Yorkshire, the second son of Thomas Robinson, 2nd Baron Grantham, by his wife Lady Mary Yorke, a daughter of Philip Yorke, 2nd Earl of Hardwicke. He was educated at a preparatory school at Sunbury-on-Thames, then attended Harrow School from 1796 to 1799, followed by St John's College, Cambridge, from 1799 to 1802. William Pitt the Younger was Member of Parliament for Cambridge University, to which, as The Times said, "accordingly most of the budding Tory statesmen of the day resorted". Robinson was an accomplished classicist, winning Sir William Browne's Medal for the best Latin ode in 1801. After graduating in 1802 he was admitted to Lincoln's Inn. He remained a member there until 1809, but did not pursue a legal career and was not called to the bar.
Against the background of the Napoleonic Wars, Robinson did part-time military service at home as captain (1803), ultimately major (1814–1817) in the Northern Regiment of West Riding Yeomanry.
Early political career: 1804–1807
Member of Parliament, 1804–1812
Robinson entered politics through a family connection. His mother's cousin, the third Earl of Hardwicke, Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, appointed him as his private secretary in 1804. Two years later Hardwicke secured for him the parliamentary seat of Carlow, a pocket borough near Dublin. In 1807 Robinson gave up the seat and was elected as MP for Ripon, close to his family home in Yorkshire.
First political appointments: 1807–1812
In his first years in Parliament Robinson declined offers of junior ministerial posts, out of deference to his patron Hardwicke, who was an opponent of the Prime Minister, the Duke of Portland. However, the Foreign Secretary, George Canning, chose him as the secretary of Lord Pembroke's mission to Vienna, aimed at securing a new treaty of alliance between Britain and the Austrian Empire. The mission was unsuccessful, but Robinson's reputation was not damaged, and, as his biographer E Royston Pike puts it, "as a good Tory given several small appointments in successive ministries."
His political thinking was greatly influenced by Canning, but he became the protégé of Canning's rival Lord Castlereagh, who appointed him his under-secretary at the War Office in May 1809. When Castlereagh resigned from the government in October, unwilling to serve under the new Prime Minister, Spencer Perceval, Robinson resigned with him. In June 1810 he accepted office as a member of the Board of Admiralty. At the time of Perceval's assassination early in 1812, he was absent from parliament ostensibly on militia duties in Yorkshire.
He was made a Privy Counsellor in August 1812,
Marriage
In 1814 Robinson married Lady Sarah Albinia Louisa Hobart (1793–1867), daughter of the 4th Earl of Buckinghamshire, and first cousin to Castlereagh's wife. There were three children of the marriage, only one of whom survived to adulthood:
Hobart Frederick Robinson (September 1816)
Eleanor Henrietta Robinson (31 October 1826)
George Frederick Samuel Robinson, 1st Marquess of Ripon (24 October 1827 – 9 July 1909)
Senior Minister: 1812–1822
Robinson served under Lord Liverpool as Vice-President of the Board of Trade between 1812 and 1818, and as joint-Paymaster of the Forces between 1813 and 1817, from which position he sponsored the Corn Laws of 1815. Robinson's Corn Importation Bill, successfully presented to Parliament in February 1815, was a protectionist measure, imposing minimum prices for imported wheat and other grains. The historian Gregor Dallas writes:
Robinson's Bill began a debate on free trade and protection that would last for thirty years and would change the political landscape of Britain. Battle lines were drawn up in February and March, 1815, and the first shots fired in what would become one of the most furious political struggles of the century.
The Corn Laws made the price of wheat artificially high, to the benefit of the landed classes and the detriment of the working classes. While the Bill was going through Parliament, Robinson's London house in Old Burlington Street was frequently attacked by angry citizens; in one such attack the railings outside the house were ripped out, the front door smashed open, paintings ripped, and furniture thrown out of the window. In another attack two people were shot, one of them fatally. While describing the incident to the House of Commons, Robinson was moved to tears, showing, as the biographer P. J. Jupp put it, "a propensity under stress which was to earn him the first of several nicknames, in this case the Blubberer".
PMs in whose cabinets Robinson served: clockwise from top l., Lord Liverpool, George Canning, Earl Grey, and Robert Peel
In 1818 Robinson entered the cabinet as President of the Board of Trade and Treasurer of the Navy, under the premiership of Lord Liverpool. In 1823 he succeeded Nicholas Vansittart as Chancellor of the Exchequer. The historian Richard Helmstadter writes:
Robinson was a first-rate administrator, a superb head of a department. He had a good mind, a great capacity for work, and an appetite for precision. He was a great fusser, but he fussed in a gentle way, and no one disliked him for it. His very lack of strong partisan convictions enabled him to serve, almost as a neutral civil servant, a long succession of political leaders.
Chancellor of the Exchequer: 1822–1827
Robinson served as Chancellor for four years, and was regarded as a success in the post. The public finances were in good order, with a revenue surplus for the first three years of his chancellorship. He cut taxes and made grants to house the King's Library in the British Museum and to buy the Angerstein Collection for the National Gallery. Jupp writes, "These achievements, together with his support for Catholic relief and the abolition of slavery, led to his being regarded as one of the most liberal members of the government and to two more nicknames – 'Prosperity Robinson' and 'Goody'." Robinson's last year at the Treasury was overshadowed by a run on the banks, caused by the collapse of the City of London bankers Pole Thornton and Co. Robinson was not blamed for the collapse, but his measures to mitigate the crisis were widely seen as half-hearted.
Under strain from the financial crisis, Robinson asked Liverpool for a change of post. In January 1827 he was given a peerage as Viscount Goderich, but Liverpool had no time to reshuffle his cabinet, being taken ill in February 1827 and resigning the premiership. Liverpool was succeeded by Canning, whose appointment caused a major realignment in the political factions of the day. The Tories split into four groups, distinguished by their view of Catholic Emancipation. Canning and his followers were liberal on the matter; Robinson belonged to a moderate group that was willing to support Canning; the faction led by the Duke of Wellington and Robert Peel opposed emancipation; and an ultra-Tory group resisted any kind of liberalising measure.
To the anger of the King, George IV, who regarded it as a betrayal, Wellington and Peel refused to serve under Canning. With half the Tories ranged against him, Canning was obliged to seek support from the Whigs. Goderich, appointed by Canning as Leader of the House of Lords as well as Secretary of State for War and the Colonies, found the upper house no less stressful than the Commons. He was the target for the anger of the anti-Canning Tories in the Lords, suffering many personal verbal assaults. When he attempted to get a new Corn Law enacted, the proposal was defeated by an alliance of peers led by Wellington.
Prime Minister: 1827–1828
Further information: Goderich ministry
George IV
Appointment
Canning's health had been declining since the beginning of 1827, and on 8 August he died. A prominent Whig commented, "God has declared against us. He is manifestly for the tories, and I fear the king also, which is much worse." The King, however, though he had long inclined to favour Tories over Whigs, was still angry at the refusal of Wellington and Peel to serve in Canning's cabinet. A widespread expectation (possibly shared by Wellington himself) that the King would send for Wellington was confounded. On the day of Canning's death Goderich and the Home Secretary, William Sturges Bourne, were summoned to Windsor Castle, where the King announced his intention of appointing Goderich to the premiership.
Government crisis
Goderich immediately encountered difficulty in balancing the conflicting demands of the King and the Whigs about the composition of his cabinet. George considered that the three ministerial posts held by Whigs were quite enough; the Whigs pressed hard for the inclusion of a fourth, Lord Holland, as Foreign Secretary. Goderich satisfied nobody with his inability to resolve matters. A leading Whig, George Tierney, spoke of his party's dissatisfaction with Goderich: "hey think Goderich has behaved so ill in this affair that they can have no confidence in him. They believe so much in the integrity of his character that they do not suspect him of any duplicity in what has passed, but his conduct has been marked by such deplorable weakness as shows how unfit he is for the situation he occupies."
There was further discontent in the coalition cabinet at Goderich's vacillation over the appointment of a Chancellor of the Exchequer, once again caught between the demands of the King and those of his Whig allies. Within a month, William Huskisson, a Tory colleague, was writing of Goderich: "The king has taken the exact measure of him, and openly says he must do all the duties of a premier himself, because Goderich has no nerves! I am using nearly his own words; and he has been acting, and still talks of acting up to this declaration." George's contempt for his Prime Minister was confirmed in his description of Goderich as "a damned, snivelling, blubbering blockhead."
Pieter Christoffel Wonder – The Staircase of the London Residence of the Painter – Centraal Museum Utrecht (the figure identified as Goderich on day of his resignation as Prime Minister).
In addition to the conflicting pressures from the King and the Whigs, Goderich had to cope with the mental problems from which his wife was suffering. In December Huskisson wrote:
Poor Goderich is quite unnerved, and in a most pitiful state. Much of this misfortune is perhaps the natural effect of his character, but it is, in the present instance, greatly aggravated by the constant worry in which he has been kept by his all but crazy wife, and by the entire ascendancy which his good nature (not to say his weakness) has allowed her to assume.
Resignation
Wellington was by now distancing himself from the Extreme-Tory wing of his party, and by January 1828 the King had concluded that the coalition could not continue and that a Tory ministry under Wellington would be preferable. Goderich had already written a letter of resignation to the King, but had not yet sent it, when he was summoned to Windsor. He described the disintegrating state of his administration; the King asked him to send for the Lord Chancellor, who was in turn bidden to summon Wellington to receive the King's commission to form a government. According to one account, Goderich was in tears during his interview with the King, who passed him a handkerchief, but within days Goderich was rejoicing in his release from office: "quite another man sleeps at nights now, and laughs and talks as usual." His premiership had lasted 144 days, which remains one of the shortest in British history, twenty-five days longer than that of his immediate predecessor, Canning.
Goderich is 'the man with the hat' in the painting "The Staircase of the London Residence of the Painter" by the Dutch painter Pieter Christoffel Wonder. In 2014 a Dutch art student did research on the painting and discovered that it depicts the resignation of Prime Minister Frederick John Robinson in January 1828.
Later years: 1828–1859
Later cabinet posts, 1830–1846
The House of Lords in the early 19th century
In 1830 Goderich moved over to the Whigs and joined Lord Grey's cabinet, as Colonial Secretary. Both on moral and on economic grounds he was strongly opposed to slavery throughout his career, and he worked hard in the 1830s for the emancipation of slaves throughout the British Empire. His work was continued by his successor as Colonial Secretary, Lord Stanley, whose abolitionist legislation Goderich piloted through the House of Lords.
In 1833 Goderich was created Earl of Ripon. He had not sought the advancement in the peerage, but wished to accept the King's offer of the Garter, for which, at that time, a viscountcy was considered an insufficient rank. He left the Colonial Office in the same year, and did not wish to hold any further office, but Grey insisted on his taking the senior non-departmental post of Lord Privy Seal. However, the next year Goderich and Stanley broke with the Whigs over what they saw as a threat to the established status of the Church of Ireland.
From 1841 to 1843 Ripon served in Peel's second administration as President of the Board of Trade, with the young W. E. Gladstone as his deputy. His final ministerial post was President of the Board of Control from 1843 to 1846. During his career, as Helmstadter observes, he had been, in succession, "a Pittite, a Tory, a Canningite, a Whig, a Stanleyite, a Conservative, and a Peelite. Between 1818 and 1846 he was a member of every government except Wellington's and Melbourne's."
Apart from his political career Goderich served as president of the Royal Geographical Society from 1830 to 1833, and of the Royal Society of Literature from 1834 to 1845. He died in January 1859, aged 76. He outlived five of his successors in the prime ministry.
Death
Ripon and his wife are buried in the memorial chapel at All Saints' Church, Nocton.
Ripon died at Putney Heath, London, in January 1859, aged 76. He was succeeded by his only son, George who became a noted Liberal statesman and cabinet minister and was created Marquess of Ripon. The son was unique in being conceived at 11 Downing Street, while Robinson was Chancellor of the Exchequer, and being born at 10 Downing Street, when his father, now Goderich, was Prime Minister.
Goderich's government, September 1827 – January 1828
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Lord Goderich – First Lord of the Treasury and Leader of the House of Lords
Lord Lyndhurst – Lord Chancellor
The Duke of Portland – Lord President of the Council
The Earl of Carlisle – Lord Privy Seal
The Marquess of Lansdowne – Secretary of State for the Home Department
The Earl of Dudley – Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs
William Huskisson – Secretary of State for War and the Colonies and Leader of the House of Commons
J. C. Herries – Chancellor of the Exchequer
The Marquess of Anglesey – Master-General of the Ordnance
Charles Grant – President of the Board of Trade and Treasurer of the Navy
Charles Williams-Wynn – President of the Board of Control
William Sturges Bourne – First Commissioner of Woods and Forests
Lord Bexley – Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster
Viscount Palmerston – Secretary at War
Notes and references
Notes
^ Other future prime ministers to attend the same school and college during Robinson's time there were George Hamilton-Gordon, 4th Earl of Aberdeen, and Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston.
^ Robinson originally proposed to restrict the issue of paper money below the value of £5, but in the face of fierce opposition in the House of Commons he backed down.
^ In full, Viscount Goderich, of Nocton in the County of Lincoln, a revival of the Goderich title held by his maternal ancestors, named for Goderich Castle, co. Hereford.
^ The official title of the post was First Lord of the Treasury.
References
^ Jones, D., p. 207
^ Jones, W.D., p. 4
^ Jones, W.D., p. 8
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s Jupp, P. J. "Robinson, Frederick John, first Viscount Goderich and first earl of Ripon (1782–1859)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/23836. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
^ a b "The Late Earl of Ripon", The Times, 29 January 1859, p. 5
^ Jones, W.D., p. 9
^ a b History of Parliament article by Winifred Stokes and R. G. Thorne.
^ Jones, W.D., p. 11
^ Jones, W.D., p. 14
^ Jones, W.D., p. 17
^ Jones, W.D., p. 18
^ a b Pike, p. 176
^ "No. 16632". The London Gazette. 11 August 1812. p. 1579.
^ Jones, W.D., pp. 34 and 65
^ a b Dallas, p. 304
^ Wheatley, Henry B. (1891). London past and present: Its history, associations, and traditions. Vol. I. London: John Murray. Cambridge University Press reprint, 2011. p. 309. ISBN 9781108028066.
^ Dallas, p. 306
^ Dallas, p. 307
^ Jones, W.D., pp. 63–64
^ a b Helmstadter, Richard, "Review: Prosperity Robinson: The Life of Viscount Goderich 1782–1859 by Wilbur Devereux Jones", The Journal of Modern History, Vol. 41, No. 3 (September 1969), pp. 384–385 (subscription required)
^ Jones, W.D., pp. 101 and 103; and ODNB
^ Jones, W.D., p. 115
^ "No. 18356". The London Gazette. 27 April 1827. p. 937.
^ Peerage & Baronetage of Great Britain & Ireland (Henry Colburn, 1839), p. 878.
^ Gash, Norman. "Jenkinson, Robert Banks, second earl of Liverpool (1770–1828)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/14740. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
^ Beales, Derek. "Canning, George (1770–1827)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/4556. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
^ a b c d e f g h Aspinall, A. "The Coalition Ministries of 1827 (Continued)", The English Historical Review, Vol. 42, No. 168 (October 1927), pp. 533–559
^ "The Institution of Prime Minister", British Prime Minister's Office, Retrieved 13 March 2012
^ Ziegler, p. 96
^ Ziegler, p. 97
^ Hogg, Richard. "Shortest serving leaders – The Tories", The Times, 31 October 2002, p. 6
^ Oderwald, M (January 2014). "Het trappenhuis van de Londense woning van de schilder". The Staircase of the London Residence of the Painter (1828) (in Dutch).
^ Jones, W.D., p. 222
^ "No. 19038". The London Gazette. 12 April 1833. p. 705.
^ a b Pike, p. 177
^ Wright, p. 271
^ Godfrey, Rupert "Boy zone", The Times, 30 August 2010, p. 21
Sources
Dallas, Gregor (2001). 1815 – The Roads to Waterloo. London: Pimlico. ISBN 978-0712667852.
Jones, Daniel (1972). Everyman's English Pronouncing Dictionary (thirteenth ed.). London: Dent. ISBN 978-0460030151.
Jones, Wilbur Devereux (1967). "Prosperity" Robinson – The life of Viscount Goderich, 1782–1859. London: Macmillan. OCLC 1974891.
Pike, E Royston (1968). Britain's Prime Ministers. London: Odhams Press. ISBN 978-0600720324.
Wright, Thomas (1846). Biographia Britannica Literaria: Or, Biography of Literary Characters of Great Britain and Ireland. J. W. Parker. OCLC 39435158.
Ziegler, Philip (1987). Melbourne. London: Collins. ISBN 978-0002179577.
External links
Hansard 1803–2005: contributions in Parliament by Frederick Robinson
More about Frederick Robinson, Viscount Goderich on the 10 Downing Street website.
"Archival material relating to F. J. Robinson, 1st Viscount Goderich". UK National Archives.
Portraits of Frederick John Robinson, 1st Earl of Ripon at the National Portrait Gallery, London
Paper by M. Oderwald: "The stairecase of the Londen residence of the painter".
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SNAC | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Viscount Goderich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viscount_Goderich"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:RobinsonArms.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NewbyHall(LynneGlazzard)Sep2003.jpg"},{"link_name":"Newby Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newby_Hall"},{"link_name":"PC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privy_Council_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"/ˈɡoʊdrɪtʃ/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"GOHdrich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Prime Minister of the United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"House of Commons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"President of the Board of Trade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_Board_of_Trade"},{"link_name":"Chancellor of the Exchequer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_Exchequer"},{"link_name":"House of Lords","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Lords"},{"link_name":"Leader of the House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leader_of_the_House_of_Lords"},{"link_name":"Secretary of State for War and the Colonies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_War_and_the_Colonies"},{"link_name":"George Canning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Canning"},{"link_name":"Tories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tory_(British_political_party)"},{"link_name":"Whigs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whig_(British_political_party)"},{"link_name":"shortest-ruling Prime Ministers in British history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_the_United_Kingdom_by_length_of_tenure"},{"link_name":"Liz Truss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liz_Truss"},{"link_name":"the Earl Grey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Earl_Grey"},{"link_name":"Robert Peel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Peel"}],"text":"\"Lord Goderich\" and \"The Viscount Goderich\" redirect here. For other holders of the title, see Viscount Goderich.Arms of Robinson of Newby: Vert, a chevron between three bucks at gaze orNewby Hall, Robinson's birthplaceFrederick John Robinson, 1st Earl of Ripon, PC (1 November 1782 – 28 January 1859), styled The Honourable F. J. Robinson until 1827 and known between 1827 and 1833 as The Viscount Goderich (pronounced /ˈɡoʊdrɪtʃ/ GOHdrich[1]), the name by which he is best known to history, was a British politician who served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1827 to 1828.A member of the rural landowning aristocracy, Robinson entered politics through family connections. In the House of Commons, he rose through junior ministerial ranks, achieving cabinet office in 1818 as President of the Board of Trade. In 1823, he was appointed Chancellor of the Exchequer, a post he held for four years. In 1827, he was raised to the peerage, and in the House of Lords was Leader of the House and Secretary of State for War and the Colonies.In 1827, Prime Minister George Canning died after only 119 days in office, and Goderich succeeded him. However, he was unable to hold together Canning's fragile coalition of moderate Tories and Whigs, and he himself resigned after only 144 days. Canning and Goderich were the two shortest-ruling Prime Ministers in British history, until Liz Truss in 2022.After leaving the premiership Goderich served in the cabinets of two of his successors, the Earl Grey and Sir Robert Peel.","title":"F. J. Robinson, 1st Viscount Goderich"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Newby Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newby_Hall"},{"link_name":"Yorkshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yorkshire"},{"link_name":"Thomas Robinson, 2nd Baron Grantham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Robinson,_2nd_Baron_Grantham"},{"link_name":"Mary Yorke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Robinson,_Baroness_Grantham"},{"link_name":"Philip Yorke, 2nd Earl of Hardwicke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Yorke,_2nd_Earl_of_Hardwicke"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Sunbury-on-Thames","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunbury-on-Thames"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Harrow School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harrow_School"},{"link_name":"St John's College, Cambridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_John%27s_College,_Cambridge"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dnb-4"},{"link_name":"William Pitt the Younger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Pitt_the_Younger"},{"link_name":"Member of Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"The Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times"},{"link_name":"Tory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tory_(British_political_party)"},{"link_name":"[n 1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"classicist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classicist"},{"link_name":"Sir William Browne's Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Browne_medal"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-times-5"},{"link_name":"Lincoln's Inn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincoln%27s_Inn"},{"link_name":"called to the bar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Call_to_the_bar"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Napoleonic Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars"},{"link_name":"Northern Regiment of West Riding Yeomanry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yorkshire_Hussars"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hop-8"}],"text":"Robinson was born at Newby Hall, Yorkshire, the second son of Thomas Robinson, 2nd Baron Grantham, by his wife Lady Mary Yorke, a daughter of Philip Yorke, 2nd Earl of Hardwicke.[2] He was educated at a preparatory school at Sunbury-on-Thames,[3] then attended Harrow School from 1796 to 1799, followed by St John's College, Cambridge, from 1799 to 1802.[4] William Pitt the Younger was Member of Parliament for Cambridge University, to which, as The Times said, \"accordingly most of the budding Tory statesmen of the day resorted\".[n 1] Robinson was an accomplished classicist, winning Sir William Browne's Medal for the best Latin ode in 1801.[5] After graduating in 1802 he was admitted to Lincoln's Inn. He remained a member there until 1809, but did not pursue a legal career and was not called to the bar.[6]Against the background of the Napoleonic Wars, Robinson did part-time military service at home as captain (1803), ultimately major (1814–1817) in the Northern Regiment of West Riding Yeomanry.[7]","title":"Early years: 1782–1804"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Early political career: 1804–1807"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"third Earl of Hardwicke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Yorke,_3rd_Earl_of_Hardwicke"},{"link_name":"Lord Lieutenant of Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Lieutenant_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Carlow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlow_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"pocket borough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pocket_borough"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Ripon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ripon_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"sub_title":"Member of Parliament, 1804–1812","text":"Robinson entered politics through a family connection. His mother's cousin, the third Earl of Hardwicke, Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, appointed him as his private secretary in 1804.[8] Two years later Hardwicke secured for him the parliamentary seat of Carlow, a pocket borough near Dublin.[9] In 1807 Robinson gave up the seat and was elected as MP for Ripon, close to his family home in Yorkshire.[10]","title":"Early political career: 1804–1807"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Duke of Portland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Cavendish-Bentinck,_3rd_Duke_of_Portland"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dnb-4"},{"link_name":"Foreign Secretary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Foreign_and_Commonwealth_Affairs"},{"link_name":"George Canning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Canning"},{"link_name":"Lord Pembroke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Herbert,_11th_Earl_of_Pembroke"},{"link_name":"Vienna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna"},{"link_name":"Austrian Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austrian_Empire"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pike176-13"},{"link_name":"Lord Castlereagh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Stewart,_Viscount_Castlereagh"},{"link_name":"War Office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_Office"},{"link_name":"Spencer Perceval","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spencer_Perceval"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dnb-4"},{"link_name":"Board of Admiralty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Board_of_Admiralty"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dnb-4"},{"link_name":"Perceval's assassination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assassination_of_Spencer_Perceval"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hop-8"},{"link_name":"Privy Counsellor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Her_Majesty%27s_Most_Honourable_Privy_Council"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"sub_title":"First political appointments: 1807–1812","text":"In his first years in Parliament Robinson declined offers of junior ministerial posts, out of deference to his patron Hardwicke, who was an opponent of the Prime Minister, the Duke of Portland.[4] However, the Foreign Secretary, George Canning, chose him as the secretary of Lord Pembroke's mission to Vienna, aimed at securing a new treaty of alliance between Britain and the Austrian Empire.[11] The mission was unsuccessful, but Robinson's reputation was not damaged, and, as his biographer E Royston Pike puts it, \"as a good Tory [he was] given several small appointments in successive ministries.\"[12]His political thinking was greatly influenced by Canning, but he became the protégé of Canning's rival Lord Castlereagh, who appointed him his under-secretary at the War Office in May 1809. When Castlereagh resigned from the government in October, unwilling to serve under the new Prime Minister, Spencer Perceval, Robinson resigned with him.[4] In June 1810 he accepted office as a member of the Board of Admiralty.[4] At the time of Perceval's assassination early in 1812, he was absent from parliament ostensibly on militia duties in Yorkshire.[7]He was made a Privy Counsellor in August 1812,[13]","title":"Early political career: 1804–1807"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"4th Earl of Buckinghamshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Hobart,_4th_Earl_of_Buckinghamshire"},{"link_name":"Castlereagh's wife","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amelia_Stewart,_Viscountess_Castlereagh"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dnb-4"},{"link_name":"George Frederick Samuel Robinson, 1st Marquess of Ripon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Robinson,_1st_Marquess_of_Ripon"}],"sub_title":"Marriage","text":"In 1814 Robinson married Lady Sarah Albinia Louisa Hobart (1793–1867), daughter of the 4th Earl of Buckinghamshire, and first cousin to Castlereagh's wife. There were three children of the marriage, only one of whom survived to adulthood:[4]Hobart Frederick Robinson (September 1816)\nEleanor Henrietta Robinson (31 October 1826)\nGeorge Frederick Samuel Robinson, 1st Marquess of Ripon (24 October 1827 – 9 July 1909)","title":"Early political career: 1804–1807"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lord Liverpool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Jenkinson,_2nd_Earl_of_Liverpool"},{"link_name":"Vice-President of the Board of Trade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice-President_of_the_Board_of_Trade"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Paymaster of the Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paymaster_of_the_Forces"},{"link_name":"Corn Laws","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corn_Laws"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dnb-4"},{"link_name":"protectionist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protectionism"},{"link_name":"minimum prices","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimum_price"},{"link_name":"wheat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheat"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dallas304-16"},{"link_name":"free trade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_trade"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dallas304-16"},{"link_name":"working classes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Working_class"},{"link_name":"Old Burlington Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Burlington_Street"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wheatley-17"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"House of Commons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dnb-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Prime_Ministers_of_the_19th_century.jpg"},{"link_name":"Lord Liverpool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Jenkinson,_2nd_Earl_of_Liverpool"},{"link_name":"George Canning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Canning"},{"link_name":"Earl Grey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Grey,_2nd_Earl_Grey"},{"link_name":"Robert Peel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Peel"},{"link_name":"President of the Board of Trade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_Board_of_Trade"},{"link_name":"Treasurer of the Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treasurer_of_the_Navy"},{"link_name":"Lord Liverpool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Jenkinson,_2nd_Earl_of_Liverpool"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dnb-4"},{"link_name":"Nicholas Vansittart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Vansittart,_1st_Baron_Bexley"},{"link_name":"Chancellor of the Exchequer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_Exchequer"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Helmstadter-21"}],"text":"Robinson served under Lord Liverpool as Vice-President of the Board of Trade between 1812 and 1818,[14] and as joint-Paymaster of the Forces between 1813 and 1817, from which position he sponsored the Corn Laws of 1815.[4] Robinson's Corn Importation Bill, successfully presented to Parliament in February 1815, was a protectionist measure, imposing minimum prices for imported wheat and other grains.[15] The historian Gregor Dallas writes:Robinson's Bill began a debate on free trade and protection that would last for thirty years and would change the political landscape of Britain. Battle lines were drawn up in February and March, 1815, and the first shots fired in what would become one of the most furious political struggles of the century.[15]The Corn Laws made the price of wheat artificially high, to the benefit of the landed classes and the detriment of the working classes. While the Bill was going through Parliament, Robinson's London house in Old Burlington Street[16] was frequently attacked by angry citizens; in one such attack the railings outside the house were ripped out, the front door smashed open, paintings ripped, and furniture thrown out of the window.[17] In another attack two people were shot, one of them fatally.[18] While describing the incident to the House of Commons, Robinson was moved to tears,[19] showing, as the biographer P. J. Jupp put it, \"a propensity under stress which was to earn him the first of several nicknames, in this case the Blubberer\".[4]PMs in whose cabinets Robinson served: clockwise from top l., Lord Liverpool, George Canning, Earl Grey, and Robert PeelIn 1818 Robinson entered the cabinet as President of the Board of Trade and Treasurer of the Navy, under the premiership of Lord Liverpool.[4] In 1823 he succeeded Nicholas Vansittart as Chancellor of the Exchequer. The historian Richard Helmstadter writes:Robinson was a first-rate administrator, a superb head of a department. He had a good mind, a great capacity for work, and an appetite for precision. He was a great fusser, but he fussed in a gentle way, and no one disliked him for it. His very lack of strong partisan convictions enabled him to serve, almost as a neutral civil servant, a long succession of political leaders.[20]","title":"Senior Minister: 1812–1822"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pike176-13"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"King's Library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%27s_Library"},{"link_name":"British Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Museum"},{"link_name":"Angerstein Collection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angerstein_Collection"},{"link_name":"National Gallery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Gallery"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dnb-4"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[n 2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"peerage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peerage"},{"link_name":"[n 3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Catholic Emancipation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Emancipation"},{"link_name":"Duke of Wellington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington"},{"link_name":"Robert Peel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Peel"},{"link_name":"liberalising","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalization"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dnb-4"},{"link_name":"George IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_IV_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Whigs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whig_(British_political_party)"},{"link_name":"Leader of the House of Lords","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leader_of_the_House_of_Lords"},{"link_name":"Secretary of State for War and the Colonies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_War_and_the_Colonies"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dnb-4"}],"text":"Robinson served as Chancellor for four years, and was regarded as a success in the post.[12] The public finances were in good order, with a revenue surplus for the first three years of his chancellorship.[21] He cut taxes and made grants to house the King's Library in the British Museum and to buy the Angerstein Collection for the National Gallery. Jupp writes, \"These achievements, together with his support for Catholic relief and the abolition of slavery, led to his being regarded as one of the most liberal members of the government and to two more nicknames – 'Prosperity Robinson' and 'Goody'.\"[4] Robinson's last year at the Treasury was overshadowed by a run on the banks, caused by the collapse of the City of London bankers Pole Thornton and Co.[22] Robinson was not blamed for the collapse, but his measures to mitigate the crisis were widely seen as half-hearted.[n 2]Under strain from the financial crisis, Robinson asked Liverpool for a change of post. In January 1827 he was given a peerage as Viscount Goderich,[n 3] but Liverpool had no time to reshuffle his cabinet, being taken ill in February 1827 and resigning the premiership.[25] Liverpool was succeeded by Canning, whose appointment caused a major realignment in the political factions of the day. The Tories split into four groups, distinguished by their view of Catholic Emancipation. Canning and his followers were liberal on the matter; Robinson belonged to a moderate group that was willing to support Canning; the faction led by the Duke of Wellington and Robert Peel opposed emancipation; and an ultra-Tory group resisted any kind of liberalising measure.[4]To the anger of the King, George IV, who regarded it as a betrayal, Wellington and Peel refused to serve under Canning. With half the Tories ranged against him, Canning was obliged to seek support from the Whigs. Goderich, appointed by Canning as Leader of the House of Lords as well as Secretary of State for War and the Colonies, found the upper house no less stressful than the Commons. He was the target for the anger of the anti-Canning Tories in the Lords, suffering many personal verbal assaults. When he attempted to get a new Corn Law enacted, the proposal was defeated by an alliance of peers led by Wellington.[4]","title":"Chancellor of the Exchequer: 1822–1827"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Goderich ministry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goderich_ministry"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:George_IV._of_the_United_Kingdom.jpg"},{"link_name":"George IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_IV_of_the_United_Kingdom"}],"text":"Further information: Goderich ministryGeorge IV","title":"Prime Minister: 1827–1828"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aspinall-30"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aspinall-30"},{"link_name":"Home Secretary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_Secretary"},{"link_name":"William Sturges Bourne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Sturges_Bourne"},{"link_name":"Windsor Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windsor_Castle"},{"link_name":"[n 4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"}],"sub_title":"Appointment","text":"Canning's health had been declining since the beginning of 1827, and on 8 August he died.[26] A prominent Whig commented, \"God has declared against us. He is manifestly for the tories, and I fear the king also, which is much worse.\"[27] The King, however, though he had long inclined to favour Tories over Whigs, was still angry at the refusal of Wellington and Peel to serve in Canning's cabinet. A widespread expectation (possibly shared by Wellington himself) that the King would send for Wellington was confounded.[27] On the day of Canning's death Goderich and the Home Secretary, William Sturges Bourne, were summoned to Windsor Castle, where the King announced his intention of appointing Goderich to the premiership.[n 4]","title":"Prime Minister: 1827–1828"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lord Holland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Vassall-Fox,_3rd_Baron_Holland"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aspinall-30"},{"link_name":"George Tierney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Tierney"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aspinall-30"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aspinall-30"},{"link_name":"William Huskisson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Huskisson"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aspinall-30"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pieter_Christoffel_Wonder_-_The_Staircase_of_the_London_Residence_of_the_Painter_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg"},{"link_name":"Pieter Christoffel Wonder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter_Christoffel_Wonder"},{"link_name":"The Staircase of the London Residence of the Painter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Staircase_of_the_London_Residence_of_the_Painter"},{"link_name":"Centraal Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centraal_Museum"},{"link_name":"Utrecht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utrecht"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aspinall-30"}],"sub_title":"Government crisis","text":"Goderich immediately encountered difficulty in balancing the conflicting demands of the King and the Whigs about the composition of his cabinet. George considered that the three ministerial posts held by Whigs were quite enough; the Whigs pressed hard for the inclusion of a fourth, Lord Holland, as Foreign Secretary.[27] Goderich satisfied nobody with his inability to resolve matters. A leading Whig, George Tierney, spoke of his party's dissatisfaction with Goderich: \"[T]hey think Goderich has behaved so ill in this affair that they can have no confidence in him. They believe so much in the integrity of his character that they do not suspect him of any duplicity in what has passed, but his conduct has been marked by such deplorable weakness as shows how unfit he is for the situation he occupies.\"[27]There was further discontent in the coalition cabinet at Goderich's vacillation over the appointment of a Chancellor of the Exchequer, once again caught between the demands of the King and those of his Whig allies.[27] Within a month, William Huskisson, a Tory colleague, was writing of Goderich: \"The king has taken the exact measure of him, and openly says he must do all the duties of a premier himself, because Goderich has no nerves! I am using nearly his own words; and he has been acting, and still talks of acting up to this declaration.\"[27] George's contempt for his Prime Minister was confirmed in his description of Goderich as \"a damned, snivelling, blubbering blockhead.\"[29]Pieter Christoffel Wonder – The Staircase of the London Residence of the Painter – Centraal Museum Utrecht (the figure identified as Goderich on day of his resignation as Prime Minister).In addition to the conflicting pressures from the King and the Whigs, Goderich had to cope with the mental problems from which his wife was suffering. In December Huskisson wrote:Poor Goderich is quite unnerved, and in a most pitiful state. Much of this misfortune is perhaps the natural effect of his character, but it is, in the present instance, greatly aggravated by the constant worry in which he has been kept by his all but crazy wife, and by the entire ascendancy which his good nature (not to say his weakness) has allowed her to assume.[27]","title":"Prime Minister: 1827–1828"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aspinall-30"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dnb-4"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"The Staircase of the London Residence of the Painter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Staircase_of_the_London_Residence_of_the_Painter"},{"link_name":"Pieter Christoffel Wonder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter_Christoffel_Wonder"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"}],"sub_title":"Resignation","text":"Wellington was by now distancing himself from the Extreme-Tory wing of his party,[30] and by January 1828 the King had concluded that the coalition could not continue and that a Tory ministry under Wellington would be preferable. Goderich had already written a letter of resignation to the King, but had not yet sent it, when he was summoned to Windsor. He described the disintegrating state of his administration; the King asked him to send for the Lord Chancellor, who was in turn bidden to summon Wellington to receive the King's commission to form a government.[27] According to one account, Goderich was in tears during his interview with the King, who passed him a handkerchief, but within days Goderich was rejoicing in his release from office: \"quite another man [who] sleeps at nights now, and laughs and talks as usual.\"[4] His premiership had lasted 144 days, which remains one of the shortest in British history, twenty-five days longer than that of his immediate predecessor, Canning.[31]Goderich is 'the man with the hat' in the painting \"The Staircase of the London Residence of the Painter\" by the Dutch painter Pieter Christoffel Wonder. In 2014 a Dutch art student did research on the painting and discovered that it depicts the resignation of Prime Minister Frederick John Robinson in January 1828.[32]","title":"Prime Minister: 1827–1828"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Later years: 1828–1859"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Microcosm_of_London_Plate_052_-_House_of_Lords.jpg"},{"link_name":"House of Lords","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Lords"},{"link_name":"Lord Grey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Grey,_2nd_Earl_Grey"},{"link_name":"emancipation of slaves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emancipation_of_slaves"},{"link_name":"British Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Empire"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"Lord Stanley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Smith-Stanley,_14th_Earl_of_Derby"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dnb-4"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"Garter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Garter"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pike177-39"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pike177-39"},{"link_name":"established","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_religion"},{"link_name":"Church of Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dnb-4"},{"link_name":"W. E. Gladstone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._E._Gladstone"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dnb-4"},{"link_name":"President of the Board of Control","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_Board_of_Control"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dnb-4"},{"link_name":"Stanleyite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derby_Dilly"},{"link_name":"Melbourne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viscount_Melbourne"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Helmstadter-21"},{"link_name":"Royal Geographical Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Geographical_Society"},{"link_name":"Royal Society of Literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Society_of_Literature"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"}],"sub_title":"Later cabinet posts, 1830–1846","text":"The House of Lords in the early 19th centuryIn 1830 Goderich moved over to the Whigs and joined Lord Grey's cabinet, as Colonial Secretary. Both on moral and on economic grounds he was strongly opposed to slavery throughout his career, and he worked hard in the 1830s for the emancipation of slaves throughout the British Empire.[33] His work was continued by his successor as Colonial Secretary, Lord Stanley, whose abolitionist legislation Goderich piloted through the House of Lords.[4]In 1833 Goderich was created Earl of Ripon.[34] He had not sought the advancement in the peerage, but wished to accept the King's offer of the Garter, for which, at that time, a viscountcy was considered an insufficient rank.[35] He left the Colonial Office in the same year, and did not wish to hold any further office, but Grey insisted on his taking the senior non-departmental post of Lord Privy Seal.[35] However, the next year Goderich and Stanley broke with the Whigs over what they saw as a threat to the established status of the Church of Ireland.[4]From 1841 to 1843 Ripon served in Peel's second administration as President of the Board of Trade, with the young W. E. Gladstone as his deputy.[4] His final ministerial post was President of the Board of Control from 1843 to 1846.[4] During his career, as Helmstadter observes, he had been, in succession, \"a Pittite, a Tory, a Canningite, a Whig, a Stanleyite, a Conservative, and a Peelite. Between 1818 and 1846 he was a member of every government except Wellington's and Melbourne's.\"[20]Apart from his political career Goderich served as president of the Royal Geographical Society from 1830 to 1833, and of the Royal Society of Literature from 1834 to 1845.[36] He died in January 1859, aged 76. He outlived five of his successors in the prime ministry.","title":"Later years: 1828–1859"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Viscount_goderich_of_nocton_tomb.jpg"},{"link_name":"Nocton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nocton"},{"link_name":"Putney Heath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Putney_Heath"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dnb-4"},{"link_name":"George","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Robinson,_1st_Marquess_of_Ripon"},{"link_name":"Marquess of Ripon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marquess_of_Ripon"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dnb-4"},{"link_name":"11 Downing Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/11_Downing_Street"},{"link_name":"10 Downing Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/10_Downing_Street"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"}],"sub_title":"Death","text":"Ripon and his wife are buried in the memorial chapel at All Saints' Church, Nocton.Ripon died at Putney Heath, London, in January 1859, aged 76.[4] He was succeeded by his only son, George who became a noted Liberal statesman and cabinet minister and was created Marquess of Ripon.[4] The son was unique in being conceived at 11 Downing Street, while Robinson was Chancellor of the Exchequer, and being born at 10 Downing Street, when his father, now Goderich, was Prime Minister.[37]","title":"Later years: 1828–1859"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"First Lord of the Treasury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Lord_of_the_Treasury"},{"link_name":"Leader of the House of Lords","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leader_of_the_House_of_Lords"},{"link_name":"Lord Lyndhurst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Copley,_1st_Baron_Lyndhurst"},{"link_name":"Lord Chancellor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Chancellor"},{"link_name":"The Duke of Portland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Cavendish-Scott-Bentinck,_4th_Duke_of_Portland"},{"link_name":"Lord President of the Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_President_of_the_Council"},{"link_name":"The Earl of Carlisle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Howard,_6th_Earl_of_Carlisle"},{"link_name":"Lord Privy Seal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Privy_Seal"},{"link_name":"The Marquess of Lansdowne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Petty-Fitzmaurice,_3rd_Marquess_of_Lansdowne"},{"link_name":"Secretary of State for the Home Department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_the_Home_Department"},{"link_name":"The Earl of Dudley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_William_Ward,_1st_Earl_of_Dudley"},{"link_name":"Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Foreign_Affairs_(UK)"},{"link_name":"William Huskisson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Huskisson"},{"link_name":"Secretary of State for War and the Colonies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_War_and_the_Colonies"},{"link_name":"Leader of the House of Commons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leader_of_the_House_of_Commons"},{"link_name":"J. C. Herries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._C._Herries"},{"link_name":"Chancellor of the Exchequer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_Exchequer"},{"link_name":"The Marquess of Anglesey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Paget,_1st_Marquess_of_Anglesey"},{"link_name":"Master-General of the Ordnance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master-General_of_the_Ordnance"},{"link_name":"Charles Grant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Grant,_1st_Baron_Glenelg"},{"link_name":"President of the Board of Trade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_Board_of_Trade"},{"link_name":"Treasurer of the Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treasurer_of_the_Navy"},{"link_name":"Charles Williams-Wynn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Williams-Wynn_(1775%E2%80%931850)"},{"link_name":"President of the Board of Control","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_Board_of_Control"},{"link_name":"William Sturges Bourne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Sturges_Bourne"},{"link_name":"First Commissioner of Woods and Forests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Commissioner_of_Woods_and_Forests"},{"link_name":"Lord Bexley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Vansittart"},{"link_name":"Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_Duchy_of_Lancaster"},{"link_name":"Viscount Palmerston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_John_Temple,_3rd_Viscount_Palmerston"},{"link_name":"Secretary at War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_at_War"}],"text":"Lord Goderich – First Lord of the Treasury and Leader of the House of Lords\nLord Lyndhurst – Lord Chancellor\nThe Duke of Portland – Lord President of the Council\nThe Earl of Carlisle – Lord Privy Seal\nThe Marquess of Lansdowne – Secretary of State for the Home Department\nThe Earl of Dudley – Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs\nWilliam Huskisson – Secretary of State for War and the Colonies and Leader of the House of Commons\nJ. C. Herries – Chancellor of the Exchequer\nThe Marquess of Anglesey – Master-General of the Ordnance\nCharles Grant – President of the Board of Trade and Treasurer of the Navy\nCharles Williams-Wynn – President of the Board of Control\nWilliam Sturges Bourne – First Commissioner of Woods and Forests\nLord Bexley – Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster\nViscount Palmerston – Secretary at War","title":"Goderich's government, September 1827 – January 1828"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"George Hamilton-Gordon, 4th Earl of Aberdeen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Hamilton-Gordon,_4th_Earl_of_Aberdeen"},{"link_name":"Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_John_Temple,_3rd_Viscount_Palmerston"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-times-5"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-24"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dnb-4"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-27"},{"link_name":"Nocton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nocton"},{"link_name":"County of Lincoln","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincolnshire"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Hereford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herefordshire"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-32"},{"link_name":"First Lord of the Treasury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Lord_of_the_Treasury"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-dnb_4-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-dnb_4-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-dnb_4-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-dnb_4-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-dnb_4-4"},{"link_name":"f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-dnb_4-5"},{"link_name":"g","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-dnb_4-6"},{"link_name":"h","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-dnb_4-7"},{"link_name":"i","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-dnb_4-8"},{"link_name":"j","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-dnb_4-9"},{"link_name":"k","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-dnb_4-10"},{"link_name":"l","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-dnb_4-11"},{"link_name":"m","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-dnb_4-12"},{"link_name":"n","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-dnb_4-13"},{"link_name":"o","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-dnb_4-14"},{"link_name":"p","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-dnb_4-15"},{"link_name":"q","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-dnb_4-16"},{"link_name":"r","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-dnb_4-17"},{"link_name":"s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-dnb_4-18"},{"link_name":"Oxford Dictionary of National Biography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1093/ref:odnb/23836","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F23836"},{"link_name":"UK public library membership","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-times_5-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-times_5-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-hop_8-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-hop_8-1"},{"link_name":"History of Parliament article by Winifred Stokes and R. 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Thorne.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1820-1832/member/robinson-hon-frederick-john-1782-1859"},{"link_name":"permanent dead link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-pike176_13-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-pike176_13-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-14"},{"link_name":"\"No. 16632\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/16632/page/1579"},{"link_name":"The London 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Biography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1093/ref:odnb/4556","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F4556"},{"link_name":"UK public library membership","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-aspinall_30-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-aspinall_30-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-aspinall_30-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-aspinall_30-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-aspinall_30-4"},{"link_name":"f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-aspinall_30-5"},{"link_name":"g","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-aspinall_30-6"},{"link_name":"h","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-aspinall_30-7"},{"link_name":"\"The Coalition Ministries of 1827 (Continued)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/552413"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-31"},{"link_name":"\"The Institution of Prime Minister\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.number10.gov.uk/history-and-tour/the-institution-of-prime-minister/2/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-33"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-34"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-35"},{"link_name":"\"Shortest serving leaders – The Tories\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//docs.newsbank.com/openurl?ctx_ver=z39.88-2004&rft_id=info:sid/iw.newsbank.com:UKNB:LTIB&rft_val_format=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rft_dat=0F920695AC0270A0&svc_dat=InfoWeb:aggregated5&req_dat=102CDD40F14C6BDA"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-36"},{"link_name":"\"Het trappenhuis van de Londense woning van de schilder\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.academia.edu/10287153"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-37"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-38"},{"link_name":"\"No. 19038\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/19038/page/705"},{"link_name":"The London Gazette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-pike177_39-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-pike177_39-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-40"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-41"},{"link_name":"\"Boy zone\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//docs.newsbank.com/openurl?ctx_ver=z39.88-2004&rft_id=info:sid/iw.newsbank.com:UKNB:LTIB&rft_val_format=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rft_dat=131EF524A44B3AB0&svc_dat=InfoWeb:aggregated5&req_dat=102CDD40F14C6BDA"}],"text":"Notes^ Other future prime ministers to attend the same school and college during Robinson's time there were George Hamilton-Gordon, 4th Earl of Aberdeen, and Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston.[5]\n\n^ Robinson originally proposed to restrict the issue of paper money below the value of £5, but in the face of fierce opposition in the House of Commons he backed down.[4]\n\n^ In full, Viscount Goderich, of Nocton in the County of Lincoln,[23] a revival of the Goderich title held by his maternal ancestors, named for Goderich Castle, co. Hereford.[24]\n\n^ The official title of the post was First Lord of the Treasury.[28]References^ Jones, D., p. 207\n\n^ Jones, W.D., p. 4\n\n^ Jones, W.D., p. 8\n\n^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s Jupp, P. J. \"Robinson, Frederick John, first Viscount Goderich and first earl of Ripon (1782–1859)\". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/23836. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)\n\n^ a b \"The Late Earl of Ripon\", The Times, 29 January 1859, p. 5\n\n^ Jones, W.D., p. 9\n\n^ a b History of Parliament article by Winifred Stokes and R. G. Thorne.[permanent dead link]\n\n^ Jones, W.D., p. 11\n\n^ Jones, W.D., p. 14\n\n^ Jones, W.D., p. 17\n\n^ Jones, W.D., p. 18\n\n^ a b Pike, p. 176\n\n^ \"No. 16632\". The London Gazette. 11 August 1812. p. 1579.\n\n^ Jones, W.D., pp. 34 and 65\n\n^ a b Dallas, p. 304\n\n^ Wheatley, Henry B. (1891). London past and present: Its history, associations, and traditions. Vol. I. London: John Murray. Cambridge University Press reprint, 2011. p. 309. ISBN 9781108028066.\n\n^ Dallas, p. 306\n\n^ Dallas, p. 307\n\n^ Jones, W.D., pp. 63–64\n\n^ a b Helmstadter, Richard, \"Review: Prosperity Robinson: The Life of Viscount Goderich 1782–1859 by Wilbur Devereux Jones\", The Journal of Modern History, Vol. 41, No. 3 (September 1969), pp. 384–385 (subscription required)\n\n^ Jones, W.D., pp. 101 and 103; and ODNB\n\n^ Jones, W.D., p. 115\n\n^ \"No. 18356\". The London Gazette. 27 April 1827. p. 937.\n\n^ Peerage & Baronetage of Great Britain & Ireland (Henry Colburn, 1839), p. 878.\n\n^ Gash, Norman. \"Jenkinson, Robert Banks, second earl of Liverpool (1770–1828)\". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/14740. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)\n\n^ Beales, Derek. \"Canning, George (1770–1827)\". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/4556. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)\n\n^ a b c d e f g h Aspinall, A. \"The Coalition Ministries of 1827 (Continued)\", The English Historical Review, Vol. 42, No. 168 (October 1927), pp. 533–559\n\n^ \"The Institution of Prime Minister\", British Prime Minister's Office, Retrieved 13 March 2012\n\n^ Ziegler, p. 96\n\n^ Ziegler, p. 97\n\n^ Hogg, Richard. \"Shortest serving leaders – The Tories\", The Times, 31 October 2002, p. 6\n\n^ Oderwald, M (January 2014). \"Het trappenhuis van de Londense woning van de schilder\". The Staircase of the London Residence of the Painter (1828) (in Dutch).\n\n^ Jones, W.D., p. 222\n\n^ \"No. 19038\". The London Gazette. 12 April 1833. p. 705.\n\n^ a b Pike, p. 177\n\n^ Wright, p. 271\n\n^ Godfrey, Rupert \"Boy zone\", The Times, 30 August 2010, p. 21","title":"Notes and references"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0712667852","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0712667852"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0460030151","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0460030151"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1974891","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/1974891"},{"link_name":"Odhams Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odhams_Press"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0600720324","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0600720324"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"39435158","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/39435158"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0002179577","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0002179577"}],"text":"Dallas, Gregor (2001). 1815 – The Roads to Waterloo. London: Pimlico. ISBN 978-0712667852.\nJones, Daniel (1972). Everyman's English Pronouncing Dictionary (thirteenth ed.). London: Dent. ISBN 978-0460030151.\nJones, Wilbur Devereux (1967). \"Prosperity\" Robinson – The life of Viscount Goderich, 1782–1859. London: Macmillan. OCLC 1974891.\nPike, E Royston (1968). Britain's Prime Ministers. London: Odhams Press. ISBN 978-0600720324.\nWright, Thomas (1846). Biographia Britannica Literaria: Or, Biography of Literary Characters of Great Britain and Ireland. J. W. Parker. OCLC 39435158.\nZiegler, Philip (1987). Melbourne. London: Collins. ISBN 978-0002179577.","title":"Sources"}] | [{"image_text":"Arms of Robinson of Newby: Vert, a chevron between three bucks at gaze or","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/RobinsonArms.svg/220px-RobinsonArms.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Newby Hall, Robinson's birthplace","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/NewbyHall%28LynneGlazzard%29Sep2003.jpg/220px-NewbyHall%28LynneGlazzard%29Sep2003.jpg"},{"image_text":"PMs in whose cabinets Robinson served: clockwise from top l., Lord Liverpool, George Canning, Earl Grey, and Robert Peel","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1f/Prime_Ministers_of_the_19th_century.jpg"},{"image_text":"George IV","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/George_IV._of_the_United_Kingdom.jpg/170px-George_IV._of_the_United_Kingdom.jpg"},{"image_text":"Pieter Christoffel Wonder – The Staircase of the London Residence of the Painter – Centraal Museum Utrecht (the figure identified as Goderich on day of his resignation as Prime Minister).","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Pieter_Christoffel_Wonder_-_The_Staircase_of_the_London_Residence_of_the_Painter_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/220px-Pieter_Christoffel_Wonder_-_The_Staircase_of_the_London_Residence_of_the_Painter_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg"},{"image_text":"The House of Lords in the early 19th century","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Microcosm_of_London_Plate_052_-_House_of_Lords.jpg/170px-Microcosm_of_London_Plate_052_-_House_of_Lords.jpg"},{"image_text":"Ripon and his wife are buried in the memorial chapel at All Saints' Church, Nocton.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/d7/Viscount_goderich_of_nocton_tomb.jpg/220px-Viscount_goderich_of_nocton_tomb.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"Jupp, P. J. \"Robinson, Frederick John, first Viscount Goderich and first earl of Ripon (1782–1859)\". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/23836.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography","url_text":"Oxford Dictionary of National Biography"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F23836","url_text":"10.1093/ref:odnb/23836"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 16632\". The London Gazette. 11 August 1812. p. 1579.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/16632/page/1579","url_text":"\"No. 16632\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"Wheatley, Henry B. (1891). London past and present: Its history, associations, and traditions. Vol. I. London: John Murray. Cambridge University Press reprint, 2011. p. 309. ISBN 9781108028066.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=yaRZ1cAMd2UC&pg=PA309","url_text":"London past and present: Its history, associations, and traditions"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press","url_text":"Cambridge University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781108028066","url_text":"9781108028066"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 18356\". The London Gazette. 27 April 1827. p. 937.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/18356/page/937","url_text":"\"No. 18356\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"Gash, Norman. \"Jenkinson, Robert Banks, second earl of Liverpool (1770–1828)\". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/14740.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography","url_text":"Oxford Dictionary of National Biography"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F14740","url_text":"10.1093/ref:odnb/14740"}]},{"reference":"Beales, Derek. \"Canning, George (1770–1827)\". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/4556.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography","url_text":"Oxford Dictionary of National Biography"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F4556","url_text":"10.1093/ref:odnb/4556"}]},{"reference":"Oderwald, M (January 2014). \"Het trappenhuis van de Londense woning van de schilder\". The Staircase of the London Residence of the Painter (1828) (in Dutch).","urls":[{"url":"https://www.academia.edu/10287153","url_text":"\"Het trappenhuis van de Londense woning van de schilder\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 19038\". The London Gazette. 12 April 1833. p. 705.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/19038/page/705","url_text":"\"No. 19038\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"Dallas, Gregor (2001). 1815 – The Roads to Waterloo. London: Pimlico. ISBN 978-0712667852.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0712667852","url_text":"978-0712667852"}]},{"reference":"Jones, Daniel (1972). Everyman's English Pronouncing Dictionary (thirteenth ed.). London: Dent. ISBN 978-0460030151.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0460030151","url_text":"978-0460030151"}]},{"reference":"Jones, Wilbur Devereux (1967). \"Prosperity\" Robinson – The life of Viscount Goderich, 1782–1859. London: Macmillan. OCLC 1974891.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1974891","url_text":"1974891"}]},{"reference":"Pike, E Royston (1968). Britain's Prime Ministers. London: Odhams Press. ISBN 978-0600720324.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odhams_Press","url_text":"Odhams Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0600720324","url_text":"978-0600720324"}]},{"reference":"Wright, Thomas (1846). Biographia Britannica Literaria: Or, Biography of Literary Characters of Great Britain and Ireland. J. W. Parker. OCLC 39435158.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/39435158","url_text":"39435158"}]},{"reference":"Ziegler, Philip (1987). Melbourne. London: Collins. 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Robinson, 1st Viscount Goderich\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_National_Archives_(United_Kingdom)","url_text":"UK National Archives"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=F._J._Robinson,_1st_Viscount_Goderich&action=edit","external_links_name":"improve this section"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F23836","external_links_name":"10.1093/ref:odnb/23836"},{"Link":"https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public","external_links_name":"UK public library membership"},{"Link":"https://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1820-1832/member/robinson-hon-frederick-john-1782-1859","external_links_name":"History of Parliament article by Winifred Stokes and R. G. Thorne."},{"Link":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/16632/page/1579","external_links_name":"\"No. 16632\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=yaRZ1cAMd2UC&pg=PA309","external_links_name":"London past and present: Its history, associations, and traditions"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/1899398","external_links_name":"\"Review: Prosperity Robinson: The Life of Viscount Goderich 1782–1859 by Wilbur Devereux Jones\""},{"Link":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/18356/page/937","external_links_name":"\"No. 18356\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F14740","external_links_name":"10.1093/ref:odnb/14740"},{"Link":"https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public","external_links_name":"UK public library membership"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F4556","external_links_name":"10.1093/ref:odnb/4556"},{"Link":"https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public","external_links_name":"UK public library membership"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/552413","external_links_name":"\"The Coalition Ministries of 1827 (Continued)\""},{"Link":"http://www.number10.gov.uk/history-and-tour/the-institution-of-prime-minister/2/","external_links_name":"\"The Institution of Prime Minister\""},{"Link":"http://docs.newsbank.com/openurl?ctx_ver=z39.88-2004&rft_id=info:sid/iw.newsbank.com:UKNB:LTIB&rft_val_format=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rft_dat=0F920695AC0270A0&svc_dat=InfoWeb:aggregated5&req_dat=102CDD40F14C6BDA","external_links_name":"\"Shortest serving leaders – The Tories\""},{"Link":"https://www.academia.edu/10287153","external_links_name":"\"Het trappenhuis van de Londense woning van de schilder\""},{"Link":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/19038/page/705","external_links_name":"\"No. 19038\""},{"Link":"http://docs.newsbank.com/openurl?ctx_ver=z39.88-2004&rft_id=info:sid/iw.newsbank.com:UKNB:LTIB&rft_val_format=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rft_dat=131EF524A44B3AB0&svc_dat=InfoWeb:aggregated5&req_dat=102CDD40F14C6BDA","external_links_name":"\"Boy zone\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1974891","external_links_name":"1974891"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/39435158","external_links_name":"39435158"},{"Link":"https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/people/mr-frederick-robinson","external_links_name":"contributions in Parliament by Frederick Robinson"},{"Link":"http://www.number10.gov.uk/history-and-tour/viscount-goderich/","external_links_name":"More about Frederick Robinson, Viscount Goderich"},{"Link":"https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/c/F46171","external_links_name":"\"Archival material relating to F. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nur_Shams,_Tulkarm | Nur Shams | ["1 See also","2 References","3 External links"] | Coordinates: 32°19′07″N 35°03′32″E / 32.31861°N 35.05889°E / 32.31861; 35.05889
Refugee Camp in Tulkarm, State of PalestineNur ShamsRefugee CampArabic transcription(s) • Arabicمخيّم نور شمسNur ShamsLocation of Nur Shams within PalestineCoordinates: 32°19′07″N 35°03′32″E / 32.31861°N 35.05889°E / 32.31861; 35.05889StateState of PalestineGovernorateTulkarmGovernment • TypeRefugee CampArea • Total226 dunams (22.6 ha or 56 acres)Population (2017) • Total6,423 • Density28,000/km2 (74,000/sq mi)
Nur Shams (Arabic: مخيّم نور شمس) is a Palestinian refugee camp in the Tulkarm Governorate in the northwestern West Bank, located three kilometers east of Tulkarm. According to the Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics, Nur Shams had a population of 6,479 inhabitants in 2007 and 6,423 by 2017. 95.1% of the population of Nur Shams were refugees in 1997. The UNRWA-run healthcare facility for Nur Shams camp was re-built in 1996 with contributions from the Government of Germany.
Historian Benny Morris describes it as having been "a lonely and exclusively Arab area" in early 1936.
During the Mandate period, a British detention camp was situated at Nur Shams.
Nur Shams camp was established in 1952 on 226 dunums. The camp was transferred to Palestinian Authority control in November 1998, after the signing of the Wye River Memorandum and the first phase of further Israeli redeployment.
The two schools in the camp are in poor condition and are listed on UNRWA's priority list for replacement pending securing of funds to carry out the project. A four story Boys' school was constructed in 2004 and has 1035 pupils, the girls' school was constructed in 2001 and has 975 pupils.
In 2023, the IDF entered the camp.
See also
Palestinian refugee camps
References
^ a b Preliminary Results of the Population, Housing and Establishments Census, 2017 (PDF). Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics (PCBS) (Report). State of Palestine. February 2018. pp. 64–82. Retrieved 2023-10-24.
^ 2007 PCBS census. Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics (PCBS). p. 108.
^ Palestinian Population by Locality and Refugee Status Archived 2012-02-07 at the Wayback Machine Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics
^ Health care Facilities Tulkarm Governorate
^ Benny Morris, Ian Black (1991). "Israel's Secret Wars: A History of Israel's Intelligence Services". GrovePress.
^ Ian Black; Benny Morris (1991). Israel's secret wars: a history of Israel's intelligence services. Grove Weidenfeld. p. 1. ISBN 978-0-8021-3286-4. Retrieved 15 June 2011.
^ UNRWA Nur Shams camp profile
External links
Welcome To Nur Shams R.C.
vteTulkarm GovernorateCities
Tulkarm (Includes neighborhoods: Dhinnaba • Irtah • Shweikhah)
Municipalities
Anabta (Kafr Rumman)
Attil
Bal'a
Baqa ash-Sharqiyya (Nazlat Abu Nar • an-Nazla al-Gharbiya • an-Nazla ash-Sharqiya • an-Nazla al-Wusta)
Beit Lid
Deir al-Ghusun
'Illar
Kafr al-Labad
Qaffin
Zeita
Villages
Far'un
Iktaba
Izbat Shufa
Al Jarushiya
Kafr Abbush
Kafr Jammal
Kafr Sur
Kafr Zibad
Kur
Nazlat 'Isa
Ramin
al-Ras
Saffarin
Seida
Shufa
Refugee camps
Nur Shams
Tulkarm camp
vtePalestine refugee camps locations and populations as of 2015 Gaza Strip518,000 UNRWA refugees West Bank188,150 UNRWA refugees Syria319,958 UNRWA refugees Lebanon188,850 UNRWA refugees Jordan355,500 UNRWA refugees
Al-Shati (Beach camp)87,000
Bureij 34,000
Deir al-Balah 21,000
Jabalia 110,000
Khan Yunis 72,000
Maghazi 24,000
Nuseirat 66,000
Rafah 104,000
Canada closed
Aqabat Jaber6,400
Ein as-Sultan 1,900
Far'a 7,600
Fawwar 8,000
Jalazone 11,000
Qalandia 11,000
Am'ari 10,500
Deir 'Ammar 2,400
Dheisheh 13,000
Aida 4,700
Al-Arroub 10,400
Askar 15,900
Balata 23,600
'Azza (Beit Jibrin) 1,000
Ein Beit al-Ma' (Camp No. 1) 6,750
Tulkarm 18,000
Nur Shams 9,000
Jenin 16,000
Shu'fat 11,000
Silwad
Birzeit
Sabinah22,600
Khan al-Shih 20,000
Nayrab 20,500
Homs 22,000
Jaramana 18,658
Daraa 10,000
Hama 8,000
Khan Danoun 10,000
Qabr Essit 23,700
Unofficial camps
Ein Al-Tal 6,000
Latakia 10,000
Yarmouk 148,500
Bourj el-Barajneh17,945
Ain al-Hilweh 54,116
El Buss 11,254
Nahr al-Bared 5,857
Shatila 9,842
Wavel 8,806
Mar Elias 662
Mieh Mieh 5,250
Beddawi 16,500
Burj el-Shemali 22,789
Dbayeh 4,351
Rashidieh 31,478
Former camps
Tel al-Zaatar ?
Nabatieh ?
Zarqa20,000
Jabal el-Hussein 29,000
Amman New (Wihdat) 51,500
Souf 20,000
Baqa'a 104,000
Husn (Martyr Azmi el-Mufti camp) 22,000
Irbid 25,000
Jerash 24,000
Marka 53,000
Talbieh 8,000
Al-Hassan ?
Madaba ?
Sokhna ?
References
^ "Camp Profiles". unrwa.org. United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East. Retrieved 2 July 2015.
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
Israel | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#extended"},{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language"},{"link_name":"Palestinian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestinian_people"},{"link_name":"Tulkarm Governorate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulkarm_Governorate"},{"link_name":"West Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Bank"},{"link_name":"Tulkarm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulkarm"},{"link_name":"Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestinian_Central_Bureau_of_Statistics"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PrelimCensus2017-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Benny Morris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benny_Morris"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MorrisSecretWars-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BlackMorris1991-6"},{"link_name":"Wye River Memorandum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wye_River_Memorandum"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"entered","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/October_2023_Tulkarm_raid"}],"text":"Refugee Camp in Tulkarm, State of PalestineNur Shams (Arabic: مخيّم نور شمس) is a Palestinian refugee camp in the Tulkarm Governorate in the northwestern West Bank, located three kilometers east of Tulkarm. According to the Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics, Nur Shams had a population of 6,479 inhabitants in 2007 and 6,423 by 2017.[1][2] 95.1% of the population of Nur Shams were refugees in 1997.[3] The UNRWA-run healthcare facility for Nur Shams camp was re-built in 1996 with contributions from the Government of Germany.[4]Historian Benny Morris describes it as having been \"a lonely and exclusively Arab area\" in early 1936.[5]During the Mandate period, a British detention camp was situated at Nur Shams.[6]Nur Shams camp was established in 1952 on 226 dunums. The camp was transferred to Palestinian Authority control in November 1998, after the signing of the Wye River Memorandum and the first phase of further Israeli redeployment.The two schools in the camp are in poor condition and are listed on UNRWA's priority list for replacement pending securing of funds to carry out the project. A four story Boys' school was constructed in 2004 and has 1035 pupils, the girls' school was constructed in 2001 and has 975 pupils.[7]In 2023, the IDF entered the camp.","title":"Nur Shams"}] | [] | [{"title":"Palestinian refugee camps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestinian_refugee_camps"}] | [{"reference":"Preliminary Results of the Population, Housing and Establishments Census, 2017 (PDF). Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics (PCBS) (Report). State of Palestine. February 2018. pp. 64–82. Retrieved 2023-10-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pcbs.gov.ps/Downloads/book2364-1.pdf","url_text":"Preliminary Results of the Population, Housing and Establishments Census, 2017"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestinian_Central_Bureau_of_Statistics","url_text":"Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_Palestine","url_text":"State of Palestine"}]},{"reference":"Benny Morris, Ian Black (1991). \"Israel's Secret Wars: A History of Israel's Intelligence Services\". GrovePress.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benny_Morris","url_text":"Benny Morris"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Black_(journalist)","url_text":"Ian Black"}]},{"reference":"Ian Black; Benny Morris (1991). Israel's secret wars: a history of Israel's intelligence services. Grove Weidenfeld. p. 1. ISBN 978-0-8021-3286-4. Retrieved 15 June 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Black_(journalist)","url_text":"Ian Black"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benny_Morris","url_text":"Benny Morris"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/israelssecretwar00blac","url_text":"Israel's secret wars: a history of Israel's intelligence services"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/israelssecretwar00blac/page/n24","url_text":"1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8021-3286-4","url_text":"978-0-8021-3286-4"}]},{"reference":"\"Camp Profiles\". unrwa.org. United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East. Retrieved 2 July 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.unrwa.org/where-we-work","url_text":"\"Camp Profiles\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Nur_Shams¶ms=32_19_07_N_35_03_32_E_region:PS_type:city(6423)","external_links_name":"32°19′07″N 35°03′32″E / 32.31861°N 35.05889°E / 32.31861; 35.05889"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Nur_Shams¶ms=32_19_07_N_35_03_32_E_region:PS_type:city(6423)","external_links_name":"32°19′07″N 35°03′32″E / 32.31861°N 35.05889°E / 32.31861; 35.05889"},{"Link":"https://www.pcbs.gov.ps/Downloads/book2364-1.pdf","external_links_name":"Preliminary Results of the Population, Housing and Establishments Census, 2017"},{"Link":"http://www.pcbs.gov.ps/Portals/_PCBS/Downloads/book1487.pdf","external_links_name":"2007 PCBS census"},{"Link":"http://www.pcbs.gov.ps/Portals/_pcbs/phc_97/tul_t6.aspx","external_links_name":"Palestinian Population by Locality and Refugee Status"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120207051850/http://www.pcbs.gov.ps/Portals/_pcbs/phc_97/tul_t6.aspx","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.reliefweb.int/rw/fullMaps_Sa.nsf/luFullMap/4809864A0C3B9B9F85256FE80050855D/$File/healthinforum_tulkarem_opt280205.pdf?OpenElement","external_links_name":"Health care Facilities Tulkarm Governorate"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/israelssecretwar00blac","external_links_name":"Israel's secret wars: a history of Israel's intelligence services"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/israelssecretwar00blac/page/n24","external_links_name":"1"},{"Link":"http://www.unrwa.org/tags.php?tag_id=41","external_links_name":"UNRWA Nur Shams camp profile"},{"Link":"https://www.palestineremembered.com/GeoPoints/Nur_Shams_R_C__2083/index.html","external_links_name":"Welcome To Nur Shams R.C."},{"Link":"https://www.unrwa.org/where-we-work","external_links_name":"\"Camp Profiles\""},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/125146462749827772542","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007584238405171","external_links_name":"Israel"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiruvettisvarar_Temple,_Thiruvettisvaranpettai | Thiruvettisvarar Temple, Thiruvettisvaranpettai | ["1 Vaippu Sthalam","2 Presiding deity","3 Specialities","4 Other shrines","5 Location","6 References"] | Hindu temple in Tamil Nadu, India
Thiruvettisvarar Temple, ThiruvettisvaranpettaiReligionAffiliationHinduismDistrictChennaiDeityLord (Shiva)LocationLocationTriplicaneStateTamil NaduCountryIndia
Thiruvettisvarar Temple is a Hindu temple dedicated to the deity Shiva, located at Thiruvettisvaranpettai in Triplicane, Chennai in Tamil Nadu, India.
Vaippu Sthalam
It is one of the shrines of the Vaippu Sthalams sung by Tamil Saivite Nayanar Appar. This place is also called as Thirupattinam.
Presiding deity
The presiding deity in the garbhagriha, represented by the lingam, is known as Thiruvettisvarar. The Goddess is known as Maragathavalli. She is also known as Senbagambikai.
Specialities
The presiding deity is flanked by Somaskanda and the Goddess. In the front mandapa of the shrine of the Subramania inscriptions having the songs of Kandar Anuboothy, Shanmuga Kavacham by Pamban Swamigal, Kanda Shasti Kavasam, and Deivamanimalai from Arutpa Ramalinga Swamigal are found. Stucco sculptures of Six Abodes of Murugan are also found. Brahmotsavam, Vaikasi Visakam, Purattasi Amavasaya, Masi Maham and other festivals are celebrated in this temple.
Other shrines
Shrines of Vinayaka, Virabhadra, Balasubramania, Gnanasambandar, Appar, Sundarar, Manikkavacakar and Sekkizhar are found in this temple. The consort of Sangili Nachiar is also found.
Location
Triplicane is a part of Chennai. In the Triplicane High road, next to post office a Vinayaka Temple is found. From there this temple can be reached. It is opened for worship from 6.00 to 11.00 a.m. and 5.00 to 9.00 p.m.
References
^ a b பு.மா.ஜெயசெந்தில்நாதன், தேவார வைப்புத்தலங்கள், வர்த்தமானன் பதிப்பகம், சென்னை, 2009
^ a b c d மூவர் தேவார வைப்புத் தலங்கள், Muvar Thevara Vaippu Thalangal, திருவேட்டி (Thiruvetty), 6-7-7
^ a b தேவார வைப்புத் தலங்கள், திருமலை, 7-12-7
^ a b திருவேட்டீஸ்வரர் திருக்கோயில், தினமலர் கோயில்கள்
vteVaippu Sthalam
Akkicharam
Asokandi/Ayokandi
Agaththiccuram
Annavasal
Adi Annamalai
Athiccuram
Ayaniccuram
Arichandhiram
Avalpoondurai
Alappur
Atakeccuram
Aadhiraiyaanpattinam/Adirampattinam
Alandhurai
Aziyur
Araimerrali
Anpatti perur
Idaikkulam
Irappatticcuram
Irumpudhal
Ilamar
Ilaiyankudi
Iraiyanceri1
Iraiyanceri2
Icanur
Uruthirakodi
Urraththur
Ezhumur
Eakampathu
Eman^allur/Tiruloki
Emapperur
Eaar
Ezhur
Eranur
Kaccippalathali
Kaccimayanam
Kanjaru
Kadampai ilangkoil
Kannai
Kandhamaadhanamalai
Kanjanur or Vada-Kanjanur
Karapuram
Karunthittaikkudi
Karuppur
Kazhunirkkunram
Kalandhai
Kattur
Kampili
Karikkarai/Ramagiri
Killikudi
Kizhaiyil
Keezhatthanjai
Kukkudechuram
Kundaiyur
Gunavayil
Kuthangudi
Kumarikongu
Kurakkuthali
Kurukshetra
Kunriyur
Kundalur
Kuzhaiyur
Kodungallur/Kodungkolur
Kondal
Kolli Malai
Govindaputhur/Govandaputhur
Sadaimudi
Siddhavadamadam
Sivappalli
Sulamangai
Sengunrur
Senthil
Sempankudi
Thakkalur
Thakattur
Koyildevarayanpettai
Thakadur
Thanjakkai
Thanjai thalikkulam
Thantankurai
Thantandthottam
Thavathurai
Thalikkulam
Thalicchathangudi
Thingalur
Thinticcharam
Thiripurandagam
Tripuranthakam/Simhachalam
Thirucchirrambalam
Thirunarkunram
Thirumalai
Thirumalai/Thirumalairayanpattinam
Thiruvetty
Thudaiyur
Thellaru
Thenkalakkudi
Thenkodi
Thevicchuram
Thenur
Thozhur
Nandikecchuram/Nandivanam
Nandikecchuram/Nandimalai
Nallakkudi
Nallarrur
Nagalecchuram
Nangur
Niyamam
Neduvayil
Neithalvayil
Panjakkai
Parappalli
Pazhaiyaru
Pannur
Pidavur
Pirambil
Pudukkudi
Purisai nattup purisai
Pulivalam
Sindhu Poondurai
Puvanam
Perundurai
Peravur
Podhiyinmalai
Poikainallur
Ponnur nattup ponnur
Manarkal
Manikkoyil
Mandaram
Mahalam
Mahaleccuram
Makudi
Mattur
Mattur
Manthurai,Tirumanthurai
Maranpadi
Mizhalainattu mizhalai
Muzhaiyur
Mulanur
Muvalur
Mokkaneesvaram
Vidaivaikkudi
Vazhuvur
Valaikulam
Varanasi
Vivicchuram
Vilathotti
Verriyur | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hindu temple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_temple"},{"link_name":"Shiva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiva"},{"link_name":"Triplicane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triplicane"},{"link_name":"Chennai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chennai"},{"link_name":"Tamil Nadu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_Nadu"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bmj-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-shaivam-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-shiva-3"}],"text":"Hindu temple in Tamil Nadu, IndiaThiruvettisvarar Temple is a Hindu temple dedicated to the deity Shiva, located at Thiruvettisvaranpettai in Triplicane, Chennai in Tamil Nadu, India.[1][2][3]","title":"Thiruvettisvarar Temple, Thiruvettisvaranpettai"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vaippu Sthalams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaippu_Sthalam"},{"link_name":"Nayanar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayanars"},{"link_name":"Appar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appar"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-shaivam-2"}],"text":"It is one of the shrines of the Vaippu Sthalams sung by Tamil Saivite Nayanar Appar. This place is also called as Thirupattinam.[2]","title":"Vaippu Sthalam"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"garbhagriha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garbhagriha"},{"link_name":"lingam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingam"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-shaivam-2"}],"text":"The presiding deity in the garbhagriha, represented by the lingam, is known as Thiruvettisvarar. The Goddess is known as Maragathavalli. She is also known as Senbagambikai.[2]","title":"Presiding deity"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Somaskanda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somaskanda"},{"link_name":"mandapa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandapa"},{"link_name":"Subramania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kartikeya"},{"link_name":"Kandar Anuboothy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kandar_Anuboothy"},{"link_name":"Pamban Swamigal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pamban_Swamigal"},{"link_name":"Kanda Shasti Kavasam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanda_Shasti_Kavasam"},{"link_name":"Ramalinga Swamigal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramalinga_Swamigal"},{"link_name":"Six Abodes of Murugan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Six_Abodes_of_Murugan"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-shaivam-2"},{"link_name":"Vaikasi Visakam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaisakha"},{"link_name":"Amavasaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amavasya"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dinamalar-4"}],"text":"The presiding deity is flanked by Somaskanda and the Goddess. In the front mandapa of the shrine of the Subramania inscriptions having the songs of Kandar Anuboothy, Shanmuga Kavacham by Pamban Swamigal, Kanda Shasti Kavasam, and Deivamanimalai from Arutpa Ramalinga Swamigal are found. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakers_Hill,_Western_Australia | Bakers Hill, Western Australia | ["1 History","2 Military history","3 Railways","4 Climate","5 References"] | Coordinates: 31°45′04″S 116°27′18″E / 31.751°S 116.455°E / -31.751; 116.455"Bakers Hill" redirects here. For the British village, see Baker's Hill. For the U.S. town, see Bakerhill. For the Native American village, see Baker Hill site.
Town in Western AustraliaBakers HillWestern AustraliaBakers HillBakers HillCoordinates31°45′04″S 116°27′18″E / 31.751°S 116.455°E / -31.751; 116.455Population792 (UCL 2021)Established1897Postcode(s)6562Elevation330 m (1,083 ft)Area83.9 km2 (32.4 sq mi)Location 73 km (45 mi) ENE of Perth 24 km (15 mi) SW of Northam LGA(s)Shire of NorthamState electorate(s)Central WheatbeltFederal division(s)Pearce
Mean max temp
Mean min temp
Annual rainfall
23.0 °C 73 °F
10.8 °C 51 °F
551.6 mm 21.7 in
Bakers Hill is a town 73 kilometres (45 mi) east of Perth, Western Australia on the Great Eastern Highway. The town is located within the Shire of Northam, between Wundowie and Clackline. At the 2021 census, Bakers Hill had a population of 1276.
History
The town was originally known as Mount Baker when it was established in 1897. In 1902, the name was changed to Baker's Hill to avoid confusion with the town of Mount Barker in the Great Southern area. The apostrophe was removed from the name in 1944.
Military history
During World War II, Bakers Hill was the location of the 62nd Field Park Company of the Royal Australian Engineers (RAE).
Railways
Bakers Hill was also a station and siding on the second route of the Eastern Railway between Midland Junction and Spencers Brook. This track was closed in 1966 when the route through the Avon Valley was opened.
Although the rail was removed in 1980, remnants of the old station platform are still visible.
The remains of the station
Climate
Bakers Hill has a Mediterranean climate with hot dry summers and cool, rather wet winters.
Climate data for Bakers Hill
Month
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Year
Record high °C (°F)
43.2(109.8)
44.6(112.3)
40.0(104.0)
37.8(100.0)
33.3(91.9)
24.2(75.6)
23.3(73.9)
27.0(80.6)
31.7(89.1)
36.6(97.9)
39.8(103.6)
42.0(107.6)
44.6(112.3)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)
31.8(89.2)
31.7(89.1)
28.5(83.3)
23.5(74.3)
19.2(66.6)
16.0(60.8)
15.1(59.2)
15.6(60.1)
17.5(63.5)
21.7(71.1)
25.6(78.1)
29.9(85.8)
23.0(73.4)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)
15.7(60.3)
16.1(61.0)
14.6(58.3)
12.3(54.1)
9.4(48.9)
7.6(45.7)
6.6(43.9)
6.4(43.5)
7.0(44.6)
8.9(48.0)
11.2(52.2)
14.0(57.2)
10.8(51.4)
Record low °C (°F)
7.8(46.0)
7.2(45.0)
6.2(43.2)
4.0(39.2)
2.4(36.3)
0.2(32.4)
0.6(33.1)
−2.9(26.8)
0.2(32.4)
0.5(32.9)
1.7(35.1)
5.5(41.9)
−2.9(26.8)
Average precipitation mm (inches)
16.0(0.63)
13.0(0.51)
17.4(0.69)
30.6(1.20)
71.1(2.80)
110.4(4.35)
113.7(4.48)
86.3(3.40)
64.0(2.52)
33.9(1.33)
20.8(0.82)
10.2(0.40)
581.3(22.89)
Average precipitation days
2.1
2.4
2.9
6.0
10.2
14.2
14.9
13.7
11.6
6.9
4.4
2.3
91.6
Source:
References
^ Australian Bureau of Statistics (28 June 2022). "Bakers Hill (urban centre and locality)". Australian Census 2021.
^ Western Australia. Department of Lands and Surveys (1897), Mount Baker suburban area, Dept. of Lands & Surveys W.A, retrieved 24 September 2022
^
"History of country town names – B". Western Australian Land Information Authority. Archived from the original on 14 March 2022. Retrieved 8 June 2007.
^ Graham McKenzie-Smith The Unit Guide entry 3.504 identified the presence between November 1942 - November 1943 McKenzie-Smith, Graham Robert (2018), The unit guide : the Australian Army 1939-1945, Big Sky Publishing, ISBN 978-1-925675-14-6
^ Zeplin, N (1967) The Avon Valley Deviation Australian Railway Historical Society Bulletin, December 1967 pp253-265
^ Copley, Don (27 January 2005). "Stations, Sidings and Railway Locations Of Western Australia - Bakers Hill". Retrieved 8 June 2007.
^ "Climate statistics for Bakers Hill". Bureau of Meteorology. Retrieved 12 July 2014.
vteTowns in the Wheatbelt region of Western AustraliaCouncil seats
Bencubbin
Beverley
Bindoon
Brookton
Bruce Rock
Calingiri
Corrigin
Cuballing
Cunderdin
Dalwallinu
Darkan
Dowerin
Dumbleyung
Gingin
Goomalling
Jurien Bay
Kellerberrin
Kondinin
Koorda
Kulin
Lake Grace
Merredin
Moora
Mukinbudin
Narembeen
Narrogin
Northam
Nungarin
Pingelly
Quairading
Southern Cross
Tammin
Toodyay
Trayning
Wagin
Wandering
Westonia
Wickepin
Williams
Wongan Hills
Wyalkatchem
York
Other towns, settlements and localities
Aldersyde
Amery
Ardath
Arthur River
Baandee
Babakin
Badgingarra
Badjaling
Bailup
Bakers Hill
Balkuling
Ballaying
Ballidu
Beacon
Beenong
Beermullah
Bejoording
Belka
Bendering
Benjaberring
Bilbarin
Bindi Bindi
Bodallin
Bolgart
Bonnie Rock
Boolading
Booraan
Bullaring
Bullfinch
Bulyee
Bungulla
Buntine
Burakin
Burracoppin
Cadoux
Campion
Caraban
Carrabin
Cataby
Cervantes
Chandler
Chittering
Clackline
Cold Harbour
Congelin
Cooljarloo
Coomberdale
Coondle
Copley
Cowcowing
Crossman
Culbin
Dandaragan
Dangin
Dattening
Dongolocking
Doodlakine
Dudinin
Duranillin
Dwarda
Ejanding
Elabbin
Erikin
Gabbadah
Gabbin
Grass Valley
Greenhills
Grey
Guilderton
Gwambygine
Harrismith
Highbury
Hines Hill
Holt Rock
Hyden
Irishtown
Jelcobine
Jennacubbine
Jennapullin
Jitarning
Kalannie
Karakin
Karlgarin
Kondut
Koojan
Koolyanobbing
Korbel
Korrelocking
Kukerin
Kulja
Kulyaling
Kunjin
Kununoppin
Kweda
Kwelkan
Kwolyin
Lancelin
Lake Brown
Lake King
Ledge Point
Lower Chittering
Manmanning
Marvel Loch
Meckering
Meenaar
Merilup
Miling
Mimegarra
Minnivale
Mogumber
Mokine
Moodiarrup
Mooliabeenee
Moorine Rock
Moorumbine
Morangup
Moulyinning
Mount Hardey
Mount Kokeby
Mount Walker
Muchea
Muntadgin
Nalya
Nangeenan
Neergabby
New Norcia
Newdegate
Nilgen
Nippering
Nokaning
North Bannister
Nukarni
Pantapin
Piawaning
Piesseville
Pingaring
Pithara
Popanyinning
Quindanning
Regans Ford
Seabird
Shackleton
Spencers Brook
Tincurrin
Varley
Walebing
Walgoolan
Wannamal
Watheroo
Wedge Island
Welbungin
West Dale
West Toodyay
Wialki
Wilbinga
Wongamine
Woodridge
Wubin
Wundowie
Xantippe
Yealering
Yelbeni
Yellowdine
Yilliminning
Yerecoin
Yorkrakine
Yornaning
Yoting
Youndegin | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Baker's Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baker%27s_Hill"},{"link_name":"Bakerhill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakerhill"},{"link_name":"Baker Hill site","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baker_Hill_site"},{"link_name":"Perth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perth"},{"link_name":"Great Eastern Highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Eastern_Highway"},{"link_name":"Shire of Northam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shire_of_Northam"},{"link_name":"Wundowie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wundowie,_Western_Australia"},{"link_name":"Clackline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clackline,_Western_Australia"},{"link_name":"2021 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Australian_census"}],"text":"\"Bakers Hill\" redirects here. For the British village, see Baker's Hill. For the U.S. town, see Bakerhill. For the Native American village, see Baker Hill site.Town in Western AustraliaBakers Hill is a town 73 kilometres (45 mi) east of Perth, Western Australia on the Great Eastern Highway. The town is located within the Shire of Northam, between Wundowie and Clackline. At the 2021 census, Bakers Hill had a population of 1276.","title":"Bakers Hill, Western Australia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Mount Barker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Barker,_Western_Australia"},{"link_name":"Great Southern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Southern_(Western_Australia)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"The town was originally known as Mount Baker when it was established in 1897.[2] In 1902, the name was changed to Baker's Hill to avoid confusion with the town of Mount Barker in the Great Southern area. The apostrophe was removed from the name in 1944.[3]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"During World War II, Bakers Hill was the location of the 62nd Field Park Company of the Royal Australian Engineers (RAE).[4]","title":"Military history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Eastern Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Railway_(Western_Australia)"},{"link_name":"Midland Junction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midland,_Western_Australia"},{"link_name":"Spencers Brook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spencers_Brook,_Western_Australia"},{"link_name":"Avon Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avon_River_(Western_Australia)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bakers_Hill_railway_station_Western_Australia.jpg"}],"text":"Bakers Hill was also a station and siding on the second route of the Eastern Railway between Midland Junction and Spencers Brook. This track was closed in 1966 when the route through the Avon Valley was opened.[5]Although the rail was removed in 1980, remnants of the old station platform are still visible.[6]The remains of the station","title":"Railways"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mediterranean climate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_climate"},{"link_name":"precipitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precipitation"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Bakers Hill has a Mediterranean climate with hot dry summers and cool, rather wet winters.Climate data for Bakers Hill\n\n\nMonth\n\nJan\n\nFeb\n\nMar\n\nApr\n\nMay\n\nJun\n\nJul\n\nAug\n\nSep\n\nOct\n\nNov\n\nDec\n\nYear\n\n\nRecord high °C (°F)\n\n43.2(109.8)\n\n44.6(112.3)\n\n40.0(104.0)\n\n37.8(100.0)\n\n33.3(91.9)\n\n24.2(75.6)\n\n23.3(73.9)\n\n27.0(80.6)\n\n31.7(89.1)\n\n36.6(97.9)\n\n39.8(103.6)\n\n42.0(107.6)\n\n44.6(112.3)\n\n\nMean daily maximum °C (°F)\n\n31.8(89.2)\n\n31.7(89.1)\n\n28.5(83.3)\n\n23.5(74.3)\n\n19.2(66.6)\n\n16.0(60.8)\n\n15.1(59.2)\n\n15.6(60.1)\n\n17.5(63.5)\n\n21.7(71.1)\n\n25.6(78.1)\n\n29.9(85.8)\n\n23.0(73.4)\n\n\nMean daily minimum °C (°F)\n\n15.7(60.3)\n\n16.1(61.0)\n\n14.6(58.3)\n\n12.3(54.1)\n\n9.4(48.9)\n\n7.6(45.7)\n\n6.6(43.9)\n\n6.4(43.5)\n\n7.0(44.6)\n\n8.9(48.0)\n\n11.2(52.2)\n\n14.0(57.2)\n\n10.8(51.4)\n\n\nRecord low °C (°F)\n\n7.8(46.0)\n\n7.2(45.0)\n\n6.2(43.2)\n\n4.0(39.2)\n\n2.4(36.3)\n\n0.2(32.4)\n\n0.6(33.1)\n\n−2.9(26.8)\n\n0.2(32.4)\n\n0.5(32.9)\n\n1.7(35.1)\n\n5.5(41.9)\n\n−2.9(26.8)\n\n\nAverage precipitation mm (inches)\n\n16.0(0.63)\n\n13.0(0.51)\n\n17.4(0.69)\n\n30.6(1.20)\n\n71.1(2.80)\n\n110.4(4.35)\n\n113.7(4.48)\n\n86.3(3.40)\n\n64.0(2.52)\n\n33.9(1.33)\n\n20.8(0.82)\n\n10.2(0.40)\n\n581.3(22.89)\n\n\nAverage precipitation days\n\n2.1\n\n2.4\n\n2.9\n\n6.0\n\n10.2\n\n14.2\n\n14.9\n\n13.7\n\n11.6\n\n6.9\n\n4.4\n\n2.3\n\n91.6\n\n\nSource: [7]","title":"Climate"}] | [{"image_text":"The remains of the station","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Bakers_Hill_railway_station_Western_Australia.jpg/220px-Bakers_Hill_railway_station_Western_Australia.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"Australian Bureau of Statistics (28 June 2022). \"Bakers Hill (urban centre and locality)\". Australian Census 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Bureau_of_Statistics","url_text":"Australian Bureau of Statistics"},{"url":"https://www.abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/quickstats/2021/UCL521002","url_text":"\"Bakers Hill (urban centre and locality)\""}]},{"reference":"Western Australia. Department of Lands and Surveys (1897), Mount Baker suburban area, Dept. of Lands & Surveys W.A, retrieved 24 September 2022","urls":[{"url":"https://trove.nla.gov.au/work/159334094","url_text":"Mount Baker suburban area"}]},{"reference":"\"History of country town names – B\". Western Australian Land Information Authority. Archived from the original on 14 March 2022. Retrieved 8 June 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220314101618/http://www0.landgate.wa.gov.au/maps-and-imagery/wa-geographic-names/name-history/historical-town-names","url_text":"\"History of country town names – B\""},{"url":"http://www0.landgate.wa.gov.au/maps-and-imagery/wa-geographic-names/name-history/historical-town-names#B","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"McKenzie-Smith, Graham Robert (2018), The unit guide : the Australian Army 1939-1945, Big Sky Publishing, ISBN 978-1-925675-14-6","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-925675-14-6","url_text":"978-1-925675-14-6"}]},{"reference":"Copley, Don (27 January 2005). \"Stations, Sidings and Railway Locations Of Western Australia - Bakers Hill\". Retrieved 8 June 2007.","urls":[{"url":"http://wastations.i8.com/eastern/bakers%20hill/Bakers_Hill.html","url_text":"\"Stations, Sidings and Railway Locations Of Western Australia - Bakers Hill\""}]},{"reference":"\"Climate statistics for Bakers Hill\". Bureau of Meteorology. Retrieved 12 July 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_010244_All.shtml","url_text":"\"Climate statistics for Bakers Hill\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Bakers_Hill,_Western_Australia¶ms=31.751_S_116.455_E_type:city_region:AU-WA","external_links_name":"31°45′04″S 116°27′18″E / 31.751°S 116.455°E / -31.751; 116.455"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Bakers_Hill,_Western_Australia¶ms=31.751_S_116.455_E_type:city_region:AU-WA","external_links_name":"31°45′04″S 116°27′18″E / 31.751°S 116.455°E / -31.751; 116.455"},{"Link":"https://www.abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/quickstats/2021/UCL521002","external_links_name":"\"Bakers Hill (urban centre and locality)\""},{"Link":"https://trove.nla.gov.au/work/159334094","external_links_name":"Mount Baker suburban area"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220314101618/http://www0.landgate.wa.gov.au/maps-and-imagery/wa-geographic-names/name-history/historical-town-names","external_links_name":"\"History of country town names – B\""},{"Link":"http://www0.landgate.wa.gov.au/maps-and-imagery/wa-geographic-names/name-history/historical-town-names#B","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://wastations.i8.com/eastern/bakers%20hill/Bakers_Hill.html","external_links_name":"\"Stations, Sidings and Railway Locations Of Western Australia - Bakers Hill\""},{"Link":"http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_010244_All.shtml","external_links_name":"\"Climate statistics for Bakers Hill\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Esperanza,_Quetzaltenango | La Esperanza, Quetzaltenango | ["1 References","2 External links"] | Coordinates: 14°52′N 91°34′W / 14.867°N 91.567°W / 14.867; -91.567Municipality in Quetzaltenango, GuatemalaLa EsperanzaMunicipalityLa EsperanzaCoordinates: 14°52′N 91°34′W / 14.867°N 91.567°W / 14.867; -91.567Country GuatemalaDepartment QuetzaltenangoArea • Municipality6.1 sq mi (15.9 km2)Population (2018 census) • Municipality22,166 • Density3,600/sq mi (1,400/km2) • Urban19,724Time zoneUTC+6 (Central Time)ClimateCwb
La Esperanza is a municipality in the Quetzaltenango department of Guatemala. It covers an area of 15.9 km2 at an altitude of 2465 metres. This municipality was founded on April 7, 1910.
References
^ Citypopulation.de Population of departments and municipalities in Guatemala
External links
La Esperanza website
vte Quetzaltenango DepartmentCapital: QuetzaltenangoMunicipalities
Almolonga
Cabricán
Cajolá
Cantel
Coatepeque
Colomba
Concepción Chiquirichapa
El Palmar
Flores Costa Cuca
Génova
Huitán
La Esperanza
Olintepeque
Palestina de Los Altos
Quetzaltenango
Salcajá
San Carlos Sija
San Francisco La Unión
San Juan Ostuncalco
San Martín Sacatepéquez
San Mateo
San Miguel Sigüilá
Sibilia
Zunil
This Guatemala location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"municipality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipalities_of_Guatemala"},{"link_name":"Quetzaltenango department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quetzaltenango_Department"},{"link_name":"Guatemala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guatemala"}],"text":"Municipality in Quetzaltenango, GuatemalaLa Esperanza is a municipality in the Quetzaltenango department of Guatemala. It covers an area of 15.9 km2 at an altitude of 2465 metres. This municipality was founded on April 7, 1910.","title":"La Esperanza, Quetzaltenango"}] | [{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/QuestzaltenangoGUAT.PNG/120px-QuestzaltenangoGUAT.PNG"}] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=La_Esperanza,_Quetzaltenango¶ms=14_52_N_91_34_W_region:GT_type:city(22166)","external_links_name":"14°52′N 91°34′W / 14.867°N 91.567°W / 14.867; -91.567"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=La_Esperanza,_Quetzaltenango¶ms=14_52_N_91_34_W_region:GT_type:city(22166)","external_links_name":"14°52′N 91°34′W / 14.867°N 91.567°W / 14.867; -91.567"},{"Link":"https://www.citypopulation.de/en/guatemala/admin/","external_links_name":"Citypopulation.de"},{"Link":"http://www.deguate.com/municipios/pages/quetzaltenango/la-esperanza/organizacion.php","external_links_name":"La Esperanza website"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=La_Esperanza,_Quetzaltenango&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Ildefonso,_Coamo,_Puerto_Rico | San Ildefonso, Coamo, Puerto Rico | ["1 History","2 See also","3 References","4 External links"] | Coordinates: 18°02′31″N 66°21′05″W / 18.041987°N 66.351276°W / 18.041987; -66.351276Barrio of Puerto Rico
Barrio in Coamo, Puerto RicoSan IldefonsoBarrioLocation of San Ildefonso within the municipality of Coamo shown in redSan IldefonsoLocation of Puerto RicoCoordinates: 18°02′31″N 66°21′05″W / 18.041987°N 66.351276°W / 18.041987; -66.351276Commonwealth Puerto RicoMunicipality CoamoArea • Total12.41 sq mi (32.1 km2) • Land12.40 sq mi (32.1 km2) • Water0.01 sq mi (0.03 km2)Elevation463 ft (141 m)Population (2010) • Total11,427 • Density921.5/sq mi (355.8/km2) Source: 2010 CensusTime zoneUTC−4 (AST)
San Ildefonso is a barrio in the municipality of Coamo, Puerto Rico. Its population in 2010 was 11,427.
History
San Ildefonso was in Spain's gazetteers until Puerto Rico was ceded by Spain in the aftermath of the Spanish–American War under the terms of the Treaty of Paris of 1898 and became an unincorporated territory of the United States. In 1899, the United States Department of War conducted a census of Puerto Rico finding that the population of San Ildefonso barrio was 1,252.
Historical population
CensusPop.Note%±
19001,252—19101,56825.2%19201,458−7.0%19301,312−10.0%19401,72331.3%19502,06219.7%19602,009−2.6%19702,83841.3%19805,01276.6%19906,74234.5%20009,28837.8%201011,42723.0%U.S. Decennial Census1899 (shown as 1900) 1910-19301930-1950 1980-2000 2010
See also
Puerto Rico portal
List of communities in Puerto Rico
References
^ a b "US Gazetteer 2019". US Census. US Government.
^ U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: San Ildefonso barrio
^ Picó, Rafael; Buitrago de Santiago, Zayda; Berrios, Hector H. Nueva geografía de Puerto Rico: física, económica, y social, por Rafael Picó. Con la colaboración de Zayda Buitrago de Santiago y Héctor H. Berrios. San Juan Editorial Universitaria, Universidad de Puerto Rico,1969.
^ Gwillim Law (20 May 2015). Administrative Subdivisions of Countries: A Comprehensive World Reference, 1900 through 1998. McFarland. p. 300. ISBN 978-1-4766-0447-3. Retrieved 25 December 2018.
^ Puerto Rico: 2010 Population and Housing Unit Counts.pdf (PDF). U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Economics and Statistics Administration, U.S. Census Bureau. 2010.
^ "Anuario del comercio, de la industria, de la magistratura y de la administración. 1881". Biblioteca Nacional de España (in Spanish). p. 1614. Retrieved 4 April 2023.
^ Joseph Prentiss Sanger; Henry Gannett; Walter Francis Willcox (1900). Informe sobre el censo de Puerto Rico, 1899, United States. War Dept. Porto Rico Census Office (in Spanish). Imprenta del gobierno. p. 165.
^ "Report of the Census of Porto Rico 1899". War Department Office Director Census of Porto Rico. Archived from the original on July 16, 2017. Retrieved September 21, 2017.
^ "Table 3-Population of Municipalities: 1930 1920 and 1910" (PDF). United States Census Bureau. Archived (PDF) from the original on August 17, 2017. Retrieved September 21, 2017.
^ "Table 4-Area and Population of Municipalities Urban and Rural: 1930 to 1950" (PDF). United States Census Bureau. Archived (PDF) from the original on August 30, 2015. Retrieved September 21, 2014.
^ "Table 2 Population and Housing Units: 1960 to 2000" (PDF). United States Census Bureau. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 24, 2017. Retrieved September 21, 2017.
^ Puerto Rico: 2010 Population and Housing Unit Counts.pdf (PDF). U.S. Dept. of Commerce Economics and Statistics Administration U.S. Census Bureau. 2010. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-02-20. Retrieved 2019-08-02.
External links
U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: San Ildefonso barrio
This Coamo, Puerto Rico location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"barrio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrios_of_Puerto_Rico"},{"link_name":"Coamo, Puerto Rico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coamo,_Puerto_Rico"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pico_1969-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Law2015-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2010_Census-5"}],"text":"Barrio of Puerto RicoBarrio in Coamo, Puerto RicoSan Ildefonso is a barrio in the municipality of Coamo, Puerto Rico. Its population in 2010 was 11,427.[3][4][5]","title":"San Ildefonso, Coamo, Puerto Rico"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"gazetteers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gazetteer"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"Spanish–American War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Paris of 1898","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_of_1898"},{"link_name":"unincorporated territory of the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insular_area"},{"link_name":"United States Department of War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_War"},{"link_name":"census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OfficeSanger1900-7"}],"text":"San Ildefonso was in Spain's gazetteers[6] until Puerto Rico was ceded by Spain in the aftermath of the Spanish–American War under the terms of the Treaty of Paris of 1898 and became an unincorporated territory of the United States. In 1899, the United States Department of War conducted a census of Puerto Rico finding that the population of San Ildefonso barrio was 1,252.[7]","title":"History"}] | [] | [{"title":"Puerto Rico portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Puerto_Rico"},{"title":"List of communities in Puerto Rico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_communities_in_Puerto_Rico"}] | [{"reference":"\"US Gazetteer 2019\". US Census. US Government.","urls":[{"url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2019_Gazetteer/2019_gaz_cousubs_72.txt","url_text":"\"US Gazetteer 2019\""}]},{"reference":"Picó, Rafael; Buitrago de Santiago, Zayda; Berrios, Hector H. Nueva geografía de Puerto Rico: física, económica, y social, por Rafael Picó. Con la colaboración de Zayda Buitrago de Santiago y Héctor H. Berrios. San Juan Editorial Universitaria, Universidad de Puerto Rico,1969.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/nuevageografad00pic/page/247","url_text":"Nueva geografía de Puerto Rico: física, económica, y social, por Rafael Picó. Con la colaboración de Zayda Buitrago de Santiago y Héctor H. Berrios"}]},{"reference":"Gwillim Law (20 May 2015). Administrative Subdivisions of Countries: A Comprehensive World Reference, 1900 through 1998. McFarland. p. 300. ISBN 978-1-4766-0447-3. Retrieved 25 December 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=nXCeCQAAQBAJ","url_text":"Administrative Subdivisions of Countries: A Comprehensive World Reference, 1900 through 1998"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4766-0447-3","url_text":"978-1-4766-0447-3"}]},{"reference":"Puerto Rico: 2010 Population and Housing Unit Counts.pdf (PDF). U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Economics and Statistics Administration, U.S. Census Bureau. 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://permanent.access.gpo.gov/gpo35934/cph-2-53.pdf","url_text":"Puerto Rico: 2010 Population and Housing Unit Counts.pdf"}]},{"reference":"\"Anuario del comercio, de la industria, de la magistratura y de la administración. 1881\". Biblioteca Nacional de España (in Spanish). p. 1614. Retrieved 4 April 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://hemerotecadigital.bne.es/hd/es/viewer?id=9047075f-3c7e-411c-9e1e-41a2f650e1ba&page=1587","url_text":"\"Anuario del comercio, de la industria, de la magistratura y de la administración. 1881\""}]},{"reference":"Joseph Prentiss Sanger; Henry Gannett; Walter Francis Willcox (1900). Informe sobre el censo de Puerto Rico, 1899, United States. War Dept. Porto Rico Census Office (in Spanish). Imprenta del gobierno. p. 165.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=cZ9QAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA165","url_text":"Informe sobre el censo de Puerto Rico, 1899, United States. War Dept. Porto Rico Census Office"}]},{"reference":"\"Report of the Census of Porto Rico 1899\". War Department Office Director Census of Porto Rico. Archived from the original on July 16, 2017. Retrieved September 21, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/stream/reportoncensusof00unitiala#page/n245/mode/2up","url_text":"\"Report of the Census of Porto Rico 1899\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170716033905/https://archive.org/stream/reportoncensusof00unitiala#page/n245/mode/2up","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Table 3-Population of Municipalities: 1930 1920 and 1910\" (PDF). United States Census Bureau. Archived (PDF) from the original on August 17, 2017. Retrieved September 21, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www2.census.gov/prod2/decennial/documents/00476569ch4.pdf","url_text":"\"Table 3-Population of Municipalities: 1930 1920 and 1910\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170817181600/https://www2.census.gov/prod2/decennial/documents/00476569ch4.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Table 4-Area and Population of Municipalities Urban and Rural: 1930 to 1950\" (PDF). United States Census Bureau. Archived (PDF) from the original on August 30, 2015. Retrieved September 21, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www2.census.gov/prod2/decennial/documents/23761117v1ch12.pdf","url_text":"\"Table 4-Area and Population of Municipalities Urban and Rural: 1930 to 1950\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150830033735/http://www2.census.gov/prod2/decennial/documents/23761117v1ch12.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Table 2 Population and Housing Units: 1960 to 2000\" (PDF). United States Census Bureau. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 24, 2017. Retrieved September 21, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/prod/cen2000/phc-3-53-eng.pdf","url_text":"\"Table 2 Population and Housing Units: 1960 to 2000\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170724061852/https://www.census.gov/prod/cen2000/phc-3-53-eng.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Puerto Rico: 2010 Population and Housing Unit Counts.pdf (PDF). U.S. Dept. of Commerce Economics and Statistics Administration U.S. Census Bureau. 2010. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-02-20. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passchendaele,_Queensland | Passchendaele, Queensland | ["1 History","2 Education","3 References"] | Coordinates: 28°30′39″S 151°50′37″E / 28.5108°S 151.8436°E / -28.5108; 151.8436 (Passchendaele (centre of locality))
Suburb of Southern Downs Region, Queensland, AustraliaPasschendaeleQueenslandPasschendaeleCoordinates28°30′39″S 151°50′37″E / 28.5108°S 151.8436°E / -28.5108; 151.8436 (Passchendaele (centre of locality))Population30 (2016 census) • Density0.42/km2 (1.08/sq mi)Postcode(s)4380Area72.0 km2 (27.8 sq mi)Time zoneAEST (UTC+10:00)Location 21.9 km (14 mi) NW of Stanthorpe 67.5 km (42 mi) SW of Warwick 150 km (93 mi) SSW of Toowoomba 225 km (140 mi) SW of Brisbane LGA(s)Southern Downs RegionState electorate(s)Southern DownsFederal division(s)Maranoa
Suburbs around Passchendaele:
Goldfields
Palgrave
Dalveen
Goldfields
Passchendaele
Pozieres
Goldfields
Amiens
Bapaume
Passchendaele is a rural locality in the Southern Downs Region, Queensland, Australia. In the 2016 census, Passchendaele had a population of 30 people.
The undeveloped town of Messines is located within the locality (28°34′00″S 151°49′00″E / 28.5667°S 151.8167°E / -28.5667; 151.8167 (Messines, Queensland)).
Passchendaele's postcode is 4380.
History
The locality takes its name from the former Passchendaele railway station on the Amiens railway line which served the soldier settlement fruit growing areas. It was named by the Queensland Railways Department in 1920, after the famous battleground in World War I.
Similarly, the town of Messines took its name from the Messines railway station on the Amiens line in the soldier settlement area. It was named after the village of Messines in West Flanders, about 15 kilometres south of Ypres, where Australian troops fought in the 1917 Battle of Messines.
In the 2016 census, Passchendaele had a population of 30 people.
Education
There are no schools in Passchendaele. The nearest government primary schools are Pozieres State School in neighbouring Pozieres to the east and Amiens State School in neighbouring Amiens to the south. The nearest government secondary school is Stanthorpe State High School in Stanthorpe to the south-east.
References
^ a b c Australian Bureau of Statistics (27 June 2017). "Passchendaele (SSC)". 2016 Census QuickStats. Retrieved 20 October 2018.
^ a b "Passchendaele Postcode". Australia Post. Archived from the original on 31 August 2022. Retrieved 30 August 2022.
^ a b "Passchendaele – locality in Southern Downs Region (entry 49591)". Queensland Place Names. Queensland Government. Retrieved 11 June 2019.
^ "Messines – town in the Southern Downs Region (entry 21700)". Queensland Place Names. Queensland Government. Retrieved 24 October 2019.
^ "Messines – locality unbounded in Southern Downs Regional (entry 21700)". Queensland Place Names. Queensland Government. Retrieved 14 August 2022.
^ "Queensland Globe". State of Queensland. Retrieved 30 August 2022.
vteTowns and localities in Southern Downs Region
Allan
Allora
Amiens
Applethorpe
Ballandean
Bapaume
Berat
Bony Mountain
Broadwater
Canningvale
Cannon Creek
Cherry Gully
Clintonvale
Cottonvale
Cunningham
Dalcouth
Dalveen
Danderoo
Deuchar
Diamondvale
Elbow Valley
Ellinthorp
Emu Vale
Eukey
Fletcher
Fleurbaix
Forest Springs
Freestone
Girraween
Gladfield
Glen Aplin
Glen Niven
Glengallan
Glenlyon
Goldfields
Goomburra
Greenlands
Greymare
Hendon
Junabee
Karara
Killarney
Kyoomba
Leslie
Leslie Dam
Leyburn
Loch Lomond
Lyra
Maryvale
Massie
Messines
Mingoola
Montrose
Morgan Park
Mount Colliery
Mount Marshall
Mount Sturt
Mount Tabor
Mount Tully
Murrays Bridge
North Branch
Nundubbermere
Old Talgai
Palgrave
Passchendaele
Pikedale
Pikes Creek
Pozieres
Pratten
Rodgers Creek
Rosehill
Rosenthal Heights
Severnlea
Silverwood
Sladevale
Somme
Spring Creek
Springdale
Stanthorpe
Storm King
Sugarloaf
Sundown
Swan Creek
Swanfels
Talgai
Tannymorel
Thane
Thanes Creek
The Falls
The Glen
The Head
The Hermitage
The Summit
Thorndale
Thulimbah
Toolburra
Tregony
Upper Freestone
Upper Pilton
Upper Wheatvale
Victoria Hill
Wallangarra
Warwick
Wheatvale
Willowvale
Wiyarra
Womina
Wyberba
Yangan
Main Article: Local government areas of Queensland
This Southern Downs Region, Queensland, Australia location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"locality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suburbs_and_localities_(Australia)"},{"link_name":"Southern Downs Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Downs_Region"},{"link_name":"Queensland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensland"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-qpnl-3"},{"link_name":"2016 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Australian_census"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Census2016-1"},{"link_name":"28°34′00″S 151°49′00″E / 28.5667°S 151.8167°E / -28.5667; 151.8167 (Messines, Queensland)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Passchendaele,_Queensland¶ms=28.5667_S_151.8167_E_type:city_region:AU-QLD&title=Messines%2C+Queensland"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-postcode-2"}],"text":"Suburb of Southern Downs Region, Queensland, AustraliaPasschendaele is a rural locality in the Southern Downs Region, Queensland, Australia.[3] In the 2016 census, Passchendaele had a population of 30 people.[1]The undeveloped town of Messines is located within the locality (28°34′00″S 151°49′00″E / 28.5667°S 151.8167°E / -28.5667; 151.8167 (Messines, Queensland)).[4]Passchendaele's postcode is 4380.[2]","title":"Passchendaele, Queensland"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Amiens railway line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amiens_railway_line"},{"link_name":"soldier settlement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soldier_settlement_(Australia)"},{"link_name":"Queensland Railways Department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensland_Railways_Department"},{"link_name":"famous battleground","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Passchendaele"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-qpnl-3"},{"link_name":"Messines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messines,_Belgium"},{"link_name":"West Flanders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Flanders"},{"link_name":"Ypres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ypres"},{"link_name":"1917 Battle of Messines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Messines_(1917)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-qpn21700-5"},{"link_name":"2016 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Australian_census"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Census2016-1"}],"text":"The locality takes its name from the former Passchendaele railway station on the Amiens railway line which served the soldier settlement fruit growing areas. It was named by the Queensland Railways Department in 1920, after the famous battleground in World War I.[3]Similarly, the town of Messines took its name from the Messines railway station on the Amiens line in the soldier settlement area. It was named after the village of Messines in West Flanders, about 15 kilometres south of Ypres, where Australian troops fought in the 1917 Battle of Messines.[5]In the 2016 census, Passchendaele had a population of 30 people.[1]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pozieres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pozieres,_Queensland"},{"link_name":"Amiens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amiens,_Queensland"},{"link_name":"Stanthorpe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanthorpe,_Queensland"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-globe-6"}],"text":"There are no schools in Passchendaele. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dietrich_IX,_Count_of_Mark | Dietrich IX, Count of Mark | [] | This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Dietrich IX, Count of Mark" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (November 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Dietrich IX, Count of Mark (1374–1398) was the Count of Mark from 1393 until 1398.
Dietrich was the second son of Count Adolf III of the Marck and Margaret of Jülich.
His father had acquired the County of Cleves in 1368 and reserved this title for his eldest son Adolph to succeed him after his death. Dietrich already received the title of Count of Mark in 1393, when his father was still alive. When Dietrich fell in battle in 1398, he was succeeded by his elder brother Adolph, who had become Count of Cleves in 1394. Thus the County of Mark and the County of Cleves were reunited again.
Dietrich IX, Count of Mark House of La MarckBorn: 1374 Died: 1398
Preceded byAdolf III
Count of Marck 1393–1398
Succeeded byAdolf IV
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
Germany
People
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_Gymkhana,_Karachi | Hindu Gymkhana, Karachi | ["1 History","2 Architecture","3 Protected Sindh Cultural Heritage building","4 Relocation of NAPA ordered","5 Movements by Hindu community to get back Hindu Gymkhana","6 See also","7 References","8 External links"] | Colonial-era building in Karachi, Pakistan
Hindu Gymkhanaہندو جِمخانہThe Hindu Gymkhana Building now houses the National Academy of Performing Arts.General informationTypeHeadquarters for the National Academy of Performing ArtsLocationSaddar Karachi PakistanCompleted1925Design and constructionArchitect(s)Agha Ahmed Hussain
The Hindu Gymkhana (Sindhi:هندو جمخانه; Urdu: ہندو جِمخانہ) is a colonial-era building located on Sarwar Shaheed Road in Karachi, Pakistan. It was the first public building in Karachi to adopt the Mughal-Revival architectural style. It was established in 1925 by the Karachi's Hindus as an exclusive club for their community. The building houses the National Academy of Performing Arts.
History
The Hindu Gymkhana was established by the Seth Ramgopal Gourdhanandh Mohatta and the Hindu community in 1925 on a plot of 47,000 square yards. It was designed by Agha Ahmed Hussain. It was named Seth Ramgopal Goverdhandas Mohatta Hindu Gymkhana at that time.
After the Independence, the Hindu Gymkhana was taken over by the Evacuee Trust Property Board. In 1978, about 60 per cent the land of Hindu Gymkhana was given to the Police Department and another 6000 square yards were given to the Federal Public Service Commission. Later, 3500 square yards were given to the Ali Garh Muslim University and another 400 square yards was allotted to Abdul Majeed Khan received almost of land as an allotment. Currently it has only 4,500 square yards of land compared to 47,000 square yards in 1925.
The building's condition deteriorated over the years, and it was almost demolished in 1984. It was protected by the intervention of the Heritage Foundation of Pakistan. In 2005, the Pakistan president Pervez Musharraf handed the building over to National Academy of Performing Arts The Hindu Gymkhana now houses Pakistan's National Academy of Performing Arts (NAPA) and is run by its chief Zia Mohyeddin – a prominent stage and Pakistani television personality.
Architecture
The building was designed by architect Agha Ahmed Hussain, with a design based on the tomb of Itamad-ud-Daulah (1628) in Agra.
The building is small in size (on a plot of land measuring 47,000 square yards) and consists primarily of a hall and some smaller rooms used for administrative purposes. Stone for the 2-foot-thick (0.61 m) walls was acquired in Bijapur. The roof line is defined by delicate massing of cupolas and balustrades directly influenced by Akbar's Fatehpur Sikri. The octagonal corner towers framing the projecting central jharoka are capped with chattris, highlighting the influence of Rajasthani Style of Palaces. Smaller chattris highlight the corners of the projecting porch that carry the drooping bangladar roof used in Emperor Akbar's period.
The projecting chajjas are supported by ornamental brackets. The cupolas of the chattris are reinforced concrete and the walls are dressed in Gizri stone. Some of the carved elements are of Jodhpur stone.
Protected Sindh Cultural Heritage building
This historic building is widely considered to be an architectural gem in Karachi and is protected under the Sindh Cultural Heritage Protection Act. Therefore, nobody is allowed to carry out new construction, repairs, renovations in this building without the approval of Karachi Building Control Authority and the Government of Sindh.
Surprisingly a historical building like this had deteriorated due to lack of maintenance in the recent past and was going to be demolished in 1984 but the Heritage Foundation Pakistan back then intervened to save it.
Relocation of NAPA ordered
In December 2018, The Supreme Court of Pakistan had directed the Sindh government to shift NAPA
to another location from this Hindu Gymkhana building but, as of 11 February 2020, compliance to this directive could not be made and NAPA was still functioning there.
Movements by Hindu community to get back Hindu Gymkhana
The Hindu Gymkhana belonged to Hindus before Independence. The Hindu community of Karachi have no place in Karachi to celebrate religious festivals. In 1960, the first movement to handover Hindu Gymkhana back to the Hindu community was launched by activists Bhagwandas Chawla, Khubchand Bhatia and Seth T Motandas. However, the movement was ended due to the 1965 war. It was launched again but was ended due to the 1971 war. In 1980, the movement was launched again by Ramesh Mana co-chairperson of Pak-Hindu Welfare Association when the Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq government decided to sell the property. Later another movement was launched by P.K. Shahani, Hindu activist which compelled the parliamentarians to raise this issue in the Pakistan National Assembly and the Hindu Gymkhana was added on the list of heritage sites under the Sindh Heritage Act. But later the Pervez Musharraf’s government took over the Hindu Gymkhana and gave it to the National institute of performing arts(NAPA).
In 2009, the Pakistan People's Party protested when the president Pervez Musharraf handed over the Hindu Gymkhana to the NAPA. In 2009, the Sassui Palijo, Sindh’s Culture Minister said that
the Pervez Musharraf hearing his relatives’ advice forcefully vacated the Hindu Gymkhana and handes it over to Napa. She added that the Hindu Gymkhana will be reserved for activities of the Hindu community.
In 2014, the Pakistan Hindu Panchayat sent a letter to the Pakistan Chief Justice on the Hindu Gymkhana issue. In 2014, the Shree Ratheshawar Maha Dev Welfare approached the court for giving back the Hindu Gymkhana back to the Hindus.
See also
Punjab Club
Karachi Gymkhana
Lahore Gymkhana
Sind Club
Karachi Parsi Institute (formerly Parsi Gymkhana)
List of India's gentlemen's clubs
References
^ a b c d e Hindu Gymkhana on archnet.org website Retrieved 19 May 2020
^ a b c d e f Hindu Gymkhana as archaeological site Dawn (newspaper), Published 3 April 2012, Retrieved 19 May 2020
^ a b c d Bhagwandas (23 June 2005). "KARACHI: Construction at Hindu Gymkhana". Dawn (newspaper). Retrieved 19 May 2020.
^ a b c d e f Akhtar Balouch (16 September 2015). "8 to 1: Karachi's shrinking Hindu Gymkhana". Dawn. Retrieved 17 August 2020.
^ "Sindh govt comes under fire in SC for failing to shift Napa from Hindu Gymkhana". Dawn. 20 December 2018. Retrieved 17 August 2020.
^ Imdad Soomro (11 February 2020). "Sindh government willing to shift National Academy of Performing Arts". The News International (newspaper). Retrieved 19 May 2020.
^ "Hindu community wants their property returned". The News International. 21 October 2008. Retrieved 17 August 2020.
^ Imdad Soomro (11 February 2020). "Sindh government willing to shift National Academy of Performing Arts". The News International (newspaper). Retrieved 17 August 2020.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hindu Gymkhana, Karachi.
Location Hindu Gymkhana - Wikimapia
Nuha Ansari. 1997. Karachi: Edge of Empire. Karachi: Ferozsons (Pvt) Ltd.,71.
Yasmeen Lari and Mihail S. Lari. 1996. The Dual City: Karachi During the Raj. Karachi: Oxford University Press, 328-9.
This geography of Karachi-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sindhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindhi_language"},{"link_name":"Urdu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu_language"},{"link_name":"colonial-era","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Raj"},{"link_name":"Karachi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karachi"},{"link_name":"Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan"},{"link_name":"National Academy of Performing Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academy_of_Performing_Arts"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ArchNet-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dawn1-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dawn-3"}],"text":"The Hindu Gymkhana (Sindhi:هندو جمخانه; Urdu: ہندو جِمخانہ) is a colonial-era building located on Sarwar Shaheed Road in Karachi, Pakistan. It was the first public building in Karachi to adopt the Mughal-Revival architectural style. It was established in 1925 by the Karachi's Hindus as an exclusive club for their community. The building houses the National Academy of Performing Arts.[1][2][3]","title":"Hindu Gymkhana, Karachi"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dawn1-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Akhtar_Balouch-4"},{"link_name":"Evacuee Trust Property Board","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evacuee_Trust_Property_Board"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Federal Public Service Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Public_Service_Commission"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Akhtar_Balouch-4"},{"link_name":"Heritage Foundation of Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heritage_Foundation_Pakistan"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dawn-3"},{"link_name":"Pervez Musharraf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pervez_Musharraf"},{"link_name":"National Academy of Performing Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academy_of_Performing_Arts"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Akhtar_Balouch-4"},{"link_name":"National Academy of Performing Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academy_of_Performing_Arts"},{"link_name":"Zia Mohyeddin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zia_Mohyeddin"},{"link_name":"Pakistani television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistani_television"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dawn-3"}],"text":"The Hindu Gymkhana was established by the Seth Ramgopal Gourdhanandh Mohatta and the Hindu community in 1925 on a plot of 47,000 square yards. It was designed by Agha Ahmed Hussain.[2] It was named Seth Ramgopal Goverdhandas Mohatta Hindu Gymkhana at that time.[4]After the Independence, the Hindu Gymkhana was taken over by the Evacuee Trust Property Board.[5] In 1978, about 60 per cent the land of Hindu Gymkhana was given to the Police Department and another 6000 square yards were given to the Federal Public Service Commission. Later, 3500 square yards were given to the Ali Garh Muslim University and another 400 square yards was allotted to Abdul Majeed Khan received almost of land as an allotment. Currently it has only 4,500 square yards of land compared to 47,000 square yards in 1925. [4]\nThe building's condition deteriorated over the years, and it was almost demolished in 1984. It was protected by the intervention of the Heritage Foundation of Pakistan.[3] In 2005, the Pakistan president Pervez Musharraf handed the building over to National Academy of Performing Arts[4] The Hindu Gymkhana now houses Pakistan's National Academy of Performing Arts (NAPA) and is run by its chief Zia Mohyeddin – a prominent stage and Pakistani television personality.[3]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hindu_Gymkhana_Karachi.jpeg"},{"link_name":"Itamad-ud-Daulah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itmad-Ud-Daulah%27s_Tomb"},{"link_name":"Agra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agra"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dawn1-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ArchNet-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dawn1-2"},{"link_name":"Bijapur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bijapur,_Karnataka"},{"link_name":"Akbar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akbar"},{"link_name":"Fatehpur Sikri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatehpur_Sikri"},{"link_name":"jharoka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porch"},{"link_name":"chattris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chattris"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dawn1-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ArchNet-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dawn1-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ArchNet-1"}],"text":"The building was designed by architect Agha Ahmed Hussain, with a design based on the tomb of Itamad-ud-Daulah (1628) in Agra.[2][1]The building is small in size (on a plot of land measuring 47,000 square yards)[2] and consists primarily of a hall and some smaller rooms used for administrative purposes. Stone for the 2-foot-thick (0.61 m) walls was acquired in Bijapur. The roof line is defined by delicate massing of cupolas and balustrades directly influenced by Akbar's Fatehpur Sikri. The octagonal corner towers framing the projecting central jharoka are capped with chattris, highlighting the influence of Rajasthani Style of Palaces. Smaller chattris highlight the corners of the projecting porch that carry the drooping bangladar roof used in Emperor Akbar's period.[2][1]The projecting chajjas are supported by ornamental brackets. The cupolas of the chattris are reinforced concrete and the walls are dressed in Gizri stone. Some of the carved elements are of Jodhpur stone.[2][1]","title":"Architecture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Karachi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karachi"},{"link_name":"Government of Sindh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Sindh"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dawn-3"},{"link_name":"Heritage Foundation Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heritage_Foundation_Pakistan"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ArchNet-1"}],"text":"This historic building is widely considered to be an architectural gem in Karachi and is protected under the Sindh Cultural Heritage Protection Act. Therefore, nobody is allowed to carry out new construction, repairs, renovations in this building without the approval of Karachi Building Control Authority and the Government of Sindh.[3]Surprisingly a historical building like this had deteriorated due to lack of maintenance in the recent past and was going to be demolished in 1984 but the Heritage Foundation Pakistan back then intervened to save it.[1]","title":"Protected Sindh Cultural Heritage building"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Supreme Court of Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Pakistan"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"In December 2018, The Supreme Court of Pakistan had directed the Sindh government to shift NAPA\nto another location from this Hindu Gymkhana building but, as of 11 February 2020, compliance to this directive could not be made and NAPA was still functioning there.[6]","title":"Relocation of NAPA ordered"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Akhtar_Balouch-4"},{"link_name":"Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Zia-ul-Haq"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Pakistan People's Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_People%27s_Party"},{"link_name":"Pervez Musharraf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pervez_Musharraf"},{"link_name":"Sassui Palijo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sassui_Palijo"},{"link_name":"Pervez Musharraf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pervez_Musharraf"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Akhtar_Balouch-4"},{"link_name":"Pakistan Hindu Panchayat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_Hindu_Panchayat"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Akhtar_Balouch-4"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"The Hindu Gymkhana belonged to Hindus before Independence. The Hindu community of Karachi have no place in Karachi to celebrate religious festivals.[4] In 1960, the first movement to handover Hindu Gymkhana back to the Hindu community was launched by activists Bhagwandas Chawla, Khubchand Bhatia and Seth T Motandas. However, the movement was ended due to the 1965 war. It was launched again but was ended due to the 1971 war. In 1980, the movement was launched again by Ramesh Mana co-chairperson of Pak-Hindu Welfare Association when the Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq government decided to sell the property. Later another movement was launched by P.K. Shahani, Hindu activist which compelled the parliamentarians to raise this issue in the Pakistan National Assembly and the Hindu Gymkhana was added on the list of heritage sites under the Sindh Heritage Act. But later the Pervez Musharraf’s government took over the Hindu Gymkhana and gave it to the National institute of performing arts(NAPA).\n[7]In 2009, the Pakistan People's Party protested when the president Pervez Musharraf handed over the Hindu Gymkhana to the NAPA. In 2009, the Sassui Palijo, Sindh’s Culture Minister said that \nthe Pervez Musharraf hearing his relatives’ advice forcefully vacated the Hindu Gymkhana and handes it over to Napa. She added that the Hindu Gymkhana will be reserved for activities of the Hindu community.[4]In 2014, the Pakistan Hindu Panchayat sent a letter to the Pakistan Chief Justice on the Hindu Gymkhana issue.[4] In 2014, the Shree Ratheshawar Maha Dev Welfare approached the court for giving back the Hindu Gymkhana back to the Hindus.[8]","title":"Movements by Hindu community to get back Hindu Gymkhana"}] | [{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Hindu_Gymkhana_Karachi.jpeg/220px-Hindu_Gymkhana_Karachi.jpeg"}] | [{"title":"Punjab Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab_Club"},{"title":"Karachi Gymkhana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karachi_Gymkhana"},{"title":"Lahore Gymkhana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lahore_Gymkhana"},{"title":"Sind Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sind_Club"},{"title":"Karachi Parsi Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karachi_Parsi_Institute"},{"title":"List of India's gentlemen's clubs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_India%27s_gentlemen%27s_clubs"}] | [{"reference":"Bhagwandas (23 June 2005). \"KARACHI: Construction at Hindu Gymkhana\". Dawn (newspaper). Retrieved 19 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dawn.com/news/144726/karachi-construction-at-hindu-gymkhana","url_text":"\"KARACHI: Construction at Hindu Gymkhana\""}]},{"reference":"Akhtar Balouch (16 September 2015). \"8 to 1: Karachi's shrinking Hindu Gymkhana\". Dawn. Retrieved 17 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dawn.com/news/1176095","url_text":"\"8 to 1: Karachi's shrinking Hindu Gymkhana\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sindh govt comes under fire in SC for failing to shift Napa from Hindu Gymkhana\". Dawn. 20 December 2018. Retrieved 17 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dawn.com/news/1452397/sindh-govt-comes-under-fire-in-sc-for-failing-to-shift-napa-from-hindu-gymkhana","url_text":"\"Sindh govt comes under fire in SC for failing to shift Napa from Hindu Gymkhana\""}]},{"reference":"Imdad Soomro (11 February 2020). \"Sindh government willing to shift National Academy of Performing Arts\". The News International (newspaper). Retrieved 19 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/612299-sindh-govt-willing-to-shift-national-academy-of-performing-arts","url_text":"\"Sindh government willing to shift National Academy of Performing Arts\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hindu community wants their property returned\". The News International. 21 October 2008. Retrieved 17 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thenews.com.pk/archive/print/141062-hindu-community-wants-their-property-returned","url_text":"\"Hindu community wants their property returned\""}]},{"reference":"Imdad Soomro (11 February 2020). \"Sindh government willing to shift National Academy of Performing Arts\". The News International (newspaper). Retrieved 17 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/612299-sindh-govt-willing-to-shift-national-academy-of-performing-arts","url_text":"\"Sindh government willing to shift National Academy of Performing Arts\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://archnet.org/sites/3486","external_links_name":"Hindu Gymkhana on archnet.org website"},{"Link":"https://www.dawn.com/news/707739","external_links_name":"Hindu Gymkhana as archaeological site"},{"Link":"https://www.dawn.com/news/144726/karachi-construction-at-hindu-gymkhana","external_links_name":"\"KARACHI: Construction at Hindu Gymkhana\""},{"Link":"https://www.dawn.com/news/1176095","external_links_name":"\"8 to 1: Karachi's shrinking Hindu Gymkhana\""},{"Link":"https://www.dawn.com/news/1452397/sindh-govt-comes-under-fire-in-sc-for-failing-to-shift-napa-from-hindu-gymkhana","external_links_name":"\"Sindh govt comes under fire in SC for failing to shift Napa from Hindu Gymkhana\""},{"Link":"https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/612299-sindh-govt-willing-to-shift-national-academy-of-performing-arts","external_links_name":"\"Sindh government willing to shift National Academy of Performing Arts\""},{"Link":"https://www.thenews.com.pk/archive/print/141062-hindu-community-wants-their-property-returned","external_links_name":"\"Hindu community wants their property returned\""},{"Link":"https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/612299-sindh-govt-willing-to-shift-national-academy-of-performing-arts","external_links_name":"\"Sindh government willing to shift National Academy of Performing Arts\""},{"Link":"http://wikimapia.org/#lat=24.8523336&lon=67.0214403&z=18&l=0&m=a&v=2","external_links_name":"Location Hindu Gymkhana - Wikimapia"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hindu_Gymkhana,_Karachi&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterford,_Ireland | Waterford | ["1 History","1.1 References in Annals of Inisfallen","2 Politics","2.1 Local government","2.2 National politics","3 Geography","3.1 Harbour and port","3.2 Climate","3.3 Demographics","4 Culture","4.1 Arts","4.2 Events","4.3 Public buildings","4.4 Religion","5 Media","6 Places of interest","7 Economy","8 Transport","9 Education","9.1 Secondary schools","9.2 Further education","9.3 University","10 Sport","11 Notable people","12 See also","13 Notes","14 References","15 External links"] | Coordinates: 52°15′24″N 7°7′45″W / 52.25667°N 7.12917°W / 52.25667; -7.12917City in Munster, Ireland
This article is about the city in Ireland. For other uses, see Waterford (disambiguation).
City in Munster, IrelandWaterford
Port LáirgeCityFrom top, left to right: Waterford Marina, Holy Trinity Cathedral, Reginald's Tower, a piece of Waterford Crystal, Waterford City by night
Coat of armsNickname: The DéiseMotto(s): Latin: Urbs Intacta Manet Waterfordia"Waterford remains the untaken city"WaterfordLocation within IrelandShow map of IrelandWaterfordLocation within EuropeShow map of EuropeCoordinates: 52°15′24″N 7°7′45″W / 52.25667°N 7.12917°W / 52.25667; -7.12917CountryIrelandProvinceMunsterRegionSouthern (South-East)CountyWaterfordFounded914 ADCity Rights1215 ADGovernment • Local AuthorityWaterford City and County Council • MayorDamien Geoghegan (FG) • Local Electoral AreasTramore & Waterford City WestWaterford City EastWaterford City South • Dáil constituencyWaterford • European ParliamentSouthArea • City50.4 km2 (19.5 sq mi)Population (2022) • City60,079 • Rank5th • Density1,191.7/km2 (3,086/sq mi) • Metro82,963Demonym(s)Waterfordian, DéiseanTime zoneUTC±0 (WET) • Summer (DST)UTC+1 (IST)Eircode Routing KeyX91Telephone Area Code051(+353 51)Vehicle IndexMark CodeWWebsitewww.waterfordcouncil.ie
Waterford (Irish: Port Láirge ) is a city in County Waterford in the south-east of Ireland. It is located within the province of Munster. The city is situated at the head of Waterford Harbour. It is the oldest and the fifth most populous city in the Republic of Ireland. It is the ninth most populous settlement on the island of Ireland. According to the 2022 census, 60,079 people live in the city, with a wider metropolitan population of 82,963.
Historically the site of a Viking settlement, Waterford's medieval defensive walls and fortifications include the 13th or 14th century Reginald's Tower. The medieval city was attacked several times, and earned the motto Urbs Intacta Manet (the untaken city), after repelling one such 15th century siege. Waterford is known for its former glassmaking industry, including at the Waterford Crystal factory, with decorative glass being manufactured in the city from 1783 until early 2009 when the factory closed following the receivership of Waterford Wedgwood plc. The Waterford Crystal visitor centre was opened, in the city's Viking Quarter, in 2010 and resumed production under new ownership. As of the 21st century, Waterford is the county town of County Waterford and the local government authority is Waterford City and County Council.
History
Main article: History of Waterford
Waterford Quay at night
The name 'Waterford' comes from Old Norse Veðrafjǫrðr 'ram (wether) fjord'. The Irish name is Port Láirge, meaning "Lárag's port".
Viking raiders first established a settlement near Waterford in 853. It and all the other longphorts were vacated c. 902, the Vikings having been driven out by the native Irish. The Vikings re-established themselves in Ireland at Waterford in 914, led at first by Ottir Iarla (Jarl Ottar) until 917, and after that by Ragnall ua Ímair and the Uí Ímair dynasty, and built what would be Ireland's first city. Among the most prominent rulers of Waterford was Ivar of Waterford.
In 1167, Diarmait Mac Murchada, the deposed King of Leinster, failed in an attempt to take Waterford. He returned in 1170 with Cambro-Norman mercenaries under Richard de Clare, 2nd Earl of Pembroke (known as Strongbow); together they besieged and took the city after a desperate defence. In furtherance of the Norman invasion of Ireland, King Henry II of England landed at Waterford in 1171. Waterford and then Dublin were declared royal cities, with Dublin also declared the capital of Ireland.
Reginald's Tower, built after the Anglo-Norman invasion of Ireland on the site of an earlier fortification and retaining its Viking name, was one of the first in Ireland to use mortar in its construction.
Throughout the medieval period, Waterford was Ireland's second city after Dublin. In the 15th century, Waterford repelled sieges by two pretenders to the English throne: Lambert Simnel and Perkin Warbeck. As a result, King Henry VII gave the city its motto: Urbs Intacta Manet Waterfordia ("Waterford remains an untouched city").
After the Protestant Reformation, Waterford remained a Catholic city and participated in the confederation of Kilkenny – an independent Catholic government from 1642 to 1649. This was ended abruptly by Oliver Cromwell, who brought the country back under English rule; his son-in-law Henry Ireton finally took Waterford in 1650 after a two major sieges. In 1690, during the Williamite War, the Jacobite Irish Army was forced to surrender Waterford in the wake of the Battle of the Boyne.
The 18th century was a period of huge prosperity for Waterford. Many of the city's architecturally notable buildings appeared during this time. A permanent military presence was established in the city with the completion of the Cavalry Barracks at the end of the 18th century.
In the early 19th century, Waterford City was deemed vulnerable and the British government erected three Martello towers on the Hook Peninsula to reinforce the existing Fort at Duncannon. During the 19th century, industries such as glass making and ship building thrived in the city.
The city was represented in the Parliament of the United Kingdom from 1891 to 1918 by John Redmond MP, leader (from January 1900) of the Irish Parliamentary Party. Redmond, then leader of the pro-Parnell faction of the party, defeated David Sheehy in 1891. In 1911, Br. Jerome Foley, Br. Dunstan Drumm and Br. Leopold Loughran left Waterford for Malvern, Australia. Here, they founded a Catholic college which is still in existence today.
In July 1922, Waterford was the scene of fighting between Irish Free State and Irish Republican troops during the Irish Civil War.
References in Annals of Inisfallen
See Annals of Inisfallen (AI)
AI926.2 The fleet of Port Láirge over land, and they settled on Loch Gair.
AI927.2 A slaughter of the foreigners of Port Láirge at Cell Mo-Chellóc by the men of Mumu and by the foreigners of Luimnech.
AI984.2 A great naval expedition(?) by the sons of Aralt to Port Láirge, and they and the son of Cennétig exchanged hostages there as a guarantee of both together providing a hosting to attack Áth Cliath. The men of Mumu assembled and proceeded to Mairg Laigen, and the foreigners overcame the Uí Cheinnselaig and went by sea; and the men of Mumu, moreover, devastated Osraige in the same year, and its churches, and the churches of Laigin, and the fortifications of both were laid waste, and Gilla Pátraic, son of Donnchadh, was released.
AI1018.5 Death of Ragnall son of Ímar, king of Port Láirge.
AI1031.9 Cell Dara and Port Láirge were burned.
Politics
Local government
Following the Local Government Reform Act 2014, Waterford City and County Council is the local government authority for the city and county. The authority came into operation on 1 June 2014. Prior to this the city had its own local council, Waterford City Council. The new council is the result of a merger of Waterford City Council and Waterford County Council. The council has 32 representatives (councillors) who are elected from six local electoral areas. The city itself forms three of the electoral areas – which when combined form the Metropolitan District of Waterford City – and returns a total of 18 councillors to Waterford City and County Council. The office of the Mayor of Waterford was established in 1377. A mayor is elected by the councillors from the three electoral areas of the Metropolitan District of Waterford every year, and there is no limit to the number of terms an individual may serve. Mary O'Halloran, who was mayor from 2007 to 2008, was the first woman to hold the post.
National politics
For the elections to Dáil Éireann, the city is part of the 4-seat constituency of Waterford, which includes the city and county of Waterford. For elections to the European Parliament, the county is part of the South constituency.
Geography
Map of Waterford
Harbour and port
The city is situated at the head of Waterford Harbour (Loch Dá Chaoch or Cuan Phort Láirge). The River Suir, which flows through Waterford City, has provided a basis for the city's long maritime history. The place downriver from Waterford where the Nore and the Barrow join the River Suir is known in Irish as Cumar na dTrí Uisce ("The confluence of the three waters"). Waterford Port has been one of Ireland's major ports for over a millennium. In the 19th century, shipbuilding was a major industry. The owners of the Neptune Shipyard, the Malcomson family, built and operated the largest fleet of iron steamers in the world between the mid-1850s and the late 1860s, including five trans-Atlantic passenger liners.
Climate
The climate of Waterford is, like the rest of Ireland, classified as a maritime temperate climate (Cfb) according to the Köppen climate classification system. It is mild and changeable with abundant rainfall and a lack of temperature extremes. The counties in the Waterford area are often referred to as the 'Sunny Southeast'. The warmest months of the year are June, July and August with average daytime temperatures of around 17 – 22 degrees. Rainfall is evenly distributed year-round; however, the period from late October to late January is considerably wetter and duller than the rest of the year.
Climate data for Waterford (Tycor), elevation: 49 m or 161 ft, 1989–2019 normals, sunshine 1981-2010
Month
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Year
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)
9.1(48.4)
9.5(49.1)
11.2(52.2)
13.3(55.9)
16.3(61.3)
18.8(65.8)
20.9(69.6)
20.3(68.5)
18.1(64.6)
14.7(58.5)
11.4(52.5)
9.5(49.1)
14.4(58.0)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)
3.5(38.3)
3.2(37.8)
4.3(39.7)
5.6(42.1)
8.3(46.9)
10.7(51.3)
13.0(55.4)
12.4(54.3)
10.4(50.7)
8.2(46.8)
5.2(41.4)
3.9(39.0)
7.4(45.3)
Average precipitation mm (inches)
103.2(4.06)
72.9(2.87)
74.8(2.94)
71.8(2.83)
63.8(2.51)
71.6(2.82)
62.4(2.46)
78.5(3.09)
79.2(3.12)
116.3(4.58)
108.9(4.29)
108.6(4.28)
1,012(39.85)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1 mm)
14
11
11
10
10
9
9
10
10
14
13
16
137
Mean monthly sunshine hours
60.3
75.7
114.1
173.9
214.9
189.9
199.5
191.1
146.1
105.5
73.3
55.2
1,599.5
Source 1: Met Éireann
Source 2: KNMI
Demographics
With a 2022 population of 60,079 and a metropolitan area population of 82,963, Waterford is the fifth most populous city in the State and the 32nd most populous area of local government.
The population of Waterford grew from 1,555 in 1653 to around 28,000 in the early 19th century, declining to just over 20,000 at the end of the 19th, then rising steadily to over 40,000 during the 20th century.
Culture
Scotch Quay
Arts
Theatre companies in Waterford include the Red Kettle, Spraoi and Waterford Youth Arts companies. Red Kettle is a professional theatre company, founded by Waterford playwright Jim Nolan, that regularly performs in Garter Lane Theatre. Spraoi is a street theatre company based in Waterford. It produces the Spraoi festival and has participated regularly in the Waterford and Dublin St. Patrick's day parades. In January 2005 the company staged "Awakening", a production which marked the opening of the Cork 2005 European Capital of Culture program. Waterford Youth Arts (WYA), formerly known as Waterford Youth Drama, was established in August 1985. The Theatre Royal Waterford dates back to 1785.
There are three public libraries in the city, all operated by Waterford City Council: Central Library, in Lady Lane; Ardkeen Library, in the Ardkeen shopping centre on Dunmore Road; and Brown's Road Library, on Paddy Brown's Road. Central Library, or Waterford City Library, opened in 1905. It was the first of many Irish libraries funded by businessman Andrew Carnegie and renovated in 2004 for its centenary.
Waterford Film For All (WFFA) is a non-profit film society, operating primarily from the Waterford Institute of Technology (WIT) campus, whose aim is to offer an alternative to the cineplex experience in Waterford.
The Waterford Collection of Art, formerly known as the Waterford Municipal Art Collection, is one of the oldest municipal collections of art in Ireland. Originally founded as the Waterford Art Museum in 1939, the collection now comprises over 500 works of art including works by: Paul Henry, Jack B. Yeats, Mainie Jellett, Louis Le Brocquy, Letitia Hamilton, Dermod O’Brien, Evie Hone, Mary Swanzy, Charles Lamb, Hilda Roberts, Seán Keating, and George Russell (aka. AE).
Greyfriars Church, a disused Methodist church, was purchased by Waterford Corporation in 1988 and refurbished into a museum and gallery.
Events
Tall Ships lined up on the quays in Waterford for the festival
The Waterford Film Festival was established in 2007, celebrating its tenth year in 2016.
Waterford Music Fest, launched in 2011, is an outdoor, one-day music event which takes place in the city during the summer. In 2011, Waterford Music Fest was headlined by 50 Cent, Flo Rida and G-Unit and was attended by over 10,000 people.
Spraoi festival, (pronounced 'Spree') organised by the Spraoi Theatre Company, is a street art festival which takes place in the city centre on the August Bank Holiday Weekend. Previous events have attracted audiences in excess of 80,000 people to the city.
Waterford International Festival of Light Opera is an annual event that has been held in the Theatre Royal since 1959. Also known as the Waterford International Festival of Music, it takes place in November.
Waterford hosted the Tall Ships Festival in 2005 and 2011. The 2005 festival attracted in the region of 450,000 people to the city.
St. Patrick's Day parade takes place annually on 17 March.
Arts festivals which take place in the city include the Imagine Arts Festival in October and The Fringe Arts Festival in September.
Waterford Winterval an annual Christmas festival held in the city centre.
Waterford Walls is an event celebrating street art annually each August since 2014. Street artists both domestic and international are invited to the city to practise and display their craft.
Public buildings
Waterford Museum of Treasures, forming the hub of the Viking Triangle, previously housed in the Granary on Merchant's Quay, is now accommodated in two museums on the Mall. The first is housed in the 19th-century Bishop's Palace, on the Mall, which holds items from 1700 to 1970. This was opened in June 2011. The second museum is located next to Bishop's Palace displaying the Medieval history of the city as well as the Chorister's Hall.
Reginald's Tower, the oldest urban civic building in the country and the oldest monument to retain its Viking name, is situated on the Quays/The Mall, in Waterford. It has performed numerous functions over the years and today is a civic museum.
A museum at Mount Sion (Barrack Street) is dedicated to the story of Brother Edmund Ignatius Rice and the history of the Christian Brothers and Presentation Brothers. Along with the museum, there is a café and a new chapel. The new museum was designed by Janvs Design
Waterford Gallery of Art, the home of the Waterford Art Collection, is located at 31-32 O’Connell Street. This former bank building was built in 1845 and now serves as a facility comprising galleries, outreach spaces, offices, and meeting and workshop rooms. The building was designed by the Waterford-born architect Thomas Jackson (1807 - 1890). Architecturally, this classical style bank building retains many of its original features and has fine cut-stone detailing throughout, including at the main entrance, stairs and first-floor fireplace.
The Theatre Royal on The Mall, was built in 1876, as part of a remodelled section of City Hall. It is a U-shaped, Victorian theatre, seating about 600 people.
Garter Lane Arts Centre is housed in two conserved 18th-century buildings on O'Connell Street. Garter Lane Gallery, the 18th-century townhouse of Samuel Barker contains the gallery and the Bausch & Lomb Dance Studio, and Garter Lane Theatre is based in the Quaker Meeting House, built in 1792. The theatre was renovated and restored in 2006 and now contains a 164-seat auditorium.
St. John's College, Waterford was a Catholic seminary founded in 1807 for the diocese, in the 1830s the college established a mission to Newfoundland in Canada. It closed as a seminary in 1999 and in 2007 much of its building and lands were sold to the Respond! Housing Association.
Religion
Christ Church CathedralCathedral of the Most Holy Trinity
Christian churches in Waterford include the Catholic Cathedral of the Most Holy Trinity, the former Franciscan friary of French Church, St Saviour's (Dominican) Church and Priory on Bridge Street, and St Patrick's Catholic Church on Jenkin's Lane, which is one of the earliest surviving post-Reformation churches in Ireland. Church of Ireland places of worship include Christ Church Cathedral and Saint Olave's Church on Peter Street (a Medieval church). Methodist churches include St Patrick’s Methodist Church and Waterford Methodist Church.
Other Christian denominations include Waterford Baptist Church, Anchor Baptist Church, the Waterford Quaker Meeting House (Newtown Road), and the Russian Orthodox Parish of St Patrick.
Media
RTÉs southeastern studio is in the city.
Waterford Local Radio (WLR FM) is available on 94.8FM on the Coast, 95.1FM in the County and on 97.5FM in Waterford City. WLR FM is Waterford's local radio station. Beat 102 103 is a regional youth radio station broadcasting across the South East of Ireland, it is based in Ardkeen, along with sister station WLR FM.
The Waterford News & Star is based on Gladstone Street in Waterford City. It covers Waterford city and county. It is now published in tabloid format.
The Munster Express has its office on the Quay in Waterford City and covers stories from across the city and county. It switched to tabloid format in 2011.
Local free sheets include the Waterford Mail (which comes out on Thursdays and has an office on O'Connell Street) and Waterford Today (an advertising-supported free newspaper which is published on Wednesdays and has an office on Mayors Walk).
Places of interest
Reginald's Tower
The city of Waterford consists of several cultural quarters, the oldest of which is known as Viking Triangle. This is the part of the city surrounded by the original tenth-century fortifications and is triangular in shape, with its apex at Reginald's Tower. Though once the site of a thriving Viking settlement, the city centre subsequently shifted to the west, and it is now a quieter area with narrow streets, medieval architecture, and civic spaces.
In the 15th century, the city was enlarged with the building of an outer wall on the west side. Today Waterford retains more of its city walls than any other city in Ireland with the exception of Derry, whose walls were built much later. Tours of Waterford's city walls are conducted daily.
The Quay, once termed by historian Mark Girouard as 'the noblest quay in Europe', is a mile long from Grattan Quay to Adelphi Quay, though Adelphi Quay is now a residential area. Near Reginald's Tower is the William Vincent Wallace Plaza, a monument and amenity built around the time of the millennium that commemorates the Waterford-born composer.
John Roberts Square is a pedestrianised area that is one of the focal points of Waterford's modern-day commercial centre. It was named after the Waterford architect, John Roberts, and was formed from the junction of Barronstrand Street, Broad Street and George's Street. It is often referred to locally as Red Square, due to the red paving that was used when the area was first pedestrianised. A short distance to the east of John Roberts Square is Arundel Square, which the City Square shopping centre opens onto.
Ballybricken, in the west, just outside the city walls, is thought to have been Waterford's Irishtown, a type of settlement that often formed outside Irish cities to house the Vikings and Irish that had been expelled during the Norman invasion of Ireland. Modern street names in the area reflect the fact that the area was where inhabitants of the medieval city practised archery. Ballybricken is an inner-city neighbourhood centred around Ballybricken hill, which was a large, open market-square. Today it has been converted into a green, civic space, but the Bull Post, where livestock was once bought and sold, still stands as a remnant of the hill's past.
Cathedral of the Most Holy Trinity on Barronstrand Street
The Mall is a Georgian thoroughfare, built by the Wide Streets Commission to extend the city southwards. It contains some of the city's finest Georgian architecture. The People's Park, Waterford's largest park, is located nearby.
Once a historic market area, the city's Apple Market district is known for its nightlife culture and includes a number of bars, restaurants and nightclubs. Investment in the mid-2010s saw a portion of the area pedestrianised and the installation of a large outdoor roofing section.
Ferrybank, in County Waterford, is Waterford's only suburb north of the river. It contains a village centre of its own.
In April 2003, a site combining a fifth-century Iron Age and ninth-century Viking settlement was discovered at Woodstown near the city, which appears to have been a Viking town that predates all such settlements in Ireland.
Waterford is known for Waterford Crystal, a legacy of the city's former glass-making industry. Glass, or crystal, was manufactured in the city from 1783 until early 2009 when the factory there was shut down after the receivership of Waterford Wedgwood plc. A new Waterford Crystal visitor centre in the Viking Quarter, under new owners, opened in June 2010, after the intervention of Waterford City Council and Waterford Chamber of Commerce, and resumed production.
Waterford's oldest public house (pub) is located outside the old 'Viking Triangle'. T & H Doolan's, of 31/32 George's Street, has acted as a licensed premises since the 18th century but the premises is believed to be closer to five hundred years in age. The pub's structure includes one of the original city walls, almost 1,000 years old, which can be viewed in the lounge area of the building.
Economy
Waterford is the main city of Ireland's South-East Region. Historically Waterford was an important trading port which brought much prosperity to the city throughout the city's eventful history. Throughout its history, Waterford Crystal provided employment to thousands in the city and surrounding areas.
Waterford Port is Ireland's closest deep-water port to mainland Europe, handling approximately 12% of Ireland's external trade by value. Waterford's most famous export, Waterford Crystal, was manufactured in the city from 1783 to 2009 and again from 2010 to the present day. Places, where Waterford Crystal can be seen, include New York City, where Waterford Crystal made the 2,668 crystals for the New Year's Eve Ball that is dropped each year in Times Square; Westminster Abbey; Windsor Castle; and the Kennedy Center (Washington, DC).
Agriculture played an important part in Waterford's economic history. Kilmeadan, about 5 km from the city, was home to a very successful co-operative. The farmers of the area benefited from the sale of their produce (mostly butter and milk) to the co-op. In 1964, all of the co-ops in Waterford amalgamated to become Waterford Co-op. This led to the construction of a cheese factory on a greenfield site opposite the general store, and Kilmeadan cheese was to become one of the most recognised and successful Cheddar brands in the world, winning gold and bronze medals in the World Cheese Awards in London in 2005.
The Irish economic recession from 2008 onwards has had a major negative impact on Waterford's economy. A number of multinational companies have closed, including Waterford Crystal (which subsequently reopened) and Talk Talk, which has led to a high level of unemployment. Until 2013 the hedge fund office of the Citibank resided here.
Waterford Co-op and Avonmore Co-op have merged to form Glanbia plc.
Transport
Main article: Transport in Waterford
The M9 motorway, which was completed on 9 September 2010, connects the city to Dublin. The N24 road connects the city to Limerick city. The N25 road connects the city to Cork city. The route traverses the River Suir via the River Suir Bridge. This cable-stayed bridge is the longest single bridge span in Ireland at 230m. The route continues eastwards to Rosslare Harbour.
Waterford railway station is the only railway station in the county of Waterford. It is operated by Iarnród Éireann and provides 8 daily return services to Dublin and a Monday–Saturday Intercity service to Limerick Junction via Clonmel with onward connections to Limerick, Ennis, Athenry, Galway, Cork, Killarney, and Tralee. The line between Waterford and Rosslare Harbour ceased passenger services in 2010 and was replaced by Bus Éireann route 370. The station is directly connected to Waterford Port (Belview). A freight yard is located at the Dublin/Limerick end of the station, served by freight traffic such as cargo freight and timber which travel to and from Dublin Port and Ballina. In November 2016 it was revealed the Waterford could lose its connection to Limerick Junction by 2018 with the closure of the Limerick Junction Waterford line by CIE/IE to save money as the line is low demand. On 29 May 2018 the contract held by DFDS for a freight service from Ballina to Belview Port expired and was not renewed. In 2021 a new Ballina to Waterford (Belview) by Iarnród Éireann and XPO Logistics, (this is in addition to the wood pulp service from Ballina and Westport).
Bus Éireann, JJ Kavanagh and Sons, Dublin Coach, and Wexford Bus provide bus services around the city centre and to other towns and cities in Ireland. A daily coach service to England via South Wales and terminating at Victoria Coach Station, London is operated by Eurolines. All regional bus services depart from Waterford Bus Station on the quay, and city centre services run throughout the city. Planning for bus lanes in the city centre are at an early stage and bus lanes will be on Parnell Street, Manor Street, The Mall, and the South Quays. A bus lane will be in each direction. On street parking will be removed from Parnell Street to facilitate the lanes. This is part of the city centre green plan.
The Waterford Greenway is Ireland's longest greenway, and connects the city with Mount Congreve, Kilmeaden, Kilmacthomas, and Dungarvan.
Waterford Airport is located 9 km outside the city centre. Waterford was the "starting point" of one of the largest airlines by scheduled international passengers, Ryanair, which operated its first flight on a 14-seat Embraer Bandeirante turboprop aircraft, between Waterford and Gatwick Airport.
Education
The city is served by 21 primary schools, nine secondary schools, a further education college and a university.
Secondary schools
There are several secondary schools in the area. Mount Sion Secondary and Primary School, located at Barrack Street, were founded by Edmund Ignatius Rice. Newtown School is a Quaker co-educational boarding school. Waterpark College was established in 1892 on the banks of the River Suir as Waterford's first classical school. It still provides a secondary education and has recently become a co-educational school. De La Salle College, a secondary school with 1,200 students and over 90 staff, is the biggest all-boys school in the county. Founded by the De La Salle brothers in 1892, it is a Catholic school for boys. Today its large staff is made up of a mixture of Brothers and lay teachers. St. Angela's Secondary School is a Catholic all-girls school with approximately 970 students enrolled as of 2023.
South East Technological University, Waterford campus
Further education
Waterford College of Further Education previously called the Central Technical Institute (CTI), is a Post Leaving Certificate institute located on Parnell Street, Waterford city. It was founded in 1906 and thus celebrated its centenary in 2005.
University
South East Technological University - the Waterford campus of the university is located in the city. This was established in 2022 from a merger of Waterford Institute of Technology and Institute of Technology, Carlow.
Sport
Waterford Boat Club, c.1915
Waterford Boat Club is the oldest active sports club in Waterford, established in 1878. Located on Scotch Quay, the club competes in the Irish Rowing Championships. In 2009, several Waterford rowers were selected to row for Ireland.
There are three athletics clubs: West Waterford AC, Waterford Athletic Club and Ferrybank Athletic Club. The Waterford Viking Marathon is held in June. St. Anne's Waterford Lawn Tennis Club, established in 1954, is the result of the amalgamation of Waterford Lawn Tennis Club and St. Anne's Lawn Tennis Club. It has nine courts to cater for social and competitive players in all age groups.
Waterford is home to several association football clubs, including Waterford FC, Benfica W.S.C. and Johnville F.C. Waterford F.C. is a member of the League of Ireland. Notable Waterford footballers include Davy Walsh, Paddy Coad, Jim Beglin, Alfie Hale, Eddie Nolan, John O'Shea and Daryl Murphy. John Delaney, chief executive of the Football Association of Ireland, is originally from Waterford.
There are two rugby union clubs in Waterford City: Waterford City R.F.C. and Waterpark R.F.C.
Other team sports include Gaelic Athletic Association with clubs such as Mount Sion GAA, Erin's Own GAA, De La Salle GAA, Roanmore GAA, Ferrybank GAA and Ballygunner GAA; cricket is represented by Waterford District Cricket Club, who are based in Carriganore and compete in the Munster Cricket Union; there are two inline hockey clubs, Waterford Shadows HC and Waterford Vikings, both of which compete in the Irish Inline Hockey League; and American football is played by Waterford Wolves, based at the Waterford Regional Sports Centre, and is the only American football club in Waterford.
Notable people
Main article: List of people from Waterford
Arts
Marie Bonaparte-Wyse (1831–1902), French poet
Brendan Bowyer (1938–2020) showband singer
Charles Clagget (c.1740–c.1820), composer and inventor
Frances Emilia Crofton (1822–1910), an artist born in Waterford
Val Doonican (1927–2015), singer and TV presenter
Seán Dunne (1956–1995), poet
Richard Harry Graves (1897–1971), Irish-born Australian writer
Megan Nolan (born 1990), Irish journalist and author
Gilbert O'Sullivan (born 1946), singer-songwriter
Mario Rosenstock (born 1971), comedian and musician
Louis Stewart (guitarist) (1944–2016), jazz guitarist
Luke Wadding (1588–1657), Franciscan friar, author and historian
William Vincent Wallace (1812–1865), composer
Politics
William Hobson (1792–1842), Irish-born New Zealand politician and writer
Thomas Meagher (1796–1874), politician and businessman
Thomas Francis Meagher (1823–1867), politician and soldier
Richard Mulcahy (1886–1971), soldier and politician
Thomas Wyse (1791–1862), politician and diplomat
Sport
Jim Beglin (born 1963), association footballer
John Keane (1917–1975), hurler
Sean Kelly (born 1956), cyclist
John O'Shea (born 1981), association footballer
Paul Flynn (born 1974), hurler
Craig Breen (1990–2023), rally driver
Military
John Condon (c 1896–1915), soldier
Edmund Fowler (1861–1926), soldier, recipient of the Victoria Cross
Patrick Mahoney (1827–1857), soldier, recipient of the Victoria Cross
Other
Marguerite Moore (1849–1933), orator and activist
Harry Power (1819–1891), Australian bushranger
See also
Ireland portal
Blaa – A doughy, white bread roll particular to Waterford City.
John's River – A river that runs through Waterford City.
Little Island – An island within Waterford City.
The Three Sisters: The River Barrow, River Nore and River Suir
List of twin towns and sister cities in the Republic of Ireland
Notes
^ From Old Norse Veðrafjǫrðr , meaning "ram (wether) fjord".
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^ Anchor Baptist Church, Waterford
^ Waterford Quakers
^ Halpin, Andrew (2021). "The Long and the short of it: the untold story of Waterford's medieval archery butts". Archaeology Ireland. 35: 30–35.
^ Bradley, H.F. (1992). "The topographical development of Scandinavian and Anglo-Norman Waterford". Waterford History and Society: 105–29.
^ "Waterford's Apple Market transformed into contemporary urban quarter". Archived from the original on 24 August 2021. Retrieved 24 August 2021.
^ 9th Century Settlement found at Woodstown Archived 18 December 2014 at the Wayback Machine – vikingwaterford.com
^ "Waterford Crystal closed amid crippling debts". Usatoday.com. Archived from the original on 23 June 2012. Retrieved 1 October 2017.
^ "Waterford Crystal visitor centre opens". Irish Times. 6 June 2010. Archived from the original on 23 October 2012.
^ "Strategy for Economic, Social and Cultural Development of Waterford City 2002-2012" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 August 2014. Retrieved 8 September 2012.
^ Beeson, Trevor (2002). Priests And Prelates: The Daily Telegraph Clerical Obituaries. London: Continuum Books. pp. 4–5; ISBN 0-8264-6337-1
^ Morris, Shirley (April 2007). Interior Decoration – A Complete Course. Global Media. pg. 105; ISBN 81-89940-65-1
^ Finn, Christina. "50 jobs lost as Citi Bank announce Waterford office closure". Thejournal.ie. Archived from the original on 2 October 2017. Retrieved 1 October 2017.
^ Murphy, William (2014). 21st Century Business Revised Edition. Dublin: CJ Fallon. p. 437. ISBN 978-0-7144-1923-7.
^ Irish Motorway Info. "M9 Motorway". irishmotorwayinfo.com. Archived from the original on 21 July 2015. Retrieved 12 January 2015.
^ "04 - Dublin Waterford" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 August 2013. Retrieved 22 August 2013.
^ "12 - Waterford Limerick" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 August 2013. Retrieved 22 August 2013.
^ "Rail Review 2016 REPORT" (PDF). Nationaltransport.ie. Archived (PDF) from the original on 17 September 2017. Retrieved 1 October 2017.
^ Tiernan, Damien (28 May 2018). "Waterford port freight train contract ceases". RTÉ News and Current Affairs. Archived from the original on 29 May 2018. Retrieved 29 May 2018.
^ NEW BELVIEW-BALLINA RAIL FREIGHT SERVICE ROLLS OUT Waterford News, September 29, 2021.
^ Fodor (29 March 2011). Fodor's Dublin and Southeastern Ireland. Fodor's Travel. p. 286. ISBN 9780307928283. Archived from the original on 24 September 2021. Retrieved 2 June 2020.
^ Fodor (2019). Fodor's Essential Ireland 2019. Fodor's Travel Guides. p. 281. ISBN 9781640970571. Archived from the original on 24 September 2021. Retrieved 2 June 2020.
^ "Kerry Airport". buseireann.ie. Archived from the original on 17 June 2017.
^ "Waterford Today". Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 13 January 2019.
^ "Ireland's longest greenway opens in Waterford". RTÉ News. 25 March 2017. Archived from the original on 26 March 2017.
^ "Tony Ryan Obituary". Airlineworld.wordpress.com. 4 October 2007. Archived from the original on 12 August 2011.
^ Primary Schools in Waterford City Archived 19 November 2007 at the Wayback Machine – Education Ireland
^ Secondary Schools in Waterford City Archived 19 November 2007 at the Wayback Machine – Education Ireland
^ "Mount Sion School Waterford Ireland". mountsion.ie. Archived from the original on 8 July 2012. Retrieved 1 October 2011.
^ "De La Salle College Waterford". delasallewaterford.com. Archived from the original on 22 December 2008.
^ "Directory Page - St Angela's Secondary School". gov.ie. Department of Education. 4 November 2023. Retrieved 5 November 2023.
^ "Welcome to Waterford College of Further Education". wcfe.ie. Archived from the original on 13 March 2007.
^ Simon Harris TD (2 November 2021). "After years of debate and discussion, hard work by so many, today we announce a Technological University for the South East. This is a major moment for access to higher education in the region & transformational for future generations" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
^ Heaney, Steven (2 November 2021). "Merger of Waterford and Carlow ITs into Technological University for South-East confirmed". IrishExaminer.com.
^ "Waterfordboatclub.net". Archived from the original on 17 January 2015.
^ "Irish Rowing Championships". rowingireland.ie. Archived from the original on 18 December 2014.
^ "Waterford Viking Marathon 2015, Saturday June 27th". waterfordvikingmarathon.com. Archived from the original on 2 January 2014.
^ "St Anne's Tennis Club :: Home". www.stannestennis.com. Archived from the original on 26 March 2018. Retrieved 2 May 2018.
^ "Waterford City Rugby Club". facebook.com. Archived from the original on 6 May 2017.
^ "Waterpark Rugby Football Club". waterparkrfc.com. Archived from the original on 18 December 2014.
^ "Ireland Grounds". cricketarchive.com. Retrieved 28 August 2023.
^ "Going Home: Brendan Bowyer Is Laid To Rest In His Beloved Waterford". waterford-news.ie. 9 August 2022.
^ "Clagget (Claget), Charles". dib.ie. October 2009. doi:10.3318/dib.001670.v1.
^ Colin Larkin (2011), "Doonican, Val", The Encyclopedia of Popular Music, p. 756, ISBN 9780857125958
^ "Dunne, Seán Christopher". dib.ie. 2009. doi:10.3318/dib.002862.v1.
^ "Hugely successful Waterford novelist Megan Nolan returns to Waterford". wlrfm.com. August 2023.
^ "Biography by Jason Ankeny". Allmusic.com. Retrieved 5 March 2009.
^ Colin Larkin, ed. (1992). The Guinness Who's Who of Jazz (First ed.). Guinness Publishing. p. 376. ISBN 0-85112-580-8.
^ Macgee, T.D. (1857). Gallery of Irish Writers: The Irish Writers of the Seventeenth Century. J. Duffy. pp. 90–102.
^ Percival Serle, ed. (1949). "Wallace, William Vincent". Dictionary of Australian Biography. Angus and Robertson.
^ Serle, Percival (1949). "Hobson, William". Dictionary of Australian Biography. Sydney: Angus & Robertson. Retrieved 8 April 2019.
^ "Meagher, Thomas". Dictionary of Canadian Biography (online ed.). University of Toronto Press. 1979–2016.
^ Lyons, W.F. (1870). Brigadier-General Thomas Francis Meagher—His Political and Military Career. D. & J. Sadlier & Company. p. 10.
^ "Mulcahy, Richard". Dictionary of Irish Biography. 2009. doi:10.3318/dib.006029.v2.
^ Webb, Alfred (1878). "Wyse, Sir Thomas" . A Compendium of Irish Biography. Dublin: M. H. Gill & son.
^ "Jim Beglin – one of Waterford's favourite football sons". waterford-news.ie. 2020.
^ "Waterford's John O'Shea departs club role to focus on Republic of Ireland". waterfordlive.ie. 12 May 2023.
^ "Waterford All Time Greats: Profile #14 Marguerite Moore". waterfordlive.ie. Retrieved 18 August 2023.
External links
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vteWaterford
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vteCities in IrelandRepublic of IrelandCity Councils
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vteLargest urban areas in the Republic of Ireland by population
Dublin : 1,263,219
Cork : 222,526
Limerick : 102,287
Galway : 85,910
Waterford : 60,079
Drogheda: 44,135
Dundalk: 43,112
Swords: 40,776
Navan: 33,886
Bray: 33,512
Ennis: 27,923
Carlow: 27,351
Kilkenny: 27,184
Naas: 26,180
Tralee: 26,079
Newbridge: 24,366
Balbriggan: 24,322
Portlaoise: 23,494
Athlone: 22,869
Mullingar: 22,667
Italics denote settlements with city status
vteBaronies of County Waterford
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MusicBrainz area | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Waterford (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterford_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Irish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_language"},{"link_name":"[pˠɔɾˠt̪ˠ ˈl̪ˠaːɾʲ(ə)ɟə]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Irish"},{"link_name":"city","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_status_in_Ireland"},{"link_name":"County Waterford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Waterford"},{"link_name":"south-east","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South-East_Region,_Ireland"},{"link_name":"province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provinces_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Munster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munster"},{"link_name":"Waterford Harbour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterford_Harbour"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-w-chamber-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-waterfordcity-4"},{"link_name":"fifth most populous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_urban_areas_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"ninth most populous settlement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_settlements_on_the_island_of_Ireland_by_population"},{"link_name":"2022 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_census_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cso2022-1"},{"link_name":"Reginald's Tower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reginald%27s_Tower"},{"link_name":"Waterford Crystal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterford_Crystal"},{"link_name":"Waterford Wedgwood plc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterford_Wedgwood"},{"link_name":"county town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_town"},{"link_name":"Waterford City and County Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterford_City_and_County_Council"}],"text":"City in Munster, IrelandThis article is about the city in Ireland. For other uses, see Waterford (disambiguation).City in Munster, IrelandWaterford[a] (Irish: Port Láirge [pˠɔɾˠt̪ˠ ˈl̪ˠaːɾʲ(ə)ɟə]) is a city in County Waterford in the south-east of Ireland. It is located within the province of Munster. The city is situated at the head of Waterford Harbour. It is the oldest[2][3] and the fifth most populous city in the Republic of Ireland. It is the ninth most populous settlement on the island of Ireland. According to the 2022 census, 60,079 people live in the city,[1] with a wider metropolitan population of 82,963.Historically the site of a Viking settlement, Waterford's medieval defensive walls and fortifications include the 13th or 14th century Reginald's Tower. The medieval city was attacked several times, and earned the motto Urbs Intacta Manet (the untaken city), after repelling one such 15th century siege. Waterford is known for its former glassmaking industry, including at the Waterford Crystal factory, with decorative glass being manufactured in the city from 1783 until early 2009 when the factory closed following the receivership of Waterford Wedgwood plc. The Waterford Crystal visitor centre was opened, in the city's Viking Quarter, in 2010 and resumed production under new ownership. As of the 21st century, Waterford is the county town of County Waterford and the local government authority is Waterford City and County Council.","title":"Waterford"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Waterford_city_at_night_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1034017.jpg"},{"link_name":"Old Norse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Norse_language"},{"link_name":"ram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheep"},{"link_name":"fjord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fjord"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McEneaney-5"},{"link_name":"Viking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viking"},{"link_name":"longphorts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longphort"},{"link_name":"Ottir Iarla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottir_Iarla"},{"link_name":"Ragnall ua Ímair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ragnall_ua_%C3%8Dmair"},{"link_name":"Uí Ímair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U%C3%AD_%C3%8Dmair"},{"link_name":"rulers of Waterford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rulers_of_Waterford"},{"link_name":"Ivar of Waterford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivar_of_Waterford"},{"link_name":"Diarmait Mac Murchada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diarmait_Mac_Murchada"},{"link_name":"King of Leinster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kings_of_Leinster"},{"link_name":"Cambro-Norman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambro-Norman"},{"link_name":"Richard de Clare, 2nd Earl of Pembroke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_de_Clare,_2nd_Earl_of_Pembroke"},{"link_name":"Norman invasion of Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_invasion_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Henry II of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_II_of_England"},{"link_name":"Dublin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin"},{"link_name":"Reginald's Tower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reginald%27s_Tower"},{"link_name":"Anglo-Norman invasion of Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Norman_invasion_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Lambert Simnel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lambert_Simnel"},{"link_name":"Perkin Warbeck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perkin_Warbeck"},{"link_name":"Henry VII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_VII_of_England"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-waterfordcity-4"},{"link_name":"Catholic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic"},{"link_name":"confederation of Kilkenny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederate_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Oliver Cromwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Cromwell"},{"link_name":"brought the country back under English rule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cromwellian_conquest_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Henry Ireton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Ireton"},{"link_name":"two major sieges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Waterford"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NewHistory-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Williamite War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Williamite_War"},{"link_name":"Jacobite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacobitism"},{"link_name":"Irish Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Army_(Kingdom_of_Ireland)"},{"link_name":"forced to surrender Waterford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capture_of_Waterford"},{"link_name":"Battle of the Boyne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Boyne"},{"link_name":"Cavalry Barracks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterford_Barracks"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Martello towers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martello_tower"},{"link_name":"Duncannon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duncannon"},{"link_name":"Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palace_of_Westminster"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland"},{"link_name":"John Redmond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Redmond"},{"link_name":"MP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"Irish Parliamentary Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Parliamentary_Party"},{"link_name":"pro-Parnell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Stuart_Parnell"},{"link_name":"David Sheehy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Sheehy"},{"link_name":"Malvern, Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malvern,_Victoria"},{"link_name":"a Catholic college","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_La_Salle_College_Malvern"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Irish Free State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Free_State"},{"link_name":"Irish Republican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Republican"},{"link_name":"Irish Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Civil_War"}],"text":"Waterford Quay at nightThe name 'Waterford' comes from Old Norse Veðrafjǫrðr 'ram (wether) fjord'. The Irish name is Port Láirge, meaning \"Lárag's port\".[4]Viking raiders first established a settlement near Waterford in 853. It and all the other longphorts were vacated c. 902, the Vikings having been driven out by the native Irish. The Vikings re-established themselves in Ireland at Waterford in 914, led at first by Ottir Iarla (Jarl Ottar) until 917, and after that by Ragnall ua Ímair and the Uí Ímair dynasty, and built what would be Ireland's first city. Among the most prominent rulers of Waterford was Ivar of Waterford.In 1167, Diarmait Mac Murchada, the deposed King of Leinster, failed in an attempt to take Waterford. He returned in 1170 with Cambro-Norman mercenaries under Richard de Clare, 2nd Earl of Pembroke (known as Strongbow); together they besieged and took the city after a desperate defence. In furtherance of the Norman invasion of Ireland, King Henry II of England landed at Waterford in 1171. Waterford and then Dublin were declared royal cities, with Dublin also declared the capital of Ireland.Reginald's Tower, built after the Anglo-Norman invasion of Ireland on the site of an earlier fortification and retaining its Viking name, was one of the first in Ireland to use mortar in its construction.Throughout the medieval period, Waterford was Ireland's second city after Dublin. In the 15th century, Waterford repelled sieges by two pretenders to the English throne: Lambert Simnel and Perkin Warbeck. As a result, King Henry VII gave the city its motto: Urbs Intacta Manet Waterfordia (\"Waterford remains an untouched city\").[3]After the Protestant Reformation, Waterford remained a Catholic city and participated in the confederation of Kilkenny – an independent Catholic government from 1642 to 1649. This was ended abruptly by Oliver Cromwell, who brought the country back under English rule; his son-in-law Henry Ireton finally took Waterford in 1650 after a two major sieges.[5][6] In 1690, during the Williamite War, the Jacobite Irish Army was forced to surrender Waterford in the wake of the Battle of the Boyne.The 18th century was a period of huge prosperity for Waterford. Many of the city's architecturally notable buildings appeared during this time. A permanent military presence was established in the city with the completion of the Cavalry Barracks at the end of the 18th century.[7]In the early 19th century, Waterford City was deemed vulnerable and the British government erected three Martello towers on the Hook Peninsula to reinforce the existing Fort at Duncannon. During the 19th century, industries such as glass making and ship building thrived in the city.The city was represented in the Parliament of the United Kingdom from 1891 to 1918 by John Redmond MP, leader (from January 1900) of the Irish Parliamentary Party. Redmond, then leader of the pro-Parnell faction of the party, defeated David Sheehy in 1891. In 1911, Br. Jerome Foley, Br. Dunstan Drumm and Br. Leopold Loughran left Waterford for Malvern, Australia. Here, they founded a Catholic college which is still in existence today.[8]In July 1922, Waterford was the scene of fighting between Irish Free State and Irish Republican troops during the Irish Civil War.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Annals of Inisfallen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annals_of_Inisfallen"},{"link_name":"Loch Gair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lough_Gur"},{"link_name":"Mumu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munster"},{"link_name":"Luimnech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limerick"},{"link_name":"Aralt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivar_of_Limerick"},{"link_name":"son of Cennétig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Boru"},{"link_name":"Áth Cliath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin"},{"link_name":"Mumu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munster"},{"link_name":"Uí Cheinnselaig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U%C3%AD_Ceinnselaig"},{"link_name":"Osraige","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Osraige"},{"link_name":"Laigin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leinster"},{"link_name":"Ragnall son of Ímar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Waterford"},{"link_name":"Cell Dara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kildare"}],"sub_title":"References in Annals of Inisfallen","text":"See Annals of Inisfallen (AI)AI926.2 The fleet of Port Láirge [came] over land, and they settled on Loch Gair.\nAI927.2 A slaughter of the foreigners of Port Láirge [was inflicted] at Cell Mo-Chellóc by the men of Mumu and by the foreigners of Luimnech.\nAI984.2 A great naval expedition(?) by the sons of Aralt to Port Láirge, and they and the son of Cennétig exchanged hostages there as a guarantee of both together providing a hosting to attack Áth Cliath. The men of Mumu assembled and proceeded to Mairg Laigen, and the foreigners overcame the Uí Cheinnselaig and went by sea; and the men of Mumu, moreover, devastated Osraige in the same year, and its churches, and the churches of Laigin, and the fortifications of both were laid waste, and Gilla Pátraic, son of Donnchadh, was released.\nAI1018.5 Death of Ragnall son of Ímar, king of Port Láirge.\nAI1031.9 Cell Dara and Port Láirge were burned.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Politics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Local Government Reform Act 2014","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_Government_Reform_Act_2014"},{"link_name":"Waterford City and County Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterford_City_and_County_Council"},{"link_name":"Waterford City Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterford_City_Council"},{"link_name":"Waterford County Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterford_County_Council"},{"link_name":"local electoral areas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_electoral_area"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Mayor of Waterford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Waterford"}],"sub_title":"Local government","text":"Following the Local Government Reform Act 2014, Waterford City and County Council is the local government authority for the city and county. The authority came into operation on 1 June 2014. Prior to this the city had its own local council, Waterford City Council. The new council is the result of a merger of Waterford City Council and Waterford County Council. The council has 32 representatives (councillors) who are elected from six local electoral areas. The city itself forms three of the electoral areas – which when combined form the Metropolitan District of Waterford City – and returns a total of 18 councillors to Waterford City and County Council.[9] The office of the Mayor of Waterford was established in 1377. A mayor is elected by the councillors from the three electoral areas of the Metropolitan District of Waterford every year, and there is no limit to the number of terms an individual may serve. Mary O'Halloran, who was mayor from 2007 to 2008, was the first woman to hold the post.","title":"Politics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elections_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Dáil Éireann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A1il_%C3%89ireann"},{"link_name":"Waterford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterford_(D%C3%A1il_constituency)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"European Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Parliament"},{"link_name":"South","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_(European_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"sub_title":"National politics","text":"For the elections to Dáil Éireann, the city is part of the 4-seat constituency of Waterford, which includes the city and county of Waterford.[10] For elections to the European Parliament, the county is part of the South constituency.[11]","title":"Politics"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Map_of_Waterford.png"}],"text":"Map of Waterford","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Waterford Harbour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterford_Harbour"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-waterfordcity-4"},{"link_name":"River Suir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Suir"},{"link_name":"Nore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Nore"},{"link_name":"Barrow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Barrow"},{"link_name":"River Suir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Suir"},{"link_name":"Malcomson family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malcomson_family"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McEneaney-5"}],"sub_title":"Harbour and port","text":"The city is situated at the head of Waterford Harbour (Loch Dá Chaoch or Cuan Phort Láirge).[3] The River Suir, which flows through Waterford City, has provided a basis for the city's long maritime history. The place downriver from Waterford where the Nore and the Barrow join the River Suir is known in Irish as Cumar na dTrí Uisce (\"The confluence of the three waters\"). Waterford Port has been one of Ireland's major ports for over a millennium. In the 19th century, shipbuilding was a major industry. The owners of the Neptune Shipyard, the Malcomson family, built and operated the largest fleet of iron steamers in the world between the mid-1850s and the late 1860s, including five trans-Atlantic passenger liners.[4]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"maritime temperate climate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maritime_climate"},{"link_name":"Köppen climate classification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification"},{"link_name":"precipitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precipitation"},{"link_name":"sunshine hours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunshine_duration"},{"link_name":"Met Éireann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Met_%C3%89ireann"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"KNMI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Netherlands_Meteorological_Institute"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"sub_title":"Climate","text":"The climate of Waterford is, like the rest of Ireland, classified as a maritime temperate climate (Cfb) according to the Köppen climate classification system. It is mild and changeable with abundant rainfall and a lack of temperature extremes. The counties in the Waterford area are often referred to as the 'Sunny Southeast'. The warmest months of the year are June, July and August with average daytime temperatures of around 17 – 22 degrees. Rainfall is evenly distributed year-round; however, the period from late October to late January is considerably wetter and duller than the rest of the year.Climate data for Waterford (Tycor), elevation: 49 m or 161 ft, 1989–2019 normals, sunshine 1981-2010\n\n\nMonth\n\nJan\n\nFeb\n\nMar\n\nApr\n\nMay\n\nJun\n\nJul\n\nAug\n\nSep\n\nOct\n\nNov\n\nDec\n\nYear\n\n\nMean daily maximum °C (°F)\n\n9.1(48.4)\n\n9.5(49.1)\n\n11.2(52.2)\n\n13.3(55.9)\n\n16.3(61.3)\n\n18.8(65.8)\n\n20.9(69.6)\n\n20.3(68.5)\n\n18.1(64.6)\n\n14.7(58.5)\n\n11.4(52.5)\n\n9.5(49.1)\n\n14.4(58.0)\n\n\nMean daily minimum °C (°F)\n\n3.5(38.3)\n\n3.2(37.8)\n\n4.3(39.7)\n\n5.6(42.1)\n\n8.3(46.9)\n\n10.7(51.3)\n\n13.0(55.4)\n\n12.4(54.3)\n\n10.4(50.7)\n\n8.2(46.8)\n\n5.2(41.4)\n\n3.9(39.0)\n\n7.4(45.3)\n\n\nAverage precipitation mm (inches)\n\n103.2(4.06)\n\n72.9(2.87)\n\n74.8(2.94)\n\n71.8(2.83)\n\n63.8(2.51)\n\n71.6(2.82)\n\n62.4(2.46)\n\n78.5(3.09)\n\n79.2(3.12)\n\n116.3(4.58)\n\n108.9(4.29)\n\n108.6(4.28)\n\n1,012(39.85)\n\n\nAverage precipitation days (≥ 1 mm)\n\n14\n\n11\n\n11\n\n10\n\n10\n\n9\n\n9\n\n10\n\n10\n\n14\n\n13\n\n16\n\n137\n\n\nMean monthly sunshine hours\n\n60.3\n\n75.7\n\n114.1\n\n173.9\n\n214.9\n\n189.9\n\n199.5\n\n191.1\n\n146.1\n\n105.5\n\n73.3\n\n55.2\n\n1,599.5\n\n\nSource 1: Met Éireann[12]\n\n\nSource 2: KNMI[13]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cso2022-1"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"sub_title":"Demographics","text":"With a 2022 population of 60,079[1] and a metropolitan area population of 82,963,[14] Waterford is the fifth most populous city in the State and the 32nd most populous area of local government.[15]The population of Waterford grew from 1,555 in 1653 to around 28,000 in the early 19th century, declining to just over 20,000 at the end of the 19th, then rising steadily to over 40,000 during the 20th century.[16][17][18][19][20][21]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Swans_at_scotch_Quay,_Waterford.jpg"}],"text":"Scotch Quay","title":"Culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jim Nolan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Nolan_(theatre_director)"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Spraoi_Official_Homepage-24"},{"link_name":"Spraoi festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spraoi"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Theatre Royal Waterford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theatre_Royal_Waterford"},{"link_name":"Waterford City Library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterford_City_Library"},{"link_name":"Andrew Carnegie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Carnegie"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Waterford Institute of Technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterford_Institute_of_Technology"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Paul Henry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Henry_(painter)"},{"link_name":"Jack B. Yeats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Butler_Yeats"},{"link_name":"Mainie Jellett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainie_Jellett"},{"link_name":"Louis Le Brocquy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_le_Brocquy"},{"link_name":"Letitia Hamilton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letitia_Marion_Hamilton"},{"link_name":"Dermod O’Brien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dermod_O%27Brien"},{"link_name":"Evie Hone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evie_Hone"},{"link_name":"Mary Swanzy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Swanzy"},{"link_name":"Charles Lamb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Lamb_(painter)"},{"link_name":"Hilda Roberts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilda_Roberts"},{"link_name":"Seán Keating","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Se%C3%A1n_Keating"},{"link_name":"George Russell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_William_Russell"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RT%C3%89_Archives_2018_b560-27"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Buildings_of_Ireland_o436-28"}],"sub_title":"Arts","text":"Theatre companies in Waterford include the Red Kettle, Spraoi and Waterford Youth Arts companies. Red Kettle is a professional theatre company, founded by Waterford playwright Jim Nolan,[22] that regularly performs in Garter Lane Theatre. Spraoi is a street theatre company based in Waterford.[23] It produces the Spraoi festival and has participated regularly in the Waterford and Dublin St. Patrick's day parades. In January 2005 the company staged \"Awakening\", a production which marked the opening of the Cork 2005 European Capital of Culture program. Waterford Youth Arts (WYA),[24] formerly known as Waterford Youth Drama, was established in August 1985. The Theatre Royal Waterford dates back to 1785.There are three public libraries in the city, all operated by Waterford City Council: Central Library, in Lady Lane; Ardkeen Library, in the Ardkeen shopping centre on Dunmore Road; and Brown's Road Library, on Paddy Brown's Road. Central Library, or Waterford City Library, opened in 1905. It was the first of many Irish libraries funded by businessman Andrew Carnegie and renovated in 2004 for its centenary.Waterford Film For All (WFFA)[25] is a non-profit film society, operating primarily from the Waterford Institute of Technology (WIT) campus, whose aim is to offer an alternative to the cineplex experience in Waterford.[citation needed]The Waterford Collection of Art, formerly known as the Waterford Municipal Art Collection, is one of the oldest municipal collections of art in Ireland. Originally founded as the Waterford Art Museum in 1939, the collection now comprises over 500 works of art including works by: Paul Henry, Jack B. Yeats, Mainie Jellett, Louis Le Brocquy, Letitia Hamilton, Dermod O’Brien, Evie Hone, Mary Swanzy, Charles Lamb, Hilda Roberts, Seán Keating, and George Russell (aka. AE).[citation needed]Greyfriars Church, a disused Methodist church, was purchased by Waterford Corporation in 1988 and refurbished into a museum and gallery.[26][27]","title":"Culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tall-ships-waterford.jpg"},{"link_name":"Waterford Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterford_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"50 Cent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/50_Cent"},{"link_name":"Flo Rida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flo_Rida"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Spraoi_Official_Homepage-24"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Tall Ships Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tall_Ships_Races"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"street art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Street_art"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"}],"sub_title":"Events","text":"Tall Ships lined up on the quays in Waterford for the festivalThe Waterford Film Festival was established in 2007,[28] celebrating its tenth year in 2016.[29]\nWaterford Music Fest, launched in 2011, is an outdoor, one-day music event which takes place in the city during the summer. In 2011, Waterford Music Fest was headlined by 50 Cent, Flo Rida and G-Unit and was attended by over 10,000 people.[30]\nSpraoi festival, (pronounced 'Spree')[23] organised by the Spraoi Theatre Company, is a street art festival which takes place in the city centre on the August Bank Holiday Weekend. Previous events have attracted audiences in excess of 80,000 people to the city.\nWaterford International Festival of Light Opera[31] is an annual event that has been held in the Theatre Royal since 1959. Also known as the Waterford International Festival of Music, it takes place in November.[32]\nWaterford hosted the Tall Ships Festival in 2005 and 2011.[33] The 2005 festival attracted in the region of 450,000 people to the city.[citation needed]\nSt. Patrick's Day parade takes place annually on 17 March.[citation needed]\nArts festivals which take place in the city include the Imagine Arts Festival[34] in October and The Fringe Arts Festival in September.\nWaterford Winterval an annual Christmas festival held in the city centre.[35]\nWaterford Walls is an event celebrating street art annually each August since 2014. Street artists both domestic and international are invited to the city to practise and display their craft.[36][37]","title":"Culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Waterford Museum of Treasures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterford_Museum_of_Treasures"},{"link_name":"Viking Triangle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterford_Viking_Triangle"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"Edmund Ignatius Rice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Ignatius_Rice"},{"link_name":"Christian Brothers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congregation_of_Christian_Brothers"},{"link_name":"Presentation Brothers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presentation_Brothers"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"Thomas Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Jackson_(architect)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"St. John's College, Waterford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._John%27s_College,_Waterford"},{"link_name":"Respond!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Respond!"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"}],"sub_title":"Public buildings","text":"Waterford Museum of Treasures, forming the hub of the Viking Triangle, previously housed in the Granary on Merchant's Quay, is now accommodated in two museums on the Mall. The first is housed in the 19th-century Bishop's Palace, on the Mall, which holds items from 1700 to 1970. This was opened in June 2011. The second museum is located next to Bishop's Palace displaying the Medieval history of the city as well as the Chorister's Hall.[38]\nReginald's Tower, the oldest urban civic building in the country and the oldest monument to retain its Viking name, is situated on the Quays/The Mall, in Waterford. It has performed numerous functions over the years and today is a civic museum.\nA museum at Mount Sion (Barrack Street) is dedicated to the story of Brother Edmund Ignatius Rice and the history of the Christian Brothers and Presentation Brothers. Along with the museum, there is a café and a new chapel. The new museum was designed by Janvs Design[39]\nWaterford Gallery of Art, the home of the Waterford Art Collection, is located at 31-32 O’Connell Street. This former bank building was built in 1845 and now serves as a facility comprising galleries, outreach spaces, offices, and meeting and workshop rooms. The building was designed by the Waterford-born architect Thomas Jackson (1807 - 1890). Architecturally, this classical style bank building retains many of its original features and has fine cut-stone detailing throughout, including at the main entrance, stairs and first-floor fireplace.[citation needed]\nThe Theatre Royal[40] on The Mall, was built in 1876, as part of a remodelled section of City Hall. It is a U-shaped, Victorian theatre, seating about 600 people.\nGarter Lane Arts Centre[41] is housed in two conserved 18th-century buildings on O'Connell Street. Garter Lane Gallery, the 18th-century townhouse of Samuel Barker contains the gallery and the Bausch & Lomb Dance Studio, and Garter Lane Theatre is based in the Quaker Meeting House, built in 1792. The theatre was renovated and restored in 2006 and now contains a 164-seat auditorium.\nSt. John's College, Waterford was a Catholic seminary founded in 1807 for the diocese, in the 1830s the college established a mission to Newfoundland in Canada. It closed as a seminary in 1999 and in 2007 much of its building and lands were sold to the Respond! Housing Association.[42]","title":"Culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Christ_Church_Cathedral,_Waterford,_2021-06-01.jpg"},{"link_name":"Christ Church Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christ_Church_Cathedral,_Waterford"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:WaterfordRCCathedral.JPG"},{"link_name":"Catholic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic"},{"link_name":"Cathedral of the Most Holy Trinity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathedral_of_the_Most_Holy_Trinity,_Waterford"},{"link_name":"French Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Church,_Waterford"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"St Patrick's Catholic Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Patrick%27s_Catholic_Church,_Waterford"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"Church of Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Christ Church Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christ_Church_Cathedral,_Waterford"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"Methodist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methodist"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Religion","text":"Christ Church CathedralCathedral of the Most Holy TrinityChristian churches in Waterford include the Catholic Cathedral of the Most Holy Trinity, the former Franciscan friary of French Church, St Saviour's (Dominican) Church and Priory on Bridge Street,[43] and St Patrick's Catholic Church on Jenkin's Lane, which is one of the earliest surviving post-Reformation churches in Ireland.[44] Church of Ireland places of worship include Christ Church Cathedral[45] and Saint Olave's Church on Peter Street (a Medieval church). Methodist churches include St Patrick’s Methodist Church[46] and Waterford Methodist Church.[citation needed]Other Christian denominations include Waterford Baptist Church,[47] Anchor Baptist Church,[48] the Waterford Quaker Meeting House (Newtown Road),[49] and the Russian Orthodox Parish of St Patrick.[citation needed]","title":"Culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"RTÉs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RT%C3%89"},{"link_name":"Waterford Local Radio (WLR FM)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WLR_FM"},{"link_name":"Beat 102 103","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beat_102_103"},{"link_name":"Waterford News & Star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterford_News_%26_Star"},{"link_name":"The Munster Express","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Munster_Express"},{"link_name":"free sheets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_newspaper"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"RTÉs southeastern studio is in the city.Waterford Local Radio (WLR FM) is available on 94.8FM on the Coast, 95.1FM in the County and on 97.5FM in Waterford City. WLR FM is Waterford's local radio station. Beat 102 103 is a regional youth radio station broadcasting across the South East of Ireland, it is based in Ardkeen, along with sister station WLR FM.The Waterford News & Star is based on Gladstone Street in Waterford City. It covers Waterford city and county. It is now published in tabloid format.The Munster Express has its office on the Quay in Waterford City and covers stories from across the city and county. It switched to tabloid format in 2011.Local free sheets include the Waterford Mail (which comes out on Thursdays and has an office on O'Connell Street) and Waterford Today (an advertising-supported free newspaper which is published on Wednesdays and has an office on Mayors Walk).[citation needed]","title":"Media"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tower_in_Waterford.jpg"},{"link_name":"Reginald's Tower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reginald%27s_Tower"},{"link_name":"Viking Triangle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterford_Viking_Triangle"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Derry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derry"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Mark Girouard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Girouard"},{"link_name":"William Vincent Wallace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Vincent_Wallace"},{"link_name":"time of the millennium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millennium_celebrations"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"John Roberts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Roberts_(architect)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Norman invasion of Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_invasion_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Waterfordcathedral.jpg"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"People's Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Park_(Waterford)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"County Waterford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Waterford"},{"link_name":"Iron Age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_Age"},{"link_name":"Viking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viking"},{"link_name":"Woodstown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodstown"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"Waterford Crystal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterford_Crystal"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Reginald's TowerThe city of Waterford consists of several cultural quarters, the oldest of which is known as Viking Triangle. This is the part of the city surrounded by the original tenth-century fortifications and is triangular in shape, with its apex at Reginald's Tower. Though once the site of a thriving Viking settlement, the city centre subsequently shifted to the west, and it is now a quieter area with narrow streets, medieval architecture, and civic spaces.[citation needed]In the 15th century, the city was enlarged with the building of an outer wall on the west side. Today Waterford retains more of its city walls than any other city in Ireland with the exception of Derry, whose walls were built much later. Tours of Waterford's city walls are conducted daily.[citation needed]The Quay, once termed by historian Mark Girouard as 'the noblest quay in Europe', is a mile long from Grattan Quay to Adelphi Quay, though Adelphi Quay is now a residential area. Near Reginald's Tower is the William Vincent Wallace Plaza, a monument and amenity built around the time of the millennium that commemorates the Waterford-born composer.[citation needed]John Roberts Square is a pedestrianised area that is one of the focal points of Waterford's modern-day commercial centre.[citation needed] It was named after the Waterford architect, John Roberts, and was formed from the junction of Barronstrand Street, Broad Street and George's Street. It is often referred to locally as Red Square, due to the red paving that was used when the area was first pedestrianised. A short distance to the east of John Roberts Square is Arundel Square, which the City Square shopping centre opens onto.Ballybricken, in the west, just outside the city walls, is thought to have been Waterford's Irishtown,[citation needed] a type of settlement that often formed outside Irish cities to house the Vikings and Irish that had been expelled during the Norman invasion of Ireland. Modern street names in the area reflect the fact that the area was where inhabitants of the medieval city practised archery.[50][51] Ballybricken is an inner-city neighbourhood centred around Ballybricken hill, which was a large, open market-square. Today it has been converted into a green, civic space, but the Bull Post, where livestock was once bought and sold, still stands as a remnant of the hill's past.[citation needed]Cathedral of the Most Holy Trinity on Barronstrand StreetThe Mall is a Georgian thoroughfare, built by the Wide Streets Commission to extend the city southwards. It contains some of the city's finest Georgian architecture.[citation needed] The People's Park, Waterford's largest park, is located nearby.Once a historic market area, the city's Apple Market district is known for its nightlife culture and includes a number of bars, restaurants and nightclubs.[citation needed] Investment in the mid-2010s saw a portion of the area pedestrianised and the installation of a large outdoor roofing section.[52]Ferrybank, in County Waterford, is Waterford's only suburb north of the river. It contains a village centre of its own.In April 2003, a site combining a fifth-century Iron Age and ninth-century Viking settlement was discovered at Woodstown near the city, which appears to have been a Viking town that predates all such settlements in Ireland.[53]Waterford is known for Waterford Crystal, a legacy of the city's former glass-making industry. Glass, or crystal, was manufactured in the city from 1783 until early 2009 when the factory there was shut down after the receivership of Waterford Wedgwood plc.[54] A new Waterford Crystal visitor centre in the Viking Quarter, under new owners, opened in June 2010, after the intervention of Waterford City Council and Waterford Chamber of Commerce, and resumed production.[55]Waterford's oldest public house (pub) is located outside the old 'Viking Triangle'. T & H Doolan's, of 31/32 George's Street, has acted as a licensed premises since the 18th century but the premises is believed to be closer to five hundred years in age.[citation needed] The pub's structure includes one of the original city walls, almost 1,000 years old, which can be viewed in the lounge area of the building.[citation needed]","title":"Places of interest"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"South-East Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South-East_Region,_Ireland"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"Waterford Crystal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterford_Crystal"},{"link_name":"Times Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Times_Square"},{"link_name":"Westminster Abbey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westminster_Abbey"},{"link_name":"Windsor Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windsor_Castle"},{"link_name":"Kennedy Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kennedy_Center"},{"link_name":"Washington, DC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_DC"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"Kilmeadan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilmeadan"},{"link_name":"co-operative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Co-operative"},{"link_name":"butter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butter"},{"link_name":"milk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milk"},{"link_name":"cheese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheese"},{"link_name":"Cheddar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheddar_cheese"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"hedge fund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hedge_fund"},{"link_name":"Citibank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citibank"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"}],"text":"Waterford is the main city of Ireland's South-East Region. Historically Waterford was an important trading port which brought much prosperity to the city throughout the city's eventful history. Throughout its history, Waterford Crystal provided employment to thousands in the city and surrounding areas.Waterford Port is Ireland's closest deep-water port to mainland Europe, handling approximately 12% of Ireland's external trade by value.[56] Waterford's most famous export, Waterford Crystal, was manufactured in the city from 1783 to 2009 and again from 2010 to the present day. Places, where Waterford Crystal can be seen, include New York City, where Waterford Crystal made the 2,668 crystals for the New Year's Eve Ball that is dropped each year in Times Square; Westminster Abbey; Windsor Castle; and the Kennedy Center (Washington, DC).[57][58]Agriculture played an important part in Waterford's economic history. Kilmeadan, about 5 km from the city, was home to a very successful co-operative. The farmers of the area benefited from the sale of their produce (mostly butter and milk) to the co-op. In 1964, all of the co-ops in Waterford amalgamated to become Waterford Co-op. This led to the construction of a cheese factory on a greenfield site opposite the general store, and Kilmeadan cheese was to become one of the most recognised and successful Cheddar brands in the world, winning gold and bronze medals in the World Cheese Awards in London in 2005.[citation needed]The Irish economic recession from 2008 onwards has had a major negative impact on Waterford's economy. A number of multinational companies have closed, including Waterford Crystal (which subsequently reopened) and Talk Talk, which has led to a high level of unemployment. Until 2013 the hedge fund office of the Citibank resided here.[59]Waterford Co-op and Avonmore Co-op have merged to form Glanbia plc.[60]","title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"M9 motorway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M9_motorway_(Ireland)"},{"link_name":"Dublin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"N24 road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N24_road_(Ireland)"},{"link_name":"Limerick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limerick"},{"link_name":"N25 road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N25_road_(Ireland)"},{"link_name":"Cork city","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cork_(city)"},{"link_name":"River Suir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Suir"},{"link_name":"River Suir Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Suir_Bridge"},{"link_name":"cable-stayed bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cable-stayed_bridge"},{"link_name":"Rosslare Harbour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosslare_Harbour"},{"link_name":"Waterford railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterford_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Iarnród Éireann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iarnr%C3%B3d_%C3%89ireann"},{"link_name":"Dublin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin_Heuston_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Limerick Junction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limerick_Junction_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Clonmel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clonmel_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Limerick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limerick_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Ennis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ennis_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Athenry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athenry_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Galway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galway_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Cork","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cork_Kent_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Killarney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killarney_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Tralee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tralee_railway_station"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"Rosslare Harbour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosslare_Harbour"},{"link_name":"Bus Éireann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bus_%C3%89ireann"},{"link_name":"Dublin Port","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin_Port"},{"link_name":"Ballina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballina_railway_station"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"Bus Éireann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bus_%C3%89ireann"},{"link_name":"JJ Kavanagh and Sons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JJ_Kavanagh_and_Sons"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"link_name":"Victoria Coach Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_Coach_Station"},{"link_name":"Eurolines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurolines"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"Waterford Bus Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterford_Bus_Station"},{"link_name":"bus lanes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bus_lanes"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"Waterford Greenway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterford_Greenway"},{"link_name":"Mount Congreve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Congreve"},{"link_name":"Kilmeaden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilmeaden"},{"link_name":"Kilmacthomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilmacthomas"},{"link_name":"Dungarvan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dungarvan"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"link_name":"Waterford Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterford_Airport"},{"link_name":"Ryanair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryanair"},{"link_name":"Embraer Bandeirante","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embraer_EMB_110_Bandeirante"},{"link_name":"turboprop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turboprop"},{"link_name":"Gatwick Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gatwick_Airport"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"}],"text":"The M9 motorway, which was completed on 9 September 2010, connects the city to Dublin.[61] The N24 road connects the city to Limerick city. The N25 road connects the city to Cork city. The route traverses the River Suir via the River Suir Bridge. This cable-stayed bridge is the longest single bridge span in Ireland at 230m. The route continues eastwards to Rosslare Harbour.Waterford railway station is the only railway station in the county of Waterford. It is operated by Iarnród Éireann and provides 8 daily return services to Dublin and a Monday–Saturday Intercity service to Limerick Junction via Clonmel with onward connections to Limerick, Ennis, Athenry, Galway, Cork, Killarney, and Tralee.[62][63] The line between Waterford and Rosslare Harbour ceased passenger services in 2010 and was replaced by Bus Éireann route 370. The station is directly connected to Waterford Port (Belview). A freight yard is located at the Dublin/Limerick end of the station, served by freight traffic such as cargo freight and timber which travel to and from Dublin Port and Ballina. In November 2016 it was revealed the Waterford could lose its connection to Limerick Junction by 2018 with the closure of the Limerick Junction Waterford line by CIE/IE to save money as the line is low demand.[64] On 29 May 2018 the contract held by DFDS for a freight service from Ballina to Belview Port expired and was not renewed.[65] In 2021 a new Ballina to Waterford (Belview) by Iarnród Éireann and XPO Logistics, (this is in addition to the wood pulp service from Ballina and Westport).[66]Bus Éireann, JJ Kavanagh and Sons, Dublin Coach, and Wexford Bus provide bus services around the city centre and to other towns and cities in Ireland.[67][68] A daily coach service to England via South Wales and terminating at Victoria Coach Station, London is operated by Eurolines.[69] All regional bus services depart from Waterford Bus Station on the quay, and city centre services run throughout the city. Planning for bus lanes in the city centre are at an early stage and bus lanes will be on Parnell Street, Manor Street, The Mall, and the South Quays. A bus lane will be in each direction. On street parking will be removed from Parnell Street to facilitate the lanes. This is part of the city centre green plan.[70]The Waterford Greenway is Ireland's longest greenway, and connects the city with Mount Congreve, Kilmeaden, Kilmacthomas, and Dungarvan.[71]Waterford Airport is located 9 km outside the city centre. Waterford was the \"starting point\" of one of the largest airlines by scheduled international passengers, Ryanair, which operated its first flight on a 14-seat Embraer Bandeirante turboprop aircraft, between Waterford and Gatwick Airport.[72]","title":"Transport"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"}],"text":"The city is served by 21 primary schools,[73] nine secondary schools,[74] a further education college and a university.","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"},{"link_name":"Newtown School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newtown_School,_Waterford"},{"link_name":"Waterpark College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterpark_College"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"De La Salle College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_La_Salle_College_Waterford"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-78"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Waterford_Institute_of_Technology_and_its_car_park_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1477319.jpg"}],"sub_title":"Secondary schools","text":"There are several secondary schools in the area. Mount Sion Secondary and Primary School, located at Barrack Street, were founded by Edmund Ignatius Rice.[75] Newtown School is a Quaker co-educational boarding school. Waterpark College was established in 1892 on the banks of the River Suir as Waterford's first classical school. It still provides a secondary education and has recently become a co-educational school.[citation needed] De La Salle College, a secondary school with 1,200 students and over 90 staff, is the biggest all-boys school in the county. Founded by the De La Salle brothers in 1892, it is a Catholic school for boys.[76] Today its large staff is made up of a mixture of Brothers and lay teachers. St. Angela's Secondary School is a Catholic all-girls school with approximately 970 students enrolled as of 2023.[77]South East Technological University, Waterford campus","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Waterford College of Further Education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterford_College_of_Further_Education"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-79"}],"sub_title":"Further education","text":"Waterford College of Further Education previously called the Central Technical Institute (CTI), is a Post Leaving Certificate institute located on Parnell Street, Waterford city. It was founded in 1906 and thus celebrated its centenary in 2005.[78]","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"South East Technological University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_East_Technological_University"},{"link_name":"Waterford Institute of Technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterford_Institute_of_Technology"},{"link_name":"Institute of Technology, Carlow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_Technology,_Carlow"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-80"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81"}],"sub_title":"University","text":"South East Technological University - the Waterford campus of the university is located in the city. This was established in 2022 from a merger of Waterford Institute of Technology and Institute of Technology, Carlow.[79][80]","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Waterford_Boat_Club_(8401799848).jpg"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-82"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-83"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-84"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-85"},{"link_name":"association football clubs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_association_football_clubs_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Waterford FC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterford_F.C."},{"link_name":"Benfica W.S.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benfica_W.S.C."},{"link_name":"Johnville F.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnville_F.C._(Waterford)"},{"link_name":"League of Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/League_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Davy Walsh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davy_Walsh"},{"link_name":"Paddy Coad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paddy_Coad"},{"link_name":"Jim Beglin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Beglin"},{"link_name":"Alfie Hale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfie_Hale"},{"link_name":"Eddie Nolan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddie_Nolan"},{"link_name":"John O'Shea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_O%27Shea"},{"link_name":"Daryl Murphy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daryl_Murphy"},{"link_name":"John Delaney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Delaney_(football_administrator)"},{"link_name":"Football Association of Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_Association_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-86"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-87"},{"link_name":"Gaelic Athletic Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaelic_Athletic_Association"},{"link_name":"Mount Sion GAA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Sion_GAA"},{"link_name":"Erin's Own GAA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erin%27s_Own_GAA_(Waterford)"},{"link_name":"De La Salle GAA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_La_Salle_GAA"},{"link_name":"Roanmore GAA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roanmore_GAA"},{"link_name":"Ferrybank GAA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferrybank_GAA"},{"link_name":"Ballygunner GAA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballygunner_GAA"},{"link_name":"cricket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cricket"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-88"},{"link_name":"Munster Cricket Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munster_Cricket_Union"}],"text":"Waterford Boat Club, c.1915Waterford Boat Club is the oldest active sports club in Waterford, established in 1878.[81] Located on Scotch Quay, the club competes in the Irish Rowing Championships.[82] In 2009, several Waterford rowers were selected to row for Ireland.There are three athletics clubs: West Waterford AC, Waterford Athletic Club and Ferrybank Athletic Club. The Waterford Viking Marathon is held in June.[83] St. Anne's Waterford Lawn Tennis Club, established in 1954, is the result of the amalgamation of Waterford Lawn Tennis Club and St. Anne's Lawn Tennis Club. It has nine courts to cater for social and competitive players in all age groups.[84]Waterford is home to several association football clubs, including Waterford FC, Benfica W.S.C. and Johnville F.C. Waterford F.C. is a member of the League of Ireland. Notable Waterford footballers include Davy Walsh, Paddy Coad, Jim Beglin, Alfie Hale, Eddie Nolan, John O'Shea and Daryl Murphy. John Delaney, chief executive of the Football Association of Ireland, is originally from Waterford.There are two rugby union clubs in Waterford City: Waterford City R.F.C.[85] and Waterpark R.F.C.[86]Other team sports include Gaelic Athletic Association with clubs such as Mount Sion GAA, Erin's Own GAA, De La Salle GAA, Roanmore GAA, Ferrybank GAA and Ballygunner GAA; cricket is represented by Waterford District Cricket Club, who are based in Carriganore [87] and compete in the Munster Cricket Union; there are two inline hockey clubs, Waterford Shadows HC and Waterford Vikings, both of which compete in the Irish Inline Hockey League; and American football is played by Waterford Wolves, based at the Waterford Regional Sports Centre, and is the only American football club in Waterford.","title":"Sport"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Marie Bonaparte-Wyse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Bonaparte-Wyse"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Brendan Bowyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brendan_Bowyer"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-89"},{"link_name":"Charles Clagget","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Clagget"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-90"},{"link_name":"Frances Emilia Crofton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frances_Emilia_Crofton"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Val Doonican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Val_Doonican"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EPM-91"},{"link_name":"Seán Dunne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Se%C3%A1n_Dunne_(poet)"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-92"},{"link_name":"Richard Harry Graves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Harry_Graves"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Megan Nolan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megan_Nolan"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-93"},{"link_name":"Gilbert O'Sullivan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert_O%27Sullivan"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AMG-94"},{"link_name":"Mario Rosenstock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_Rosenstock"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Louis Stewart (guitarist)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Stewart_(guitarist)"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LarkinJazz-95"},{"link_name":"Luke Wadding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luke_Wadding"},{"link_name":"Franciscan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franciscan"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-macgee-96"},{"link_name":"William Vincent Wallace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Vincent_Wallace"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DAB-97"},{"link_name":"William Hobson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Hobson"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-daubio-98"},{"link_name":"Thomas Meagher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Meagher_(MP)"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-99"},{"link_name":"Thomas Francis Meagher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Francis_Meagher"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-100"},{"link_name":"Richard 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needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Marguerite Moore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marguerite_Moore"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-105"},{"link_name":"Harry Power","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Power"},{"link_name":"bushranger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bushranger"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Arts\nMarie Bonaparte-Wyse (1831–1902), French poet[citation needed]\nBrendan Bowyer (1938–2020) showband singer[88]\nCharles Clagget (c.1740–c.1820), composer and inventor[89]\nFrances Emilia Crofton (1822–1910), an artist born in Waterford[citation needed]\nVal Doonican (1927–2015), singer and TV presenter[90]\nSeán Dunne (1956–1995), poet[91]\nRichard Harry Graves (1897–1971), Irish-born Australian writer[citation needed]\nMegan Nolan (born 1990), Irish journalist and author[92]\nGilbert O'Sullivan (born 1946), singer-songwriter[93]\nMario Rosenstock (born 1971), comedian and musician[citation needed]\nLouis Stewart (guitarist) (1944–2016), jazz guitarist[94]\nLuke Wadding (1588–1657), Franciscan friar, author and historian[95]\nWilliam Vincent Wallace (1812–1865), composer[96]\nPolitics\n\nWilliam Hobson (1792–1842), Irish-born New Zealand politician and writer[97]\nThomas Meagher (1796–1874), politician and businessman[98]\nThomas Francis Meagher (1823–1867), politician and soldier[99]\nRichard Mulcahy (1886–1971), soldier and politician[100]\nThomas Wyse (1791–1862), politician and diplomat[101]\nSport\n\nJim Beglin (born 1963), association footballer[102]\nJohn Keane (1917–1975), hurler[citation needed]\nSean Kelly (born 1956), cyclist[citation needed]\nJohn O'Shea (born 1981), association footballer[103]\nPaul Flynn (born 1974), hurler[citation needed]\nCraig Breen (1990–2023), rally driver[citation needed]\nMilitary\n\nJohn Condon (c 1896–1915), soldier[citation needed]\nEdmund Fowler (1861–1926), soldier, recipient of the Victoria Cross[citation needed]\nPatrick Mahoney (1827–1857), soldier, recipient of the Victoria Cross[citation needed]\nOther\n\nMarguerite Moore (1849–1933), orator and activist[104]\nHarry Power (1819–1891), Australian bushranger[citation needed]","title":"Notable people"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"Old Norse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Norse"},{"link_name":"[ˈweðrɑˌfjɒrðr̩]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA"}],"text":"^ From Old Norse Veðrafjǫrðr [ˈweðrɑˌfjɒrðr̩], meaning \"ram (wether) fjord\".","title":"Notes"}] | [{"image_text":"Waterford Quay at night","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Waterford_city_at_night_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1034017.jpg/220px-Waterford_city_at_night_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1034017.jpg"},{"image_text":"Map of 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Sisters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Three_Sisters_(Ireland)"},{"title":"River Barrow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Barrow"},{"title":"River Nore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Nore"},{"title":"River Suir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Suir"},{"title":"List of twin towns and sister cities in the Republic of Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland"}] | [{"reference":"\"Census 2022 Profile 1 - Population Distribution and Movement\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hatto_I,_Archbishop_of_Mainz | Hatto I | ["1 See also","2 References","3 External links"] | Hatto IArchbishop of MainzChurchCatholic ChurchDioceseElectorate of MainzIn office891–913Personal detailsBornc. 850Died15 May 913
Hatto I (c. 850 – 15 May 913) was Archbishop of Mainz (Mayence) from 891 until his death.
Hatto belonged to a Swabian family, and was probably educated at the monastery of Reichenau, of which he became abbot in 888. He was also abbot of Ellwangen Abbey.
Hatto soon became known to the German king, Arnulf, who appointed him archbishop of Mainz in 891, and he became such a trustworthy and loyal counsellor that he was popularly called the heart of the king. He presided over the important synod at Tribur in 895 and accompanied the king to Italy in 894 and 895, where he was received with great favor by Pope Formosus. In 899, when Arnulf died, Hatto became regent of the Empire and guardian of the young king, Louis the Child, whose authority he compelled Zwentibold, duke of Lorraine, an illegitimate son of Arnulf, to recognize.
During these years Hatto did not neglect his own interests, for in 896 he secured for himself the abbey of Ellwangen and in 898 that of Lorsch. He assisted the Franconian family of the Conradines in its feud with the Babenbergs for supremacy in Franconia; after the battle of Fritzlar on 9 September 906 between the Babenbergs and Conradines he arranged for the capture and execution of Count Adalbert of Babenberg, breaking his promise of safe conduct. Hatto retained his influence during the entire reign of Louis the Child and on the king's death in 911 was prominent in securing the election of Conrad, duke of Franconia, to the vacant throne. When trouble arose between Conrad and Henry the Fowler, duke of Saxony, afterwards King Henry I, the attitude of Conrad was ascribed by the Saxons to the influence of Hatto, who wished to prevent Henry from securing authority in Thuringia, where the see of Mainz had extensive possessions. He was accused of complicity in a plot to murder Henry, who in return ravaged the archiepiscopal lands in Saxony and Thuringia.
Hatto died on 15 May 913, one legend saying he was struck by lightning, and another that he was thrown alive by the devil into the crater of Mount Etna. His memory was long regarded in Saxony with great abhorrence, and stories of cruelty and treachery gathered round his name.
The legend of the Mouse Tower at Bingen is connected with Hatto I and Hatto II, who was archbishop of Mainz from 968 to 970. This latter Hatto built the church of St. George on the island of Reichenau, was generous to the see of Mainz and to the abbeys of Fulda and Reichenau, and was a patron of the chronicler Regino, abbot of Prum.
See also
Council of Tribur
Southey's God's Judgement on a Wicked Bishop.
Preceded bySunderhold
Archbishop of Mainz 891–913
Succeeded byHerigar
References
^ a b c d e f One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Hatto I.". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 13 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 63.
External links
Exhibition about Hatto in Mainz (2013)
Authority control databases International
FAST
ISNI
2
VIAF
National
Germany
United States
Czech Republic
Netherlands
People
Deutsche Biographie
Other
Historical Dictionary of Switzerland
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He presided over the important synod at Tribur in 895 and accompanied the king to Italy in 894 and 895, where he was received with great favor by Pope Formosus. In 899, when Arnulf died, Hatto became regent of the Empire and guardian of the young king, Louis the Child, whose authority he compelled Zwentibold, duke of Lorraine, an illegitimate son of Arnulf, to recognize.[1]During these years Hatto did not neglect his own interests, for in 896 he secured for himself the abbey of Ellwangen and in 898 that of Lorsch.[1] He assisted the Franconian family of the Conradines in its feud with the Babenbergs for supremacy in Franconia; after the battle of Fritzlar on 9 September 906 between the Babenbergs and Conradines he arranged for the capture and execution of Count Adalbert of Babenberg, breaking his promise of safe conduct.[citation needed] Hatto retained his influence during the entire reign of Louis the Child and on the king's death in 911 was prominent in securing the election of Conrad, duke of Franconia, to the vacant throne. When trouble arose between Conrad and Henry the Fowler, duke of Saxony, afterwards King Henry I, the attitude of Conrad was ascribed by the Saxons to the influence of Hatto, who wished to prevent Henry from securing authority in Thuringia, where the see of Mainz had extensive possessions. He was accused of complicity in a plot to murder Henry, who in return ravaged the archiepiscopal lands in Saxony and Thuringia.[1]Hatto died on 15 May 913, one legend saying he was struck by lightning, and another that he was thrown alive by the devil into the crater of Mount Etna. His memory was long regarded in Saxony with great abhorrence, and stories of cruelty and treachery gathered round his name.[1]The legend of the Mouse Tower at Bingen is connected with Hatto I and Hatto II, who was archbishop of Mainz from 968 to 970. This latter Hatto built the church of St. George on the island of Reichenau, was generous to the see of Mainz and to the abbeys of Fulda and Reichenau, and was a patron of the chronicler Regino, abbot of Prum.[1]","title":"Hatto I"}] | [] | [{"title":"Council of Tribur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_Tribur"},{"title":"Southey's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Southey"}] | [{"reference":"Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). \"Hatto I.\". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 13 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 63.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm","url_text":"Chisholm, Hugh"},{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Hatto_I.","url_text":"Hatto I."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition","url_text":"Encyclopædia Britannica"}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.hss-census-rlp.ub.uni-mainz.de/archbishop-hatto-i-from-reichenau-to-the-mouse-tower","external_links_name":"Exhibition about Hatto in Mainz (2013)"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1823214/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000055288225","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000382550331","external_links_name":"2"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/264753104","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/104351713","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no98130858","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=kup19980000036546&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p369175115","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd104351713.html?language=en","external_links_name":"Deutsche Biographie"},{"Link":"https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/012671","external_links_name":"Historical Dictionary of Switzerland"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/171159993","external_links_name":"IdRef"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rupert,_Pennsylvania | Rupert, Pennsylvania | ["1 Geography","2 Demographics","3 References"] | Coordinates: 40°58′44″N 76°28′28″W / 40.97889°N 76.47444°W / 40.97889; -76.47444
Census-designated place in Pennsylvania, United StatesRupert, PennsylvaniaCensus-designated place
Keystone MarkerLocation within Columbia CountyRupertLocation within the U.S. state of PennsylvaniaCoordinates: 40°58′44″N 76°28′28″W / 40.97889°N 76.47444°W / 40.97889; -76.47444CountryUnited StatesStatePennsylvaniaCountyColumbiaTownshipMontourArea • Total0.9 sq mi (2.4 km2) • Land0.9 sq mi (2.3 km2) • Water0.04 sq mi (0.1 km2)Elevation510 ft (160 m)Population (2010) • Total183 • Density202/sq mi (78.1/km2)Time zoneUTC-5 (Eastern (EST)) • Summer (DST)UTC-4 (EDT)ZIP Code17815FIPS code42-66696GNIS feature ID1204556
Rupert is a census-designated place (CDP) in Columbia County, Pennsylvania, United States. It is part of Northeastern Pennsylvania. The population was 183 at the 2010 census. It is part of the Bloomsburg-Berwick micropolitan area.
Geography
Rupert is located in west-central Columbia County at 40°58′44″N 76°28′28″W / 40.97889°N 76.47444°W / 40.97889; -76.47444 (40.978965, -76.474524), on the west side of Fishing Creek near its confluence with the Susquehanna River. It is in the eastern part of Montour Township, across Fishing Creek from Bloomsburg, the county seat.
According to the U.S. Census Bureau, Rupert has a total area of 0.93 square miles (2.4 km2), of which 0.89 square miles (2.3 km2) is land and 0.04 square miles (0.1 km2), or 3.82%, is water. Rupert is flat in the east and has steep hills in the west. Most of the CDP contains forest, but there are some agricultural and residential areas in the northeastern part.
Pennsylvania Route 42 runs through the center of Rupert, leading north 0.5 miles (0.80 km) to U.S. Route 11 at a point 2 miles (3 km) southwest of the center of Bloomsburg. PA 42 leads south from Rupert 2.5 miles (4.0 km) to Catawissa on the southeastern bank of the Susquehanna.
Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 174 people, 72 households, and 49 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 192.0 inhabitants per square mile (74.1/km2). There were 77 housing units at an average density of 85.0 per square mile (32.8/km2). The racial makeup of the CDP was 97.70% White, 0.57% African American, 1.72% from other races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 4.60% of the population.
There were 72 households, out of which 27.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 56.9% were married couples living together, 5.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 30.6% were non-families. 29.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 13.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.42 and the average family size was 2.96.
In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 23.6% under the age of 18, 8.6% from 18 to 24, 25.9% from 25 to 44, 27.6% from 45 to 64, and 14.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females, there were 93.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 95.6 males.
The median income for a household in the CDP was $32,321, and the median income for a family was $46,667. Males had a median income of $33,438 versus $24,583 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $20,412. None of the families and 3.4% of the population were living below the poverty line, including no under eighteens and 9.5% of those over 64.
References
^ "Rupert, Pennsylvania (PA 17815) profile: Population, maps, real estate, averages, homes, statistics, relocation, travel, jobs, hospitals, schools, crime, moving, houses, news, sex offenders".
^ a b "Geographic Identifiers: 2010 Census Summary File 1 (G001): Rupert CDP, Pennsylvania". U.S. Census Bureau, American Factfinder. Archived from the original on February 13, 2020. Retrieved June 1, 2015.
^ "US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990". United States Census Bureau. February 12, 2011. Retrieved April 23, 2011.
^ maps.google.com
^ "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.
vteMunicipalities and communities of Columbia County, Pennsylvania, United StatesCounty seat: BloomsburgTown
Bloomsburg
Boroughs
Ashland‡
Benton
Berwick
Briar Creek
Catawissa
Centralia
Millville
Orangeville
Stillwater
Townships
Beaver
Benton
Briar Creek
Catawissa
Cleveland
Conyngham
Fishing Creek
Franklin
Greenwood
Hemlock
Jackson
Locust
Madison
Main
Mifflin
Montour
Mount Pleasant
North Centre
Orange
Pine
Roaring Creek
Scott
South Centre
Sugarloaf
CDPs
Almedia
Aristes
Buckhorn
Espy
Eyers Grove
Fernville
Foundryville
Iola
Jamison City
Jerseytown
Jonestown
Lightstreet
Lime Ridge
Locustdale‡
Mainville
Mifflinville
Numidia
Rohrsburg
Rupert
Slabtown
Waller
Wilburton Number One
Wilburton Number Two
Unincorporatedcommunities
Mifflin Cross Roads
Ghost Towns
Byrnesville
Footnotes‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties
Pennsylvania portal
United States portal | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"census-designated place","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census-designated_place"},{"link_name":"Columbia County, Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_County,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Northeastern Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northeastern_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"2010 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_United_States_census"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Census_2010-2"},{"link_name":"Bloomsburg-Berwick micropolitan area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloomsburg-Berwick_micropolitan_area"}],"text":"Census-designated place in Pennsylvania, United StatesRupert is a census-designated place (CDP) in Columbia County, Pennsylvania, United States. It is part of Northeastern Pennsylvania. The population was 183 at the 2010 census.[2] It is part of the Bloomsburg-Berwick micropolitan area.","title":"Rupert, Pennsylvania"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"40°58′44″N 76°28′28″W / 40.97889°N 76.47444°W / 40.97889; -76.47444","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Rupert,_Pennsylvania¶ms=40_58_44_N_76_28_28_W_region:US_type:city"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR1-3"},{"link_name":"Fishing Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fishing_Creek_(North_Branch_Susquehanna_River)"},{"link_name":"Susquehanna River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susquehanna_River"},{"link_name":"Montour Township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montour_Township,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Bloomsburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloomsburg,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"county seat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_seat"},{"link_name":"U.S. Census Bureau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Census_2010-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Pennsylvania Route 42","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania_Route_42"},{"link_name":"U.S. Route 11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_11_in_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Catawissa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catawissa,_Pennsylvania"}],"text":"Rupert is located in west-central Columbia County at 40°58′44″N 76°28′28″W / 40.97889°N 76.47444°W / 40.97889; -76.47444 (40.978965, -76.474524),[3] on the west side of Fishing Creek near its confluence with the Susquehanna River. It is in the eastern part of Montour Township, across Fishing Creek from Bloomsburg, the county seat.According to the U.S. Census Bureau, Rupert has a total area of 0.93 square miles (2.4 km2), of which 0.89 square miles (2.3 km2) is land and 0.04 square miles (0.1 km2), or 3.82%, is water.[2] Rupert is flat in the east and has steep hills in the west. Most of the CDP contains forest, but there are some agricultural and residential areas in the northeastern part.[4]Pennsylvania Route 42 runs through the center of Rupert, leading north 0.5 miles (0.80 km) to U.S. Route 11 at a point 2 miles (3 km) southwest of the center of Bloomsburg. PA 42 leads south from Rupert 2.5 miles (4.0 km) to Catawissa on the southeastern bank of the Susquehanna.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR2-5"},{"link_name":"White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"African American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"other races","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(United_States_Census)"},{"link_name":"Hispanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanic_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Latino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latino_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"married couples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage"},{"link_name":"per capita income","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per_capita_income"},{"link_name":"poverty line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_line"}],"text":"As of the census[5] of 2000, there were 174 people, 72 households, and 49 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 192.0 inhabitants per square mile (74.1/km2). There were 77 housing units at an average density of 85.0 per square mile (32.8/km2). The racial makeup of the CDP was 97.70% White, 0.57% African American, 1.72% from other races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 4.60% of the population.There were 72 households, out of which 27.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 56.9% were married couples living together, 5.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 30.6% were non-families. 29.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 13.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.42 and the average family size was 2.96.In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 23.6% under the age of 18, 8.6% from 18 to 24, 25.9% from 25 to 44, 27.6% from 45 to 64, and 14.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females, there were 93.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 95.6 males.The median income for a household in the CDP was $32,321, and the median income for a family was $46,667. Males had a median income of $33,438 versus $24,583 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $20,412. None of the families and 3.4% of the population were living below the poverty line, including no under eighteens and 9.5% of those over 64.","title":"Demographics"}] | [{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Map_of_Pennsylvania_highlighting_Columbia_County.svg/180px-Map_of_Pennsylvania_highlighting_Columbia_County.svg.png"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"Rupert, Pennsylvania (PA 17815) profile: Population, maps, real estate, averages, homes, statistics, relocation, travel, jobs, hospitals, schools, crime, moving, houses, news, sex offenders\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.city-data.com/city/Rupert-Pennsylvania.html","url_text":"\"Rupert, Pennsylvania (PA 17815) profile: Population, maps, real estate, averages, homes, statistics, relocation, travel, jobs, hospitals, schools, crime, moving, houses, news, sex offenders\""}]},{"reference":"\"Geographic Identifiers: 2010 Census Summary File 1 (G001): Rupert CDP, Pennsylvania\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mollepata_District,_Anta | Mollepata District, Anta | ["1 Ethnic groups","2 References"] | Coordinates: 13°30′33″S 72°31′40″W / 13.5091°S 72.5279°W / -13.5091; -72.5279District in Cusco, PeruMollepata
MullipataDistrictCountry PeruRegionCuscoProvinceAntaFoundedApril 29, 1929CapitalMollepataGovernment • MayorMarco Antonio Chacon DelgadoArea • Total284.48 km2 (109.84 sq mi)Elevation2,803 m (9,196 ft)Population (2005 census) • Total3,543 • Density12/km2 (32/sq mi)Time zoneUTC-5 (PET)UBIGEO080307
Mollepata District is one of nine districts of the province Anta in Peru.
Ethnic groups
The people in the district are mainly indigenous citizens of Quechua descent. Quechua is the language which the majority of the population (74.13%) learnt to speak in childhood, 24.83% of the residents started speaking using the Spanish language (2007 Peru Census).
References
^ (in Spanish) Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática. Banco de Información Distrital Archived 2008-04-23 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved April 11, 2008.
^ inei.gob.pe Archived 2013-01-27 at the Wayback Machine INEI, Peru, Censos Nacionales 2007, Frequencias: Preguntas de Población
vte
Districts of Cusco Region
Peru
Acomayo
Acomayo
Acopia
Acos
Mosoc Llacta
Pomacanchi
Rondocan
Sangarará
Anta
Ancahuasi
Anta
Cachimayo
Chinchaypujio
Huarocondo
Limatambo
Mollepata
Pucyura
Zurite
Calca
Calca
Coya
Lamay
Lares
Pisac
San Salvador
Taray
Yanatile
Canas
Checca
Kunturkanki
Langui
Layo
Pampamarca
Quehue
Túpac Amaru
Yanaoca
Canchis
Checacupe
Combapata
Marangani
Pitumarca
San Pablo
San Pedro
Sicuani
Tinta
Chumbivilcas
Capacmarca
Chamaca
Colquemarca
Livitaca
Llusco
Quiñota
Santo Tomás
Velille
Cusco
Ccorca
Cusco
Poroy
San Jerónimo
San Sebastian
Santiago
Saylla
Wanchaq
Espinar
Alto Pichigua
Condoroma
Coporaque
Ocoruro
Pallpata
Pichigua
Suykutambo
Yauri
La Convención
Echarate
Huayopata
Inkawasi
Kimbiri
Maranura
Ocobamba
Pichari
Quellouno
Santa Ana
Santa Teresa
Vilcabamba
Paruro
Accha
Ccapi
Colcha
Huanoquite
Omacha
Paccaritambo
Paruro
Pillpinto
Yaurisque
Paucartambo
Caicay
Challabamba
Colquepata
Huancarani
Kosñipata
Paucartambo
Quispicanchi
Andahuaylillas
Camanti
Ccarhuayo
Ccatca
Cusipata
Huaro
Lucre
Marcapata
Ocongate
Oropesa
Quiquijana
Urcos
Urubamba
Chinchero
Huayllabamba
Machupicchu
Maras
Ollantaytambo
Urubamba
Yucay
This Cusco Region geography article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
13°30′33″S 72°31′40″W / 13.5091°S 72.5279°W / -13.5091; -72.5279 | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"districts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Districts_of_Peru"},{"link_name":"Anta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anta_Province"},{"link_name":"Peru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"District in Cusco, PeruMollepata District is one of nine districts of the province Anta in Peru.[1]","title":"Mollepata District, Anta"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"indigenous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas"},{"link_name":"Quechua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quechua_people"},{"link_name":"Quechua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quechua_language"},{"link_name":"Spanish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_language"},{"link_name":"2007 Peru Census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_Peru_Census"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"The people in the district are mainly indigenous citizens of Quechua descent. Quechua is the language which the majority of the population (74.13%) learnt to speak in childhood, 24.83% of the residents started speaking using the Spanish language (2007 Peru Census).[2]","title":"Ethnic groups"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mollepata_District,_Anta¶ms=13.5091_S_72.5279_W_source:wikidata","external_links_name":"13°30′33″S 72°31′40″W / 13.5091°S 72.5279°W / -13.5091; -72.5279"},{"Link":"http://desa.inei.gob.pe/mapas/bid/","external_links_name":"Banco de Información Distrital"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080423164200/http://desa.inei.gob.pe/mapas/bid/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://iinei.inei.gob.pe/iinei/RedatamCpv2007.asp?id=ResultadosCensales?ori=C","external_links_name":"inei.gob.pe"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130127005551/http://iinei.inei.gob.pe/iinei/RedatamCpv2007.asp?id=ResultadosCensales%3Fori%3DC","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mollepata_District,_Anta&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mollepata_District,_Anta¶ms=13.5091_S_72.5279_W_source:wikidata","external_links_name":"13°30′33″S 72°31′40″W / 13.5091°S 72.5279°W / -13.5091; -72.5279"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muir,_Michigan | Muir, Michigan | ["1 Geography","2 Demographics","2.1 2010 census","2.2 2000 census","3 References","4 External links"] | Coordinates: 42°59′50″N 84°56′09″W / 42.99722°N 84.93583°W / 42.99722; -84.93583
Village in Michigan, United StatesMuir, MichiganVillageLocation of Muir MichiganCoordinates: 42°59′50″N 84°56′09″W / 42.99722°N 84.93583°W / 42.99722; -84.93583CountryUnited StatesStateMichiganCountyIoniaArea • Total0.76 sq mi (1.96 km2) • Land0.71 sq mi (1.84 km2) • Water0.04 sq mi (0.12 km2)Elevation663 ft (202 m)Population (2020) • Total646 • Density907.30/sq mi (350.30/km2)Time zoneUTC-5 (Eastern (EST)) • Summer (DST)UTC-4 (EDT)ZIP code48860Area code989FIPS code26-56080GNIS feature ID2399423
Muir is a village in Lyons Township, Ionia County in the U.S. state of Michigan. The population was 604 at the 2010 census.
Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of 0.76 square miles (1.97 km2), of which 0.71 square miles (1.84 km2) is land and 0.05 square miles (0.13 km2) is water.
Demographics
Historical population
CensusPop.Note%±
1860216—1880714—1890490−31.4%19005063.3%1910463−8.5%1920363−21.6%193044823.4%1940447−0.2%19504664.3%196061030.9%19706171.1%198069813.1%1990667−4.4%2000634−4.9%2010604−4.7%20206467.0%U.S. Decennial Census
2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 604 people, 227 households, and 166 families living in the village. The population density was 850.7 inhabitants per square mile (328.5/km2). There were 266 housing units at an average density of 374.6 per square mile (144.6/km2). The racial makeup of the village was 94.7% White, 0.2% African American, 1.0% Native American, 1.5% Asian, 0.8% from other races, and 1.8% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3.0% of the population.
There were 227 households, of which 40.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 45.4% were married couples living together, 18.9% had a female householder with no husband present, 8.8% had a male householder with no wife present, and 26.9% were non-families. 22.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.66 and the average family size was 2.98.
The median age in the village was 35.6 years. 27.2% of residents were under the age of 18; 8.1% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 27.7% were from 25 to 44; 26.5% were from 45 to 64; and 10.4% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the village was 49.7% male and 50.3% female.
2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 634 people, 246 households, and 171 families living in the village. The population density was 830.5 inhabitants per square mile (320.7/km2). There were 264 housing units at an average density of 345.8 per square mile (133.5/km2). The racial makeup of the village was 96.06% White, 0.32% Native American, 0.95% from other races, and 2.68% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.37% of the population.
There were 246 households, out of which 39.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 44.7% were married couples living together, 17.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 30.1% were non-families. 25.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.58 and the average family size was 2.99.
In the village, the population was spread out, with 29.7% under the age of 18, 10.4% from 18 to 24, 30.8% from 25 to 44, 19.6% from 45 to 64, and 9.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 33 years. For every 100 females, there were 94.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 91.4 males.
The median income for a household in the village was $30,096, and the median income for a family was $36,875. Males had a median income of $32,604 versus $21,500 for females. The per capita income for the village was $13,938. About 12.8% of families and 15.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 18.5% of those under age 18 and none of those age 65 or over.
References
^ "2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved May 21, 2022.
^ a b U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Muir, Michigan
^ a b "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.
^ "US Gazetteer files 2010". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on January 25, 2012. Retrieved November 25, 2012.
^ Clark, Charles F. (1863). Michigan State Gazetteer and Business Directory for 1863--4 (Second ed.). Detroit: Charles F. Clark. p. 98. Retrieved January 28, 2022.
^ "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2015.
^ "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved November 25, 2012.
External links
Lyons and Muir community website
vteMunicipalities and communities of Ionia County, Michigan, United StatesCounty seat: IoniaCities
Belding
Ionia
Portland
Map of Michigan highlighting Ionia CountyVillages
Clarksville
Hubbardston‡
Lake Odessa
Lyons
Muir
Pewamo
Saranac
Townships
Berlin
Boston
Campbell
Danby
Easton
Ionia
Keene
Lyons
North Plains
Odessa
Orange
Orleans
Otisco
Portland
Ronald
Sebewa
Unincorporatedcommunities
Berlin Center
Collins
Cooks Corners
Dildine
Elmdale
Matherton
Orleans
Palo
Sebewa
Shiloh
Smyrna
Footnotes‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties
Michigan portal
United States portal | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ionia County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionia_County,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"U.S. state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._state"},{"link_name":"Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michigan"},{"link_name":"2010 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_United_States_Census"}],"text":"Village in Michigan, United StatesMuir is a village in Lyons Township, Ionia County in the U.S. state of Michigan. The population was 604 at the 2010 census.","title":"Muir, Michigan"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States Census Bureau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gazetteer_files-4"}],"text":"According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of 0.76 square miles (1.97 km2), of which 0.71 square miles (1.84 km2) is land and 0.05 square miles (0.13 km2) is water.[4]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wwwcensusgov-7"},{"link_name":"population density","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_density"},{"link_name":"White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"African American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Native American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Asian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"other races","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Hispanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanic_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Latino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latino_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"married couples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage"}],"sub_title":"2010 census","text":"As of the census[7] of 2010, there were 604 people, 227 households, and 166 families living in the village. The population density was 850.7 inhabitants per square mile (328.5/km2). There were 266 housing units at an average density of 374.6 per square mile (144.6/km2). The racial makeup of the village was 94.7% White, 0.2% African American, 1.0% Native American, 1.5% Asian, 0.8% from other races, and 1.8% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3.0% of the population.There were 227 households, of which 40.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 45.4% were married couples living together, 18.9% had a female householder with no husband present, 8.8% had a male householder with no wife present, and 26.9% were non-families. 22.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.66 and the average family size was 2.98.The median age in the village was 35.6 years. 27.2% of residents were under the age of 18; 8.1% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 27.7% were from 25 to 44; 26.5% were from 45 to 64; and 10.4% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the village was 49.7% male and 50.3% female.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR2-3"},{"link_name":"White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Native American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"other races","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(United_States_Census)"},{"link_name":"Hispanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanic_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Latino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latino_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"married couples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage"},{"link_name":"per capita income","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per_capita_income"},{"link_name":"poverty line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_line"}],"sub_title":"2000 census","text":"As of the census[3] of 2000, there were 634 people, 246 households, and 171 families living in the village. The population density was 830.5 inhabitants per square mile (320.7/km2). There were 264 housing units at an average density of 345.8 per square mile (133.5/km2). The racial makeup of the village was 96.06% White, 0.32% Native American, 0.95% from other races, and 2.68% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.37% of the population.There were 246 households, out of which 39.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 44.7% were married couples living together, 17.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 30.1% were non-families. 25.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.58 and the average family size was 2.99.In the village, the population was spread out, with 29.7% under the age of 18, 10.4% from 18 to 24, 30.8% from 25 to 44, 19.6% from 45 to 64, and 9.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 33 years. For every 100 females, there were 94.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 91.4 males.The median income for a household in the village was $30,096, and the median income for a family was $36,875. Males had a median income of $32,604 versus $21,500 for females. The per capita income for the village was $13,938. About 12.8% of families and 15.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 18.5% of those under age 18 and none of those age 65 or over.","title":"Demographics"}] | [{"image_text":"Map of Michigan highlighting Ionia County","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Map_of_Michigan_highlighting_Ionia_County.svg/85px-Map_of_Michigan_highlighting_Ionia_County.svg.png"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files\". United States Census Bureau. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Fiennes,_22nd_Baron_Saye_and_Sele | Martin Fiennes, 22nd Baron Saye and Sele | ["1 Family and education","2 Career","3 References"] | Martin Guy Fiennes, 22nd Baron Saye and Sele, DL (né Twisleton-Wykeham-Fiennes; born 27 February 1961), styled as Lord Saye and Sele, is an English peer and businessman.
Family and education
Fiennes is the second son of Nathaniel Fiennes, 21st Baron Saye and Sele (1920−2024), who changed the family's surname from Twisleton-Wykeham-Fiennes to Fiennes by deed poll in 1965, and Mariette Helena Salisbury-Jones (born 1935) and a grandson of Sir Guy Salisbury-Jones. He became heir to the barony of Saye and Sele in 2001 following the death of his older brother, Richard, from epilepsy. His twin sister is the artist Susannah Fiennes and his youngest brother is the writer William Fiennes; another brother, Thomas, died in a road accident in 1968 at the age of three. A member of the Twisleton-Wykeham-Fiennes family, he is a cousin of the actor Ralph Fiennes and the explorer Sir Ranulph Fiennes.
After attending Eton College, Fiennes studied at Brasenose College, Oxford, before completing an MBA at Ashridge Management College.
On 28 September 1996 he married Pauline Kang Chai Lian, with whom he has three sons: Guy Fiennes (b. 1997), Ned Richard Ling Fiennes (b. 1999) and Ivo Fiennes (b. 2009).
Career
Fiennes works in venture capital and joined Oxford Sciences Enterprises in 2015. He also manages the family seat, Broughton Castle, and in 2018 was appointed Deputy Lieutenant of Oxfordshire.
He succeeded his father as Lord Saye and Sele in 2024.
References
^ a b c d e Charles Mosley (editor), Burke's Peerage, Baronetage and Knightage, 107th ed., vol. I (2003), p. 3667.
^ a b c The Oxford Lieutenancy, Martin Fiennes. Retrieved 29 January 2024.
^ a b c The Banbury Guardian, "Obituary: Nathaniel Fiennes, 21st Baron Saye and Sele − known to Banbury simply as Lord Saye − dies aged 103", 23 January 2024. Retrieved 29 January 2024.
^ The Times, "Lord Saye and Sele obituary", 29 January 2024. Retrieved 30 January 2024.
^ a b c The Guardian, "An Englishman's castle", 10 April 2009. Retrieved 29 January 2024.
^ The London Gazette, "Deputy Lieutenant Commissions: Lieutenancy of Oxfordshire", 1 March 2018 (issue 62217), p. 3894. Retrieved 29 January 2024.
^ The Bucks Herald, "Six new deputies appointed by Lord-Lieutenant of Oxfordshire", 28 February 2018. Retrieved 29 January 2024.
Peerage of England
Preceded byNathaniel Fiennes, 21st Baron Saye and Sele
Baron Saye and Sele 2024−present
Succeeded by
vteCurrent barons in the Peerage of England Sorted by (historical) entity at time of grantKing Henry III
Peter Maxwell, 27th Baron de Ros
King Edward I
James Stourton, 28th Baron Mowbray
Delaval Astley, 23rd Baron Hastings
Julian Plumptre, 22nd Baron FitzWalter
James Stourton, 28th Baron Mowbray
Gerard Fane-Trefusis, 22nd Baron Clinton
Miles Russell, 28th Baron de Clifford
King Edward II
James Frankland, 18th Baron Zouche
Jane Heathcote-Drummond-Willoughby, 28th Baroness Willoughby de Eresby
Andrew Kenworthy, 12th Baron Strabolgi
Emily Beamish, 29th Baroness Dacre
King Edward III
Caspar Ingrams, 19th Baron Darcy de Knayth
Godfrey Bewicke-Copley, 7th Baron Cromwell
King Richard II
William Stonor, 8th Baron Camoys
Richard Cornwall-Legh, 6th Baron Grey of Codnor
King Henry V
Anthony Gueterbock, 18th Baron Berkeley
King Henry VI
Crispin Money-Coutts, 9th Baron Latymer
Jim Wallace, 15th Baron Dudley
Martin Fiennes, 22nd Baron Saye and Sele
James Stourton, 28th Baron Mowbray
Rupert Kirkham, 17th Baron Berners
King Edward IV
David Seyfried-Herbert, 19th Baron Herbert
King Henry VII
David Verney, 21st Baron Willoughby de Broke
King Henry VIII
Richard Gilbey, 12th Baron Vaux of Harrowden
Mary Aubrey-Fletcher, 8th Baroness Braye
Alexander Leith, 8th Baron Burgh
Myles Robertson, 12th Baron Wharton
Queen Elizabeth I
Anthony St John, 22nd Baron St John of Bletso
Hazel Czernin, 10th Baroness Howard de Walden
King James I
John Petre, 18th Baron Petre
William Dormer, 18th Baron Dormer
John Roper-Curzon, 19th Baron Teynham
King Charles I
Adam Drummond, 17th Baron Strange
Francis Fitzherbert, 15th Baron Stafford
Robert Byron, 13th Baron Byron
King Charles II
Ralph Palmer, 12th Baron Lucas
Jennifer Forwood, 11th Baroness Arlington
Thomas Clifford, 14th Baron Clifford of Chudleigh
King William III
Henry Vane, 12th Baron Barnard
Italics in entries mean the titleholder also holds a previously listed barony of greater precedence
This biography of a baron or baroness in the Peerage of England is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Martin Fiennes, 22nd Baron Saye and Sele"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nathaniel Fiennes, 21st Baron Saye and Sele","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathaniel_Fiennes,_21st_Baron_Saye_and_Sele"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-banbury-3"},{"link_name":"deed poll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deed_poll"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-burke-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Guy Salisbury-Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guy_Salisbury-Jones"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-burke-1"},{"link_name":"barony of Saye and Sele","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baron_Saye_and_Sele"},{"link_name":"epilepsy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epilepsy"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guardian-5"},{"link_name":"Susannah 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College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hult_Ashridge"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dl-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-burke-1"}],"text":"Fiennes is the second son of Nathaniel Fiennes, 21st Baron Saye and Sele (1920−2024),[3] who changed the family's surname from Twisleton-Wykeham-Fiennes to Fiennes by deed poll in 1965,[1][4] and Mariette Helena Salisbury-Jones (born 1935) and a grandson of Sir Guy Salisbury-Jones.[1] He became heir to the barony of Saye and Sele in 2001 following the death of his older brother, Richard, from epilepsy.[5] His twin sister is the artist Susannah Fiennes and his youngest brother is the writer William Fiennes;[1] another brother, Thomas, died in a road accident in 1968 at the age of three.[5] A member of the Twisleton-Wykeham-Fiennes family, he is a cousin of the actor Ralph Fiennes and the explorer Sir Ranulph Fiennes.After attending Eton College, Fiennes studied at Brasenose College, Oxford,[5] before completing an MBA at Ashridge Management College.[2]On 28 September 1996 he married Pauline Kang Chai Lian, with whom he has three sons: Guy Fiennes (b. 1997), Ned Richard Ling Fiennes (b. 1999) and Ivo Fiennes (b. 2009).[1]","title":"Family and education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"venture capital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venture_capital"},{"link_name":"Oxford Sciences Enterprises","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_Sciences_Enterprises"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dl-2"},{"link_name":"Broughton Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broughton_Castle"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-banbury-3"},{"link_name":"Deputy Lieutenant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deputy_Lieutenant"},{"link_name":"Oxfordshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxfordshire"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-banbury-3"}],"text":"Fiennes works in venture capital and joined Oxford Sciences Enterprises in 2015.[2] He also manages the family seat, Broughton Castle,[3] and in 2018 was appointed Deputy Lieutenant of Oxfordshire.[6][7]He succeeded his father as Lord Saye and Sele in 2024.[3]","title":"Career"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://www.oxfordshire-lieutenancy.org/deputy-lieutenants/martin-fiennes","external_links_name":"The Oxford Lieutenancy, Martin Fiennes"},{"Link":"https://www.banburyguardian.co.uk/heritage-and-retro/heritage/obituary-nathaniel-fiennes-21st-baron-saye-and-sele-known-to-banbury-simply-as-lord-saye-dies-aged-103-4489372","external_links_name":"The Banbury Guardian, \"Obituary: Nathaniel Fiennes, 21st Baron Saye and Sele − known to Banbury simply as Lord Saye − dies aged 103\""},{"Link":"https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/lord-saye-and-sele-obituary-nl65dswm0","external_links_name":"The Times, \"Lord Saye and Sele obituary\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2009/apr/11/the-music-room-william-fiennes","external_links_name":"The Guardian, \"An Englishman's castle\""},{"Link":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/notice/2979935","external_links_name":"The London Gazette, \"Deputy Lieutenant Commissions: Lieutenancy of Oxfordshire"},{"Link":"https://www.bucksherald.co.uk/news/six-new-deputies-appointed-by-lord-lieutenant-of-oxfordshire-340050","external_links_name":"The Bucks Herald, \"Six new deputies appointed by Lord-Lieutenant of Oxfordshire\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Martin_Fiennes,_22nd_Baron_Saye_and_Sele&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hulu_Langat,_Selangor | Hulu Langat District | ["1 Population","2 Administrative divisions","2.1 Local Area Government","3 Federal Parliament and State Assembly Seats","4 Infrastructure","4.1 Public transportation","4.2 Highways","5 Education","5.1 Public universities","5.2 Private universities and university colleges","6 Places of interest","7 See also","8 References","9 External links"] | Coordinates: 3°05′N 101°50′E / 3.083°N 101.833°E / 3.083; 101.833For the federal constituency represented in the Dewan Rakyat, see Hulu Langat (federal constituency).
District of Malaysia in SelangorHulu Langat District District of MalaysiaDaerah Hulu LangatOther transcription(s) • Jawiدايره هولو لاڠت • Chinese乌鲁冷岳县 • Tamilஉலு லங்காட்Location of Hulu Langat District in SelangorHulu Langat DistrictLocation of Hulu Langat District in MalaysiaCoordinates: 3°05′N 101°50′E / 3.083°N 101.833°E / 3.083; 101.833CountryMalaysiaStateSelangorSeatBandar Baru BangiLocal area government(s)Kajang Municipal Council(South)Ampang Jaya Municipal Council(North)Government • District officerZul-Kefli@Zulkefli KhalidArea • Total829.44 km2 (320.25 sq mi)Population (2020) • Total1,400,461 • Density1,700/km2 (4,400/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+8 (MST) • Summer (DST)UTC+8 (Not observed)Postcode43xxx, 55xxx, 56xxx, 68xxxCalling code+6-03-4, +6-03-8, +6-03-9Vehicle registration platesB
Hulu Langat District is a district located in the southeastern corner of Selangor, between Kuala Lumpur and Negeri Sembilan. It is bordered by the state of Pahang to the east and north, Gombak district to the north-west, Federal Territory of Kuala Lumpur and Petaling district to the west, Sepang district to the south-west, and state of Negeri Sembilan to the south.
Hulu Langat is the fifth largest district in Selangor State with an area of 840 square kilometres and the second most populous district with a population of 1,400,461 at the 2020 Census (provisional result). It is also the second most densely populated district with approximately 1688 people per km2. It has a mix of urban and rural settlements with a majority of the population settling in towns near Kuala Lumpur. These population centers, such as Cheras and Ampang effectively became suburbs of the greater metropolitan area (both Cheras and Ampang are communities now divided administratively between Kuala Lumpur Federal Territory and Selangor State).
Hulu Langat has a median income of RM8361 (2019), which is the fourth highest in the state and country behind Petaling, Sepang and Gombak. The figure is higher than both the state, RM8210 (2019) and national median income of RM5873 (2019).
Population
According to the Department of Statistics, Malaysia, Hulu Langat's population increased from 1,138,198 in 2010 to 1,400,416 in 2020.
Historical populationYearPop.±% 1991 413,900— 2000 864,451+108.9% 2010 1,138,198+31.7% 2020 1,400,461+23.0%Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on Phabricator and on MediaWiki.org.Source:
The following is based on the Department of Statistics Malaysia 2020 forecast.
Ethnic groups in Hulu Langat, 2020 forecast
Ethnicity
Population
Percentage
Bumiputera
731,700
58.3%
Chinese
385,600
30.7%
Indian
122,400
9.8%
Others
14,400
1.1%
Administrative divisions
Hulu Langat District is divided into 7 mukims, which are:
Hulu Langat
Ampang
Cheras
Hulu Semenyih
Kajang
Semenyih
Beranang
Local Area Government
Ampang Jaya Municipal Council (Mukim Ampang only)
Kajang Municipal Council (Most parts of the district except Mukim Ampang)
Federal Parliament and State Assembly Seats
Hulu Langat, Selangor Parliament and State Assembly Electoral Districts
List of Hulu Langat district representatives in the Federal Parliament (Dewan Rakyat)
Parliament
Seat Name
Member of Parliament
Party
P099
Ampang
Rodziah Ismail
Pakatan Harapan (PKR)
P100
Pandan
Rafizi Ramli
Pakatan Harapan (PKR)
P101
Hulu Langat
Mohd Sany Hamzan
Pakatan Harapan (AMANAH)
P102
Bangi
Syahredzan Johan
Pakatan Harapan (DAP)
P103
Puchong
Yeo Bee Yin
Pakatan Harapan (DAP)
List of Hulu Langat district representatives in the State Legislative Assembly (Dewan Undangan Negeri)
Parliament
State
Seat Name
State Assemblyman
Party
P99
N20
Lembah Jaya
Syed Ahmad Syed Abdul Rahman Alhadad
Pakatan Harapan (PKR)
P100
N21
Pandan Indah
Izham Hashim
Pakatan Harapan (AMANAH)
P100
N22
Teratai
Yew Jia Haur
Pakatan Harapan (DAP)
P101
N23
Dusun Tua
Johan Abd Aziz
Barisan Nasional (UMNO)
P101
N24
Semenyih
Nushi Mahfodz
Perikatan Nasional (PAS)
P102
N25
Kajang
David Cheong Kian Young
Pakatan Harapan (PKR)
P102
N26
Sungai Ramal
Mohd Shafie Ngah
Perikatan Nasional (PAS)
P102
N27
Balakong
Wayne Ong Chun Wei
Pakatan Harapan (DAP)
P103
N28
Seri Kembangan
Wong Siew Ki
Pakatan Harapan (DAP)
Infrastructure
Public transportation
The Phase 2 of MRT Kajang Line (MRT KGL) which opened in July 2017 runs through several areas in this district, previously not served by any railway service. The MRT stations under this district are Taman Suntex, Sri Raya, Bandar Tun Hussein Onn, Batu 11 Cheras, Bukit Dukung, Sungai Jernih, Stadium Kajang, and Kajang station which is the southern terminus of the MRT Kajang Line. Kajang station also acts as the interchange point with the KTM ETS service and KTM Komuter Seremban Line. The Komuter line also passes through Bangi, UKM and Kajang 2 stations within the district.
The district is also widely served by public bus service run by Rapid KL. Bus routes in the district fall under the Ampang Corridor and Cheras Corridor.
Highways
The district is served by the Kuala Lumpur–Seremban Expressway, the Cheras–Kajang Expressway, the Kajang Dispersal Link Expressway (Silk Highway), and the Kajang - Seremban Highway (LEKAS) with essential links to other major highways. Meanwhile, a new expressway, East Klang Valley Expressway EKVE, which connects Ukay Perdana, Ampang and Sungai Long, Kajang is currently under construction and is expected to be completed by the end of 2022.
Education
Hulu Langat District is home to a number of higher education institutions.
Public universities
Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi
Private universities and university colleges
Infrastructure University Kuala Lumpur (IUKL), Kajang
German-Malaysian Institute (GMI), Bangi
Universiti Tenaga Nasional (UNITEN), Kajang
Kolej Universiti Islam Antarabangsa Selangor (KUIS), Kajang
Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman (UTAR), Sungai Long
University of Nottingham (Malaysia campus), Semenyih
New Era University College, Kajang
Places of interest
Hulu Langat town is famous for its durians. This town is also popular for its recreational activities and natural surroundings. Due to its near location to the city of Kuala Lumpur Hulu Langat is a popular spot to the local tourist for recreational activities. Among the popular spots of eco-tourism are the Sungai Gabai Waterfalls, the Semenyih Water Reservoir and the Congkak River Forest Recreational Center. Another latest hot spot for tourism is the Sungai Lopoh, located at 22nd Mile of Jalan Hulu Langat and the Kuala Lumpur Look Out Point Tourist Complex, located at Jalan Ampang–Hulu Langat. Near Sungai Lui, Hulu Langat lays a famous Malay residents named Shahid Ramlee Mansion, which was once before settled by Tan Sri P.Ramlee, Malaysia 70s famous actor.
Near Lembah Pangsun lies Mount Nuang (1,483m), a training ground for hikers and runners before they climb Mount Kinabalu or do a marathon. There are two hots spring in Hulu Langat one is Dusun Tua Hot Spring located at 16th mile and Sungai Serai Hot Spring .
Balakong consists of various shopping malls that are frequented by tourists and locals, such as AEON (Jusco) Cheras Selatan Balakong .
Kajang town on the other hand is famous for its satay, which is very popular amongst the locals as well as tourists.
Pekan Batu 14 Hulu Langat
Pekan Batu 14 Hulu Langat is an old town which 14 miles from Kuala Lumpur.
Landmark
- Masjid Sultan Hisamuddin Alam Shah
- Dewan Dato Nazir Hulu Langat
- Balai Polis Pekan Batu 14 Hulu Langat
Pekan Batu 18 Hulu Langat
Pekan Batu 18 Hulu Langat is an old town which 18 miles from Kuala Lumpur.
It is also a Famous Place for Cycling Gathering Point
Landmark
- Balai Polis Pekan Batu 18 Hulu Langat
- SJK (C) CHOON HWA
See also
Districts of Malaysia
References
^ "Portal Rasmi PDT Hulu Langat Carta Organisasi Utama". www2.selangor.gov.my. Archived from the original on 2021-05-18. Retrieved 2017-12-23.
^ "Portal Rasmi PDT Hulu Langat Latar Belakang". www2.selangor.gov.my. Archived from the original on 2019-06-01. Retrieved 2017-12-23.
^ "Department of Statistics Malaysia". www.dosm.gov.my. Retrieved 24 June 2023.
^ "Department of Statistics Malaysia Official Portal". www.dosm.gov.my. Retrieved 2022-06-03.
^ "HOUSEHOLD INCOME AND BASIC AMENITIES SURVEY REPORT 2019" (PDF). www.dosm.gov.my. July 2020. Retrieved 5 Jan 2022.
^ "HOUSEHOLD INCOME AND BASIC AMENITIES SURVEY REPORT BY STATE AND ADMINISTRATIVE DISTRICT SELANGOR 2019" (PDF). www.dosm.gov.my. July 2020. Retrieved 5 Jan 2022.
^ "Key Findings Population and Housing Census of Malaysia 2020: Administrative District". www.dosm.gov.my. 29 Dec 2021. Retrieved 5 Jan 2022.
^ "Key Findings of Population and Housing Census of Malaysia 2020" (pdf) (in Malay and English). Department of Statistics, Malaysia. ISBN 978-967-2000-85-3.
^ "Population Statistics". Department of Statistics Malaysia Official Portal.
^ Hulu Langat water.gov.my January 2011
Archived 2017-11-17 at the Wayback Machine
^ Jalil, Asila (3 Nov 2021). "EKVE 94% completed, says deputy minister". The Malaysian Reserve. Retrieved 5 Jan 2022.
External links
Media related to Hulu Langat District at Wikimedia Commons
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☆Kuala Lumpur, Labuan, and Putrajaya are Federal Territories and thus do not have districts.italics are districts gazetted and officially established after 2020. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hulu Langat (federal constituency)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hulu_Langat_(federal_constituency)"},{"link_name":"district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Districts_of_Malaysia"},{"link_name":"Selangor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selangor"},{"link_name":"Kuala Lumpur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur"},{"link_name":"Negeri Sembilan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negeri_Sembilan"},{"link_name":"Pahang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pahang"},{"link_name":"Gombak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gombak_District"},{"link_name":"Petaling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petaling_District"},{"link_name":"Sepang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sepang_District"},{"link_name":"Selangor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selangor"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Kuala Lumpur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur"},{"link_name":"Cheras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheras,_Selangor"},{"link_name":"Ampang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ampang_Jaya"},{"link_name":"Kuala Lumpur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur"},{"link_name":"Selangor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selangor"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"For the federal constituency represented in the Dewan Rakyat, see Hulu Langat (federal constituency).District of Malaysia in SelangorHulu Langat District is a district located in the southeastern corner of Selangor, between Kuala Lumpur and Negeri Sembilan. It is bordered by the state of Pahang to the east and north, Gombak district to the north-west, Federal Territory of Kuala Lumpur and Petaling district to the west, Sepang district to the south-west, and state of Negeri Sembilan to the south.Hulu Langat is the fifth largest district in Selangor State with an area of 840 square kilometres and the second most populous district with a population of 1,400,461 at the 2020 Census (provisional result).[4] It is also the second most densely populated district with approximately 1688 people per km2. It has a mix of urban and rural settlements with a majority of the population settling in towns near Kuala Lumpur. These population centers, such as Cheras and Ampang effectively became suburbs of the greater metropolitan area (both Cheras and Ampang are communities now divided administratively between Kuala Lumpur Federal Territory and Selangor State).Hulu Langat has a median income of RM8361 (2019), which is the fourth highest in the state and country behind Petaling, Sepang and Gombak.[5] The figure is higher than both the state, RM8210 (2019) and national median income of RM5873 (2019).[6]","title":"Hulu Langat District"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"According to the Department of Statistics, Malaysia, Hulu Langat's population increased from 1,138,198 in 2010 to 1,400,416 in 2020.[7]The following is based on the Department of Statistics Malaysia 2020 forecast.[9]","title":"Population"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Map_of_Hulu_Langat_District,_Selangor.svg"},{"link_name":"mukims","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mukim"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"Hulu Langat District is divided into 7 mukims, which are:[10]","title":"Administrative divisions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ampang Jaya Municipal Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ampang_Jaya_Municipal_Council"},{"link_name":"Kajang Municipal Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kajang_Municipal_Council"}],"sub_title":"Local Area Government","text":"Ampang Jaya Municipal Council (Mukim Ampang only)\nKajang Municipal Council (Most parts of the district except Mukim Ampang)","title":"Administrative divisions"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hulu_Langat,_Federal_Parliament_and_State_Assembly_Seats.svg"}],"text":"Hulu Langat, Selangor Parliament and State Assembly Electoral DistrictsList of Hulu Langat district representatives in the Federal Parliament (Dewan Rakyat)List of Hulu Langat district representatives in the State Legislative Assembly (Dewan Undangan Negeri)","title":"Federal Parliament and State Assembly Seats"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Infrastructure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"MRT Kajang Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MRT_Kajang_Line"},{"link_name":"Taman Suntex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taman_Suntex_MRT_station"},{"link_name":"Sri Raya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Raya_MRT_station"},{"link_name":"Bandar Tun Hussein Onn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandar_Tun_Hussein_Onn_MRT_station"},{"link_name":"Batu 11 Cheras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batu_11_Cheras_MRT_station"},{"link_name":"Bukit Dukung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bukit_Dukung_MRT_station"},{"link_name":"Sungai Jernih","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sungai_Jernih_MRT_station"},{"link_name":"Stadium Kajang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stadium_Kajang_MRT_station"},{"link_name":"Kajang station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kajang_railway_station"},{"link_name":"KTM ETS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KTM_ETS"},{"link_name":"KTM Komuter Seremban Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seremban_Line"},{"link_name":"Bangi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangi_Komuter_station"},{"link_name":"UKM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UKM_Komuter_station"},{"link_name":"Kajang 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kajang_2_Komuter_station"},{"link_name":"Rapid KL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapid_KL"},{"link_name":"Ampang Corridor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_bus_routes_in_Greater_Kuala_Lumpur"},{"link_name":"Cheras Corridor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_bus_routes_in_Greater_Kuala_Lumpur"}],"sub_title":"Public transportation","text":"The Phase 2 of MRT Kajang Line (MRT KGL) which opened in July 2017 runs through several areas in this district, previously not served by any railway service. The MRT stations under this district are Taman Suntex, Sri Raya, Bandar Tun Hussein Onn, Batu 11 Cheras, Bukit Dukung, Sungai Jernih, Stadium Kajang, and Kajang station which is the southern terminus of the MRT Kajang Line. Kajang station also acts as the interchange point with the KTM ETS service and KTM Komuter Seremban Line. The Komuter line also passes through Bangi, UKM and Kajang 2 stations within the district.The district is also widely served by public bus service run by Rapid KL. Bus routes in the district fall under the Ampang Corridor and Cheras Corridor.","title":"Infrastructure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kuala Lumpur–Seremban Expressway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur%E2%80%93Seremban_Expressway"},{"link_name":"Cheras–Kajang Expressway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheras%E2%80%93Kajang_Expressway"},{"link_name":"Kajang Dispersal Link Expressway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kajang_Dispersal_Link_Expressway"},{"link_name":"Kajang - Seremban Highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kajang%E2%80%93Seremban_Highway"},{"link_name":"East Klang Valley Expressway EKVE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Klang_Valley_Expressway"},{"link_name":"Sungai Long","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandar_Sungai_Long"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"sub_title":"Highways","text":"The district is served by the Kuala Lumpur–Seremban Expressway, the Cheras–Kajang Expressway, the Kajang Dispersal Link Expressway (Silk Highway), and the Kajang - Seremban Highway (LEKAS) with essential links to other major highways. Meanwhile, a new expressway, East Klang Valley Expressway EKVE, which connects Ukay Perdana, Ampang and Sungai Long, Kajang is currently under construction and is expected to be completed by the end of 2022.[11]","title":"Infrastructure"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Hulu Langat District is home to a number of higher education institutions.","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_University_of_Malaysia"},{"link_name":"Bangi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangi_(federal_constituency)"}],"sub_title":"Public universities","text":"Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Infrastructure University Kuala Lumpur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrastructure_University_Kuala_Lumpur"},{"link_name":"Kajang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kajang"},{"link_name":"German-Malaysian Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German-Malaysian_Institute"},{"link_name":"Universiti Tenaga Nasional","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universiti_Tenaga_Nasional"},{"link_name":"Kolej Universiti Islam Antarabangsa Selangor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolej_Universiti_Islam_Antarabangsa_Selangor"},{"link_name":"Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universiti_Tunku_Abdul_Rahman"},{"link_name":"University of Nottingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Nottingham_Malaysia_Campus"},{"link_name":"New Era University College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Era_University_College"}],"sub_title":"Private universities and university colleges","text":"Infrastructure University Kuala Lumpur (IUKL), Kajang\nGerman-Malaysian Institute (GMI), Bangi\nUniversiti Tenaga Nasional (UNITEN), Kajang\nKolej Universiti Islam Antarabangsa Selangor (KUIS), Kajang\nUniversiti Tunku Abdul Rahman (UTAR), Sungai Long\nUniversity of Nottingham (Malaysia campus), Semenyih\nNew Era University College, Kajang","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sungai Gabai Waterfalls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabai_Falls"},{"link_name":"Jalan Hulu Langat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jalan_Hulu_Langat"},{"link_name":"Jalan Ampang–Hulu Langat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jalan_Ampang%E2%80%93Hulu_Langat"},{"link_name":"Mount Nuang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Nuang"},{"link_name":"Mount Kinabalu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Kinabalu"},{"link_name":"Balakong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balakong"},{"link_name":"Kajang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kajang"}],"text":"Hulu Langat town is famous for its durians. This town is also popular for its recreational activities and natural surroundings. Due to its near location to the city of Kuala Lumpur Hulu Langat is a popular spot to the local tourist for recreational activities. Among the popular spots of eco-tourism are the Sungai Gabai Waterfalls, the Semenyih Water Reservoir and the Congkak River Forest Recreational Center. Another latest hot spot for tourism is the Sungai Lopoh, located at 22nd Mile of Jalan Hulu Langat and the Kuala Lumpur Look Out Point Tourist Complex, located at Jalan Ampang–Hulu Langat. Near Sungai Lui, Hulu Langat lays a famous Malay residents named Shahid Ramlee Mansion, which was once before settled by Tan Sri P.Ramlee, Malaysia 70s famous actor.Near Lembah Pangsun lies Mount Nuang (1,483m), a training ground for hikers and runners before they climb Mount Kinabalu or do a marathon. There are two hots spring in Hulu Langat one is Dusun Tua Hot Spring located at 16th mile and Sungai Serai Hot Spring .Balakong consists of various shopping malls that are frequented by tourists and locals, such as AEON (Jusco) Cheras Selatan Balakong .Kajang town on the other hand is famous for its satay, which is very popular amongst the locals as well as tourists.Pekan Batu 14 Hulu LangatPekan Batu 14 Hulu Langat is an old town which 14 miles from Kuala Lumpur.Landmark- Masjid Sultan Hisamuddin Alam Shah- Dewan Dato Nazir Hulu Langat- Balai Polis Pekan Batu 14 Hulu LangatPekan Batu 18 Hulu LangatPekan Batu 18 Hulu Langat is an old town which 18 miles from Kuala Lumpur.It is also a Famous Place for Cycling Gathering PointLandmark- Balai Polis Pekan Batu 18 Hulu Langat- SJK (C) CHOON HWA","title":"Places of interest"}] | [{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Map_of_Hulu_Langat_District%2C_Selangor.svg/250px-Map_of_Hulu_Langat_District%2C_Selangor.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Hulu Langat, Selangor Parliament and State Assembly Electoral Districts","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Hulu_Langat%2C_Federal_Parliament_and_State_Assembly_Seats.svg/350px-Hulu_Langat%2C_Federal_Parliament_and_State_Assembly_Seats.svg.png"}] | [{"title":"Districts of Malaysia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Districts_of_Malaysia"}] | [{"reference":"\"Portal Rasmi PDT Hulu Langat Carta Organisasi Utama\". www2.selangor.gov.my. Archived from the original on 2021-05-18. Retrieved 2017-12-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210518230306/http://www2.selangor.gov.my/hululangat.php/pages/view/3?mid=91","url_text":"\"Portal Rasmi PDT Hulu Langat Carta Organisasi Utama\""},{"url":"http://www2.selangor.gov.my/hululangat.php/pages/view/3?mid=91","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Portal Rasmi PDT Hulu Langat Latar Belakang\". www2.selangor.gov.my. Archived from the original on 2019-06-01. Retrieved 2017-12-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190601183221/http://www2.selangor.gov.my/hululangat.php/pages/view/125?mid=16","url_text":"\"Portal Rasmi PDT Hulu Langat Latar Belakang\""},{"url":"http://www2.selangor.gov.my/hululangat.php/pages/view/125?mid=16","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Department of Statistics Malaysia\". www.dosm.gov.my. Retrieved 24 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dosm.gov.my/portal-main/landingv2","url_text":"\"Department of Statistics Malaysia\""}]},{"reference":"\"Department of Statistics Malaysia Official Portal\". www.dosm.gov.my. Retrieved 2022-06-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dosm.gov.my/v1/index.php?r=column/cthemeByCat&cat=500&bul_id=WEFGYlprNFpVcUdWcXFFWkY3WHhEQT09&menu_id=L0pheU43NWJwRWVSZklWdzQ4TlhUUT09","url_text":"\"Department of Statistics Malaysia Official Portal\""}]},{"reference":"\"HOUSEHOLD INCOME AND BASIC AMENITIES SURVEY REPORT 2019\" (PDF). www.dosm.gov.my. July 2020. Retrieved 5 Jan 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dosm.gov.my/v1/uploads/files/1_Articles_By_Themes/Prices/HIES/HIS-Report/HIS-Malaysia-.pdf","url_text":"\"HOUSEHOLD INCOME AND BASIC AMENITIES SURVEY REPORT 2019\""}]},{"reference":"\"HOUSEHOLD INCOME AND BASIC AMENITIES SURVEY REPORT BY STATE AND ADMINISTRATIVE DISTRICT SELANGOR 2019\" (PDF). www.dosm.gov.my. July 2020. Retrieved 5 Jan 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dosm.gov.my/v1/uploads/files/1_Articles_By_Themes/Prices/HIES/HIS-Report/HIS_Selangor.pdf","url_text":"\"HOUSEHOLD INCOME AND BASIC AMENITIES SURVEY REPORT BY STATE AND ADMINISTRATIVE DISTRICT SELANGOR 2019\""}]},{"reference":"\"Key Findings Population and Housing Census of Malaysia 2020: Administrative District\". www.dosm.gov.my. 29 Dec 2021. Retrieved 5 Jan 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dosm.gov.my/v1/index.php?r=column/cthemeByCat&cat=500&bul_id=WEFGYlprNFpVcUdWcXFFWkY3WHhEQT09&menu_id=L0pheU43NWJwRWVSZklWdzQ4TlhUUT09","url_text":"\"Key Findings Population and Housing Census of Malaysia 2020: Administrative District\""}]},{"reference":"\"Key Findings of Population and Housing Census of Malaysia 2020\" (pdf) (in Malay and English). Department of Statistics, Malaysia. ISBN 978-967-2000-85-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dosm.gov.my/uploads/publications/20221020150523.pdf","url_text":"\"Key Findings of Population and Housing Census of Malaysia 2020\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-967-2000-85-3","url_text":"978-967-2000-85-3"}]},{"reference":"\"Population Statistics\". Department of Statistics Malaysia Official Portal.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dosm.gov.my/v1/index.php?r=column/cthree&menu_id=UmtzQ1pKZHBjY1hVZE95R3RnR0Y4QT09","url_text":"\"Population Statistics\""}]},{"reference":"Jalil, Asila (3 Nov 2021). \"EKVE 94% completed, says deputy minister\". The Malaysian Reserve. Retrieved 5 Jan 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://themalaysianreserve.com/2021/11/03/ekve-94-completed-says-deputy-minister/","url_text":"\"EKVE 94% completed, says deputy minister\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Malaysian_Reserve&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"The Malaysian Reserve"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Hulu_Langat_District¶ms=3_05_N_101_50_E_region:MY_type:city(1400461)","external_links_name":"3°05′N 101°50′E / 3.083°N 101.833°E / 3.083; 101.833"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Hulu_Langat_District¶ms=3_05_N_101_50_E_region:MY_type:city(1400461)","external_links_name":"3°05′N 101°50′E / 3.083°N 101.833°E / 3.083; 101.833"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210518230306/http://www2.selangor.gov.my/hululangat.php/pages/view/3?mid=91","external_links_name":"\"Portal Rasmi PDT Hulu Langat Carta Organisasi Utama\""},{"Link":"http://www2.selangor.gov.my/hululangat.php/pages/view/3?mid=91","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190601183221/http://www2.selangor.gov.my/hululangat.php/pages/view/125?mid=16","external_links_name":"\"Portal Rasmi PDT Hulu Langat Latar Belakang\""},{"Link":"http://www2.selangor.gov.my/hululangat.php/pages/view/125?mid=16","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.dosm.gov.my/portal-main/landingv2","external_links_name":"\"Department of Statistics Malaysia\""},{"Link":"https://www.dosm.gov.my/v1/index.php?r=column/cthemeByCat&cat=500&bul_id=WEFGYlprNFpVcUdWcXFFWkY3WHhEQT09&menu_id=L0pheU43NWJwRWVSZklWdzQ4TlhUUT09","external_links_name":"\"Department of Statistics Malaysia Official Portal\""},{"Link":"https://www.dosm.gov.my/v1/uploads/files/1_Articles_By_Themes/Prices/HIES/HIS-Report/HIS-Malaysia-.pdf","external_links_name":"\"HOUSEHOLD INCOME AND BASIC AMENITIES SURVEY REPORT 2019\""},{"Link":"https://www.dosm.gov.my/v1/uploads/files/1_Articles_By_Themes/Prices/HIES/HIS-Report/HIS_Selangor.pdf","external_links_name":"\"HOUSEHOLD INCOME AND BASIC AMENITIES SURVEY REPORT BY STATE AND ADMINISTRATIVE DISTRICT SELANGOR 2019\""},{"Link":"https://www.dosm.gov.my/v1/index.php?r=column/cthemeByCat&cat=500&bul_id=WEFGYlprNFpVcUdWcXFFWkY3WHhEQT09&menu_id=L0pheU43NWJwRWVSZklWdzQ4TlhUUT09","external_links_name":"\"Key Findings Population and Housing Census of Malaysia 2020: Administrative District\""},{"Link":"https://www.dosm.gov.my/uploads/publications/20221020150523.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Key Findings of Population and Housing Census of Malaysia 2020\""},{"Link":"https://www.dosm.gov.my/v1/index.php?r=column/cthree&menu_id=UmtzQ1pKZHBjY1hVZE95R3RnR0Y4QT09","external_links_name":"\"Population Statistics\""},{"Link":"http://apps.water.gov.my/jpskomuniti/dokumen/Hulu%20Langat_DEEP_Januari_2011.pdf","external_links_name":"Hulu Langat"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171117233840/http://apps.water.gov.my/jpskomuniti/dokumen/Hulu%20Langat_DEEP_Januari_2011.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://themalaysianreserve.com/2021/11/03/ekve-94-completed-says-deputy-minister/","external_links_name":"\"EKVE 94% completed, says deputy minister\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%81pua,_New_Zealand | Māpua, New Zealand | ["1 History","1.1 Before 1930","1.2 Former contaminated site","2 Demographics","2.1 Māpua","2.2 Ruby Bay-Māpua statistical area","3 Education","4 Mountain biking","5 References","6 External links"] | Coordinates: 41°15′15″S 173°05′45″E / 41.25417°S 173.09583°E / -41.25417; 173.09583Settlement in Tasman District, New Zealand
Village in Tasman, New ZealandMāpuaVillagePhoto taken from a hang glider above Ruby Bay cliffsCoordinates: 41°15′15″S 173°05′45″E / 41.25417°S 173.09583°E / -41.25417; 173.09583CountryNew ZealandTerritorial authorityTasmanWardMoutere-Waimea WardElectoratesWest Coast-TasmanTe Tai Tonga (Māori)Government • Territorial AuthorityTasman District Council • Mayor of TasmanTim King • West Coast-Tasman MPMaureen Pugh • Te Tai Tonga MPTākuta FerrisArea • Total2.32 km2 (0.90 sq mi)Population (June 2023) • Total1,630 • Density700/km2 (1,800/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+12 (NZST) • Summer (DST)UTC+13 (NZDT)Area code03
Māpua is a small town in the South Island of New Zealand. It is to the west of Nelson on State Highway 60 and on the coastline of Tasman Bay.
With a thriving wharf and commercial area, Māpua has grown in popularity for visitors, with numbers swelling the region over the summer months. A large fair and market is held every Easter Sunday. Up to 10,000 people visit the town on this day to enjoy rides, stalls, and other attractions. The local schools and playcentre benefit from the fair, which is their primary fundraising activity.
History
Before 1930
Campbell's Orchard, Mapua
Middens, tools and human bones found at Grossis Point and around the northern edges of the Waimea inlet suggest small seasonal Māori settlements were located here, with a major pā (fortified settlement) located on the Kina Cliffs to the north. The pā remained in use in the period of early European settlement of the Māpua district; the public can visit the site. The lack of evidence of cannibalism and the rarity of weapons suggest that the Māori living in this district were peaceful and seldom were involved in wars. In the late 1820s, Māori from the North Island (led by the Māori Chief Te Rauparaha) came to the South Island with warriors armed with muskets. Te Rauparaha took over Marlborough before sending half his army west to take over Tasman Bay / Te Tai-o-Aorere and Golden Bay. Owing to the invaders' considerable advantage in weaponry and skill, they soon overcame the local Māori populations. After a battle, most of the invaders moved on, leaving only a small local population of Māori in the region.
The first land-sale to a European in Māpua involved 166 acres, bought in 1854 by Captain James S. Cross for 60 pounds.
The first European resident of Māpua, James Heatly, worked as a fisherman and hunted rabbits, which he brought to Nelson to sell. The port area was originally known as the Western Entrance, and the township dubbed Seaton Township (by a surveyor who had been subdividing part of the town). Mr F.I. Ledger helped plan out the town and later named it "Mapua" which was also what the New Zealand telephone guide named it. Māpua means "abundance" or "prolific" when interpreted into English. By 1915, a substantial wharf could cope with larger ships coming into the harbour for the apple trade, which was booming at this time. The poor roads in the area meant that shipping the apples out was the only option, however eventually a road was built around the Ruby Bay bluffs, linking Nelson with Motueka. A shop, first opened in 1921 to service the locals, stood on the same plot of land as the present-day shop.
The name of the town was officially gazetted as Māpua on 5 November 2018.
The shoreline at Māpua
Former contaminated site
In the 20th century Māpua became one of the most contaminated sites in New Zealand due to pesticide residues in the soils from a now defunct factory, but the 21st century saw a major cleanup operation.
In 1932 the Fruitgrowers Chemical Company built a plant to manufacture pesticides for use in the numerous orchards in the surrounding area. In the 1940s the factory produced organomercury and organochlorine pesticides, including DDT, DDD, dieldrin, 2,4-D and paraquat. Organophosphorous pesticides were produced from the 1960s. By 1978, 124 chemicals were being used to produce 84 different formulations. The plant closed in 1988.
The Tasman District Council took over the site in 1989, and measures were taken to prevent leaching of the chemicals into the adjoining Waimea Inlet. In 1999, the Ministry for the Environment allocated funding for a remediation programme, with "on-site" processing selected as the preferred remediation option. Two years later, the Tasman District Council awarded a contract for remedial work to a partnership of Theiss Services (an Australian remediation specialist) and Environmental Decontamination Limited (EDL) of Auckland. Thiess, the main contractor, held the resource consents to carry out the work; EDL supplied the remediation technology: Mechano-Chemical Dehalogenation (MCD). The site was handed back to the Tasman District Council in November 2007.
Mapua wharf is a popular spot for jumping into the water on hot days. Rabbit Island is in the distance on the right hand side (2023)
In May 2012, a Department of Labour report found that some of the 30 people who worked on the cleanup suffered health issues including respiratory problems, nausea, collapsing and fatigue.
Demographics
Māpua
Mapua is described by Statistics New Zealand as a rural settlement. It covers 2.32 km2 (0.90 sq mi) and had an estimated population of 2,870 as of June 2022, with a population density of 294 people per km2. It is part of the larger Ruby Bay-Māpua statistical area.
Historical population for MāpuaYearPop.±% p.a.2006960— 20131,023+0.91%20181,143+2.24%Source:
Māpua had a population of 1,143 at the 2018 New Zealand census, an increase of 120 people (11.7%) since the 2013 census, and an increase of 183 people (19.1%) since the 2006 census. There were 432 households, comprising 564 males and 567 females, giving a sex ratio of 0.99 males per female, with 222 people (19.4%) aged under 15 years, 84 (7.3%) aged 15 to 29, 510 (44.6%) aged 30 to 64, and 315 (27.6%) aged 65 or older.
Ethnicities were 95.8% European/Pākehā, 4.5% Māori, 1.3% Asian, and 1.6% other ethnicities. People may identify with more than one ethnicity.
Although some people chose not to answer the census's question about religious affiliation, 61.9% had no religion, 28.9% were Christian, 0.3% were Hindu and 1.8% had other religions.
Of those at least 15 years old, 270 (29.3%) people had a bachelor's or higher degree, and 117 (12.7%) people had no formal qualifications. 177 people (19.2%) earned over $70,000 compared to 17.2% nationally. The employment status of those at least 15 was that 378 (41.0%) people were employed full-time, 171 (18.6%) were part-time, and 18 (2.0%) were unemployed.
Ruby Bay-Māpua statistical area
Ruby Bay-Māpua SA2 statistical area covers 9.77 km2 (3.77 sq mi). It had an estimated population of 2,870 as of June 2022, with a population density of 294 people per km2.
Historical population for Ruby Bay=MāpuaYearPop.±% p.a.20061,947— 20132,121+1.23%20182,562+3.85%Source:
Ruby Bay-Māpua had a population of 2,562 at the 2018 New Zealand census, an increase of 441 people (20.8%) since the 2013 census, and an increase of 615 people (31.6%) since the 2006 census. There were 972 households, comprising 1,260 males and 1,302 females, giving a sex ratio of 0.97 males per female. The median age was 50.5 years (compared with 37.4 years nationally), with 471 people (18.4%) aged under 15 years, 228 (8.9%) aged 15 to 29, 1,212 (47.3%) aged 30 to 64, and 651 (25.4%) aged 65 or older.
Ethnicities were 95.6% European/Pākehā, 6.0% Māori, 1.1% Pasifika, 1.3% Asian, and 1.9% other ethnicities. People may identify with more than one ethnicity.
The percentage of people born overseas was 27.8, compared with 27.1% nationally.
Although some people chose not to answer the census's question about religious affiliation, 61.5% had no religion, 28.8% were Christian, 0.1% were Hindu, 0.1% were Muslim, 0.7% were Buddhist and 1.4% had other religions.
Of those at least 15 years old, 627 (30.0%) people had a bachelor's or higher degree, and 276 (13.2%) people had no formal qualifications. The median income was $32,300, compared with $31,800 nationally. 438 people (20.9%) earned over $70,000 compared to 17.2% nationally. The employment status of those at least 15 was that 873 (41.8%) people were employed full-time, 384 (18.4%) were part-time, and 39 (1.9%) were unemployed.
Mapua school (2023)
Education
Māpua School is a co-educational state primary school for Year 1 to 8 students, with a roll of 245 as of April 2023.
Mountain biking
Mapua is one of the stops on the Tasman's Great Taste Trail which is a mountain bike trail which links the towns of Nelson, Wakefield, Richmond, Motueka and Kaiteriteri.
References
^ a b c "ArcGIS Web Application". statsnz.maps.arcgis.com. Retrieved 13 July 2023.
^ "Subnational population estimates (RC, SA2), by age and sex, at 30 June 1996-2023 (2023 boundaries)". Statistics New Zealand. Retrieved 25 October 2023. (regional councils); "Subnational population estimates (TA, SA2), by age and sex, at 30 June 1996-2023 (2023 boundaries)". Statistics New Zealand. Retrieved 25 October 2023. (territorial authorities); "Subnational population estimates (urban rural), by age and sex, at 30 June 1996-2023 (2023 boundaries)". Statistics New Zealand. Retrieved 25 October 2023. (urban areas)
^ Jones, Katy (5 April 2023). "Māpua Easter Fair back after Covid reprieve". Stuff. Retrieved 6 April 2023.
^
"MAPUA - A Brief History". mapua.gen.nz. Retrieved 9 November 2010.
^ "Notice of approved official geographic names". New Zealand Gazette. 5 November 2018. Retrieved 28 March 2021.
^ Parliamentary Commissioner for the Environment. Investigation into the remediation of the contaminated site at Māpua. Parliamentary Commissioner for the Environment. Wellington, 2008
^ Parliamentary Commissioner for the Environment (July 2008). Investigation into the remediation of the contaminated site at Mapua. PCE. ISBN 978-1-877274-17-6.
^ McBride, D. A report on Occupational Health and Safety at the Fruitgrowers Chemical Company remediation site, Mapua. Department of Labour, Wellington, 2012. ISBN 978-0-478-39154-1. Available: http://hdl.handle.net/10523/4837
^ Kidson, Sally (19 May 2012). "Cleanup safety flawed". Stuff. Nelson Mail.
^ Staff reporter (20 May 2012). "Mapua workers should be given medical aid - Greens". Radio New Zealand.
^ a b "Population estimate tables - NZ.Stat". Statistics New Zealand. Retrieved 25 October 2022.
^ a b "Statistical area 1 dataset for 2018 Census". Statistics New Zealand. March 2020. 7022673, 7022674 and 7022677–7022683.
^ a b "Statistical area 1 dataset for 2018 Census". Statistics New Zealand. March 2020. Ruby Bay-Mapua (301700). 2018 Census place summary: Ruby Bay-Mapua
^ "Māpua School Official School Website". mapua.school.nz.
^ "Mapua School Ministry of Education School Profile". educationcounts.govt.nz. Ministry of Education.
^ "Mapua School Education Review Office Report". ero.govt.nz. Education Review Office.
^ "Tasman's Great Taste Trail Great Ride". Ngā Haerenga New Zealand Cycle Trails. Retrieved 30 January 2023.
External links
Mapua portal
Mapua Community Library
Mapua Wharf
vteTasman District, New ZealandSeat: RichmondPopulated placesGolden Bay / Mohua
Aorere
Bainham
Clifton
Collingwood
East Tākaka
Ferntown
Ligar Bay
Motupipi
Onekaka
Pākawau
Parapara
Patons Rock
Pōhara
Port Pūponga
Pūponga
Rockville
Seaford
Tākaka
Tarakohe
Tata Beach
Upper Tākaka
Waikato
Waitapu
Motueka
Brooklyn
Kaiteriteri
Lower Moutere
Mārahau
Motueka
Riwaka
Moutere-Waimea
Brightwater
Bronte
Dovedale
Mahana
Māpua
Ngātīmoti
Ruby Bay
Tasman
Upper Moutere
Wakefield
Woodstock
Richmond
Aniseed Valley
Appleby
Hope
Richmond
Lakes-Murchison
Murchison
Rotoroa
Saint Arnaud
Tapawera
Tophouse
Geographic features
Buller River
Dun Mountain-Maitai Terrane
Hope Saddle
Mārahau River
Ngārua Caves
Tākaka River
Waimea Plains
Golden Bay / Mohua
Farewell Spit
Harwoods Hole
Lake Killarney
Rawhiti Cave
Tākaka Hill
Tata Islands
Te Waikoropupū Springs
Wainui Bay
Wharariki Beach
Abel Tasman National Park
Armchair Island
Awapoto River
Ballon Rock
Falls River
Fisherman Island
Motuareronui / Adele Island
Simonet Creek
Torrent Bay
Tata Islands
Tinline Bay
Tonga Island
Torrent River
Tōtaranui
Wainui River
Falls
Tasman Bay
Bell Island
Best Island
Moturoa / Rabbit Island
Tokangawhā / Split Apple Rock
Waimea Inlet
Kahurangi National Park
Bulmer Cavern
Cobb Reservoir
Ellis Basin cave system
Kahurangi Point
Lake Matiri
Mount Arthur
Mount Burnett
Mount Owen
Nettlebed Cave
Wharepapa / Arthur Range
Nelson Lakes National Park
Braeburn Range
Lake Rotoiti
Lake Rotoroa
Maniniaro / Angelus Peak
Mount Franklin
Pourangahau / Mount Robert
Rotomairewhenua / Blue Lake
Rotopōhueroa / Lake Constance
Sabine Valley
Saint Arnaud Range
Spenser Mountains
Facilities and attractions
Abel Tasman National Park
Coast Track
Inland Track
Monument
Appleby railway station
Brightwater railway station
Cobb Power Station
Gowanbridge railway station
Heaphy Track
Hope railway station
Karamea Aerodrome
Kawatiri railway station
Langford Store
Memorial Park
Motueka Aerodrome
Moutere Inn
Mussel Inn
Nelson Lakes National Park
Onekaka Ironworks
Onekaka Power Station
Pupu Hydro Power Scheme
Richmond railway station
RNZAF Dip Flat
Rutherford memorial
Stafford Place
St Michael's Church
Stoke railway station
Tākaka Aerodrome
Takaka Tramway
Tonga Island Marine Reserve
Tophouse
Tour de Vineyards
Wangapeka Track
Westhaven (Te Tai Tapu) Marine Reserve
Wharariki Ecosanctuary
Government
Council
Mayor
Organisations
Golden Bay Air
Golden Bay-Motueka Rugby Union
New Zealand Energy
Richmond Athletic FC
Talley's Group
Schools
Collingwood Area School
Golden Bay High School
Motueka High School
Waimea College
Waimea Intermediate | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"South Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Island"},{"link_name":"Nelson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson,_New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"State Highway 60","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_State_Highway_60"},{"link_name":"Easter Sunday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Easter_Sunday"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Settlement in Tasman District, New ZealandVillage in Tasman, New ZealandMāpua is a small town in the South Island of New Zealand. It is to the west of Nelson on State Highway 60 and on the coastline of Tasman Bay.With a thriving wharf and commercial area, Māpua has grown in popularity for visitors, with numbers swelling the region over the summer months. A large fair and market is held every Easter Sunday. Up to 10,000 people visit the town on this day to enjoy rides, stalls, and other attractions.[3] The local schools and playcentre benefit from the fair, which is their primary fundraising activity.","title":"Māpua, New Zealand"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DA_38.671_Campbell%27s_Orchard,_Mapua.jpg"},{"link_name":"Waimea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waimea_River_(Tasman)"},{"link_name":"Māori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%81ori_people"},{"link_name":"pā","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C4%81"},{"link_name":"North Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Island"},{"link_name":"Te Rauparaha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Te_Rauparaha"},{"link_name":"South Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Island"},{"link_name":"Marlborough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marlborough_Region"},{"link_name":"Tasman Bay / Te Tai-o-Aorere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasman_Bay_/_Te_Tai-o-Aorere"},{"link_name":"Golden Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Bay_/_Mohua"},{"link_name":"pounds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pound_sterling"},{"link_name":"Nelson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson,_New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"when?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items"},{"link_name":"Ruby Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruby_Bay"},{"link_name":"Motueka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motueka"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=M%C4%81pua,_New_Zealand&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mapua.JPG"}],"sub_title":"Before 1930","text":"Campbell's Orchard, MapuaMiddens, tools and human bones found at Grossis Point and around the northern edges of the Waimea inlet suggest small seasonal Māori settlements were located here, with a major pā (fortified settlement) located on the Kina Cliffs to the north. The pā remained in use in the period of early European settlement of the Māpua district; the public can visit the site. The lack of evidence of cannibalism and the rarity of weapons suggest that the Māori living in this district were peaceful and seldom were involved in wars. In the late 1820s, Māori from the North Island (led by the Māori Chief Te Rauparaha) came to the South Island with warriors armed with muskets. Te Rauparaha took over Marlborough before sending half his army west to take over Tasman Bay / Te Tai-o-Aorere and Golden Bay. Owing to the invaders' considerable advantage in weaponry and skill, they soon overcame the local Māori populations. After a battle, most of the invaders moved on, leaving only a small local population of Māori in the region.The first land-sale to a European in Māpua involved 166 acres, bought in 1854 by Captain James S. Cross for 60 pounds.The first European resident of Māpua, James Heatly, worked as a fisherman and hunted rabbits, which he brought to Nelson to sell. The port area was originally known as the Western Entrance, and the township dubbed Seaton Township (by a surveyor who had been subdividing part of the town). Mr F.I. Ledger helped plan out the town and later named it \"Mapua\" which was also what the New Zealand telephone guide named it.[when?] Māpua means \"abundance\" or \"prolific\" when interpreted into English. By 1915, a substantial wharf could cope with larger ships coming into the harbour for the apple trade, which was booming at this time. The poor roads in the area meant that shipping the apples out was the only option, however eventually a road was built around the Ruby Bay bluffs, linking Nelson with Motueka. A shop, first opened in 1921 to service the locals, stood on the same plot of land as the present-day[update] shop.[4]The name of the town was officially gazetted as Māpua on 5 November 2018.[5]The shoreline at Māpua","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"contaminated sites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contaminated_site"},{"link_name":"pesticide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticide"},{"link_name":"residues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Residue_(chemistry)"},{"link_name":"soils","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil"},{"link_name":"factory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Factory"},{"link_name":"cleanup operation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_remediation"},{"link_name":"organomercury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organomercury"},{"link_name":"organochlorine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organochlorine"},{"link_name":"DDT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DDT"},{"link_name":"DDD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane"},{"link_name":"dieldrin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dieldrin"},{"link_name":"2,4-D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic_acid"},{"link_name":"paraquat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraquat"},{"link_name":"Organophosphorous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organophosphorous"},{"link_name":"Tasman District Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasman_District_Council"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mapua_wharf_27.jpg"},{"link_name":"Department of Labour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Labour_(New_Zealand)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-skidson-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-medicalaid-10"}],"sub_title":"Former contaminated site","text":"In the 20th century Māpua became one of the most contaminated sites in New Zealand due to pesticide residues in the soils from a now defunct factory, but the 21st century saw a major cleanup operation.In 1932 the Fruitgrowers Chemical Company built a plant to manufacture pesticides for use in the numerous orchards in the surrounding area. In the 1940s the factory produced organomercury and organochlorine pesticides, including DDT, DDD, dieldrin, 2,4-D and paraquat. Organophosphorous pesticides were produced from the 1960s. By 1978, 124 chemicals were being used to produce 84 different formulations. The plant closed in 1988.The Tasman District Council took over the site in 1989, and measures were taken to prevent leaching of the chemicals into the adjoining Waimea Inlet. In 1999, the Ministry for the Environment allocated funding for a remediation programme, with \"on-site\" processing selected as the preferred remediation option.[6] Two years later, the Tasman District Council awarded a contract for remedial work to a partnership of Theiss Services (an Australian remediation specialist) and Environmental Decontamination Limited (EDL) of Auckland. Thiess, the main contractor, held the resource consents to carry out the work; EDL supplied the remediation technology: Mechano-Chemical Dehalogenation (MCD). The site was handed back to the Tasman District Council in November 2007.[7]Mapua wharf is a popular spot for jumping into the water on hot days. Rabbit Island is in the distance on the right hand side (2023)In May 2012, a Department of Labour report[8] found that some of the 30 people who worked on the cleanup suffered health issues including respiratory problems, nausea, collapsing and fatigue.[9][10]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Area-1"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NZ_population_data_2018_SA2-11"},{"link_name":"2018 New Zealand census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_New_Zealand_census"},{"link_name":"2013 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_New_Zealand_census"},{"link_name":"2006 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_New_Zealand_census"},{"link_name":"Pākehā","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C4%81keh%C4%81"},{"link_name":"Māori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%81ori_people"},{"link_name":"Asian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_New_Zealanders"},{"link_name":"Christian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity_in_New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"Hindu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduism_in_New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Census_2018-12"}],"sub_title":"Māpua","text":"Mapua is described by Statistics New Zealand as a rural settlement. It covers 2.32 km2 (0.90 sq mi)[1] and had an estimated population of 2,870 as of June 2022,[11] with a population density of 294 people per km2. It is part of the larger Ruby Bay-Māpua statistical area.Māpua had a population of 1,143 at the 2018 New Zealand census, an increase of 120 people (11.7%) since the 2013 census, and an increase of 183 people (19.1%) since the 2006 census. There were 432 households, comprising 564 males and 567 females, giving a sex ratio of 0.99 males per female, with 222 people (19.4%) aged under 15 years, 84 (7.3%) aged 15 to 29, 510 (44.6%) aged 30 to 64, and 315 (27.6%) aged 65 or older.Ethnicities were 95.8% European/Pākehā, 4.5% Māori, 1.3% Asian, and 1.6% other ethnicities. People may identify with more than one ethnicity.Although some people chose not to answer the census's question about religious affiliation, 61.9% had no religion, 28.9% were Christian, 0.3% were Hindu and 1.8% had other religions.Of those at least 15 years old, 270 (29.3%) people had a bachelor's or higher degree, and 117 (12.7%) people had no formal qualifications. 177 people (19.2%) earned over $70,000 compared to 17.2% nationally. The employment status of those at least 15 was that 378 (41.0%) people were employed full-time, 171 (18.6%) were part-time, and 18 (2.0%) were unemployed.[12]","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Area-1"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NZ_population_data_2018_SA2-11"},{"link_name":"2018 New Zealand census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_New_Zealand_census"},{"link_name":"2013 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_New_Zealand_census"},{"link_name":"2006 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_New_Zealand_census"},{"link_name":"Pākehā","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C4%81keh%C4%81"},{"link_name":"Māori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%81ori_people"},{"link_name":"Pasifika","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasifika_New_Zealanders"},{"link_name":"Asian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_New_Zealanders"},{"link_name":"Christian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity_in_New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"Hindu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduism_in_New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"Muslim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"Buddhist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism_in_New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Census_2018_RBM-13"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mapua_school_27.jpg"}],"sub_title":"Ruby Bay-Māpua statistical area","text":"Ruby Bay-Māpua SA2 statistical area covers 9.77 km2 (3.77 sq mi).[1] It had an estimated population of 2,870 as of June 2022,[11] with a population density of 294 people per km2.Ruby Bay-Māpua had a population of 2,562 at the 2018 New Zealand census, an increase of 441 people (20.8%) since the 2013 census, and an increase of 615 people (31.6%) since the 2006 census. There were 972 households, comprising 1,260 males and 1,302 females, giving a sex ratio of 0.97 males per female. The median age was 50.5 years (compared with 37.4 years nationally), with 471 people (18.4%) aged under 15 years, 228 (8.9%) aged 15 to 29, 1,212 (47.3%) aged 30 to 64, and 651 (25.4%) aged 65 or older.Ethnicities were 95.6% European/Pākehā, 6.0% Māori, 1.1% Pasifika, 1.3% Asian, and 1.9% other ethnicities. People may identify with more than one ethnicity.The percentage of people born overseas was 27.8, compared with 27.1% nationally.Although some people chose not to answer the census's question about religious affiliation, 61.5% had no religion, 28.8% were Christian, 0.1% were Hindu, 0.1% were Muslim, 0.7% were Buddhist and 1.4% had other religions.Of those at least 15 years old, 627 (30.0%) people had a bachelor's or higher degree, and 276 (13.2%) people had no formal qualifications. The median income was $32,300, compared with $31,800 nationally. 438 people (20.9%) earned over $70,000 compared to 17.2% nationally. The employment status of those at least 15 was that 873 (41.8%) people were employed full-time, 384 (18.4%) were part-time, and 39 (1.9%) were unemployed.[13]Mapua school (2023)","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-official3203-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-moe3203-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ero3203-16"}],"text":"Māpua School is a co-educational state primary school for Year 1 to 8 students,[14][15] with a roll of 245 as of April 2023.[16]","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Motueka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motueka"},{"link_name":"Kaiteriteri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaiteriteri"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"Mapua is one of the stops on the Tasman's Great Taste Trail which is a mountain bike trail which links the towns of Nelson, Wakefield, Richmond, Motueka and Kaiteriteri.[17]","title":"Mountain biking"}] | [{"image_text":"Campbell's Orchard, Mapua","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/DA_38.671_Campbell%27s_Orchard%2C_Mapua.jpg/220px-DA_38.671_Campbell%27s_Orchard%2C_Mapua.jpg"},{"image_text":"The shoreline at Māpua","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Mapua.JPG/600px-Mapua.JPG"},{"image_text":"Mapua wharf is a popular spot for jumping into the water on hot days. Rabbit Island is in the distance on the right hand side (2023)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Mapua_wharf_27.jpg/220px-Mapua_wharf_27.jpg"},{"image_text":"Mapua school (2023)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Mapua_school_27.jpg/220px-Mapua_school_27.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"ArcGIS Web Application\". statsnz.maps.arcgis.com. Retrieved 13 July 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://statsnz.maps.arcgis.com/apps/webappviewer/index.html?id=6f49867abe464f86ac7526552fe19787","url_text":"\"ArcGIS Web Application\""}]},{"reference":"\"Subnational population estimates (RC, SA2), by age and sex, at 30 June 1996-2023 (2023 boundaries)\". Statistics New Zealand. Retrieved 25 October 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://nzdotstat.stats.govt.nz/wbos/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=TABLECODE7979","url_text":"\"Subnational population estimates (RC, SA2), by age and sex, at 30 June 1996-2023 (2023 boundaries)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistics_New_Zealand","url_text":"Statistics New Zealand"}]},{"reference":"\"Subnational population estimates (TA, SA2), by age and sex, at 30 June 1996-2023 (2023 boundaries)\". Statistics New Zealand. Retrieved 25 October 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://nzdotstat.stats.govt.nz/wbos/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=TABLECODE7980","url_text":"\"Subnational population estimates (TA, SA2), by age and sex, at 30 June 1996-2023 (2023 boundaries)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistics_New_Zealand","url_text":"Statistics New Zealand"}]},{"reference":"\"Subnational population estimates (urban rural), by age and sex, at 30 June 1996-2023 (2023 boundaries)\". Statistics New Zealand. Retrieved 25 October 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://nzdotstat.stats.govt.nz/wbos/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=TABLECODE7981","url_text":"\"Subnational population estimates (urban rural), by age and sex, at 30 June 1996-2023 (2023 boundaries)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistics_New_Zealand","url_text":"Statistics New Zealand"}]},{"reference":"Jones, Katy (5 April 2023). \"Māpua Easter Fair back after Covid reprieve\". Stuff. Retrieved 6 April 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/education/131686758/mpua-easter-fair-back-after-covid-reprieve","url_text":"\"Māpua Easter Fair back after Covid reprieve\""}]},{"reference":"\"MAPUA - A Brief History\". mapua.gen.nz. Retrieved 9 November 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mapua.gen.nz/history.html","url_text":"\"MAPUA - A Brief History\""}]},{"reference":"\"Notice of approved official geographic names\". New Zealand Gazette. 5 November 2018. Retrieved 28 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://gazette.govt.nz/notice/id/2018-ln5487","url_text":"\"Notice of approved official geographic names\""}]},{"reference":"Parliamentary Commissioner for the Environment (July 2008). Investigation into the remediation of the contaminated site at Mapua. PCE. ISBN 978-1-877274-17-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliamentary_Commissioner_for_the_Environment","url_text":"Parliamentary Commissioner for the Environment"},{"url":"http://pce.govt.nz/reports/allreports/investigation_into_the_remediation.shtml","url_text":"Investigation into the remediation of the contaminated site at Mapua"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliamentary_Commissioner_for_the_Environment","url_text":"PCE"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-877274-17-6","url_text":"978-1-877274-17-6"}]},{"reference":"Kidson, Sally (19 May 2012). \"Cleanup safety flawed\". Stuff. Nelson Mail.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.stuff.co.nz/nelson-mail/news/6951650/Cleanup-safety-flawed","url_text":"\"Cleanup safety flawed\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuff_(website)","url_text":"Stuff"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Mail","url_text":"Nelson Mail"}]},{"reference":"Staff reporter (20 May 2012). \"Mapua workers should be given medical aid - Greens\". Radio New Zealand.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/national/106179/mapua-workers-should-be-given-medical-aid-greens","url_text":"\"Mapua workers should be given medical aid - Greens\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_New_Zealand","url_text":"Radio New Zealand"}]},{"reference":"\"Population estimate tables - NZ.Stat\". Statistics New Zealand. Retrieved 25 October 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://nzdotstat.stats.govt.nz/wbos/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=TABLECODE7979","url_text":"\"Population estimate tables - NZ.Stat\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistics_New_Zealand","url_text":"Statistics New Zealand"}]},{"reference":"\"Statistical area 1 dataset for 2018 Census\". Statistics New Zealand. March 2020. 7022673, 7022674 and 7022677–7022683.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.stats.govt.nz/information-releases/statistical-area-1-dataset-for-2018-census-updated-march-2020","url_text":"\"Statistical area 1 dataset for 2018 Census\""}]},{"reference":"\"Statistical area 1 dataset for 2018 Census\". Statistics New Zealand. March 2020. Ruby Bay-Mapua (301700).","urls":[{"url":"https://www.stats.govt.nz/information-releases/statistical-area-1-dataset-for-2018-census-updated-march-2020","url_text":"\"Statistical area 1 dataset for 2018 Census\""}]},{"reference":"\"Māpua School Official School Website\". mapua.school.nz.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mapua.school.nz/","url_text":"\"Māpua School Official School Website\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mapua School Ministry of Education School Profile\". educationcounts.govt.nz. Ministry of Education.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.educationcounts.govt.nz/find-school/school/profile?school=3203","url_text":"\"Mapua School Ministry of Education School Profile\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Education_(New_Zealand)","url_text":"Ministry of Education"}]},{"reference":"\"Mapua School Education Review Office Report\". ero.govt.nz. Education Review Office.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ero.govt.nz/report-view?id=3203","url_text":"\"Mapua School Education Review Office Report\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_Review_Office","url_text":"Education Review Office"}]},{"reference":"\"Tasman's Great Taste Trail Great Ride\". Ngā Haerenga New Zealand Cycle Trails. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Joaqu%C3%ADn_Municipality,_Carabobo | San Joaquín Municipality, Carabobo | ["1 Location","2 Demographics","3 Government","4 Tradition","5 See also","6 References"] | Coordinates: 10°16′41″N 67°47′38″W / 10.2781001°N 67.7938846°W / 10.2781001; -67.7938846Municipality in Carabobo, VenezuelaSan Joaquín Municipality
Municipio San JoaquínMunicipality
SealLocation in CaraboboSan Joaquín MunicipalityLocation in VenezuelaCoordinates: 10°16′41″N 67°47′38″W / 10.2781001°N 67.7938846°W / 10.2781001; -67.7938846Country VenezuelaStateCaraboboMunicipal seatSan JoaquínGovernment • MayorLuis Aguiar (PSUV)Area • Total189.9 km2 (73.3 sq mi)Population (2011) • Total64,124 • Density340/km2 (870/sq mi)Time zoneUTC−4 (VET)Area code(s)0245
The San Joaquín Municipality is one of the 14 municipalities (municipios) that makes up the Venezuelan state of Carabobo and, according to the 2011 census by the National Institute of Statistics of Venezuela, the municipality has a population of 64,124. The town of San Joaquín is the municipal seat of the San Joaquín Municipality.
Location
It borders Aragua State to the north, the Lake Valencia to the south, the Diego Ibarra Municipality to the east, and the Guacara Municipality to the west.
Demographics
The San Joaquín Municipality, according to a 2007 population estimate by the National Institute of Statistics of Venezuela, has a population of 60,953 (up from 48,946 in 2000). This amounts to 2.7% of the state's population. The municipality's population density is 479.94 inhabitants per square kilometre (1,243.0/sq mi).
Government
The mayor of the San Joaquín Municipality is Luis Aguiar, elected on November 23, 2008, with 55% of the vote. He replaced César Emilio Hernández Meza shortly after the elections. The municipality is divided into one parish (San Joaquín).
Tradition
The municipality is well known for its local biscuits, the "panelas of San Joaquín".
See also
San Joaquín
Carabobo
Municipalities of Venezuela
References
^ "registered through Argeweb". www.geohive.com.
^ a b http://www.ine.gob.ve/secciones/division/Carabobo.zip
^ http://www.ine.gob.ve/sintesisestadistica/estados/carabobo/cuadros/Poblacion5.xls
^ http://www.ine.gob.ve/sintesisestadistica/estados/carabobo/cuadros/Poblacion4.xls
^ "Divulgación Elecciones Regionales - 23 de Noviembre de 2008". www.cne.gob.ve.
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
Germany
United States
This article related to a location in Carabobo, Venezuela is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"municipalities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipalities_of_Venezuela"},{"link_name":"municipios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipio"},{"link_name":"Venezuelan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela"},{"link_name":"Carabobo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carabobo"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"San Joaquín","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Joaqu%C3%ADn,_Carabobo"},{"link_name":"municipal seat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipal_seat"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated1-2"}],"text":"Municipality in Carabobo, VenezuelaThe San Joaquín Municipality is one of the 14 municipalities (municipios) that makes up the Venezuelan state of Carabobo and, according to the 2011 census by the National Institute of Statistics of Venezuela, the municipality has a population of 64,124.[1] The town of San Joaquín is the municipal seat of the San Joaquín Municipality.[2]","title":"San Joaquín Municipality, Carabobo"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Aragua State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aragua_State"},{"link_name":"Lake Valencia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Valencia_(Venezuela)"},{"link_name":"Diego Ibarra Municipality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diego_Ibarra_Municipality"},{"link_name":"Guacara Municipality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guacara_Municipality"}],"text":"It borders Aragua State to the north, the Lake Valencia to the south, the Diego Ibarra Municipality to the east, and the Guacara Municipality to the west.","title":"Location"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"The San Joaquín Municipality, according to a 2007 population estimate by the National Institute of Statistics of Venezuela, has a population of 60,953 (up from 48,946 in 2000). This amounts to 2.7% of the state's population.[3] The municipality's population density is 479.94 inhabitants per square kilometre (1,243.0/sq mi).[4]","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"parish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parish"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated1-2"}],"text":"The mayor of the San Joaquín Municipality is Luis Aguiar, elected on November 23, 2008, with 55% of the vote.[5] He replaced César Emilio Hernández Meza shortly after the elections. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranshahr,_Iran | Iranshahr, Iran | ["1 Climate","2 References"] | Coordinates: 27°11′52″N 60°41′01″E / 27.19778°N 60.68361°E / 27.19778; 60.68361City in Sistan and Baluchestan province, Iran
For the administrative division of Sistan and Baluchestan province, see Iranshahr County. For the city in Kerman province formerly with this name, see Fahraj.
City in Sistan and Baluchestan, IranIranshahr
Persian: ايرانشهرCityNaseri CastleIranshahrCoordinates: 27°11′52″N 60°41′01″E / 27.19778°N 60.68361°E / 27.19778; 60.68361CountryIranProvinceSistan and BaluchestanCountyIranshahrDistrictCentralPopulation (2016) • Total113,750Time zoneUTC+3:30 (IRST)
Naseri Castle, Iranshahr, Iran
Iranshahr (Persian: ايرانشهر, Balochi: ایرانشهر, also Romanized as Īrānshahr; formerly, Pahrah, Fahrej, and Qal'eh-ye Nāşerī) is a city in the Central District of Iranshahr County, Sistan and Baluchestan province, Iran, serving as capital of the district, the county, and the province.
At the 2006 census, its population was 99,496 in 17,698 households. The following census in 2011 counted 97,012 people in 22,676 households. The latest census in 2016 showed a population of 113,750 people in 27,248 households.
Prior to 1935, the city was referred to as Pahrah (Persian: پهرہ), also spelt Poora, Poorah, and Pura, meaning "defence" in Persian. The name was changed to Iranshahr by Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi in around 1941.
Pahrah is the site where Alexander the Great celebrated with and regrouped his troops after his Indian conquests. Bampur, where the ancient Bampur fort is located, is nearby the city.
Climate
Iranshahr has a hot desert climate (Köppen climate classification BWh) with extremely hot summers and mild winters. Precipitation is very low, and mostly falls in winter.
Climate data for Iranshahr (1991–2020, extremes 1964–2020)
Month
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Year
Record high °C (°F)
31.0(87.8)
36.4(97.5)
39.7(103.5)
43.2(109.8)
48.0(118.4)
49.3(120.7)
49.0(120.2)
50.0(122.0)
47.0(116.6)
44.0(111.2)
37.0(98.6)
33.2(91.8)
50.0(122.0)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)
21.4(70.5)
24.2(75.6)
28.8(83.8)
35.4(95.7)
41.0(105.8)
44.3(111.7)
44.4(111.9)
43.3(109.9)
40.6(105.1)
35.5(95.9)
28.7(83.7)
23.6(74.5)
34.3(93.7)
Daily mean °C (°F)
14.6(58.3)
17.5(63.5)
22.1(71.8)
28.4(83.1)
34.1(93.4)
37.4(99.3)
37.8(100.0)
36.4(97.5)
33.3(91.9)
28.1(82.6)
21.3(70.3)
16.3(61.3)
27.3(81.1)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)
8.5(47.3)
11.1(52.0)
15.2(59.4)
20.6(69.1)
25.9(78.6)
29.7(85.5)
31.1(88.0)
29.2(84.6)
25.6(78.1)
20.4(68.7)
14.3(57.7)
9.7(49.5)
20.1(68.2)
Record low °C (°F)
−2.0(28.4)
−1.0(30.2)
4.0(39.2)
10.0(50.0)
14.4(57.9)
21.2(70.2)
22.0(71.6)
20.0(68.0)
14.0(57.2)
8.0(46.4)
2.0(35.6)
−6.0(21.2)
−6.0(21.2)
Average precipitation mm (inches)
21.2(0.83)
19.2(0.76)
18.9(0.74)
5.8(0.23)
1.8(0.07)
4.7(0.19)
7.3(0.29)
5.1(0.20)
0.8(0.03)
3.6(0.14)
2.7(0.11)
12.8(0.50)
103.9(4.09)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm)
2.5
2.1
2.8
0.7
0.4
0.6
1.0
0.6
0.2
0.4
0.5
1.4
13.2
Average relative humidity (%)
44.0
39.0
34.0
24.0
18.0
18.0
23.0
21.0
19.0
22.0
28.0
36.0
27.2
Average dew point °C (°F)
0.6(33.1)
1.7(35.1)
3.1(37.6)
3.9(39.0)
5.4(41.7)
7.2(45.0)
10.3(50.5)
7.6(45.7)
4.2(39.6)
2.6(36.7)
0.8(33.4)
−0.6(30.9)
3.9(39.0)
Mean monthly sunshine hours
248.0
234.0
255.0
283.0
319.0
312.0
298.0
306.0
306.0
310.0
278.0
261.0
3,410
Source: NOAA
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Iranshahr.
References
^ OpenStreetMap contributors (11 April 2023). "Iranshahr, Iranshahr County" (Map). OpenStreetMap. Retrieved 11 April 2023.
^ a b "Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1395 (2016)". AMAR (in Persian). The Statistical Center of Iran. p. 11. Archived from the original (Excel) on 23 December 2021. Retrieved 19 December 2022.
^ Iranshahr, Iran can be found at GEOnet Names Server, at this link, by opening the Advanced Search box, entering "-3067262" in the "Unique Feature Id" form, and clicking on "Search Database".
^ Habibi, Hassan (21 June 1369). "Approval of the organization and chain of citizenship of the elements and units of the national divisions of Sistan and Baluchestan province, centered in the city of Zahedan". Research Center of the System of Laws of the Islamic Council of the Farabi Library of Mobile Users (in Persian). Ministry of Interior, Defense Political Commission of the Government Board. Archived from the original on 24 July 2013. Retrieved 29 December 2023.
^ "Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)". AMAR (in Persian). The Statistical Center of Iran. p. 11. Archived from the original (Excel) on 20 September 2011. Retrieved 25 September 2022.
^ "Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1390 (2011)". Syracuse University (in Persian). The Statistical Center of Iran. p. 11. Archived from the original (Excel) on 25 November 2022. Retrieved 19 December 2022.
^ "معنی پهره | فرهنگ فارسی معین". www.vajehyab.com. Retrieved 30 April 2023.
^ "World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1991-2020 — Iranshahr". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 1 January 2024.
^ "Iranshahr Climate Normals 1964-1990". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
vte Sistan and Baluchestan ProvinceCapital city
Zahedan
Counties and citiesBampur County
Bampur
Chabahar County
Chabahar
Dalgan County
Galmurti
Dashtiari County
Negur
Golshan County
Jaleq
Fanuj County
Fanuj
Hamun County
Mohammadabad
Hirmand County
Dust Mohammad
Iranshahr County
Iranshahr
Bazman
Khash County
Khash
Konarak County
Konarak
Mehrestan County
Zaboli
Mirjaveh County
Mirjaveh
Nik Shahr County
Nik Shahr
Bent
Espakeh
Nimruz County
Adimi
Qasr-e Qand County
Qasr-e Qand
Rask County
Rask
Saravan County
Saravan
Sirkan
Sarbaz County
Pishin
Sarbaz
Sib and Suran County
Suran
Hiduj
Taftan County
Nukabad
Zabol County
Zabol
Bonjar
Zahedan County
Zahedan
Nosratabad
Zehak County
Zehak
Sights
Mount Khajeh
Hamun-e Helmand
Shahr-e Sukhteh
Bazman
Populated places
List of cities, towns and villages in Sistan and Baluchestan Province
vte Iranshahr CountyCapital
Iranshahr
DistrictsCentralCities
Iranshahr
Rural Districts and villagesAbtar
Abgurandan
Abtar
Ahmadabad
Anari
Asanu
Azmanabad
Bazmahi
Bon Gir
Darajendan
Darbandkan
Galak
Ganjabad
Garuki
Gazin
Geri
Golshahr
Gunkan
Gurkavan
Gurnak
Kablan
Kaliran
Kaliri
Kasami
Katukan
Kusichi
Maduhak
Manesh
Manjin
Mowtowr-e Amir
Nadag Dan
Naserabad
Pansan
Qaderabad
Raginan
Rudi
Rudy
Sahran
Sar Taruna
Saraydan
Sarnajdani
Shahidan
Shak Shichi
Siahti Kalat
Surgu
Tukar
Vashapi
Zaminkan
Zirdan
Damen
Ab Chekan
Abadan
Afzalabad
Baluchkan
Benuk
Chahan
Darreh-ye Seyeh Tapi
Detk
Gazan Ashehi
Kach Kurin
Kahnu
Kaj
Kaj Kush
Kucheh
Kuhigan-e Bala
Kuhigan-e Pain
Kuran-e Olya
Kuran-e Sofla
Malekabad
Marabad
Murtan
Pazard
Piranch
Qaderabad-e Murtan
Qaleh-ye Tarvan
Sarjub
Sayegan
Sheyban
Zehlenfan
Howmeh
Aliabad
Allahabad
Baghdaniyeh
Brick Factory, Iranshahr
Chah-e Jamal
Darkian
Do Rahi Sad
Gavdari-ye Amiri
Gavdari-ye Sagari
Iranshahr Industrial Complex
Kal Chat
Kallinag-e Hasankhani
Karimabad
Khalilabad
Kheyrabad
Kur-e Kelkian
Mowtowr-e Abdol Ghani Bahader
Mowtowr-e Abdol Naser Kelekeli
Mowtowr-e Alizadeh
Mowtowr-e Allah Bakhsh
Mowtowr-e Ayyub Borhan Zehi
Mowtowr-e Barnayan
Mowtowr-e Chengiz
Mowtowr-e Dar Mohammad Jamshid Zehi
Mowtowr-e Dusahnbeh Dust Kam
Mowtowr-e Gholam Hoseyn Iran
Mowtowr-e Hajji Amid
Mowtowr-e Hajji Dadager
Mowtowr-e Hajji Heydar
Mowtowr-e Hajji Mohammad Zard Kuhi
Mowtowr-e Jafar
Mowtowr-e Karim Khan
Mowtowr-e Mazar Karimi
Mowtowr-e Mohammad Hoseyn Shahli Bar
Mowtowr-e Mohammad Zaman
Mowtowr-e Molla Vahid Kelkeli
Mowtowr-e Nabi Bakhsh Baluch Zehi
Mowtowr-e Naser Gargij
Mowtowr-e Pey Khvasteh
Mowtowr-e Seyyd Mohammad
Mowtowr-e Seyyed Shahak Zehi
Mowtowr-e Sheykh Mohammad Mahmudi
Mowtowr-e Yusef Rudini
Naserabad
Nukabad
Nukabad-e Sarhang
Rahmanabad
Sar Kahuran
Sarzeh
Shahr Deraz
Surab
Tomp-e Rigan
BazmanCities
Bazman
Rural Districts and villagesAbreis
Abbasabad
Aliabad
Chah-e Qezelbash
Chah-e Qorban
Chah-e Rahim
Deh-e Gami
Deh-e Jehil
Gigan
Hajjiabad
Kafeh Jangian
Kheyrabad
Masjed Abu ol Fazl
Mian Chah
Mohimabad
Nagatak
Pag
Sharifabad
Shurab
Valiabad
Bazman
Asan Kuh
Azizabad
Camp Office, Iranshahr
Chah Shur-e Seh
Chah Shur-e Shomareh-ye Do
Chah Shur-e Shomareh-ye Yek
Chah-e Kalir
Chah-e Kalir
Chah-e Mir Jan
Chah-e Mohammad
Chah-e Torsh
Chahuk
Chahuk-e Mehrab
Dar Dazdan
Dar Giaban
Darahu
Darchahi
Darreh Kashkin
Espidabad
Estakhrak
Gazhak
Giman
Golabad
Hajjiabad
Karudan
Kaskin
Kavanz
Kelk
Kermanchi
Konarak
Kuh Khezr
Madan-e Sang Chah Torsh
Madhan
Maksan
Mowtowr-e Ali Kord
Narazad
Pansareh
Sar Tap
Sarab
Sargaruk
Shur
Tang-e Rahin
Tanhak
Tireh-ye Kheyrabad | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Iranshahr County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranshahr_County"},{"link_name":"Fahraj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fahraj"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:990803-Iranshahr-IMG_5979-2.jpg"},{"link_name":"Iranshahr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranshahr_County"},{"link_name":"Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran"},{"link_name":"Persian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_language"},{"link_name":"Balochi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balochi_language"},{"link_name":"Romanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanize"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Central District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_District_(Iranshahr_County)"},{"link_name":"Iranshahr County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranshahr_County"},{"link_name":"Sistan and Baluchestan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistan_and_Baluchestan_province"},{"link_name":"Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sistan_and_Baluchestan_Structure-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2006_census-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2011_census-6"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2016_census-2"},{"link_name":"Persian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_language"},{"link_name":"Persian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_Language"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammad_Reza_Pahlavi"},{"link_name":"Alexander the Great","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_the_Great"},{"link_name":"Indian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_subcontinent"},{"link_name":"Bampur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bampur"},{"link_name":"fort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort"}],"text":"City in Sistan and Baluchestan province, IranFor the administrative division of Sistan and Baluchestan province, see Iranshahr County. For the city in Kerman province formerly with this name, see Fahraj.City in Sistan and Baluchestan, IranNaseri Castle, Iranshahr, IranIranshahr (Persian: ايرانشهر, Balochi: ایرانشهر, also Romanized as Īrānshahr; formerly, Pahrah, Fahrej, and Qal'eh-ye Nāşerī)[3] is a city in the Central District of Iranshahr County, Sistan and Baluchestan province, Iran, serving as capital of the district, the county, and the province.[4]At the 2006 census, its population was 99,496 in 17,698 households.[5] The following census in 2011 counted 97,012 people in 22,676 households.[6] The latest census in 2016 showed a population of 113,750 people in 27,248 households.[2]Prior to 1935, the city was referred to as Pahrah (Persian: پهرہ), also spelt Poora, Poorah, and Pura, meaning \"defence\" in Persian.[7] The name was changed to Iranshahr by Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi in around 1941.Pahrah is the site where Alexander the Great celebrated with and regrouped his troops after his Indian conquests. Bampur, where the ancient Bampur fort is located, is nearby the city.","title":"Iranshahr, Iran"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"hot desert climate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_desert_climate"},{"link_name":"Köppen climate classification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification"},{"link_name":"precipitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precipitation"},{"link_name":"relative humidity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relative_humidity"},{"link_name":"dew point","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dew_point"},{"link_name":"sunshine hours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunshine_duration"},{"link_name":"NOAA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WMONormals-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NOAA-9"},{"link_name":"Iranshahr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Iranshahr"}],"text":"Iranshahr has a hot desert climate (Köppen climate classification BWh) with extremely hot summers and mild winters. Precipitation is very low, and mostly falls in winter.Climate data for Iranshahr (1991–2020, extremes 1964–2020)\n\n\nMonth\n\nJan\n\nFeb\n\nMar\n\nApr\n\nMay\n\nJun\n\nJul\n\nAug\n\nSep\n\nOct\n\nNov\n\nDec\n\nYear\n\n\nRecord high °C (°F)\n\n31.0(87.8)\n\n36.4(97.5)\n\n39.7(103.5)\n\n43.2(109.8)\n\n48.0(118.4)\n\n49.3(120.7)\n\n49.0(120.2)\n\n50.0(122.0)\n\n47.0(116.6)\n\n44.0(111.2)\n\n37.0(98.6)\n\n33.2(91.8)\n\n50.0(122.0)\n\n\nMean daily maximum °C (°F)\n\n21.4(70.5)\n\n24.2(75.6)\n\n28.8(83.8)\n\n35.4(95.7)\n\n41.0(105.8)\n\n44.3(111.7)\n\n44.4(111.9)\n\n43.3(109.9)\n\n40.6(105.1)\n\n35.5(95.9)\n\n28.7(83.7)\n\n23.6(74.5)\n\n34.3(93.7)\n\n\nDaily mean °C (°F)\n\n14.6(58.3)\n\n17.5(63.5)\n\n22.1(71.8)\n\n28.4(83.1)\n\n34.1(93.4)\n\n37.4(99.3)\n\n37.8(100.0)\n\n36.4(97.5)\n\n33.3(91.9)\n\n28.1(82.6)\n\n21.3(70.3)\n\n16.3(61.3)\n\n27.3(81.1)\n\n\nMean daily minimum °C (°F)\n\n8.5(47.3)\n\n11.1(52.0)\n\n15.2(59.4)\n\n20.6(69.1)\n\n25.9(78.6)\n\n29.7(85.5)\n\n31.1(88.0)\n\n29.2(84.6)\n\n25.6(78.1)\n\n20.4(68.7)\n\n14.3(57.7)\n\n9.7(49.5)\n\n20.1(68.2)\n\n\nRecord low °C (°F)\n\n−2.0(28.4)\n\n−1.0(30.2)\n\n4.0(39.2)\n\n10.0(50.0)\n\n14.4(57.9)\n\n21.2(70.2)\n\n22.0(71.6)\n\n20.0(68.0)\n\n14.0(57.2)\n\n8.0(46.4)\n\n2.0(35.6)\n\n−6.0(21.2)\n\n−6.0(21.2)\n\n\nAverage precipitation mm (inches)\n\n21.2(0.83)\n\n19.2(0.76)\n\n18.9(0.74)\n\n5.8(0.23)\n\n1.8(0.07)\n\n4.7(0.19)\n\n7.3(0.29)\n\n5.1(0.20)\n\n0.8(0.03)\n\n3.6(0.14)\n\n2.7(0.11)\n\n12.8(0.50)\n\n103.9(4.09)\n\n\nAverage precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm)\n\n2.5\n\n2.1\n\n2.8\n\n0.7\n\n0.4\n\n0.6\n\n1.0\n\n0.6\n\n0.2\n\n0.4\n\n0.5\n\n1.4\n\n13.2\n\n\nAverage relative humidity (%)\n\n44.0\n\n39.0\n\n34.0\n\n24.0\n\n18.0\n\n18.0\n\n23.0\n\n21.0\n\n19.0\n\n22.0\n\n28.0\n\n36.0\n\n27.2\n\n\nAverage dew point °C (°F)\n\n0.6(33.1)\n\n1.7(35.1)\n\n3.1(37.6)\n\n3.9(39.0)\n\n5.4(41.7)\n\n7.2(45.0)\n\n10.3(50.5)\n\n7.6(45.7)\n\n4.2(39.6)\n\n2.6(36.7)\n\n0.8(33.4)\n\n−0.6(30.9)\n\n3.9(39.0)\n\n\nMean monthly sunshine hours\n\n248.0\n\n234.0\n\n255.0\n\n283.0\n\n319.0\n\n312.0\n\n298.0\n\n306.0\n\n306.0\n\n310.0\n\n278.0\n\n261.0\n\n3,410\n\n\nSource: NOAA[8][9]Wikimedia Commons has media related to Iranshahr.","title":"Climate"}] | [{"image_text":"Naseri Castle, Iranshahr, Iran","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/990803-Iranshahr-IMG_5979-2.jpg/281px-990803-Iranshahr-IMG_5979-2.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"OpenStreetMap contributors (11 April 2023). \"Iranshahr, Iranshahr County\" (Map). OpenStreetMap. Retrieved 11 April 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.openstreetmap.org/?mlat=27.197778&mlon=60.683611&zoom=14#map=14/27.1978/60.6836","url_text":"\"Iranshahr, Iranshahr County\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenStreetMap","url_text":"OpenStreetMap"}]},{"reference":"\"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1395 (2016)\". AMAR (in Persian). The Statistical Center of Iran. p. 11. Archived from the original (Excel) on 23 December 2021. Retrieved 19 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211223104011/https://www.amar.org.ir/Portals/0/census/1395/results/abadi/CN95_HouseholdPopulationVillage_11.xlsx","url_text":"\"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1395 (2016)\""},{"url":"https://www.amar.org.ir/Portals/0/census/1395/results/abadi/CN95_HouseholdPopulationVillage_11.xlsx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Habibi, Hassan (21 June 1369). \"Approval of the organization and chain of citizenship of the elements and units of the national divisions of Sistan and Baluchestan province, centered in the city of Zahedan\". Research Center of the System of Laws of the Islamic Council of the Farabi Library of Mobile Users (in Persian). Ministry of Interior, Defense Political Commission of the Government Board. Archived from the original on 24 July 2013. Retrieved 29 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130724212413/https://rc.majlis.ir/fa/law/show/113038","url_text":"\"Approval of the organization and chain of citizenship of the elements and units of the national divisions of Sistan and Baluchestan province, centered in the city of Zahedan\""},{"url":"https://rc.majlis.ir/fa/law/show/113038","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)\". AMAR (in Persian). The Statistical Center of Iran. p. 11. Archived from the original (Excel) on 20 September 2011. Retrieved 25 September 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110920083538/http://www.amar.org.ir/DesktopModules/FTPManager/upload/upload2360/newjkh/newjkh/11.xls","url_text":"\"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)\""},{"url":"http://www.amar.org.ir/DesktopModules/FTPManager/upload/upload2360/newjkh/newjkh/11.xls","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1390 (2011)\". Syracuse University (in Persian). The Statistical Center of Iran. p. 11. Archived from the original (Excel) on 25 November 2022. Retrieved 19 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221125114706/https://irandataportal.syr.edu/wp-content/uploads/Sistan-and-Baluchestan.xls","url_text":"\"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1390 (2011)\""},{"url":"https://irandataportal.syr.edu/wp-content/uploads/Sistan-and-Baluchestan.xls","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"معنی پهره | فرهنگ فارسی معین\". www.vajehyab.com. Retrieved 30 April 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.vajehyab.com/moein/%D9%BE%D9%87%D8%B1%D9%87","url_text":"\"معنی پهره | فرهنگ فارسی معین\""}]},{"reference":"\"World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1991-2020 — Iranshahr\". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 1 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/2.2/data/0-data/Region-2-WMO-Normals-9120/Iran/CSV/Iranshahr_40879.csv","url_text":"\"World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1991-2020 — Iranshahr\""}]},{"reference":"\"Iranshahr Climate Normals 1964-1990\". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 19 December 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgftp//ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/RA-II/IR/40879.TXT","url_text":"\"Iranshahr Climate Normals 1964-1990\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration","url_text":"National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Iranshahr,_Iran¶ms=27_11_52_N_60_41_01_E_dim:3km_type:city(113750)_region:IR-11","external_links_name":"27°11′52″N 60°41′01″E / 27.19778°N 60.68361°E / 27.19778; 60.68361"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Iranshahr,_Iran¶ms=27_11_52_N_60_41_01_E_dim:3km_type:city(113750)_region:IR-11","external_links_name":"27°11′52″N 60°41′01″E / 27.19778°N 60.68361°E / 27.19778; 60.68361"},{"Link":"https://www.openstreetmap.org/?mlat=27.197778&mlon=60.683611&zoom=14#map=14/27.1978/60.6836","external_links_name":"\"Iranshahr, Iranshahr County\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211223104011/https://www.amar.org.ir/Portals/0/census/1395/results/abadi/CN95_HouseholdPopulationVillage_11.xlsx","external_links_name":"\"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1395 (2016)\""},{"Link":"https://www.amar.org.ir/Portals/0/census/1395/results/abadi/CN95_HouseholdPopulationVillage_11.xlsx","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://geonames.nga.mil/namesgaz/","external_links_name":"this link"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130724212413/https://rc.majlis.ir/fa/law/show/113038","external_links_name":"\"Approval of the organization and chain of citizenship of the elements and units of the national divisions of Sistan and Baluchestan province, centered in the city of Zahedan\""},{"Link":"https://rc.majlis.ir/fa/law/show/113038","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110920083538/http://www.amar.org.ir/DesktopModules/FTPManager/upload/upload2360/newjkh/newjkh/11.xls","external_links_name":"\"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)\""},{"Link":"http://www.amar.org.ir/DesktopModules/FTPManager/upload/upload2360/newjkh/newjkh/11.xls","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221125114706/https://irandataportal.syr.edu/wp-content/uploads/Sistan-and-Baluchestan.xls","external_links_name":"\"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1390 (2011)\""},{"Link":"https://irandataportal.syr.edu/wp-content/uploads/Sistan-and-Baluchestan.xls","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.vajehyab.com/moein/%D9%BE%D9%87%D8%B1%D9%87","external_links_name":"\"معنی پهره | فرهنگ فارسی معین\""},{"Link":"https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/2.2/data/0-data/Region-2-WMO-Normals-9120/Iran/CSV/Iranshahr_40879.csv","external_links_name":"\"World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1991-2020 — Iranshahr\""},{"Link":"ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/RA-II/IR/40879.TXT","external_links_name":"\"Iranshahr Climate Normals 1964-1990\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Former_Supreme_Court,_Singapore | Former Supreme Court, Singapore | ["1 History","2 Architecture and design","3 See also","4 Notes","5 References"] | Coordinates: 1°17′23″N 103°51′04.5″E / 1.28972°N 103.851250°E / 1.28972; 103.851250Monumental building in Singapore
Former Supreme CourtLocation of Former Supreme Court in SingaporeFormer namesSupreme CourtAlternative namesOld Supreme CourtGeneral informationStatusOccupiedTypeCourtArchitectural styleBaroque Revival, NeoclassicalClassificationBLocationSingaporeAddress1 St Andrew's Road, Singapore 178958Town or citySingaporeCountrySingaporeCoordinates1°17′23″N 103°51′04.5″E / 1.28972°N 103.851250°E / 1.28972; 103.851250Current tenantsNational Gallery SingaporeGroundbreaking1 April 1937Construction startedApril 1937Completed1939Opened3 August 1939Closed2011AffiliationNational Heritage BoardTechnical detailsFloor area5,110 m2 (55,000 sq ft)Design and constructionArchitect(s)Frank Dorrington WardArchitecture firmPublic Works DepartmentOther designersRudolfo Nolli Augusto MartelliMain contractorUnited Engineers
National monument of SingaporeDesignated14 February 1992Reference no.28
The Former Supreme Court Building (Malay: Bangunan Mahkamah Agung Lama, Chinese: 最高法院大厦) is the former courthouse of the Supreme Court of Singapore. The court moved to a new building, where it began operations on 20 June 2005. The former courthouse was the last structure in the style of classical architecture to be built in the former British colony. Together with the Former City Hall, the former courthouse has been converted for use as National Gallery Singapore; the complex opened in 2015.
History
Aerial panorama of Singapore's Downtown Core. The Old Supreme Court building is located in the middle of the panorama.
Dome of the old Supreme Court Building at night (2011)
On 1 April 1937, Sir Shenton Whitelegge Thomas, Governor of the Straits Settlements laid the original foundation stone of the Supreme Court Building. (At the time it was the largest foundation stone in the whole of Malaya.) Buried beneath the stone is a time capsule containing six Singaporean newspapers dated 31 March 1937, and a handful of coins of the Straits Settlements. The capsule is not due to be retrieved until the year 3000.
The Supreme Court building was declared open on 3 August 1939 by Sir Shenton Thomas and handed over to the Chief Justice, Sir Percy McElwaine, on the same day.
In 1946, after World War II, the building was the site of war crime trials of members of the Imperial Japanese Army for actions in Singapore during the war.
After the court moved to a new building, the Former Supreme Court Building, together with the adjacent Former City Hall, was converted into use as the National Gallery Singapore, which opened in 2015.
Architecture and design
The allegory of justice is visible below the cupola
The Former Singapore Supreme Court building was designed by Frank Dorrington Ward and built by United Engineers. It was built in front of the Padang grounds between 1937 and 1939.
See also
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Former Supreme Court, Singapore.
Supreme Court, Singapore
City Hall MRT station
Notes
Ho, Weng Hin (2008), The Former Supreme Court of Singapore & its Artificial Stone: Documentation, Analysis & Conservation Guidelines for a National Monument, Genoa: unpublished thesis, School of Specialization in Restoration of Monuments, University of Genoa, OCLC 233929838.
History of Supreme Court
References
^ a b Whiteman, Hilary (26 November 2015). "National Gallery Singapore finds first home for unseen art". CNN.
^ a b c "AsiaExplorers - Visit, Discover & Enjoy Asia!". www.asiaexplorers.com. Archived from the original on 28 March 2015. Retrieved 31 March 2015.
^ Singapore, National Library Board. "Former Supreme Court building - Infopedia". eresources.nlb.gov.sg.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Allegory of Justice (Singapore).
National monuments of Singapore(Legend: † demolished)Gazettedin 1970s1973
1. Old Thong Chai Medical Institution
2. Armenian Church
3. St Andrew's Cathedral
4. Former Telok Ayer Market
5. Thian Hock Keng
6. Sri Mariamman Temple
7. Masjid Hajjah Fatimah
8. Cathedral of the Good Shepherd
1974
9. Nagore Durgha
10. Masjid Al-Abrar
11. House of Tan Yeok Nee
12. Tan Si Chong Su
13. Masjid Jamae
1975
14. Sultan Mosque
1978
15. Saint George's Church
16. Hong San See
17. Sri Srinivasa Perumal Temple
1979
18. Masjid Abdul Gaffoor
Gazettedin 1980s1980
19. Siong Lim Temple
1987
20. Raffles Hotel
1989
21. Telok Ayer Chinese Methodist Church
22. Goodwood Park Hotel (Tower Block)
Gazettedin 1990s1990
23. (Caldwell House and Convent of the Holy Infant Jesus Chapel)
1992
24. (The Istana and Sri Temasek)
25. City Hall
26. Victoria Theatre and Concert Hall
27. Old Parliament House and Annex Building
28. Old Supreme Court Building
29. Empress Place Building
30. National Museum of Singapore
31. Former Saint Joseph's Institution
32. Former Attorney-General's Chambers
1994
33. Sun Yat Sen Nanyang Memorial Hall
1996
34. Yueh Hai Ching Temple
1998
35. Maghain Aboth Synagogue
36. Old Ministry of Labour Building
37. Old Tao Nan School
38. Chesed-El Synagogue
39. Old Hill Street Police Station
40. Ying Fo Fui Kun
41. Central Fire Station
42. Nanyang University Arch, Nanyang University Memorial and Nanyang University Library and Administration Building
1999
43. The Chinese High School Clock Tower Building
Gazettedin 2000s2002
44. Prinsep Street Presbyterian Church
45. Former Admiralty House
46. Tan Teck Guan Building
47. College of Medicine Building
2003
48. Cathay Building †
49. Church of Saints Peter and Paul
50. MacDonald House
2005
51. Saint Joseph's Church
52. Church of Our Lady of Lourdes
53. Church of the Nativity of the Blessed Virgin Mary
54. Tou Mu Kung Temple
2006
55. Former Ford Factory
2009
56. (Manasseh Meyer Building and Former Raffles College, currently the Bukit Timah campus of National University of Singapore)
57. Church of St Teresa
58. Keng Teck Whay
59. Former Command House
60. St James Power Station
61. Bowyer Block, Singapore General Hospital
Gazettedin 2010s2010
62. Singapore Conference Hall
63. (Lim Bo Seng Memorial, Tan Kim Seng Fountain and The Cenotaph)
2011
64. Former Tanjong Pagar railway station
2013
65. Civilian War Memorial
2014
66. Chung Cheng High School (Main)
67. Sri Thendayuthapani Temple
68. Masjid Alkaff Upper Serangoon
2015
69. Jurong Town Hall
70. Istana Kampong Glam
71. Fullerton Building
2016
72. Changi Prison, Old Entrance Gate, Turret and Wall
2019
73. (Anderson Bridge, Cavenagh Bridge and Elgin Bridge)
Gazettedin 2020s2022
74. Fort Siloso
75. Padang | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Malay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malay_language"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_language"},{"link_name":"courthouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Courthouse"},{"link_name":"Supreme Court of Singapore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Singapore"},{"link_name":"new building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court,_Singapore"},{"link_name":"classical architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_architecture"},{"link_name":"the former British colony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore_in_the_Straits_Settlements"},{"link_name":"Former City Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Former_City_Hall,_Singapore"},{"link_name":"National Gallery Singapore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Gallery_Singapore"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cnn-1"}],"text":"Monumental building in SingaporeThe Former Supreme Court Building (Malay: Bangunan Mahkamah Agung Lama, Chinese: 最高法院大厦) is the former courthouse of the Supreme Court of Singapore. The court moved to a new building, where it began operations on 20 June 2005. The former courthouse was the last structure in the style of classical architecture to be built in the former British colony. 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The Old Supreme Court building is located in the middle of the panorama.Dome of the old Supreme Court Building at night (2011)On 1 April 1937, Sir Shenton Whitelegge Thomas, Governor of the Straits Settlements[2] laid the original foundation stone of the Supreme Court Building. (At the time it was the largest foundation stone in the whole of Malaya.) Buried beneath the stone is a time capsule containing six Singaporean newspapers dated 31 March 1937, and a handful of coins of the Straits Settlements. The capsule is not due to be retrieved until the year 3000.[2]The Supreme Court building was declared open on 3 August 1939 by Sir Shenton Thomas and handed over to the Chief Justice, Sir Percy McElwaine, on the same day.[2]In 1946, after World War II, the building was the site of war crime trials of members of the Imperial Japanese Army for actions in Singapore during the war. [3]After the court moved to a new building, the Former Supreme Court Building, together with the adjacent Former City Hall, was converted into use as the National Gallery Singapore, which opened in 2015.[1]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:AllegoryofJustice-OldSupremeCourtBuilding-Singapore-20071013.jpg"},{"link_name":"allegory of justice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allegorical_sculpture"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:National_Gallery_Singapore_1.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Old_Supreme_Court_Building_and_City_Hall_from_the_Padang,_Singapore_-_20110205.jpg"},{"link_name":"Padang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padang,_Singapore"}],"text":"The allegory of justice is visible below the cupolaThe Former Singapore Supreme Court building was designed by Frank Dorrington Ward and built by United Engineers. It was built in front of the Padang grounds between 1937 and 1939.","title":"Architecture and design"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"University of Genoa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Genoa"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"233929838","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/233929838"},{"link_name":"History of Supreme Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//app.supremecourt.gov.sg/default.aspx?pgID=39#C4"}],"text":"Ho, Weng Hin (2008), The Former Supreme Court of Singapore & its Artificial Stone: Documentation, Analysis & Conservation Guidelines for a National Monument, Genoa: unpublished thesis, School of Specialization in Restoration of Monuments, University of Genoa, OCLC 233929838.\nHistory of Supreme Court","title":"Notes"}] | [{"image_text":"Aerial panorama of Singapore's Downtown Core. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Cecil_Wray,_13th_Baronet | Sir Cecil Wray, 13th Baronet | ["1 Life","2 Politics","3 Personal","4 References","5 External links"] | English landowner and politician
The Rival Candidates, a 1784 engraving by Thomas Rowlandson, satirising the 1784 general election contest for the seat of Westminster. The three candidates are depicted as historical figures; Sir Samuel Hood, a naval officer and war hero, is shown as Themistocles. Charles James Fox, a noted orator, is Demosthenes. Wray is on the right, portrayed as Judas Iscariot, for his apparent betrayal of his fellow whig Fox in this election.
Sir Cecil Wray, 13th Baronet (3 September 1734 – 10 January 1805) was an English landowner and politician, and one of the Wray baronets.
Life
Wray was born into an old Lincolnshire family as the eldest and only surviving son of Sir John Wray, 12th Baronet (died 1752), who had married Frances (died 1770), the daughter and sole heiress of Fairfax Norcliffe of Langton, Yorkshire. Cecil was educated at Westminster School (1745) and Trinity College, Cambridge (1749).
On the death of his father in 1752 Cecil succeeded to the baronetcy and to large estates in Lincolnshire, Norfolk, and Yorkshire. He lived in a large house on the north-east side of Eastgate, Lincoln, but, through annoyance from ‘the clanging of anvils in a blacksmith's shop opposite, got disgusted’ with it. He also procured the demolition of the four gatehouses across Eastgate. From 26 December 1755 to 20 December 1757, he was a cornet in the 1st dragoons, and on 17 June 1778 he was appointed captain in the South Lincolnshire militia. He was also captain of a troop of yeomanry.
In 1760, Wray built a ‘Gothic castellated building,’ which he called Summer Castle, after his wife's name, but it has long been known as Fillingham Castle. It stands on a hill about ten miles from Lincoln.
Politics
He contested and won the Parliamentary seat of the borough of East Retford in 1768 as ‘a neighbouring country gentleman and a member of the Bill of Rights Society’ against the interest of the Duke of Newcastle and the corporation, and sat for it in the two parliaments from 1768 to 1780 (Oldfield, Parl. Hist. iv. 340). He acted as chairman of the committee for amending the poor laws, and was one of the strongest opponents of the American war.
The Hopes of the Party, 1791 by James Gillray. Wray is on the right with Joseph Priestley and Richard Brinsley Sheridan, who, together with John Horne Tooke, hold George III so that Charles James Fox can behead him. The print satirised the favourable views those depicted had towards the French Revolution.
On the elevation of Sir George Rodney to the peerage Wray, mainly through the influence of Charles James Fox, was nominated by the whig association to fill the vacancy in the representation of Westminster, and he held the seat from 12 June 1782 to 1784.
Between these dates the Fox–North coalition, between Fox and Lord North had been brought about, and Wray at once denounced the union in the House of Commons. He also opposed with vigour Fox's East India Bill. At the general election in 1784 he stood for Westminster, with the support of the Tories, and in the hope of ousting Fox from the representation. The poll opened on 1 April, and closed on 17 May, when the contest ended, the numbers being Samuel Hood 6,694, Fox 6,233, Wray 5,998. The beaten candidate demanded a scrutiny, which the high bailiff, a tool of the Tories, at once granted, and it was not abandoned until 3 March 1785, when he was ordered by parliament to make his return at once.
Wray, without possessing ‘superior talents, was independent in mind as well as in fortune’, and had agreeable manners, but he was parsimonious. During the contest of Westminster the wits made themselves merry over his frailties. His ‘small beer’ was ridiculed, the ‘unfinished state of his newly fronted house in Pall Mall’ was sneered at, and he provoked much raillery by his proposals to abolish Chelsea Hospital and to tax maid-servants.
Some absurd lines were attributed to him in the ‘Rolliad’, and to him was imputed an irregular ode in the contest for the poet-laureateship.
A Birmingham Toast, 1791 by James Gillray. Wray is seated on the left with Richard Brinsley Sheridan, while Joseph Priestley offers a toast. Charles James Fox at centre raises his glass. To the right are John Horne Tooke and Theophilus Lindsey.
Wray figured in many of Thomas Rowlandson's plates to the ‘History of the Westminster Election, 1784.’ His person reappears as that of a Whig in 1791 in James Gillray's caricatures of "the hopes of the party prior to July 14," and ‘A Birmingham Toast as given on 14 July by the Revolution Society.’ He lived after 1784 in comparative obscurity.
There was published in 1784 ‘A full Account of the Proceedings in Westminster Hall, 14 February 1784, with the Speeches of Sir Cecil Wray and others;’ and Watt mentions under his name the ‘Resolves of the Committee appointed to try the Election for the County of Gloucester in 1777, printed from the Notes of Sir Cecil Wray, the Chairman’.
A full-length portrait by Joshua Reynolds of Sir Cecil Wray is said to be at Sleningford, and there are portraits also at Langton and Fillingham Castle. Miss Dalton of Staindrop possesses a miniature of him, in the uniform of the 1st dragoons, and a full-length portrait by John Opie of him in yeomanry uniform. Lady Wray's portrait was painted in 1767 by Sir Joshua Reynolds. In 1865, it was at Sleningford, near Ripon, the seat of Captain Dalton, and was in fair condition.
Personal
Fillingham Castle
Wray died at Fillingham or Summer Castle, Lincolnshire, on 10 January 1805, and was buried at Fillingham, a tablet being placed in the church to his memory. His wife was Esther Summers, but nothing is known as to her history or the date of their marriage. She died at Summer Castle on 1 February 1825, aged 89, and was buried at Fillingham, where a tablet preserves her memory. They had no issue, and Sir Cecil Wray's estates, which his widow enjoyed for her life, passed to his nephew, Army Officer John Dalton, the son of his sister Isabella.
References
^ a b c d e f g h i Courtney 1900.
^ Venables, Lincoln Streets, p. 21
^ ib. p. 21
^ Oldfield, Parl. Hist. iv. 218–19, 234–5; Grego, Parl. Elections, pp. 259–88
^ Wraxall, Memoirs, 1884, ed. iii. 80
^ Rolliad, dedication
^ 1795, pp. 99, 239
^ ib. pp. 292–3
^ Bibl. Britannica
Attribution
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Courtney, William Prideaux (1900). "Wray, Cecil". In Lee, Sidney (ed.). Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 63. London: Smith, Elder & Co.:
Burke's Extinct Baronetcies
Gent. Mag. 1805 i. 91, ii. 611, 1825 i. 477
Wraxall's Memoirs (1884 ed.), iii. 18, 80, 284–5, 341–7
Hist. of Lincolnshire, 1834, p. 39; Monthly Mag. 1805, i. 80–2
Leslie and Taylor's Sir Joshua Reynolds, i. 282–3
Charles Dalton's Wrays of Glentworth, ii. 187–214
Wright and Evans's Gillray Caricatures, pp. 35–36
Wright's Caricature Hist. of the Georges, pp. 384–98
Grego's Rowlandson, i. 122–42.
External links
"Mars and Venus, or Sir Cecil chastised", 1784. by Samuel Collings, at heritage-images.com
Sir Cecil Wray, Bt, line engraving at the National Portrait Gallery, London
Parliament of Great Britain
Preceded byJohn WhiteJohn Shelley
Member of Parliament for East Retford 1768–1780 With: John Offley 1768–1774William Hanger 1775–1778Lord John Pelham-Clinton 1778–1780
Succeeded byWharton AmcottsLord John Pelham-Clinton
Preceded bySir George Brydges RodneyCharles James Fox
Member of Parliament for Westminster 1782–1784 With: Charles James Fox
Succeeded bySamuel HoodCharles James Fox
Baronetage of England
Preceded byJohn Wray
Baronet(of Glentworth) 1752–1805
Succeeded byWilliam Wray
Authority control databases International
FAST
ISNI
VIAF
National
Germany
United States
Other
SNAC | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_rival_candidates.jpg"},{"link_name":"Thomas Rowlandson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Rowlandson"},{"link_name":"1784 general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1784_British_general_election"},{"link_name":"Westminster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westminster_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Sir Samuel Hood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Hood,_1st_Viscount_Hood"},{"link_name":"Themistocles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Themistocles"},{"link_name":"Charles James Fox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_James_Fox"},{"link_name":"Demosthenes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demosthenes"},{"link_name":"Judas Iscariot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judas_Iscariot"},{"link_name":"whig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whigs_(British_political_party)"},{"link_name":"Wray baronets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wray_baronets"}],"text":"The Rival Candidates, a 1784 engraving by Thomas Rowlandson, satirising the 1784 general election contest for the seat of Westminster. 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He lived in a large house on the north-east side of Eastgate, Lincoln, but, through annoyance from ‘the clanging of anvils in a blacksmith's shop opposite, got disgusted’ with it.[2] He also procured the demolition of the four gatehouses across Eastgate.[3] From 26 December 1755 to 20 December 1757, he was a cornet in the 1st dragoons, and on 17 June 1778 he was appointed captain in the South Lincolnshire militia. He was also captain of a troop of yeomanry.[1]In 1760, Wray built a ‘Gothic castellated building,’ which he called Summer Castle, after his wife's name, but it has long been known as Fillingham Castle. 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Sheridan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Brinsley_Sheridan"},{"link_name":"Joseph Priestley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Priestley"},{"link_name":"Charles James Fox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_James_Fox"},{"link_name":"John Horne Tooke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Horne_Tooke"},{"link_name":"Theophilus Lindsey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theophilus_Lindsey"},{"link_name":"Thomas Rowlandson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Rowlandson"},{"link_name":"James Gillray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Gillray"},{"link_name":"caricatures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caricatures"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECourtney1900-1"},{"link_name":"Westminster Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westminster_Hall"},{"link_name":"County of Gloucester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_of_Gloucester"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Joshua Reynolds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joshua_Reynolds"},{"link_name":"Sleningford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Stainley_with_Sleningford"},{"link_name":"Staindrop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staindrop"},{"link_name":"John Opie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Opie"},{"link_name":"Ripon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ripon"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECourtney1900-1"}],"text":"He contested and won the Parliamentary seat of the borough of East Retford in 1768 as ‘a neighbouring country gentleman and a member of the Bill of Rights Society’ against the interest of the Duke of Newcastle and the corporation, and sat for it in the two parliaments from 1768 to 1780 (Oldfield, Parl. Hist. iv. 340). He acted as chairman of the committee for amending the poor laws, and was one of the strongest opponents of the American war.[1]The Hopes of the Party, 1791 by James Gillray. Wray is on the right with Joseph Priestley and Richard Brinsley Sheridan, who, together with John Horne Tooke, hold George III so that Charles James Fox can behead him. The print satirised the favourable views those depicted had towards the French Revolution.On the elevation of Sir George Rodney to the peerage Wray, mainly through the influence of Charles James Fox, was nominated by the whig association to fill the vacancy in the representation of Westminster, and he held the seat from 12 June 1782 to 1784.[1]Between these dates the Fox–North coalition, between Fox and Lord North had been brought about, and Wray at once denounced the union in the House of Commons. He also opposed with vigour Fox's East India Bill. At the general election in 1784 he stood for Westminster, with the support of the Tories, and in the hope of ousting Fox from the representation. The poll opened on 1 April, and closed on 17 May, when the contest ended, the numbers being Samuel Hood 6,694, Fox 6,233, Wray 5,998. The beaten candidate demanded a scrutiny, which the high bailiff, a tool of the Tories, at once granted, and it was not abandoned until 3 March 1785, when he was ordered by parliament to make his return at once.[1][4]Wray, without possessing ‘superior talents, was independent in mind as well as in fortune’,[5] and had agreeable manners, but he was parsimonious. During the contest of Westminster the wits made themselves merry over his frailties. His ‘small beer’ was ridiculed, the ‘unfinished state of his newly fronted house in Pall Mall’ was sneered at,[6] and he provoked much raillery by his proposals to abolish Chelsea Hospital and to tax maid-servants. \nSome absurd lines were attributed to him in the ‘Rolliad’,[7] and to him was imputed an irregular ode in the contest for the poet-laureateship.[1][8]A Birmingham Toast, 1791 by James Gillray. Wray is seated on the left with Richard Brinsley Sheridan, while Joseph Priestley offers a toast. Charles James Fox at centre raises his glass. To the right are John Horne Tooke and Theophilus Lindsey.Wray figured in many of Thomas Rowlandson's plates to the ‘History of the Westminster Election, 1784.’ His person reappears as that of a Whig in 1791 in James Gillray's caricatures of \"the hopes of the party prior to July 14,\" and ‘A Birmingham Toast as given on 14 July by the Revolution Society.’ He lived after 1784 in comparative obscurity.[1]There was published in 1784 ‘A full Account of the Proceedings in Westminster Hall, 14 February 1784, with the Speeches of Sir Cecil Wray and others;’ and Watt mentions under his name the ‘Resolves of the Committee appointed to try the Election for the County of Gloucester in 1777, printed from the Notes of Sir Cecil Wray, the Chairman’.[9]A full-length portrait by Joshua Reynolds of Sir Cecil Wray is said to be at Sleningford, and there are portraits also at Langton and Fillingham Castle. Miss Dalton of Staindrop possesses a miniature of him, in the uniform of the 1st dragoons, and a full-length portrait by John Opie of him in yeomanry uniform. Lady Wray's portrait was painted in 1767 by Sir Joshua Reynolds. In 1865, it was at Sleningford, near Ripon, the seat of Captain Dalton, and was in fair condition.[1]","title":"Politics"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fillingham_Castle_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1164459.jpg"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECourtney1900-1"}],"text":"Fillingham CastleWray died at Fillingham or Summer Castle, Lincolnshire, on 10 January 1805, and was buried at Fillingham, a tablet being placed in the church to his memory. His wife was Esther Summers, but nothing is known as to her history or the date of their marriage. She died at Summer Castle on 1 February 1825, aged 89, and was buried at Fillingham, where a tablet preserves her memory. They had no issue, and Sir Cecil Wray's estates, which his widow enjoyed for her life, passed to his nephew, Army Officer John Dalton, the son of his sister Isabella.[1]","title":"Personal"}] | [{"image_text":"The Rival Candidates, a 1784 engraving by Thomas Rowlandson, satirising the 1784 general election contest for the seat of Westminster. The three candidates are depicted as historical figures; Sir Samuel Hood, a naval officer and war hero, is shown as Themistocles. Charles James Fox, a noted orator, is Demosthenes. Wray is on the right, portrayed as Judas Iscariot, for his apparent betrayal of his fellow whig Fox in this election.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/The_rival_candidates.jpg/300px-The_rival_candidates.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Hopes of the Party, 1791 by James Gillray. Wray is on the right with Joseph Priestley and Richard Brinsley Sheridan, who, together with John Horne Tooke, hold George III so that Charles James Fox can behead him. The print satirised the favourable views those depicted had towards the French Revolution.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/The-Hopes-of-the-Party-Gillray.jpeg/220px-The-Hopes-of-the-Party-Gillray.jpeg"},{"image_text":"A Birmingham Toast, 1791 by James Gillray. Wray is seated on the left with Richard Brinsley Sheridan, while Joseph Priestley offers a toast. Charles James Fox at centre raises his glass. To the right are John Horne Tooke and Theophilus Lindsey.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/A_Birmingham_toast%2C_as_given_on_the_14th_of_July_by_the-revolution_society_LCCN2004671431.tif/lossy-page1-220px-A_Birmingham_toast%2C_as_given_on_the_14th_of_July_by_the-revolution_society_LCCN2004671431.tif.jpg"},{"image_text":"Fillingham Castle","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Fillingham_Castle_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1164459.jpg/220px-Fillingham_Castle_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1164459.jpg"}] | null | [] | [{"Link":"http://www.heritage-images.com/Preview/PreviewPage.aspx?id=1239905&pricing=true&licenseType=RM","external_links_name":"Mars and Venus, or Sir Cecil chastised"},{"Link":"http://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/portrait/mw57133/Sir-Cecil-Wray-Bt","external_links_name":"Sir Cecil Wray"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/272808/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000037447181","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/11865524","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/120239736","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no90012521","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w677577b","external_links_name":"SNAC"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvermont_(Brevard,_North_Carolina) | Silvermont (Brevard, North Carolina) | ["1 References"] | Coordinates: 35°13′44″N 82°43′47″W / 35.22889°N 82.72972°W / 35.22889; -82.72972Historic house in North Carolina, United States
United States historic placeSilvermontU.S. National Register of Historic PlacesU.S. Historic districtContributing property
Silvermont, January 2019Show map of North CarolinaShow map of the United StatesLocationE. Main St., Brevard, North CarolinaCoordinates35°13′44″N 82°43′47″W / 35.22889°N 82.72972°W / 35.22889; -82.72972Area8.5 acres (3.4 ha)Built1916 (1916)-1917Architectural styleColonial RevivalNRHP reference No.81000427Added to NRHPJuly 9, 1981
Silvermont is a historic home located at Brevard, Transylvania County, North Carolina. It was built in 1916–1917, and is a two-story, five-bay, Colonial Revival style brick dwelling with a gambrel roof. Also on the property is a one-story, stone veneer cottage. It has a rear ell, two-story front portico supported by columns with Corinthian order capitals, one-story wraparound porch, porte cochere, and sunroom. The house and grounds were donated to Transylvania County in 1972, and serve as a public recreation center.
It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1981. It is located in the East Main Street Historic District.
References
^ a b "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. July 9, 2010.
^ Michael T. Southern and Jim Sumner (April 1981). "Silvermont" (pdf). National Register of Historic Places - Nomination and Inventory. North Carolina State Historic Preservation Office. Retrieved August 1, 2014.
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This article about a property in Transylvania County, North Carolina on the National Register of Historic Places is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Brevard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brevard,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Transylvania County, North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transylvania_County,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Colonial Revival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonial_Revival_architecture"},{"link_name":"portico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portico"},{"link_name":"Corinthian order","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corinthian_order"},{"link_name":"porte cochere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porte_cochere"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nrhpinv-2"},{"link_name":"National Register of Historic Places","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nris-1"},{"link_name":"East Main Street Historic District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Main_Street_Historic_District_(Brevard,_North_Carolina)"}],"text":"Historic house in North Carolina, United StatesUnited States historic placeSilvermont is a historic home located at Brevard, Transylvania County, North Carolina. It was built in 1916–1917, and is a two-story, five-bay, Colonial Revival style brick dwelling with a gambrel roof. Also on the property is a one-story, stone veneer cottage. It has a rear ell, two-story front portico supported by columns with Corinthian order capitals, one-story wraparound porch, porte cochere, and sunroom. The house and grounds were donated to Transylvania County in 1972, and serve as a public recreation center.[2]It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1981.[1] It is located in the East Main Street Historic District.","title":"Silvermont (Brevard, North Carolina)"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"National Register Information System\". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. July 9, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP","url_text":"\"National Register Information System\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places","url_text":"National Register of Historic Places"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Park_Service","url_text":"National Park Service"}]},{"reference":"Michael T. Southern and Jim Sumner (April 1981). \"Silvermont\" (pdf). National Register of Historic Places - Nomination and Inventory. North Carolina State Historic Preservation Office. Retrieved August 1, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://files.nc.gov/ncdcr/nr/TV0006.pdf","url_text":"\"Silvermont\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Silvermont_(Brevard,_North_Carolina)¶ms=35_13_44_N_82_43_47_W_type:landmark_region:US-NC","external_links_name":"35°13′44″N 82°43′47″W / 35.22889°N 82.72972°W / 35.22889; -82.72972"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Silvermont_(Brevard,_North_Carolina)¶ms=35_13_44_N_82_43_47_W_type:landmark_region:US-NC","external_links_name":"35°13′44″N 82°43′47″W / 35.22889°N 82.72972°W / 35.22889; -82.72972"},{"Link":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/AssetDetail/NRIS/81000427","external_links_name":"81000427"},{"Link":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP","external_links_name":"\"National Register Information System\""},{"Link":"https://files.nc.gov/ncdcr/nr/TV0006.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Silvermont\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Silvermont_(Brevard,_North_Carolina)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxwell_Park,_Oakland,_California | Maxwell Park, Oakland, California | ["1 History","2 Notable Places","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"] | Coordinates: 37°46′45″N 122°11′45″W / 37.77917°N 122.19583°W / 37.77917; -122.19583This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Maxwell Park, Oakland, California" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (August 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
37°46′45″N 122°11′45″W / 37.77917°N 122.19583°W / 37.77917; -122.19583
Neighborhood of Oakland in Alameda, California, United StatesMaxwell ParkNeighborhood of OaklandA view over Maxwell ParkLocation of Maxwell Park in OaklandCoordinates: 37°46′45″N 122°11′45″W / 37.779167°N 122.195833°W / 37.779167; -122.195833CountryUnited StatesStateCaliforniaCountyAlamedaCityOakland
Maxwell Park is a neighborhood in Oakland, California located in the foothills of the city. It is geographically bordered by MacArthur Boulevard, High Street, Trask Street, Foothill Boulevard, and 55th Avenue and is adjacent to Mills College, I-580, Brookdale Park, and the Fairfax neighborhood. It lies at an elevation of from 138 feet to its highest point of 266 feet on Knowland Ave (42 m).
Many of the homes in the neighborhood have panoramic views of the Oakland Hills to the north, Alameda and the San Francisco Bay to the west.
History
The area is named after its developer, John P. Maxwell. The original development area was bounded by 55th Avenue, Trask Street, Monticello Avenue and Camden Street.
The land was opened zoned for development on May 7, 1921, and Burritt and Shealey, the main developers were the same developers from many of the homes in the nearby upscale enclave of Piedmont.
Nearby streetcar transportation and a salubrious climate were cardinal selling points. It is in East Oakland's justly famed 'warm belt'. The streetcars were eventually replaced by AC Transit buses in 1960. Line 47 provides community service in the neighborhood from 55th Avenue and Trask Street to the Fruitvale BART station; lines 57 and NL provide service near the neighborhood on MacArthur Boulevard.
Notable Places
Maxwell Park (a city park)
Fremont High School
Home of Peace Cemetery
Mills College at Northeastern University
Melrose Leadership Academy
Urban Montessori Charter School
Courtland Creek
See also
Laurel, Oakland
References
^ "AC Transit Mobile | Alameda-Contra Costa Transit District". m.actransit.org. Retrieved 2020-06-11.
U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Maxwell Park, Oakland, California
External links
"Neighborhood Search Map". Oakland Museum of California. Archived from the original on 2009-04-30. Retrieved 2011-07-29.
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This Alameda County, California–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"37°46′45″N 122°11′45″W / 37.77917°N 122.19583°W / 37.77917; -122.19583","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Maxwell_Park,_Oakland,_California¶ms=37_46_45_N_122_11_45_W_"},{"link_name":"neighborhood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neighborhood"},{"link_name":"Oakland, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oakland,_California"},{"link_name":"Mills College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mills_College"},{"link_name":"I-580","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_580_(California)"},{"link_name":"Oakland Hills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oakland_Hills,_Oakland,_California"},{"link_name":"Alameda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alameda,_California"},{"link_name":"San Francisco Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_Bay"}],"text":"37°46′45″N 122°11′45″W / 37.77917°N 122.19583°W / 37.77917; -122.19583Neighborhood of Oakland in Alameda, California, United StatesMaxwell Park is a neighborhood in Oakland, California located in the foothills of the city. It is geographically bordered by MacArthur Boulevard, High Street, Trask Street, Foothill Boulevard, and 55th Avenue and is adjacent to Mills College, I-580, Brookdale Park, and the Fairfax neighborhood. It lies at an elevation of from 138 feet to its highest point of 266 feet on Knowland Ave (42 m).Many of the homes in the neighborhood have panoramic views of the Oakland Hills to the north, Alameda and the San Francisco Bay to the west.","title":"Maxwell Park, Oakland, California"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Piedmont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piedmont,_California"},{"link_name":"streetcar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streetcar"},{"link_name":"East Oakland's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Oakland,_Oakland,_California"},{"link_name":"AC Transit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AC_Transit"},{"link_name":"Fruitvale BART station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fruitvale_(BART_station)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"The area is named after its developer, John P. Maxwell. The original development area was bounded by 55th Avenue, Trask Street, Monticello Avenue and Camden Street.The land was opened zoned for development on May 7, 1921, and Burritt and Shealey, the main developers were the same developers from many of the homes in the nearby upscale enclave of Piedmont.Nearby streetcar transportation and a salubrious climate were cardinal selling points. It is in East Oakland's justly famed 'warm belt'. The streetcars were eventually replaced by AC Transit buses in 1960. Line 47 provides community service in the neighborhood from 55th Avenue and Trask Street to the Fruitvale BART station; lines 57 and NL provide service near the neighborhood on MacArthur Boulevard.[1]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fremont High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fremont_Federation_of_High_Schools"},{"link_name":"Mills College at Northeastern University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mills_College_at_Northeastern_University"}],"text":"Maxwell Park (a city park)\nFremont High School\nHome of Peace Cemetery\nMills College at Northeastern University\nMelrose Leadership Academy\nUrban Montessori Charter School\nCourtland Creek","title":"Notable Places"}] | [] | [{"title":"Laurel, Oakland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurel,_Oakland"}] | [{"reference":"\"AC Transit Mobile | Alameda-Contra Costa Transit District\". m.actransit.org. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Immigration,_Francisation_and_Integration | Ministry of Immigration, Francisation and Integration | ["1 History","1.1 Proposed reform","2 List of ministers","3 Organization","3.1 Laws and regulations","4 See also","5 Notes","6 References","7 External links","7.1 English","7.2 French"] | Ministry of Immigration, Francisation and IntegrationMinistère de l'Immigration, de la Francisation et de l'IntégrationAgency overviewFormed5 November 1968 JurisdictionGovernment of QuebecMinister responsibleChristine Fréchette Key documentCanada–Québec Accord relating to Immigration and Temporary Admission of AliensWebsiteOfficial website Part of a series onCanadian citizenship and immigration
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The Ministry of Immigration, Francisation and Integration (French: Ministère de l'Immigration, de la Francisation et de l'Intégration) is a government department in Quebec responsible for immigration, francisation, and integration in the province. Accordingly, it provides a variety of programs for immigrants and immigrant communities in the province.
Jurisdiction in matters of immigration in Quebec is shared with the Canadian government, in accordance to the Constitution Act of 1867 (article 95) and the 1991 Canada–Québec Accord relating to Immigration and Temporary Admission of Aliens. The federal government pays financial compensation to Quebec in order to ensure the reception and integration of immigrants.
The department was previously known as the Ministry of Immigration, Diversity, and Inclusion (Ministère de l’Immigration, de la Diversité et de l’Inclusion).
History
The ministry was founded on 5 November 1968, a decision made by then Premier Jean-Jacques Bertrand. The reasons for the creation of the ministry were: to prevent French from losing its dominant position in Quebec society as the birth rate of French Canadians fell, and to attract immigrants from the French-speaking world to Quebec. At its beginnings, the ministry opened immigration offices only in France and Italy. It also established a network of seven language orientation and training centres, whose goal was to teach French to newcomers. The department was previously overseen by the Minister of Immigration and Cultural Communities as a member of the Executive Council of Quebec.
On 20 February 1978, Canada and Quebec signed an immigration agreement giving Quebec decision-making power to choose its independent immigrants, who would then have to be approved by Ottawa.
On 5 February 1991, the Canada–Québec Accord relating to Immigration and Temporary Admission of Aliens was concluded, giving Quebec more power in the selection of immigrants by offering federal transfers of funds for integration of these, and guaranteeing Quebec an immigration rate proportional to its demographic weight in Canada.
Proposed reform
During the 2022 Quebec general election, the Coalition Avenir Québec (CAQ) government of François Legault campaigned on getting more immigration powers from the federal government to Quebec. Legault has raised the idea of having a referendum on immigration powers, a pledge that was repeated after the party has increased its majority.
List of ministers
Minister
Political party
Start
End
Premier
Creation of the Ministry of Immigration (5 November 1968)
Ministre de l'Immigration
Yves Gabias
Union nationale
3 December 1968
28 March 1969
Bertrand
Mario Beaulieu
28 March 1969
12 May 1970
Pierre Laporte
Liberal
12 May 1970
29 October 1970
Bourassa (1)
François Cloutier
29 October 1970
15 February 1972
Jean Bienvenue
15 February 1972
20 January 1976
Lise Bacon
20 January 1976
26 November 1976
Jacques Couture
Parti québécois
26 November 1976
6 November 1980
Lévesque
Gérald Godin
6 November 1980
30 April 1981
Ministre des Communautés Culturelles et de l'Immigration
Gérald Godin
Parti québécois
30 April 1981
25 September 1984
Lévesque
Louise Harel
25 September 1984
20 December 1984
Gérald Godin
20 December 1984
16 October 1985
3 October 1985
16 October 1985
P.M. Johnson
Élie Fallu
16 October 1985
12 December 1985
Louise Robic
Liberal
12 December 1985
3 March 1989
Bourassa
Monique Gagnon-Tremblay
3 March 1989
11 January 1994
Merged into Ministry of Foreign Affairs (11 January 1994)
Johnson Jr.
Parizeau
Ministre responsable de l'Immigration et des Communautés culturelles
André Boisclair
Parti québécois
29 January 1996
4 December 1996
Bouchard
Ministre des Relations avec les Citoyens et de l'Immigration
André Boisclair
Parti québécois
4 December 1996
15 December 1998
Bouchard
Robert Perreault
15 December 1998
6 October 2000
Sylvain Simard
6 October 2000
8 March 2001
Joseph Facal
8 March 2001
30 January 2002
Landry
Rémy Trudel
30 January 2002
29 April 2003
Michelle Courchesne
Liberal
29 April 2003
18 February 2005
Charest
Ministre de l'Immigration et des Communautés Culturelles
Lise Thériault
Liberal
18 February 2005
18 April 2007
Charest
Yolande James
18 April 2007
11 août 2010
Kathleen Weil
11 août 2010
19 September 2012
Diane De Courcy
Parti québécois
19 September 2012
23 April 2014
Marois
Ministre de l'Immigration, de la Diversité et de l'Inclusion
Kathleen Weil
Liberal
23 April 2014
11 October 2017
Couillard
David Heurtel
11 October 2017
18 October 2018
Simon Jolin-Barrette
CAQ
18 October 2018
4 September 2019
Legault
Ministre de l'Immigration, de la Francisation et de l’Intégration
Simon Jolin-Barrette
CAQ
4 September 2019
22 juin 2020
Legault
Nadine Girault
22 juin 2020
24 November 2021
Jean Boulet
24 November 2021
20 October 2022
Christine Fréchette
20 October 2022
Incumbent
Organization
The structure of the Ministry of Immigration, Francisation and Integration is organized as follows:
Minister of International Relations and La Francophonie
Minister's office
Deputy Minister — High direction
General Secretariat
Legal Affairs
Communications
Audit committee
Internal Audit
Assistant Deputy Minister — Planning, performance and external relations
Administrative review
Research, planning and business intelligence
Ministerial coordination and external relations
Program evaluation, quality assurance and risk management
Assistant Deputy Minister — Development, Innovation and Organizational Support
Innovation and Vision 3.0
Digital transformation and information resources
Human resources
Administration
Assistant Deputy Minister — Immigration and Prospecting
Immigration operations
Immigration and prospecting policies and programs
Prospecting and recruitment operations abroad
Assistant Deputy Minister — Francization and Integration
Francization services
Francization and integration policies and programs
Regional Operations
Laws and regulations
The Minister of Immigration, Francization and Integration is responsible with administering the following laws and regulations in relation to Quebec immigration:
Act respecting the Ministère de l'Immigration, de la Diversité et de l'Inclusion (chapter M-16.1)
Terms and conditions of the signing of certain deeds, documents and writings of the Ministère de l’Immigration et des Communautés culturelles (r. 2)
Québec Immigration Act (chapter I-0.2.1)
Regulation respecting immigration consultants (r. 1)
Québec Immigration Regulation (r. 3)
See also
Immigration to Canada
Canada-Quebec Accord
Official website
Notes
^ Also the Minister of Cultural Affairs until 2 February 1972.
References
^ a b Ministry of Immigration, Francization and Integration. 2019 December 4. "The organization and its commitments." Quebec.ca. Retrieved 2020 November 2.
^ a b c d ICI.Radio-Canada.ca, Zone Politique -. "Il y a 50 ans, le Québec se dotait d'un ministère de l'Immigration". Radio-Canada.ca (in Canadian French). Retrieved 2018-11-04.
^ "Legault hopes for 'strong mandate' in election to pressure Ottawa on immigration".
^ "Legault pledges to demand more control from Ottawa over immigration to Quebec". CBC News. 2022-05-30. Archived from the original on 2023-06-14.
^ "Trudeau maintains position on immigration in face of Legault's demands". 5 October 2022.
^ "Quebec already has 'the tools in hand' to choose immigrants: Federal minister".
^ "'Keep going': Legault's victory message suggests he'll seek 'more liberty' and 'more leeway' with Ottawa, say observers". 4 October 2022.
^ "CAQ renews call for more immigration powers at post-election caucus meeting - Montreal | Globalnews.ca".
^ "CAQ refuses to take no for an answer after Trudeau shuts door on immigration request". 6 October 2022.
^ Ministry of Immigration, Francization and Integration. 2020 October 27. "The organization and its commitments ." Québec.ca. Retrieved 2020 November 2.
^ "Act respecting the Ministère de l’Immigration, de la Diversité et de l'Inclusion." LégisQuébec. 2020 June 14.
^ "Terms and conditions of the signing of certain deeds, documents and writings of the Ministère de l’Immigration et des Communautés culturelles." 2020 May 1.
^ "Québec Immigration Act." LégisQuébec. 2020 June 14.
^ "Regulation respecting immigration consultants." LégisQuébec. 2020 May 1.
^ "Québec Immigration Regulation." LégisQuébec. 2020 May 1.
External links
Official website
English
Official Quebec Immigration site (English)
Obtaining a Certificat de sélection du Québec (English)
Common Values of Quebec Society (English)
French
Official Quebec Immigration site (French)
Obtaining a Certificat de sélection du Québec (French)
Common Values of Quebec (French)
Regulation respecting immigration consultants (French)
vteQuebec Government Departments
Executive Council of Quebec
Treasury
Agriculture, Fisheries and Food
Culture and Communications
Economic Development, Innovation and Export Trade
Education and Higher Education
Employment and Social Solidarity
Environment and the Fight Against Climate Change
Families
Finance
Health and Social Services
Immigration, Francisation and Integration
International Relations and La Francophonie
Justice
Municipal Affairs and Housing
Energy and Natural Resources
Public Security
Tourism
Transport
vteCanadian identity
Canadians
Constitutional debate in Canada
Culture of Canada
Canadian cultural protectionism
Demographics of Canada
Canadian values
National identities in Canada
Canadian nationalism
Quebec nationalism
Culture of Quebec
Western alienation
Alberta separatism
Annexationism
Anti-Americanism
Symbols
National
Provincial and territorial
Royal
Flags
Heraldry
Debates and legislation:
Name (1867)
Canadian Citizenship Act, 1946
National Anthem Act (1980)
Debate on the monarchy in Canada (Monarchism in Canada and Republicanism in Canada)
Great Flag Debate (1963–64)
Culture
Culture of Canada
Sports:
Hockey in Canada
Montreal Canadiens
Toronto Maple Leafs
Canadiens–Maple Leafs rivalry
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Cuisine:
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Festivals:
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Media of Canada
Architecture of Canada
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Landmarks, parks and nature
List of National Parks of Canada
Winter in Canada
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War and peacekeeping
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List of Canadian peacekeeping missions
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Crown corporations
Government of Canada
CBC
Bank of Canada
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Relations between English and French Canada
Acadian movement
Great Upheaval
Anti-Quebec sentiment
National question (Quebec)
Quebec sovereignty movement
Federalism in Quebec
Two Solitudes
Distinct society
État québécois:
Charter of Human Rights and Freedoms
Charter of the French Language
Civil Code of Quebec
Notable events:
Lower Canada Rebellion (1837-1838)
Durham Report (1839)
Manitoba Schools Question (1890–96)
Regulation 17 (1912)
Conscription Crisis of 1917
Conscription Crisis of 1944
Quiet Revolution
Vive le Québec libre speech (1967)
October Crisis (1970)
Quebec referendum, 1980
Quebec referendum, 1995
Unity Rally
Sponsorship scandal (1996-2004)
Québécois nation motion (2006)
Language politics
Official bilingualism in Canada
Gendron Commission
Language policies of Canada's provinces and territories
Legal dispute over Quebec's language policy
Official bilingualism in the public service of Canada
Royal Commission on Bilingualism and Biculturalism
Timeline of official languages policy in Canada
Federal–Provincial–Territorial relations
Province building
Rebellions of 1837–1838
Royal Commission on Dominion-Provincial Relations (1937–40)
Royal Commission of Inquiry on Constitutional Problems (1953–56)
Patriation debate (1960s to 1982)
Fulton–Favreau formula (to 1965)
Canada Act 1982 and Constitution Act, 1982
Canada Health Act (1984)
Victoria Charter (1971)
Meech Lake Accord (1987–90)
Citizen's Forum on National Unity (1990–91)
Charlottetown Accord (1992)
Calgary Declaration (1997)
Aboriginal politics
National organizations
Métis
Red River Rebellion (1869)
North-West Rebellion (1885)
Indian Act (1876-present)
Indian Register
Oka Crisis (1990)
Self-Government
Inuit territories
Inuvialuit (1984)
NunatuKavut claimed
Nunavik (no final agreement)
Nunavut
agreement 1993
First Nations territories
Eeyou Istchee James Bay
Nitassinan claimed
Royal Commission (1991–96)
2020 Canadian pipeline and railway protests
International relationships
NATO
Canada–United States relations
CUSMA
NORAD
Canada–United Kingdom relations
Commonwealth of Nations
British Empire
Canada–France relations
La Francophonie
Canada (New France)
Current challenges
COVID-19 pandemic in Canada
Canadian property bubble | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language"},{"link_name":"Quebec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec"},{"link_name":"immigration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immigration_to_Canada"},{"link_name":"francisation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisation#Quebec"},{"link_name":"integration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_integration"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-1"},{"link_name":"Constitution Act of 1867","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_Act,_1867"},{"link_name":"Canada–Québec Accord relating to Immigration and Temporary Admission of Aliens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Qu%C3%A9bec_Accord_relating_to_Immigration_and_Temporary_Admission_of_Aliens"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-1"}],"text":"The Ministry of Immigration, Francisation and Integration (French: Ministère de l'Immigration, de la Francisation et de l'Intégration) is a government department in Quebec responsible for immigration, francisation, and integration in the province.[1] Accordingly, it provides a variety of programs for immigrants and immigrant communities in the province.Jurisdiction in matters of immigration in Quebec is shared with the Canadian government, in accordance to the Constitution Act of 1867 (article 95) and the 1991 Canada–Québec Accord relating to Immigration and Temporary Admission of Aliens. 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Radio-Canada.ca (in Canadian French). Retrieved 2018-11-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://ici.radio-canada.ca/nouvelle/1133281/quebec-ministere-immigration-politique-archives","url_text":"\"Il y a 50 ans, le Québec se dotait d'un ministère de l'Immigration\""}]},{"reference":"\"Legault hopes for 'strong mandate' in election to pressure Ottawa on immigration\".","urls":[{"url":"https://montrealgazette.com/news/local-news/caq-government-will-seek-more-power-over-immigration-legault-tells-convention","url_text":"\"Legault hopes for 'strong mandate' in election to pressure Ottawa on immigration\""}]},{"reference":"\"Legault pledges to demand more control from Ottawa over immigration to Quebec\". CBC News. 2022-05-30. 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Montreal | Globalnews.ca\".","urls":[{"url":"https://globalnews.ca/news/9182753/caq-more-immigration-powers-post-election-caucus-meeting/","url_text":"\"CAQ renews call for more immigration powers at post-election caucus meeting - Montreal | Globalnews.ca\""}]},{"reference":"\"CAQ refuses to take no for an answer after Trudeau shuts door on immigration request\". 6 October 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://montreal.ctvnews.ca/caq-refuses-to-take-no-for-an-answer-after-trudeau-shuts-door-on-immigration-request-1.6099448","url_text":"\"CAQ refuses to take no for an answer after Trudeau shuts door on immigration request\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.canada.ca/en/immigration-refugees-citizenship/corporate/mandate/policies-operational-instructions-agreements/agreements/federal-provincial-territorial/quebec/canada-quebec-accord-relating-immigration-temporary-admission-aliens.html","external_links_name":"Canada–Québec Accord relating to Immigration and Temporary Admission of Aliens"},{"Link":"https://www.quebec.ca/immigration","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://www.quebec.ca/immigration","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?depth=1&pto=aue&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=auto&sp=nmt4&tl=en&u=https://www.quebec.ca/gouv/ministere/immigration/&usg=ALkJrhjz7YKK73EMrNGNnxz4wEU4_jhktA","external_links_name":"The organization and its commitments"},{"Link":"https://ici.radio-canada.ca/nouvelle/1133281/quebec-ministere-immigration-politique-archives","external_links_name":"\"Il y a 50 ans, le Québec se dotait d'un ministère de l'Immigration\""},{"Link":"https://montrealgazette.com/news/local-news/caq-government-will-seek-more-power-over-immigration-legault-tells-convention","external_links_name":"\"Legault hopes for 'strong mandate' in election to pressure Ottawa on immigration\""},{"Link":"https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/montreal/legault-caq-caucus-1.6470366","external_links_name":"\"Legault pledges to demand more control from Ottawa over immigration to Quebec\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230614013632/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/montreal/legault-caq-caucus-1.6470366","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://montreal.ctvnews.ca/trudeau-maintains-position-on-immigration-in-face-of-legault-s-demands-1.6097103","external_links_name":"\"Trudeau maintains position on immigration in face of Legault's demands\""},{"Link":"https://montrealgazette.com/news/local-news/quebec-already-has-the-tools-in-hand-to-choose-immigrants-federal-minister","external_links_name":"\"Quebec already has 'the tools in hand' to choose immigrants: Federal minister\""},{"Link":"https://www.hilltimes.com/2022/10/04/keep-going-legaults-victory-message-suggests-hell-seek-more-liberty-and-more-leeway-with-ottawa-say-observers/386368","external_links_name":"\"'Keep going': Legault's victory message suggests he'll seek 'more liberty' and 'more leeway' with Ottawa, say observers\""},{"Link":"https://globalnews.ca/news/9182753/caq-more-immigration-powers-post-election-caucus-meeting/","external_links_name":"\"CAQ renews call for more immigration powers at post-election caucus meeting - 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott,_Louisiana | Scott, Louisiana | ["1 History","2 Geography","3 Demographics","4 Notable person","5 References","6 External links"] | Coordinates: 30°14′17″N 92°05′31″W / 30.23806°N 92.09194°W / 30.23806; -92.09194
City in Louisiana, United StatesScott, LouisianaCityCity of ScottDowntown
FlagMotto(s): "Boudin capital of the world""Where the West begins"Location in Lafayette Parish, LouisianaLocation of Louisiana in the United StatesCoordinates: 30°14′17″N 92°05′31″W / 30.23806°N 92.09194°W / 30.23806; -92.09194CountryUnited StatesStateLouisianaParishLafayetteGovernment • MayorPurvis Morrison (D) (defeated 2018)
Jan-Scott Richard (R) • Police ChiefChad LegerArea • Total11.73 sq mi (30.39 km2) • Land11.73 sq mi (30.39 km2) • Water0.00 sq mi (0.00 km2)Elevation36 ft (11 m)Population (2020) • Total8,119 • Density691.98/sq mi (267.16/km2)Time zoneUTC-6 (CST) • Summer (DST)UTC-5 (CDT)ZIP code70583Area code337FIPS code22-68475Websitecityofscott.org
Scott is the fourth largest municipality in Lafayette Parish, Louisiana, United States. The population 8,614 as of the 2010 U.S. census, and 8,119 at the 2020 census, up from 7,870 at the 2000 census. Scott is a suburban community of Lafayette and is part of the Lafayette metropolitan statistical area in Acadiana.
History
In 1902, Gabby Anderson built a western-style saloon to serve as "an exclusive, all-men's bar and a meeting place for old folks." His reason for the saloon is because he believed "this is where the West begins." However, it is believed that the slogan started because Scott was where eastern train fare rates ended and western train, referred to as the "West Line", fare rates began.
The Union Pacific Railroad, formerly the Southern Pacific Railway, cuts the town in two. The first settler of Scott was Alexander Delhomme, who took land in the northern part of the town. Delhomme owned the first hay-mowing machine, grist mill and cotton gin. By 1880, the train depot was completed and the town became a village. In 1907, the town was incorporated and named after J. B. Scott, who was division superintendent of the Southern Pacific Railroad. The village became a town in 1960, and the town became a city in 1990.
On April 12, 2012, Scott was designated by the Louisiana State Legislature as the "Boudin Capital of the World", referring to Cajun sausage. This meant that two other Louisiana towns needed to relinquish their titles. Broussard, also in Lafayette Parish, is now known as the "former Boudin Capital of the World" but has adopted the unofficial title of "Intergalactic Boudin Capital of Positive Infinity", and Jennings, in Jefferson Davis Parish, owns the title of "Boudin Capital of the Universe". The city of Scott's claim to the title is substantial, with more boudin purveyors per-capita than any other place in the state and a couple of the more prominent boudin makers to boot, no other city in Louisiana produces more links than Scott.
Geography
Scott is located in west-central Lafayette Parish at 30°14′17″N 92°5′31″W / 30.23806°N 92.09194°W / 30.23806; -92.09194 (30.237951, -92.091996). It is bordered to the east and south by Lafayette, the parish seat, and to the north by unincorporated Ossun.
U.S. Route 90 passes through the center of Scott as Cameron Street, leading east 5 miles (8 km) to the center of Lafayette and west the same distance to Duson. Interstate 10 passes through the north side of Scott, with access from Exit 97 (Louisiana Highway 93). I-10 leads east 58 miles (93 km) to Baton Rouge, the state capital, and west 67 miles (108 km) to Lake Charles. LA 93 also passes through the center of Scott, leading north and east 23 miles (37 km) to Arnaudville and south 6 miles (10 km) to the southern part of Lafayette.
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city of Scott has a total area of 11.6 square miles (30.1 km2), all of it recorded as land.
Demographics
Historical population
CensusPop.Note%±
1910239—192032435.6%19303446.2%194040718.3%195068869.0%196090231.1%19701,33447.9%19802,23967.8%19904,912119.4%20007,87060.2%20108,6149.5%20208,119−5.7%U.S. Decennial Census
Scott racial composition as of 2020
Race
Number
Percentage
White (non-Hispanic)
5,586
68.8%
Black or African American (non-Hispanic)
1,344
16.55%
Native American
22
0.27%
Asian
131
1.61%
Pacific Islander
2
0.02%
Other/Mixed
297
3.66%
Hispanic or Latino
737
9.08%
As of the 2020 United States census, there were 8,119 people, 3,391 households, and 2,291 families residing in the city. At the 2019 American Community Survey, the racial and ethnic makeup of the city was 77.6% non-Hispanic white, 11.7% Black and African American, 0.3% American Indian and Alaska Native, 5.3% Asian, 2.2% some other race, and 2.9% multiracial. Hispanics and Latin Americans of any race made up 11.6% of the population. In 2019, the median household income was $54,551 and the poverty rate was 12.5%.
According to the 2000 census, there were 7,870 people, 2,920 households, and 2,143 families residing in the city. The population density was 885.6 inhabitants per square mile (341.9/km2). There were 3,154 housing units at an average density of 354.9 per square mile (137.0/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 85.78% White, 11.56% African American, 0.33% Native American, 0.95% Asian, 0.01% Pacific Islander, 0.50% from other races, and 0.86% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latin Americans of any race were 1.30% of the population.
There were 2,920 households, out of which 42.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 54.5% were married couples living together, 14.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 26.6% were non-families. 20.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 5.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.69 and the average family size was 3.13.
In the city, the population was spread out, with 30.0% under the age of 18, 10.8% from 18 to 24, 33.1% from 25 to 44, 18.9% from 45 to 64, and 7.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 31 years. For every 100 females, there were 93.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 87.2 males.
The median income for a household in the city was $37,320, and the median income for a family was $41,538. Males had a median income of $31,446 versus $22,229 for females. The per capita income for the city was $15,469. About 11.9% of families and 14.2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 15.2% of those under age 18 and 22.9% of those age 65 or over.
Notable person
Zachary Richard, Cajun singer, songwriter and poet
References
^ "Scott, Louisiana". City of Scott. Retrieved February 18, 2020.
^ "Election Returns:Lafayette Parish". Louisiana Secretary of State. November 6, 2018. Retrieved November 9, 2018.
^ "2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved March 20, 2022.
^ "Scott LA ZIP Code". zipdatamaps.com. 2023. Retrieved June 16, 2023.
^ "Total Population: 2010 Census DEC Summary File 1 (P1), Scott city, Louisiana". data.census.gov. U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved February 18, 2020.
^ "QuickFacts: Scott city, Louisiana". U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved August 14, 2021.
^ scottlouisiana.org "City History"
^ "Boudin Capital". Retrieved December 31, 2021.
^ "US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990". United States Census Bureau. February 12, 2011. Retrieved April 23, 2011.
^ "U.S. Gazetteer Files: 2019: Places: Louisiana". U.S. Census Bureau Geography Division. Retrieved February 18, 2020.
^ "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2015.
^ "Explore Census Data". data.census.gov. Retrieved December 28, 2021.
^ "Geography Profile: Scott city, Louisiana". data.census.gov. Retrieved July 31, 2021.
^ "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.
External links
Official website
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Scott, Louisiana.
vteMunicipalities and communities of Lafayette Parish, Louisiana, United StatesParish seat: LafayetteCities
Broussard‡
Carencro
Lafayette
Scott
Youngsville
Town
Duson‡
CDPs
Milton
Ossun
Otherunincorporatedcommunities
Billeaud
Capitan
Elks
Gloria
Judice
Larabee
Long Bridge
Mouton
Pilette
Pont Des Mouton
Ridge
River Ranch
Sadou
Stekey
Vatican
Walroy
Footnotes‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent parish or parishes
Louisiana portal
United States portal
Authority control databases: Geographic
MusicBrainz area | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lafayette Parish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lafayette_Parish,_Louisiana"},{"link_name":"Louisiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana"},{"link_name":"2010 U.S. census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_United_States_Census"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Census_2010-5"},{"link_name":"2020 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_United_States_census"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-6"},{"link_name":"2000 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000_United_States_census"},{"link_name":"Lafayette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lafayette,_Louisiana"},{"link_name":"metropolitan statistical area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lafayette,_Louisiana_metropolitan_area"},{"link_name":"Acadiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acadiana"}],"text":"City in Louisiana, United StatesScott is the fourth largest municipality in Lafayette Parish, Louisiana, United States. The population 8,614 as of the 2010 U.S. census,[5] and 8,119 at the 2020 census,[6] up from 7,870 at the 2000 census. Scott is a suburban community of Lafayette and is part of the Lafayette metropolitan statistical area in Acadiana.","title":"Scott, Louisiana"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Union Pacific Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Pacific_Railroad"},{"link_name":"Southern Pacific Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Pacific_Railway"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Louisiana State Legislature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana_State_Legislature"},{"link_name":"Boudin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boudin"},{"link_name":"Cajun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cajun_cuisine"},{"link_name":"Broussard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broussard,_Louisiana"},{"link_name":"Jennings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jennings,_Louisiana"},{"link_name":"Jefferson Davis Parish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jefferson_Davis_Parish,_Louisiana"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"In 1902, Gabby Anderson built a western-style saloon to serve as \"an exclusive, all-men's bar and a meeting place for old folks.\" His reason for the saloon is because he believed \"this is where the West begins.\" However, it is believed that the slogan started because Scott was where eastern train fare rates ended and western train, referred to as the \"West Line\", fare rates began.The Union Pacific Railroad, formerly the Southern Pacific Railway, cuts the town in two. The first settler of Scott was Alexander Delhomme, who took land in the northern part of the town. Delhomme owned the first hay-mowing machine, grist mill and cotton gin. By 1880, the train depot was completed and the town became a village. In 1907, the town was incorporated and named after J. B. Scott, who was division superintendent of the Southern Pacific Railroad. The village became a town in 1960, and the town became a city in 1990.[7]On April 12, 2012, Scott was designated by the Louisiana State Legislature as the \"Boudin Capital of the World\", referring to Cajun sausage. This meant that two other Louisiana towns needed to relinquish their titles. Broussard, also in Lafayette Parish, is now known as the \"former Boudin Capital of the World\" but has adopted the unofficial title of \"Intergalactic Boudin Capital of Positive Infinity\", and Jennings, in Jefferson Davis Parish, owns the title of \"Boudin Capital of the Universe\". 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Interstate 10 passes through the north side of Scott, with access from Exit 97 (Louisiana Highway 93). I-10 leads east 58 miles (93 km) to Baton Rouge, the state capital, and west 67 miles (108 km) to Lake Charles. LA 93 also passes through the center of Scott, leading north and east 23 miles (37 km) to Arnaudville and south 6 miles (10 km) to the southern part of Lafayette.According to the United States Census Bureau, the city of Scott has a total area of 11.6 square miles (30.1 km2), all of it recorded as land.[10]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2020 United States census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_United_States_census"},{"link_name":"American Community Survey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Community_Survey"},{"link_name":"non-Hispanic white","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-Hispanic_whites"},{"link_name":"Black and African American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Americans"},{"link_name":"American Indian and Alaska Native","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Asian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_Americans"},{"link_name":"some other race","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States_census"},{"link_name":"multiracial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiracial_Americans"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR2-14"},{"link_name":"White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"married couples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage"},{"link_name":"per capita income","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per_capita_income"},{"link_name":"poverty line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_line"}],"text":"As of the 2020 United States census, there were 8,119 people, 3,391 households, and 2,291 families residing in the city. At the 2019 American Community Survey, the racial and ethnic makeup of the city was 77.6% non-Hispanic white, 11.7% Black and African American, 0.3% American Indian and Alaska Native, 5.3% Asian, 2.2% some other race, and 2.9% multiracial.[13] Hispanics and Latin Americans of any race made up 11.6% of the population. In 2019, the median household income was $54,551 and the poverty rate was 12.5%.According to the 2000 census,[14] there were 7,870 people, 2,920 households, and 2,143 families residing in the city. The population density was 885.6 inhabitants per square mile (341.9/km2). There were 3,154 housing units at an average density of 354.9 per square mile (137.0/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 85.78% White, 11.56% African American, 0.33% Native American, 0.95% Asian, 0.01% Pacific Islander, 0.50% from other races, and 0.86% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latin Americans of any race were 1.30% of the population.There were 2,920 households, out of which 42.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 54.5% were married couples living together, 14.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 26.6% were non-families. 20.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 5.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.69 and the average family size was 3.13.In the city, the population was spread out, with 30.0% under the age of 18, 10.8% from 18 to 24, 33.1% from 25 to 44, 18.9% from 45 to 64, and 7.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 31 years. For every 100 females, there were 93.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 87.2 males.The median income for a household in the city was $37,320, and the median income for a family was $41,538. Males had a median income of $31,446 versus $22,229 for females. The per capita income for the city was $15,469. About 11.9% of families and 14.2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 15.2% of those under age 18 and 22.9% of those age 65 or over.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Zachary Richard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zachary_Richard"}],"text":"Zachary Richard, Cajun singer, songwriter and poet","title":"Notable person"}] | [{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Map_of_Louisiana_highlighting_Lafayette_Parish.svg/180px-Map_of_Louisiana_highlighting_Lafayette_Parish.svg.png"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"Scott, Louisiana\". City of Scott. Retrieved February 18, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cityofscott.org/","url_text":"\"Scott, Louisiana\""}]},{"reference":"\"Election Returns:Lafayette Parish\". Louisiana Secretary of State. November 6, 2018. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kane_Springs,_California | Kane Spring, California | ["1 References","1.1 Reference bibliography"] | Coordinates: 33°06′34″N 115°50′12″W / 33.10944°N 115.83667°W / 33.10944; -115.83667Unincorporated community in California, United States
33°06′34″N 115°50′12″W / 33.10944°N 115.83667°W / 33.10944; -115.83667
Unincorporated community in California, United StatesKane SpringUnincorporated communityKane SpringLocation in CaliforniaShow map of CaliforniaKane SpringKane Spring (the United States)Show map of the United StatesCoordinates: 33°06′34″N 115°50′12″W / 33.10944°N 115.83667°W / 33.10944; -115.83667CountryUnited StatesStateCaliforniaCountyImperial CountyElevation−141 ft (−43 m)
Kane Spring (formerly, Cane Spring, Kane Springs, and San Anselmo) is a spring in Imperial County, California.
It is located 1.9 km (1.2 mi) south-southwest of San Felipe Wash and 8 km (5 mi) west of the southwestern extension of the Salton Sea, at an elevation of 141 feet (43 m) below sea level.
In 1774, the Anza Expedition stopped at Kane Spring (called San Anselmo).
References
^ a b c d e U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Kane Spring, California
^ a b Durham, David L. (1998). California's Geographic Names: A Gazetteer of Historic and Modern Names of the State. Clovis, Calif.: Word Dancer Press. p. 1433. ISBN 1-884995-14-4.
^ Waring 1915, p. 304.
Reference bibliography
Waring, Gerald Ashley (1915). Springs of California. U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper. Vol. 338. U.S. Government Printing Office. doi:10.3133/wsp338.
vteMunicipalities and communities of Imperial County, California, United StatesCounty seat: El CentroCities
Brawley
Calexico
Calipatria
El Centro
Holtville
Imperial
Westmorland
Imperial County mapCDPs
Bombay Beach
Desert Shores
El Centro Naval Air Facility
Heber
Niland
Ocotillo
Palo Verde
Salton City
Salton Sea Beach
Seeley
Winterhaven
Unincorporatedcommunities
Alamorio
Andrade
Bard
Bonds Corner
Boulder Park
Coyote Wells
Dixieland
Felicity
Glamis
Kane Spring
Meloland
Mount Signal
Obregon
Picacho
Rockwood
Slab City
Indianreservations
Fort Yuma Indian Reservation‡
Torres-Martinez Indian Reservation
Ghost towns
Camp Gaston
Carrizo Creek Station
Hedges
Indian Wells
Jaeger City
Ogilby
Paringa
Pilot Knob Station
Potholes
Sackett's Wells
Silsbee
Tumco
Footnotes‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties
California portal
United States portal
This Imperial County, California-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"33°06′34″N 115°50′12″W / 33.10944°N 115.83667°W / 33.10944; -115.83667","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kane_Spring,_California¶ms=33_06_34_N_115_50_12_W_"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gnis-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gnis-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CGN-2"},{"link_name":"Imperial County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_County,_California"},{"link_name":"California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gnis-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaring1915304-3"},{"link_name":"Salton Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salton_Sea"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gnis-1"},{"link_name":"Anza Expedition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anza_Expedition"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CGN-2"}],"text":"Unincorporated community in California, United States33°06′34″N 115°50′12″W / 33.10944°N 115.83667°W / 33.10944; -115.83667Unincorporated community in California, United StatesKane Spring (formerly, Cane Spring,[1] Kane Springs,[1] and San Anselmo[2]) is a spring in Imperial County, California.[1][3]\nIt is located 1.9 km (1.2 mi) south-southwest of San Felipe Wash and 8 km (5 mi) west of the southwestern extension of the Salton Sea, at an elevation of 141 feet (43 m) below sea level.[1]In 1774, the Anza Expedition stopped at Kane Spring (called San Anselmo).[2]","title":"Kane Spring, California"}] | [{"image_text":"Imperial County map","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Map_of_California_highlighting_Imperial_County.svg/87px-Map_of_California_highlighting_Imperial_County.svg.png"}] | null | [{"reference":"Durham, David L. (1998). California's Geographic Names: A Gazetteer of Historic and Modern Names of the State. Clovis, Calif.: Word Dancer Press. p. 1433. ISBN 1-884995-14-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-884995-14-4","url_text":"1-884995-14-4"}]},{"reference":"Waring, Gerald Ashley (1915). Springs of California. U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper. Vol. 338. U.S. Government Printing Office. doi:10.3133/wsp338.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3133%2Fwsp338","url_text":"10.3133/wsp338"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kane_Spring,_California¶ms=33_06_34_N_115_50_12_W_","external_links_name":"33°06′34″N 115°50′12″W / 33.10944°N 115.83667°W / 33.10944; -115.83667"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kane_Spring,_California¶ms=33_06_34_N_115_50_12_W_","external_links_name":"33°06′34″N 115°50′12″W / 33.10944°N 115.83667°W / 33.10944; -115.83667"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kane_Spring,_California¶ms=33_06_34_N_115_50_12_W_region:US-CA_type:city","external_links_name":"33°06′34″N 115°50′12″W / 33.10944°N 115.83667°W / 33.10944; -115.83667"},{"Link":"https://edits.nationalmap.gov/apps/gaz-domestic/public/search/names/1660823","external_links_name":"U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Kane Spring, California"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.3133%2Fwsp338","external_links_name":"10.3133/wsp338"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kane_Spring,_California&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kozmodemyansk,_Mari_El_Republic | Kozmodemyansk, Mari El Republic | ["1 History","2 Administrative and municipal status","3 Museums","4 Notable people","5 References","5.1 Notes","5.2 Sources","6 External links"] | Coordinates: 56°20′12″N 46°34′16″E / 56.33667°N 46.57111°E / 56.33667; 46.57111Town in the Mari El Republic, Russia
For other places by the same name, including in the Mari El Republic, see Kozmodemyansk.
Town in Mari El, RussiaKozmodemyansk
КозьмодемьянскTownOther transcription(s) • Hill MariЦикмӓ • Meadow MariЧыкма • ChuvashЧикме
FlagCoat of armsLocation of Kozmodemyansk
KozmodemyanskLocation of KozmodemyanskShow map of RussiaKozmodemyanskKozmodemyansk (Mari El)Show map of Mari ElCoordinates: 56°20′12″N 46°34′16″E / 56.33667°N 46.57111°E / 56.33667; 46.57111CountryRussiaFederal subjectMari ElFounded1583Elevation120 m (390 ft)Population (2010 Census) • Total21,257 • Estimate (2018)20,216 (−4.9%)Administrative status • Subordinated totown of republic significance of Kozmodemyansk • Capital oftown of republic significance of Kozmodemyansk, Gornomariysky DistrictMunicipal status • Urban okrugKozmodemyansk Urban Okrug • Capital ofKozmodemyansk Urban OkrugTime zoneUTC+3 (MSK )Postal code(s)425350, 425352–425355OKTMO ID88715000001Websiteweb.archive.org/web/20140714212424/http://www.kozmodemjansk.ru/
Kozmodemyansk (Russian: Козьмодемья́нск; Hill Mari: Цикмӓ, Tsikmӓ meaning Palisade; Meadow Mari: Чыкма, Čykma) or Tsikmӓ is a town in the Mari El Republic, Russia, located at the confluence of the Vetluga and the Volga Rivers. Population: 21,257 (2010 Census); 22,771 (2002 Census); 24,746 (1989 Census).
History
Though not attested in any document, the town of Kozmodemyansk was likely preceded by a Mari wooden fortress controlling the confluence of the Volga and the Vetluga Rivers. It was also an important resting and trading place for traders from the North who traveled along the river to Volga Bulgaria. The Mongol invasion of Volga Bulgaria was a serious blow to the region.
Kozmodemyansk was founded by Tsar Ivan the Terrible in 1583 after his conquest of Kazan in 1552 and the Cheremis Wars in 1553–1557, 1582, and 1592 as a frontier fortress to guard the new border of the Grand Duchy of Moscow. The fortress was named after Sts. Cosmas and Damian. For many years the streltsy fortress was the only building in the area.
Streltsy Chapel (1698)
As commerce along the Volga developed, a town gradually grew around the fortress, but the region remained largely populated by the Mari people. The town had a fair specializing in wooden and wicker ware goods produced by local craftsmen. The town was very active during summer, but winters brought a halt to river traffic.
In the 19th century, Kozmodemyansk was a more important trading place along the Volga than the neighboring towns of Vasilsursk and Cheboksary. It was a typical halfway "overnight" stop for the Volga River steamers between Nizhny Novgorod and Kazan. In the 20th century, the town developed industrially. According to the official Imperial Russian statistics, on January 1 (14), 1913, the population was 5,500, of which 97.5% were Russians.
In 1918, there was a dispute between Mari and Chuvash representatives of Kozmodemyansk in the Idel-Ural Movement. It was not decided to which proposed state (Mariland or Chuvashia) the town, as well as the surrounding countryside, should be merged. A few rare mentions which have remained show that the Volga was to become the border between Chuvashia and Mariland, with considerable cultural and political autonomy (after the example of the status of the Grand Duchy of Finland in the Russian Empire) given to the Hill Mari minority on the south side of the Volga in Chuvashia (according to the preserved papers from the Meeting of Representatives of the Minority Peoples on May 15, 1917 and Idel-Ural State.
Administrative and municipal status
Within the framework of administrative divisions, Kozmodemyansk serves as the administrative center of Gornomariysky District, even though it is not a part of it. As an administrative division, it is incorporated separately as the town of republic significance of Kozmodemyansk—an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts. As a municipal division, the town of republic significance of Kozmodemyansk is incorporated as Kozmodemyansk Urban Okrug.
Museums
Windmill in the Mari Ethnographic Museum
A local museum was opened in 1919 and now contains paintings by many Mari and Russian artists. A regional museum to preserve artifacts of the Mari culture was opened in 1979. An open-air ethnographic museum opened in 1983. It contains over sixty varied buildings typical of Russian/Mari culture. They house over 2,000 exhibits of artisan craft and tools. Even the variety of fences around the grounds display typical Mari designs.
Notable people
Andrei Eshpai (1925–2015), ethnic Mari composer, awarded the title of People's Artist of the USSR
References
Notes
^ a b c d Resolution #9
^ a b c Law #22-Z
^ a b Russian Federal State Statistics Service (2011). Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года. Том 1 . Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service.
^ "26. Численность постоянного населения Российской Федерации по муниципальным образованиям на 1 января 2018 года". Federal State Statistics Service. Retrieved January 23, 2019.
^ a b c Law #15-Z
^ "Об исчислении времени". Официальный интернет-портал правовой информации (in Russian). June 3, 2011. Retrieved January 19, 2019.
^ Почта России. Информационно-вычислительный центр ОАСУ РПО. (Russian Post). Поиск объектов почтовой связи (Postal Objects Search) (in Russian)
^ Russian Federal State Statistics Service (May 21, 2004). Численность населения России, субъектов Российской Федерации в составе федеральных округов, районов, городских поселений, сельских населённых пунктов – районных центров и сельских населённых пунктов с населением 3 тысячи и более человек (XLS). Всероссийская перепись населения 2002 года (in Russian).
^ Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 г. Численность наличного населения союзных и автономных республик, автономных областей и округов, краёв, областей, районов, городских поселений и сёл-райцентров . Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 года (in Russian). Институт демографии Национального исследовательского университета: Высшая школа экономики . 1989 – via Demoscope Weekly.
Sources
Государственное Собрание Республики Марий Эл. Закон №22-З от 3 мая 2006 г. «О порядке решения вопросов административно-территориального устройства (деления) Республики Марий Эл», в ред. Закона №50-З от 31 октября 2014 г. «О внесении изменений в некоторые законодательные акты Республики Марий Эл». Вступил в силу со дня официального опубликования. Опубликован: "Марийская правда", №81, 6 мая 2006 г. (State Assembly of the Mari El Republic. Law #22-Z of May 3, 2006 On the Procedures of the Administrative-Territorial Structure (Division) of the Mari El Republic, as amended by the Law #50-Z of October 31, 2014 On Amending Various Legislative Acts of the Mari El Republic. Effective as of the official publication date.).
Правительство Республики Марий Эл. Постановление №9 от 18 января 2008 г. «О реестре административно-территориального устройства Республики Марий Эл», в ред. Постановления №555 от 24 октября 2014 г. «О внесении изменения в Постановление Правительства Республики Марий Эл от 18 января 2008 г. №9». Опубликован: "Собрание законодательства Республики Марий Эл", №2, ст. 108, 26 февраля 2008 г. (Government of the Mari El Republic. Resolution #9 of January 18, 2008 On the Registry of the Administrative-Territorial Structure of the Mari El Republic, as amended by the Resolution #555 of October 24, 2014 On Amending Resolution #9 by the Government of the Mari El Republic of January 18, 2008. ).
Государственный Совет Республики Марий Эл. Закон №15-З от 18 июня 2004 г. «О статусе, границах и составе муниципальных районов, городских округов в Республике Марий Эл», в ред. Закона №50-З от 31 октября 2014 г. «О внесении изменений в некоторые законодательные акты Республики Марий Эл». Вступил в силу через 10 дней после официального опубликования. Опубликован: "Марийская правда", №116, 24 июня 2004 г. (State Council of the Mari El Republic. Law #15-Z of June 18, 2004 On the Status, Borders, and Composition of the Municipal Districts, Urban Okrugs in the Mari El Republic, as amended by the Law #50-Z of October 31, 2014 On Amending Various Legislative Acts of the Mari El Republic. Effective as of after 10 days after the official publication.).
External links
Official website of Kozmodemyansk (in Russian)
Unofficial website of Kozmodemyansk (in Russian)
vteAdministrative divisions of Mari ElCapital: Yoshkar-Ola • Rural localitiesDistricts
Gornomariysky
Kilemarsky
Kuzhenersky
Mari-Tureksky
Medvedevsky
Morkinsky
Novotoryalsky
Orshansky
Paranginsky
Sernursky
Sovetsky
Volzhsky
Yurinsky
Zvenigovsky
Cities and towns
Kozmodemyansk
Volzhsk
Yoshkar-Ola
Zvenigovo
Urban-type settlements
Kilemary
Krasnogorsky
Krasnooktyabrsky
Kuzhener
Mari-Turek
Medvedevo
Morki
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MusicBrainz area | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kozmodemyansk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kozmodemyansk"},{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"Hill Mari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hill_Mari_language"},{"link_name":"Meadow Mari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meadow_Mari_language"},{"link_name":"town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Types_of_inhabited_localities_in_Russia"},{"link_name":"Mari El Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mari_El_Republic"},{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"confluence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confluence"},{"link_name":"Vetluga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vetluga_River"},{"link_name":"Volga Rivers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volga_River"},{"link_name":"2010 Census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Census_(2010)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2010Census-3"},{"link_name":"2002 Census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Census_(2002)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PopCensus-8"},{"link_name":"1989 Census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Census_(1989)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Census1989-9"}],"text":"Town in the Mari El Republic, RussiaFor other places by the same name, including in the Mari El Republic, see Kozmodemyansk.Town in Mari El, RussiaKozmodemyansk (Russian: Козьмодемья́нск; Hill Mari: Цикмӓ, Tsikmӓ meaning Palisade; Meadow Mari: Чыкма, Čykma) or Tsikmӓ is a town in the Mari El Republic, Russia, located at the confluence of the Vetluga and the Volga Rivers. Population: 21,257 (2010 Census);[3] 22,771 (2002 Census);[8] 24,746 (1989 Census).[9]","title":"Kozmodemyansk, Mari El Republic"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mari_people"},{"link_name":"confluence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confluence"},{"link_name":"Volga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volga_River"},{"link_name":"Vetluga Rivers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vetluga_River"},{"link_name":"Volga Bulgaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volga_Bulgaria"},{"link_name":"Mongol invasion of Volga Bulgaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Volga_Bulgaria"},{"link_name":"Tsar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsar"},{"link_name":"Ivan the Terrible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_the_Terrible"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"conquest of Kazan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Kazan_(1552)"},{"link_name":"Cheremis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mari_people"},{"link_name":"Grand Duchy of Moscow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Moscow"},{"link_name":"Sts. Cosmas and Damian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saints_Cosmas_and_Damian"},{"link_name":"streltsy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streltsy"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chasovnya_Kozmodemjansk.jpg"},{"link_name":"Streltsy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streltsy"},{"link_name":"Mari people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mari_people"},{"link_name":"fair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fair"},{"link_name":"Vasilsursk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasilsursk"},{"link_name":"Cheboksary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheboksary"},{"link_name":"Nizhny Novgorod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nizhny_Novgorod"},{"link_name":"Kazan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazan"},{"link_name":"Idel-Ural Movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idel-Ural_State"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Grand Duchy of Finland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Finland"},{"link_name":"Idel-Ural State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idel-Ural_State"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Though not attested in any document, the town of Kozmodemyansk was likely preceded by a Mari wooden fortress controlling the confluence of the Volga and the Vetluga Rivers. It was also an important resting and trading place for traders from the North who traveled along the river to Volga Bulgaria. The Mongol invasion of Volga Bulgaria was a serious blow to the region.Kozmodemyansk was founded by Tsar Ivan the Terrible in 1583[citation needed] after his conquest of Kazan in 1552 and the Cheremis Wars in 1553–1557, 1582, and 1592 as a frontier fortress to guard the new border of the Grand Duchy of Moscow. The fortress was named after Sts. Cosmas and Damian. For many years the streltsy fortress was the only building in the area.Streltsy Chapel (1698)As commerce along the Volga developed, a town gradually grew around the fortress, but the region remained largely populated by the Mari people. The town had a fair specializing in wooden and wicker ware goods produced by local craftsmen. The town was very active during summer, but winters brought a halt to river traffic.In the 19th century, Kozmodemyansk was a more important trading place along the Volga than the neighboring towns of Vasilsursk and Cheboksary. It was a typical halfway \"overnight\" stop for the Volga River steamers between Nizhny Novgorod and Kazan. In the 20th century, the town developed industrially. According to the official Imperial Russian statistics, on January 1 (14), 1913, the population was 5,500, of which 97.5% were Russians.In 1918, there was a dispute between Mari and Chuvash representatives of Kozmodemyansk in the Idel-Ural Movement.[citation needed] It was not decided to which proposed state (Mariland or Chuvashia) the town, as well as the surrounding countryside, should be merged. A few rare mentions which have remained show that the Volga was to become the border between Chuvashia and Mariland, with considerable cultural and political autonomy (after the example of the status of the Grand Duchy of Finland in the Russian Empire) given to the Hill Mari minority on the south side of the Volga in Chuvashia (according to the preserved papers from the Meeting of Representatives of the Minority Peoples on May 15, 1917 and Idel-Ural State.[citation needed]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"framework of administrative divisions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subdivisions_of_Russia#Administrative_divisions"},{"link_name":"administrative center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative_center"},{"link_name":"Gornomariysky District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gornomariysky_District"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ref111-1"},{"link_name":"town of republic significance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_federal_subject_significance"},{"link_name":"districts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_the_Mari_El_Republic"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ref110-2"},{"link_name":"municipal division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subdivisions_of_Russia#Municipal_divisions"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ref242-5"}],"text":"Within the framework of administrative divisions, Kozmodemyansk serves as the administrative center of Gornomariysky District, even though it is not a part of it.[1] As an administrative division, it is incorporated separately as the town of republic significance of Kozmodemyansk—an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts.[2] As a municipal division, the town of republic significance of Kozmodemyansk is incorporated as Kozmodemyansk Urban Okrug.[5]","title":"Administrative and municipal status"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kozmod_museum.jpg"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Windmill in the Mari Ethnographic MuseumA local museum was opened in 1919 and now contains paintings by many Mari and Russian artists. A regional museum to preserve artifacts of the Mari culture was opened in 1979. An open-air ethnographic museum opened in 1983. It contains over sixty varied buildings typical of Russian/Mari culture. They house over 2,000 exhibits of artisan craft and tools. Even the variety of fences around the grounds display typical Mari designs.[citation needed]","title":"Museums"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Andrei Eshpai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrei_Eshpai"},{"link_name":"People's Artist of the USSR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Artist_of_the_USSR"}],"text":"Andrei Eshpai (1925–2015), ethnic Mari composer, awarded the title of People's Artist of the USSR","title":"Notable people"}] | [{"image_text":"Streltsy Chapel (1698)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Chasovnya_Kozmodemjansk.jpg/220px-Chasovnya_Kozmodemjansk.jpg"},{"image_text":"Windmill in the Mari Ethnographic Museum","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Kozmod_museum.jpg/220px-Kozmod_museum.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"Russian Federal State Statistics Service (2011). Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года. Том 1 [2010 All-Russian Population Census, vol. 1]. Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года [2010 All-Russia Population Census] (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/new_site/perepis2010/croc/perepis_itogi1612.htm","url_text":"Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года. Том 1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Federal_State_Statistics_Service","url_text":"Federal State Statistics Service"}]},{"reference":"\"26. Численность постоянного населения Российской Федерации по муниципальным образованиям на 1 января 2018 года\". Federal State Statistics Service. Retrieved January 23, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/doc_2018/bul_dr/mun_obr2018.rar","url_text":"\"26. Численность постоянного населения Российской Федерации по муниципальным образованиям на 1 января 2018 года\""}]},{"reference":"\"Об исчислении времени\". Официальный интернет-портал правовой информации (in Russian). June 3, 2011. Retrieved January 19, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://pravo.gov.ru/proxy/ips/?docbody=&prevDoc=102483854&backlink=1&&nd=102148085","url_text":"\"Об исчислении времени\""}]},{"reference":"Russian Federal State Statistics Service (May 21, 2004). Численность населения России, субъектов Российской Федерации в составе федеральных округов, районов, городских поселений, сельских населённых пунктов – районных центров и сельских населённых пунктов с населением 3 тысячи и более человек [Population of Russia, Its Federal Districts, Federal Subjects, Districts, Urban Localities, Rural Localities—Administrative Centers, and Rural Localities with Population of Over 3,000] (XLS). Всероссийская перепись населения 2002 года [All-Russia Population Census of 2002] (in Russian).","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Federal_State_Statistics_Service","url_text":"Russian Federal State Statistics Service"},{"url":"http://www.perepis2002.ru/ct/doc/1_TOM_01_04.xls","url_text":"Численность населения России, субъектов Российской Федерации в составе федеральных округов, районов, городских поселений, сельских населённых пунктов – районных центров и сельских населённых пунктов с населением 3 тысячи и более человек"}]},{"reference":"Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 г. Численность наличного населения союзных и автономных республик, автономных областей и округов, краёв, областей, районов, городских поселений и сёл-райцентров [All Union Population Census of 1989: Present Population of Union and Autonomous Republics, Autonomous Oblasts and Okrugs, Krais, Oblasts, Districts, Urban Settlements, and Villages Serving as District Administrative Centers]. Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 года [All-Union Population Census of 1989] (in Russian). Институт демографии Национального исследовательского университета: Высшая школа экономики [Institute of Demography at the National Research University: Higher School of Economics]. 1989 – via Demoscope Weekly.","urls":[{"url":"http://demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/rus89_reg.php","url_text":"Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 г. Численность наличного населения союзных и автономных республик, автономных областей и округов, краёв, областей, районов, городских поселений и сёл-райцентров"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kozmodemyansk,_Mari_El_Republic¶ms=56_20_12_N_46_34_16_E_type:city(21257)_region:RU","external_links_name":"56°20′12″N 46°34′16″E / 56.33667°N 46.57111°E / 56.33667; 46.57111"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kozmodemyansk,_Mari_El_Republic¶ms=56_20_12_N_46_34_16_E_type:city(21257)_region:RU","external_links_name":"56°20′12″N 46°34′16″E / 56.33667°N 46.57111°E / 56.33667; 46.57111"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140714212424/http://www.kozmodemjansk.ru/","external_links_name":"web.archive.org/web/20140714212424/http://www.kozmodemjansk.ru/"},{"Link":"http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/new_site/perepis2010/croc/perepis_itogi1612.htm","external_links_name":"Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года. Том 1"},{"Link":"http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/doc_2018/bul_dr/mun_obr2018.rar","external_links_name":"\"26. Численность постоянного населения Российской Федерации по муниципальным образованиям на 1 января 2018 года\""},{"Link":"http://pravo.gov.ru/proxy/ips/?docbody=&prevDoc=102483854&backlink=1&&nd=102148085","external_links_name":"\"Об исчислении времени\""},{"Link":"http://vinfo.russianpost.ru/servlet/department","external_links_name":"Поиск объектов почтовой связи"},{"Link":"http://www.perepis2002.ru/ct/doc/1_TOM_01_04.xls","external_links_name":"Численность населения России, субъектов Российской Федерации в составе федеральных округов, районов, городских поселений, сельских населённых пунктов – районных центров и сельских населённых пунктов с населением 3 тысячи и более человек"},{"Link":"http://demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/rus89_reg.php","external_links_name":"Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 г. Численность наличного населения союзных и автономных республик, автономных областей и округов, краёв, областей, районов, городских поселений и сёл-райцентров"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140714212424/http://www.kozmodemjansk.ru/","external_links_name":"Official website of Kozmodemyansk"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111215091310/http://kuzma.rus12.ru/","external_links_name":"Unofficial website of Kozmodemyansk"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/128122849","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007540390205171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/area/63bb25c8-dfe6-4b56-82d6-06670c87aca5","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz area"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Forest_Policy,_1988 | National Forest Policy, 1988 | ["1 History","2 References"] | Act of the Parliament of India
National Forest Policy, 1988Parliament of India
Long title
An Act to provide for the conservation of forests and for matters connected there with or ancillary or incidental thereto.
Territorial extentThe whole of India.Enacted byParliament of IndiaEnacted1988Status: In force
The National Forest Policy, 1988 is an Act of the Parliament of India to revise the previously enacted National Forest Policy of 1952. The 1988 National Forest Policy strongly suggested the idea of empowering and involving local communities in the protection and development of forests. A direct outcome of the National Forest Policy, 1988 was the Joint Forest Management Program (JFM /JFMP) instituted in 1990 by the Government of India. It was started on a pilot project basis in West Bengal as early as 1971, and again in the late 1980s with considerable success.
History
Several legislation in India focused on improving environmental quality since the enactment of the National Forest Policy of 1952. The Indian Parliament passed the Wildlife Protection Act, 1972, Water Act in 1974, Air Act, 1981, the Forest Conservation Act in 1980 and the Environment Protection Act in 1986.
References
^ National Forest Policy, 1988 - Resolution Ministry of Environment and Forests. Last accessed 21 November 2021.
^ Guarding the green blanket, The Hindu Sunday magazine, March 17, 2002
This article about the law of India is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Act_of_Parliament"},{"link_name":"Parliament of India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_India"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Joint Forest Management Program","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_Forest_Management_Program"},{"link_name":"West Bengal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Bengal"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"The National Forest Policy, 1988 is an Act of the Parliament of India to revise the previously enacted National Forest Policy of 1952.[1] The 1988 National Forest Policy strongly suggested the idea of empowering and involving local communities in the protection and development of forests. A direct outcome of the National Forest Policy, 1988 was the Joint Forest Management Program (JFM /JFMP) instituted in 1990 by the Government of India. It was started on a pilot project basis in West Bengal as early as 1971, and again in the late 1980s with considerable success.[2]","title":"National Forest Policy, 1988"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wildlife Protection Act, 1972","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_Protection_Act,_1972"},{"link_name":"Water Act in 1974","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_Act,_1974&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Air Act, 1981","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Air_Act,_1981&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Forest Conservation Act in 1980","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forest_Conservation_Act,_1980"},{"link_name":"Environment Protection Act in 1986","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environment_Protection_Act,_1986"}],"text":"Several legislation in India focused on improving environmental quality since the enactment of the National Forest Policy of 1952. The Indian Parliament passed the Wildlife Protection Act, 1972, Water Act in 1974, Air Act, 1981, the Forest Conservation Act in 1980 and the Environment Protection Act in 1986.","title":"History"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"http://asbb.gov.in/Downloads/National%20Forest%20Policy.pdf","external_links_name":"National Forest Policy, 1988 - Resolution"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070309101217/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mag/2002/03/17/stories/2002031700480400.htm","external_links_name":"Guarding the green blanket"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Forest_Policy,_1988&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_eclipse_of_September_20,_1960 | Solar eclipse of September 20, 1960 | ["1 Related eclipses","1.1 Solar eclipses of 1957–1960","2 References","3 External links"] | 20th-century partial solar eclipse
Solar eclipse of September 20, 1960MapType of eclipseNaturePartialGamma1.2057Magnitude0.6139Maximum eclipseCoordinates72°06′N 74°06′W / 72.1°N 74.1°W / 72.1; -74.1Times (UTC)Greatest eclipse22:59:56ReferencesSaros153 (6 of 70)Catalog # (SE5000)9421
A partial solar eclipse occurred on September 20–21, 1960. A solar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes between Earth and the Sun, thereby totally or partly obscuring the image of the Sun for a viewer on Earth. A partial solar eclipse occurs in the polar regions of the Earth when the center of the Moon's shadow misses the Earth.
It began in northeast Russia near sunrise on September 21, and ended near sunset over North America on September 20, one day earlier because of the effects of the International Date Line.
Related eclipses
Solar eclipses of 1957–1960
This eclipse is a member of a semester series. An eclipse in a semester series of solar eclipses repeats approximately every 177 days and 4 hours (a semester) at alternating nodes of the Moon's orbit.
Solar eclipse series sets from 1957–1960
Descending node
Ascending node
Saros
Map
Saros
Map
118
1957 April 30Annular (non-central)
123
1957 October 23Total (non-central)
128
1958 April 19Annular
133
1958 October 12Total
138
1959 April 8Annular
143
1959 October 2Total
148
1960 March 27Partial
153
1960 September 20Partial
References
^ van Gent, R.H. "Solar- and Lunar-Eclipse Predictions from Antiquity to the Present". A Catalogue of Eclipse Cycles. Utrecht University. Retrieved 6 October 2018.
Eclipse of the Sun of September 20, 1960—Sky and Telescope magazine, volume 20, page 129.
External links
http://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/SEplot/SEplot1951/SE1960Sep20P.GIF
http://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/SEsearch/SEdata.php?Ecl=19600920
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This solar eclipse–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"solar eclipse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_eclipse"},{"link_name":"solar eclipse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_eclipse"},{"link_name":"Moon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moon"},{"link_name":"Earth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth"},{"link_name":"Sun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun"},{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"North America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_America"},{"link_name":"International Date Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Date_Line"}],"text":"A partial solar eclipse occurred on September 20–21, 1960. A solar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes between Earth and the Sun, thereby totally or partly obscuring the image of the Sun for a viewer on Earth. A partial solar eclipse occurs in the polar regions of the Earth when the center of the Moon's shadow misses the Earth.\nIt began in northeast Russia near sunrise on September 21, and ended near sunset over North America on September 20, one day earlier because of the effects of the International Date Line.","title":"Solar eclipse of September 20, 1960"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Related eclipses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"semester series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eclipse_cycle#Eclipse_cycles"},{"link_name":"nodes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar_node"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"sub_title":"Solar eclipses of 1957–1960","text":"This eclipse is a member of a semester series. An eclipse in a semester series of solar eclipses repeats approximately every 177 days and 4 hours (a semester) at alternating nodes of the Moon's orbit.[1]","title":"Related eclipses"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"van Gent, R.H. \"Solar- and Lunar-Eclipse Predictions from Antiquity to the Present\". A Catalogue of Eclipse Cycles. Utrecht University. Retrieved 6 October 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.staff.science.uu.nl/~gent0113/eclipse/eclipsecycles.htm#Sar%20%28Half%20Saros%29","url_text":"\"Solar- and Lunar-Eclipse Predictions from Antiquity to the Present\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Solar_eclipse_of_September_20,_1960¶ms=72.1_N_74.1_W_type:landmark","external_links_name":"72°06′N 74°06′W / 72.1°N 74.1°W / 72.1; -74.1"},{"Link":"https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/SEsearch/SEdata.php?Ecl=+19600920","external_links_name":"9421"},{"Link":"http://www.staff.science.uu.nl/~gent0113/eclipse/eclipsecycles.htm#Sar%20%28Half%20Saros%29","external_links_name":"\"Solar- and Lunar-Eclipse Predictions from Antiquity to the Present\""},{"Link":"http://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/SEplot/SEplot1951/SE1960Sep20P.GIF","external_links_name":"http://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/SEplot/SEplot1951/SE1960Sep20P.GIF"},{"Link":"http://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/SEsearch/SEdata.php?Ecl=19600920","external_links_name":"http://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/SEsearch/SEdata.php?Ecl=19600920"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Solar_eclipse_of_September_20,_1960&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progress_M-11M | Progress M-11M | ["1 Launch","2 Docking","3 Cargo","3.1 Inventory","4 Station reboost","5 Undocking and deorbit","6 References"] | Progress M-11MProgress M-11M approaches theISS on 23 June 2011.Mission typeISS resupplyOperatorRoskosmosCOSPAR ID2011-027A SATCAT no.37679Mission duration72 days
Spacecraft propertiesSpacecraft typeProgress-M s/n 411ManufacturerRKK Energia
Start of missionLaunch date21 June 2011, 14:38 UTCRocketSoyuz-ULaunch siteBaikonur, Site 1/5
End of missionDisposalDeorbitedDecay date1 September 2011
Orbital parametersReference systemGeocentricRegimeLow EarthInclination51.6°Epoch21 June 2011
Docking with ISSDocking portZvezda aftDocking date23 June 2011, 16:37 UTCUndocking date23 August 2011Time docked61 days
CargoMass2673 kgPressurised1900 kg (dry cargo)Fuel740 kgGaseous50 kg (oxygen and air)Water420 kg
Progress ISS Resupply← Progress M-10MProgress M-12M →
Progress M-11M (Russian: Прогресс М-11М), identified by NASA as Progress 43P, is a Progress spacecraft which was launched on 21 June 2011 to resupply the International Space Station. It was the eleventh Progress-M 11F615A60 spacecraft to be launched. The spacecraft is manufactured by RKK Energia, and will be operated by the Russian Federal Space Agency. Progress M-11M transferred more than 2500 kg of cargo to the Space Station, including food, water, scientific hardware, propellant, and cargo for the Russian Federal Space Agency (Roscosmos), NASA and the Japanese Space Agency, (JAXA).
Launch
Progress M-11M launches from Baikonur's pad 1 on 21 June 2011.
The Soyuz-U rocket that carried the Progress M-11M cargo spacecraft into orbit was rolled out on 19 June 2011. Following the roll out, the rocket was erected in vertical in Baikonur's pad 1. L-2 days, operations were successfully completed on the day with integrated tests that included verification of the launch facilities and simulation of the lift-off and initial stages of the launch sequence.
The Progress M-11M was lifted off atop a Soyuz-U rocket from the Baikonur Space Center in Kazakhstan. After the launch, the spacecraft reached a preliminary orbit of 240.09 km by 193.96 km. The revolution of the successfully injected orbit was 88.54 minutes. A series of engine firings over the next two days guided the ship to set up a rendezvous with the Space Station.
Docking
Progress M-11M docked with the Zvezda service module of the Space Station at 16:37 UTC on 23 June 2011. The docking occurred 394 km above eastern Kazakhstan and under monitoring of the mission control center and the station crew after Progress ship approached the station on auto pilot. The docking was monitored by the Mission Control Center in Moscow and the station Expedition 28 crew.
Cargo
The cargo of Progress M-11M included 1276 kg of equipment, food, clothing, life support system gear, 740 kg of propellant, 420 kg of water and some 50 kg of oxygen and air.
Inventory
Total cargo mass delivered: 2673 kg
Item description
Mass (kg)
Propellant in the propulsion system tanks for the ISS needs
250
Propellant in the refuelling system tanks
740
Oxygen
50
Water in the Rodnik system tanks
420
Items in the cargo compartment
1213
ECLSS
189
Water supply system
45
Thermal control system
8
On-board TM system
2
Onboard measure system
1
Maintenance and repair equipment
4
Sanitary and hygienic items
64
Individual fire protection items
3
Food containers, fresh products
249
Medical equipment, linen, personal hygienic and prophylactics items
42
FGB hardware
82
Rassvet hardware
21
Science experimental hardware, including experimental
42
Russian crew's items
77
On-board documentation files, crew provisions, video- and photo-equipment
22
US Orbital Segment hardware
362
Station reboost
The four attitude thrusters of Progress M-11M was fired on 1 July 2011 to reboost the Space Station. After the burn, the ISS orbit was raised by 3.5 km and achieved 388.3 km. The purpose of the reboost was to gain altitude and set up phasing conditions for Space Shuttle Atlantis' STS-135 (ULF7) mission.
Undocking and deorbit
Progress M-11M departs the ISS on 23 August 2011.
References
Spaceflight portal
^ "Progress M-11M". nssdca.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 30 April 2023.
^ a b NASA. "Consolidated Launch Manifest". NASA. Retrieved 10 June 2011. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
^ Russian Federal Space Agency (19 June 2011). "Soyuz-U/Progress M-11M Erected on the Launch Pad". Russian Federal Space Agency. Archived from the original on 20 December 2010. Retrieved 25 June 2011.
^ Russian Federal Space Agency (20 June 2011). "Progress M-11M Launch Campaign: Spare Day at Baikonur". Russian Federal Space Agency. Archived from the original on 20 December 2010. Retrieved 25 June 2011.
^ Russian Federal Space Agency (22 June 2011). "Progress M-11M is Flying Towards the ISS". Russian Federal Space Agency. Archived from the original on 15 March 2012. Retrieved 25 June 2011.
^ Justin Ray (23 June 2011). "Space station welcomes Russian cargo ship arrival". Spaceflightnow.com. Retrieved 24 June 2011.
^ Russian Federal Space Agency (23 June 2011). "Progress M-11M to Arrive at the ISS Today". Russian Federal Space Agency. Archived from the original on 20 December 2010. Retrieved 25 June 2011.
^ Roscosmos (1 July 2011). "ISS Orbit Raised by Russian Progress". Roscosmos. Archived from the original on 15 October 2011. Retrieved 2 July 2011.
vteProgress spacecraftVersions
Progress 7K-TG
Progress-M
Progress-M1
Progress-MS
Custom versions
M-SO1
M-MIM2
M-UM
Missions1970s
1978
Progress 1
2
3
4
1979
5
6
7
1980s
1980
Progress 8
9
10
11
1981
12
1982
13
14
15
16
1983
17
18
1984
19
20
21
22
23
1985
24
Kosmos 1669
1986
25
26
1987
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
1988
34
35
36
37
38
39
1989
40
41
M-1
M-2
1990s
1990
Progress M-3
42
M-4
M-5
1991
M-6
M-7
M-8
M-9
M-10
1992
M-11
M-12
M-13
M-14
M-15
1993
M-16
M-17
M-18
M-19
M-20
1994
M-21
M-22
M-23
M-24
M-25
1995
M-26
M-27
M-28
M-29
M-30
1996
M-31
M-32
M-33
1997
M-34
M-35
M-36
M-37
1998
M-38
M-39
M-40
1999
M-41
M-42
2000s
2000
Progress M1-1
M1-2
M1-3
M-43
M1-4
2001
M1-5
M-44
M1-6
M-45
M-SO1
M1-7
2002
M1-8
M-46
M1-9
2003
M-47
M1-10
M-48
2004
M1-11
M-49
M-50
M-51
2005
M-52
M-53
M-54
M-55
2006
M-56
M-57
M-58
2007
M-59
M-60
M-61
M-62
2008
M-63
M-64
M-65
M-01M
2009
M-66
M-02M
M-67
M-03M
M-MIM2
2010s
2010
Progress M-04M
M-05M
M-06M
M-07M
M-08M
2011
M-09M
M-10M
M-11M
M-12M†
M-13M
2012
M-14M
M-15M
M-16M
M-17M
2013
M-18M
M-19M
M-20M
M-21M
2014
M-22M
M-23M
M-24M
M-25M
2015
M-26M
M-27M†
M-28M
M-29M
MS-01
2016
MS-02
MS-03
MS-04†
2017
MS-05
MS-06
MS-07
2018
MS-08
MS-09
MS-10
2019
MS-11
MS-12
MS-13
2020s
2020
MS-14
MS-15
2021
MS-16
MS-17
MS-18
M-UM
2022
MS-19
MS-20
MS-21
2023
MS-22
MS-23
MS-24
MS-25
2024
MS-26
MS-27
Future
2024
MS-28
See also
List of Progress missions
Uncrewed spaceflights to Mir
Uncrewed spaceflights to the ISS
Signs † indicate launch or spacecraft failures.
vteUncrewed spaceflights to the International Space Station
See also: {{Crewed ISS flights}}
{{ISS expeditions}}
2000–2004
2000
2R / Zvezda
1P
2P
3P
2001
4P
5P
SO1 / Pirs
6P
2002
7P
8P
9P
2003
10P
11P
12P
2004
13P
14P
15P
16P
2005–2009
2005
17P
18P
19P
20P
2006
21P
22P
23P
2007
24P
25P
26P
27P
2008
28P
ATV-1
29P
30P
31P
2009
32P
33P
34P
HTV-1
35P
MIM2 / Poisk
2010–2014
2010
36P
37P
38P
39P
40P
2011
HTV-2
41P
ATV-2
42P
43P
44P†
45P
2012
46P
ATV-3
47P
SpX-D
HTV-3
48P
SpX-1
49P
2013
50P
SpX-2
51P
ATV-4
52P
HTV-4
Orb-D1
53P
2014
Orb-1
54P
55P
SpX-3
Orb-2
56P
ATV-5
SpX-4
Orb-3†
57P
2015–2019
2015
SpX-5
58P
SpX-6
59P†
SpX-7†
60P
HTV-5
61P
OA-4
62P
2016
OA-6
63P
SpX-8
64P
SpX-9
OA-5
65P†
HTV-6
2017
SpX-10
66P
OA-7
SpX-11
67P
SpX-12
68P
OA-8E
SpX-13
2018
69P
SpX-14
OA-9E
SpX-15
70P
HTV-7
71P
NG-10
SpX-16
2019
SpX-DM1
72P
NG-11
SpX-17
SpX-18
73P
60S
HTV-8
NG-12
SpX-19
74P
Boe-OFT†
2020–2024
2020
NG-13
SpX-20
75P
HTV-9
76P
NG-14
SpX-21
2021
77P
NG-15
SpX-22
78P
Nauka
NG-16
SpX-23
79P
M-UM / Prichal
SpX-24
2022
80P
NG-17
Boe-OFT 2
81P
SpX-25
82P
NG-18
SpX-26
2023
83P
SpX-27
84P
SpX-28
NG-19
85P
SpX-29
86P
2024
NG-20
87P
SpX-30
88P
Future
2024
SNC Demo-1
NG-21
SpX-31
89P
2025
HTV-X1
SNC-1
Spacecraft
Roscosmos Progress
ESA ATV (past)
JAXA HTV
NASA CRS
SpaceX Dragon 1 (past)
SpaceX Dragon 2
Northrop Grumman Cygnus
Sierra Nevada Dream Chaser (future)
Ongoing spaceflights in underline
Future spaceflights in italics
† - mission failed to reach ISS
vte← 2010Orbital launches in 20112012 →January
Elektro-L No.1
USA-224
Kounotori 2
Progress M-09M (Kedr)
February
Kosmos 2470
USA-225
Johannes Kepler ATV
STS-133 (Leonardo)
Kosmos 2471
March
Glory, Explorer-1 , KySat-1, Hermes
USA-226
USA-227
April
Soyuz TMA-21
Compass-IGSO3
USA-229
Resourcesat-2, YouthSat, X-Sat
Yahsat 1A, New Dawn
Progress M-10M
May
Meridian 4
USA-230
STS-134 (AMS-02, ELC-3)
Telstar 14R
ST-2, GSAT-8 / INSAT-4G
June
Soyuz TMA-02M
SAC-D
Rasad 1
ChinaSat 10
Progress M-11M
Kosmos 2472
USA-231
July
Shijian XI-03
STS-135 (Raffaello, PSSC-2)
Tianlian I-02
Globalstar M083, Globalstar M088, Globalstar M091, Globalstar M085, Globalstar M081, Globalstar M089
GSAT-12
SES-3, KazSat-2
USA-232
Spektr-R
Compass-IGSO4
Shijian XI-02
August
Juno
Astra 1N, BSAT-3c/JCSAT-110R
Paksat-1R
Hai Yang 2A
Sich 2, NigeriaSat-2, NigeriaSat-X, RASAT, EduSAT, AprizeSat-5, AprizeSat-6, BPA-2
Ekspress-AM4
Shijian XI-04
Progress M-12M
September
GRAIL-A , GRAIL-B
Zhongxing-1A
Kosmos 2473
Arabsat 5C, SES-2
IGS Optical 4
Atlantic Bird 7
TacSat-4
Tiangong-1
QuetzSat 1
October
Kosmos 2474 / GLONASS-M 742
Intelsat 18
Eutelsat 16A
Megha-Tropiques, SRMSAT, VesselSat-1, Jugnu
ViaSat-1
Galileo-IOV FM1 , Galileo-IOV FM2
NPP, AubieSat-1, DICE-1, DICE-2, M-Cubed, RAX-2
Progress M-13M
Shenzhou 8
November
Kosmos 2475 , Kosmos 2476 , Kosmos 2477
Fobos-Grunt , Yinghuo-1
Yaogan 12 , Tian Xun-1
Soyuz TMA-22
Shiyan Weixing 4 , Chuang Xin 1C
AsiaSat 7
Mars Science Laboratory (Curiosity)
Kosmos 2478
Yaogan 13
December
Compass-IGSO5
Amos-5, Luch 5A
IGS Radar 3
Pléiades-HR 1A, SSOT, ELISA 1, ELISA 2, ELISA 3, ELISA 4
NigComSat-1R
Soyuz TMA-03M
Ziyuan-1C
Meridian 5
Globalstar M080, Globalstar M082, Globalstar M084, Globalstar M086, Globalstar M090, Globalstar M092
Launches are separated by dots ( • ), payloads by commas ( , ), multiple names for the same satellite by slashes ( / ).Crewed flights are underlined. Launch failures are marked with the † sign. Payloads deployed from other spacecraft are (enclosed in parentheses). | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"NASA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA"},{"link_name":"Progress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progress_(spacecraft)"},{"link_name":"International Space Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Space_Station"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-manifest-2"},{"link_name":"Progress-M","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progress-M"},{"link_name":"RKK Energia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energia_(corporation)"},{"link_name":"Russian Federal Space Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roscosmos"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-manifest-2"},{"link_name":"Russian Federal Space Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roscosmos"},{"link_name":"Roscosmos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roscosmos"},{"link_name":"NASA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA"},{"link_name":"JAXA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JAXA"}],"text":"Progress M-11M (Russian: Прогресс М-11М), identified by NASA as Progress 43P, is a Progress spacecraft which was launched on 21 June 2011 to resupply the International Space Station.[2] It was the eleventh Progress-M 11F615A60 spacecraft to be launched. The spacecraft is manufactured by RKK Energia, and will be operated by the Russian Federal Space Agency.[2] Progress M-11M transferred more than 2500 kg of cargo to the Space Station, including food, water, scientific hardware, propellant, and cargo for the Russian Federal Space Agency (Roscosmos), NASA and the Japanese Space Agency, (JAXA).","title":"Progress M-11M"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Progress_M-11M_spacecraft_launches_2.jpg"},{"link_name":"Soyuz-U","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soyuz-U"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Kazakhstan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhstan"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"injected orbit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbital_period"},{"link_name":"rendezvous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_rendezvous"}],"text":"Progress M-11M launches from Baikonur's pad 1 on 21 June 2011.The Soyuz-U rocket that carried the Progress M-11M cargo spacecraft into orbit was rolled out on 19 June 2011. Following the roll out, the rocket was erected in vertical in Baikonur's pad 1.[3] L-2 days, operations were successfully completed on the day with integrated tests that included verification of the launch facilities and simulation of the lift-off and initial stages of the launch sequence.[4]The Progress M-11M was lifted off atop a Soyuz-U rocket from the Baikonur Space Center in Kazakhstan. After the launch, the spacecraft reached a preliminary orbit of 240.09 km by 193.96 km.[5] The revolution of the successfully injected orbit was 88.54 minutes. A series of engine firings over the next two days guided the ship to set up a rendezvous with the Space Station.","title":"Launch"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Zvezda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zvezda_(ISS_module)"},{"link_name":"mission control center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mission_control_center"},{"link_name":"Moscow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow"},{"link_name":"Expedition 28","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expedition_28"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Progress M-11M docked with the Zvezda service module of the Space Station at 16:37 UTC on 23 June 2011. The docking occurred 394 km above eastern Kazakhstan and under monitoring of the mission control center and the station crew after Progress ship approached the station on auto pilot. 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After the burn, the ISS orbit was raised by 3.5 km and achieved 388.3 km.[8] The purpose of the reboost was to gain altitude and set up phasing conditions for Space Shuttle Atlantis' STS-135 (ULF7) mission.","title":"Station reboost"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ISS-28_Progress_M-11M_supply_vehicle_departs_from_the_ISS.jpg"}],"text":"Progress M-11M departs the ISS on 23 August 2011.","title":"Undocking and deorbit"}] | [{"image_text":"Progress M-11M launches from Baikonur's pad 1 on 21 June 2011.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Progress_M-11M_spacecraft_launches_2.jpg/170px-Progress_M-11M_spacecraft_launches_2.jpg"},{"image_text":"Progress M-11M departs the ISS on 23 August 2011.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/ISS-28_Progress_M-11M_supply_vehicle_departs_from_the_ISS.jpg/220px-ISS-28_Progress_M-11M_supply_vehicle_departs_from_the_ISS.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"Progress M-11M\". nssdca.gsfc.nasa.gov. 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Retrieved 24 June 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.spaceflightnow.com/station/exp28/110623prog43p/","url_text":"\"Space station welcomes Russian cargo ship arrival\""}]},{"reference":"Russian Federal Space Agency (23 June 2011). \"Progress M-11M to Arrive at the ISS Today\". Russian Federal Space Agency. Archived from the original on 20 December 2010. Retrieved 25 June 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101220231838/http://roscosmos.ru/main.php?id=2&nid=11934","url_text":"\"Progress M-11M to Arrive at the ISS Today\""},{"url":"http://www.roscosmos.ru/main.php?id=2&nid=11934","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Roscosmos (1 July 2011). \"ISS Orbit Raised by Russian Progress\". Roscosmos. Archived from the original on 15 October 2011. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Marie_Luzel | François-Marie Luzel | ["1 Biography","1.1 Early years","1.2 School and a change of direction","1.3 Quarrel over Barzaz Breiz","1.4 Journalist, justice, and archivist","1.5 Defence of Breton","1.6 About the songs collected","2 Bibliography","2.1 Posthumous works","3 Notes and references","4 See also","5 External links"] | French writer
François Marie LuzelBorn6 June 1821Plouaret, FranceDied26 February 1895Quimper, FrancePen nameFanch ar Moal, Alan Bleung-Brug, Jean de Guernaham, Raoul Keramborgne, Jobik Berbiquet, Gabik Kergoz, Fanch Kerloho, Raoul Luzel.Occupationethnographer, poet, folkloristNationalityFranceGenreoral literature, folkloreNotable worksMelodies and Songs from Low-Brittany
François-Marie Luzel (6 June 1821 – 26 February 1895), often known by his Breton name Fañch an Uhel, was a French folklorist and Breton-language poet.
Biography
Early years
Luzel was born in the manor of Keramborgne, which then formed part of the commune of Plouaret (which, nowadays, is part of the commune of Le Vieux-Marché, Côtes-d'Armor. His father, François, and his mother, Rosalie le Gac, were peasants, but Luzel had a peaceful childhood in his home town, making friends (including the future painter Yan Dargent, and attending many veillées, which were traditional parties held after dark where the villagepeople would assemble and pass the long winter nights in one another's company, often listening to ancestral stories. Thanks to his uncle, Julien-Marie Huërou, he was able to go to the Royal College of Rennes, where Huërou taught.
School and a change of direction
There, he met the future historian Arthur de La Borderie, and Émile Grimaud, who became the sub-editor of the Revue de Bretagne et de Vendée. As a young man, he aspired to be a naval doctor, and went to study to such an end in Brest. Instead of becoming a naval doctor, he went down a different route towards being a professor, but could not find a fixed post, which made his life rather nomadic. An encounter with Adolphe Orain, a folklorist of Upper Brittany, gave him some direction, and, with the support of Ernest Renan, he managed to obtain from the Minister for State Education the means to go search for old literary texts in Basse-Bretagne. He succeeded in collecting a huge corpus of songs, tales, legends and plays, enough to make several books. The majority of the contents of this abundant collection came from Tréguier and the province of Brittany that surrounds it, Trégor. Marguerite Philippe (in Breton, Marc'harit Fulup) is amongst most known of the people whose folklore Luzel collected. After publishing a book including some of his own poetry in 1865, entitled Bepred Breizad, he published in 1868 a selection of the works that he collected, under the name Chants et chansons populaires de la Basse-Bretagne' (Melodies and Songs from Low-Brittany.) There were several volumes of this work, including a volume dedicated to Gwerziou (Laments) and Soniou (Songs.) A year later, a follow-up of sorts appeared, entitled Contes et Récits populaires des Bretons armoricains (Popular Tales and Stories of the Armorican Bretons).
Quarrel over Barzaz Breiz
At the 1872 Congress of the Breton Association at Saint-Brieuc, Luzel read a text that he had prepared, in which he raised suspicions about the authenticity of the songs included in the Barzaz Breiz, which was published by Théodore Hersart de la Villemarqué 33 years earlier. A public controversy ensued and his speech, which was rejected by the Breton Association, was heavily edited. The controversy surrounding Barzaz Breiz would last for more than a century. In 1960, the Breton scholar Francis Gourvil wrote a doctorate thesis in which he maintained that Luzel was right. In 1989, the musician and linguist Donatien Laurent demonstrated, in a thesis based on the manuscripts of La Villemarqué, that even if the author had revised the lyrics, he still nearly always relied upon the versions that he himself had collected or transcribed.
Journalist, justice, and archivist
Luzel's career trajectory changed yet again in 1874, when he started writing political editorials for the Republican newspaper, l'Avenir de Morlaix, where he would work until 1880. He was later made a justice of the peace in Daoulas.
In 1881, he found stable work as a curator of Quimper's Departmental Archives of Finistère. There, he encountered Anatole Le Braz, who would become his disciple of sorts and would continue his work in finding stories and making an inventory of pieces of Ancient Breton theatre.
Luzel was elected as a Republican to the municipal council of Quimper, and was later, in 1883, made Vice-President of the Archeological Society of Finistère, a group in which he participated for quite some time, and which La Villemarqué founded.
Defence of Breton
In 1888, Luzel asked Ernest Renan to intervene in the Ministry of Public Instruction, so that his friend, Anatole Le Braz, could teach Breton at the Quimper Lycée outside school hours, which Le Braz offered to do for free. In his letter to Renan, he stated that he 'would like that, in all our primary schools that Breton children attend, an hour or two were consecrated to teach them Breton by heart and to sing Breton songs and pieces of poetry to instill patriotism in them.' Later in the letter, he referred to the Breton language as being 'the national language.' This request would be flatly refused by the Ministry.
On 1 January 1890, Luzel was made knight of the Legion of Honour, an accolade that he received from the hands of his old rival, La Villemarqué, in a ceremony that took place on 30 January. Seemingly reconciled, the pair later died in the same year, 1895.
About the songs collected
Unlike La Villemarqué, Luzel did not collect or transcribe the arias of the songs he collected. It was Maurice Duhamel who undertook this task between 1909 and 1912, but with different singers. These arias, as well as those collected by François Vallée on wax rolls, were published in Musique bretonne by Maurice Duhamel in 1913.
Bibliography
Sainte-Tryphine et le roi Arthur, Quimperlé, Clairet (1863)
Bepred Breizad. Toujours Breton, Poésies bretonnes, Morlaix, Haslé (1865).
Chants et chansons populaires de la Basse-Bretagne, Soniou (2 volumes) et Gwerziou (2 volumes) (1868–1890). These 4 volumes were re-released in 1971 with an introduction by Donatien Laurent (mais sans aucun texte de D. Laurent à l'intérieur des volumes).
Contes et Récits populaires des Bretons armoricains (1869), nouvelle édition : PUR, Terre de Brume (1996), text edited and introduced by Françoise Morvan, preface by Nicole Belmont,
De l'authenticité des chants du Barzaz-Breiz de M. de La Villemarqué Saint-Brieuc, Guyon (1872)
Chants et chansons populaires de la Basse-Bretagne, Gwerziou II (1874)
Veillées bretonnes (1979) (new edition : PUR et Terre de Brume, 2002, texte edited and introduced by Françoise Morvan).
Légendes chrétiennes de Basse-Bretagne Paris, Maisonneuve (1881) (nouvelle édition :PUR et Terre de Brume, 2001, texte présenté et établi par Françoise Morvan)
Contes populaires de Basse-Bretagne Paris, Maisonneuve & Ch. Leclerc (1887) 3 Vol. with a preface and annotations by the author.
La Vie de Saint Gwennolé, Quimper, Cotonnec (1889)
Chants et chansons populaires de la Basse-Bretagne, Soniou (1890)
Posthumous works
Kontadennou ar Bobl e Breiz-Izel Quimper, Le Goaziou (1939)
Ma C'horn-Bro. Soniou ha gwerziou Quimper, Le Goaziou (1943).
Gwerzioù kozh Breizh, col. “Studi ha dudi”, Al Liamm, 1970.
Kontadennou ar Bobl (5 volumes), Al Liamm, (1984–1994)
Contes traditionnels de Bretagne, 6 volumes (1994–1995), An Here-Hor Yezh-Mouladurioù Hor Yezh
Journal de route et lettres de mission, Presses universitaires de Rennes et Terre de Brume, Rennes (1994)
Contes bretons, PUR et Terre de Brume, Rennes (1994), texte établi et présenté par Françoise Morvan.
Contes inédits Tome I, PUR et Terre de Brume, Rennes (1994), texts assembled and presented by Françoise Morvan
Contes du boulanger, PUR et Terre de Brume, Rennes (1995), texts assembled and presented by Françoise Morvan
Contes inédits Tome II, PUR et Terre de Brume, Rennes (1995), texts assembled and presented by Françoise Morvan
Contes retrouvés Tome I, PUR et Terre de Brume, Rennes (1995), texts assembled and presented by Françoise Morvan
Correspondance Luzel-Renan, PUR et Terre de Brume, Rennes (1995), texts assembled and presented by Françoise Morvan
Nouvelles Veillées bretonnes, PUR et Terre de Brume, Rennes (1995) (Françoise Morvan edition)
Contes inédits Tome III, Carnets de collectage, PUR et Terre de Brume, Rennes (1996), translation by Françoise Morvan by Marthe Vassallo, critical analysis by Françoise Morvan.
En Basse-Bretagne (impressions et notes de voyage), Hor Yezh, 1996, ISBN 2-910699-17-X
"Notes de voyage en Basse-Bretagne", PUR et Terre de Brume, Rennes (1997), texts assembled and presented by Françoise Morvan
Contes retrouvés Tome II, PUR et Terre de Brume, Rennes (1999), texts assembled and presented by Françoise Morvan
Sainte Tryphine et le roi Arthur , PUR et Terre de Brume (2002, preface by Françoise Morvan.
Santez Trifin hag ar roue Arzur, Emgleo Breiz.
Yezh ar vuhez. A selection of poems by Luzel, edited by Per Denez, extracts from the above works.
Contes de Basse-Bretagne, selected by Françoise Morvan, Ouest-France (2007) ISBN 2-7373-4089-6
Notes and references
^ He signed his name as Francès-Mary an Uhel in the Les Chants de l'épée (1856), although Joseph Ollivier, in his 1943 preface to Ma C'horn-Bro made precise that his family was known by the name An Uhel and that he himself used many different forms of his name for different poems.
See also
Wikisource has original works by or about:François-Marie Luzel
Poetry portal
P. Batany, Luzel, poète et folkloriste breton. 1821–1895. Rennes, Simon (1941)
Joseph Ollivier, Les contes de Luzel (Preface by Per Denez, followed by a postface about “Breton Stories” Pur-Terre de Brume, 1994), Hor Yezh, 1995 ISBN 2-910699-11-0
Françoise Morvan, François-Marie Luzel, biographie, Terre de Brume et PUR, Rennes (1999)
(in French)
External links
Bibliographic page Archived 2016-03-03 at the Wayback Machine
(in French) Légendes Bretonnes This site has undertaken the online publication of the three volumes of Contes populaires de Basse-Bretagne (Popular Tales of Lower Brittany), after the edition by Maisonneuve & Ch Leclerc, published in 1887.
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IdRef | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Breton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breton_language"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"folklorist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folklore"}],"text":"François-Marie Luzel (6 June 1821 – 26 February 1895), often known by his Breton name Fañch an Uhel,[1] was a French folklorist and Breton-language poet.","title":"François-Marie Luzel"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Plouaret","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plouaret"},{"link_name":"Le Vieux-Marché","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Vieux-March%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Côtes-d'Armor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B4tes-d%27Armor"}],"sub_title":"Early years","text":"Luzel was born in the manor of Keramborgne, which then formed part of the commune of Plouaret (which, nowadays, is part of the commune of Le Vieux-Marché, Côtes-d'Armor. 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Instead of becoming a naval doctor, he went down a different route towards being a professor, but could not find a fixed post, which made his life rather nomadic. An encounter with Adolphe Orain, a folklorist of Upper Brittany, gave him some direction, and, with the support of Ernest Renan, he managed to obtain from the Minister for State Education the means to go search for old literary texts in Basse-Bretagne. He succeeded in collecting a huge corpus of songs, tales, legends and plays, enough to make several books. The majority of the contents of this abundant collection came from Tréguier and the province of Brittany that surrounds it, Trégor. Marguerite Philippe (in Breton, Marc'harit Fulup) is amongst most known of the people whose folklore Luzel collected. 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A public controversy ensued and his speech, which was rejected by the Breton Association, was heavily edited. The controversy surrounding Barzaz Breiz would last for more than a century. In 1960, the Breton scholar Francis Gourvil wrote a doctorate thesis in which he maintained that Luzel was right. 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He was later made a justice of the peace in Daoulas.In 1881, he found stable work as a curator of Quimper's Departmental Archives of Finistère. There, he encountered Anatole Le Braz, who would become his disciple of sorts and would continue his work in finding stories and making an inventory of pieces of Ancient Breton theatre.Luzel was elected as a Republican to the municipal council of Quimper, and was later, in 1883, made Vice-President of the Archeological Society of Finistère, a group in which he participated for quite some time, and which La Villemarqué founded.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ernest Renan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Renan"},{"link_name":"Legion of Honour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legion_of_Honour"}],"sub_title":"Defence of Breton","text":"In 1888, Luzel asked Ernest Renan to intervene in the Ministry of Public Instruction, so that his friend, Anatole Le Braz, could teach Breton at the Quimper Lycée outside school hours, which Le Braz offered to do for free. In his letter to Renan, he stated that he 'would like that, in all our primary schools that Breton children attend, an hour or two were consecrated to teach them Breton by heart and to sing Breton songs and pieces of poetry to instill patriotism in them.' Later in the letter, he referred to the Breton language as being 'the national language.' This request would be flatly refused by the Ministry.On 1 January 1890, Luzel was made knight of the Legion of Honour, an accolade that he received from the hands of his old rival, La Villemarqué, in a ceremony that took place on 30 January. Seemingly reconciled, the pair later died in the same year, 1895.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"La Villemarqué","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%A9odore_Claude_Henri,_vicomte_Hersart_de_la_Villemarqu%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Maurice Duhamel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Duhamel"},{"link_name":"François Vallée","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fran%C3%A7ois_Vall%C3%A9e&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"About the songs collected","text":"Unlike La Villemarqué, Luzel did not collect or transcribe the arias of the songs he collected. It was Maurice Duhamel who undertook this task between 1909 and 1912, but with different singers. These arias, as well as those collected by François Vallée on wax rolls, were published in Musique bretonne by Maurice Duhamel in 1913.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"roi Arthur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Arthur"},{"link_name":"Contes populaires de Basse-Bretagne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fr.m.wikisource.org/wiki/Contes_populaires_de_Basse-Bretagne"}],"text":"Sainte-Tryphine et le roi Arthur, Quimperlé, Clairet (1863)\nBepred Breizad. Toujours Breton, Poésies bretonnes, Morlaix, Haslé (1865).\nChants et chansons populaires de la Basse-Bretagne, Soniou (2 volumes) et Gwerziou (2 volumes) (1868–1890). These 4 volumes were re-released in 1971 with an introduction by Donatien Laurent (mais sans aucun texte de D. Laurent à l'intérieur des volumes).\nContes et Récits populaires des Bretons armoricains (1869), nouvelle édition : PUR, Terre de Brume (1996), text edited and introduced by Françoise Morvan, preface by Nicole Belmont,\nDe l'authenticité des chants du Barzaz-Breiz de M. de La Villemarqué Saint-Brieuc, Guyon (1872)\nChants et chansons populaires de la Basse-Bretagne, Gwerziou II (1874)\nVeillées bretonnes (1979) (new edition : PUR et Terre de Brume, 2002, texte edited and introduced by Françoise Morvan).\nLégendes chrétiennes de Basse-Bretagne Paris, Maisonneuve (1881) (nouvelle édition :PUR et Terre de Brume, 2001, texte présenté et établi par Françoise Morvan)\nContes populaires de Basse-Bretagne Paris, Maisonneuve & Ch. Leclerc (1887) 3 Vol. with a preface and annotations by the author.\nLa Vie de Saint Gwennolé, Quimper, Cotonnec (1889)\nChants et chansons populaires de la Basse-Bretagne, Soniou (1890)","title":"Bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2-910699-17-X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-910699-17-X"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2-7373-4089-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-7373-4089-6"}],"sub_title":"Posthumous works","text":"Kontadennou ar Bobl e Breiz-Izel Quimper, Le Goaziou (1939)\nMa C'horn-Bro. Soniou ha gwerziou Quimper, Le Goaziou (1943).\nGwerzioù kozh Breizh, col. “Studi ha dudi”, Al Liamm, 1970.\nKontadennou ar Bobl (5 volumes), Al Liamm, (1984–1994)\nContes traditionnels de Bretagne, 6 volumes (1994–1995), An Here-Hor Yezh-Mouladurioù Hor Yezh\nJournal de route et lettres de mission, Presses universitaires de Rennes et Terre de Brume, Rennes (1994)\nContes bretons, PUR et Terre de Brume, Rennes (1994), texte établi et présenté par Françoise Morvan.\nContes inédits Tome I, PUR et Terre de Brume, Rennes (1994), texts assembled and presented by Françoise Morvan\nContes du boulanger, PUR et Terre de Brume, Rennes (1995), texts assembled and presented by Françoise Morvan\nContes inédits Tome II, PUR et Terre de Brume, Rennes (1995), texts assembled and presented by Françoise Morvan\nContes retrouvés Tome I, PUR et Terre de Brume, Rennes (1995), texts assembled and presented by Françoise Morvan\nCorrespondance Luzel-Renan, PUR et Terre de Brume, Rennes (1995), texts assembled and presented by Françoise Morvan\nNouvelles Veillées bretonnes, PUR et Terre de Brume, Rennes (1995) (Françoise Morvan edition)\nContes inédits Tome III, Carnets de collectage, PUR et Terre de Brume, Rennes (1996), translation by Françoise Morvan by Marthe Vassallo, critical analysis by Françoise Morvan.\nEn Basse-Bretagne (impressions et notes de voyage), Hor Yezh, 1996, ISBN 2-910699-17-X\n\"Notes de voyage en Basse-Bretagne\", PUR et Terre de Brume, Rennes (1997), texts assembled and presented by Françoise Morvan\nContes retrouvés Tome II, PUR et Terre de Brume, Rennes (1999), texts assembled and presented by Françoise Morvan\nSainte Tryphine et le roi Arthur , PUR et Terre de Brume (2002, preface by Françoise Morvan.\nSantez Trifin hag ar roue Arzur, Emgleo Breiz.\nYezh ar vuhez. A selection of poems by Luzel, edited by Per Denez, extracts from the above works.\nContes de Basse-Bretagne, selected by Françoise Morvan, Ouest-France (2007) ISBN 2-7373-4089-6","title":"Bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"}],"text":"^ He signed his name as Francès-Mary an Uhel in the Les Chants de l'épée (1856), although Joseph Ollivier, in his 1943 preface to Ma C'horn-Bro made precise that his family was known by the name An Uhel and that he himself used many different forms of his name for different poems.","title":"Notes and references"}] | [] | [{"title":"Wikisource","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikisource"},{"title":"François-Marie Luzel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Fran%C3%A7ois-Marie_Luzel"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Quill_and_ink.svg"},{"title":"Poetry portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Poetry"},{"title":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"title":"2-910699-11-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-910699-11-0"}] | [] | [{"Link":"https://fr.m.wikisource.org/wiki/Contes_populaires_de_Basse-Bretagne","external_links_name":"Contes populaires de Basse-Bretagne"},{"Link":"http://www.bretagnenet.com/strobinet/bugelkoar/gwerziou.htm","external_links_name":"Bibliographic page"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160303195623/http://www.bretagnenet.com/strobinet/bugelkoar/gwerziou.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.legendesbretonnes.fr/","external_links_name":"Légendes Bretonnes"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/299011/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000083588399","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/14773122","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJfMf9DKdh47JW8hhxYQMP","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1689648","external_links_name":"Spain"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11913679q","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11913679q","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/119385023","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007281276705171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14412566","external_links_name":"Belgium"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no92002265","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n94009868","external_links_name":"2"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=xx0042212&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p107862778","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/206722","external_links_name":"Portugal"},{"Link":"https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/237797","external_links_name":"Vatican"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/026998661","external_links_name":"IdRef"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Brzeski | Stanisław Brzeski | ["1 Biography","2 Aerial victory credits","3 Awards","4 References","5 Further reading"] | Polish World War II flying ace
Stanisław BrzeskiDSO DFC**Stanisław BrzeskiBorn(1918-04-21)21 April 1918Lipnik, Austria-HungaryDied3 December 1972(1972-12-03) (aged 54)Norwich, EnglandAllegiance Poland
United KingdomService/branch Polish Air Force
Royal Air ForceYears of service1932-RankSquadron LeaderService numberP-1902 (RAF)UnitNo. 307 Polish Fighter SquadronNo. 303 Polish Fighter SquadronNo. 317 Polish Fighter SquadronNo. 302 Polish Fighter SquadronBattles/warsPolish Defensive War, World War IIAwardsVirtuti Militari;
Polonia Restituta;
Cross of Valour;
Distinguished Flying Cross (UK) with two bars;
Distinguished Service Order
Stanisław Brzeski (21 April 1918 – 3 December 1972) DFC** was a Polish fighter ace of the Polish Air Force in World War II with 8 confirmed kills and one shared.
Biography
Stanisław Brzeski was born in Lipnik near Staszów in 1918. In 1932 he entered the Non-Commissioned Officer's School for minors in Nisko. Then he served in the 77th Infantry Regiment. In 1936 he was transferred to the Polish Air Force. Initially he became a glider pilot, then he was trained as a fighter pilot.
At the outbreak of World War II, Brzeski served in the Modlin Army. On 3 September 1939 he destroyed a German Observation balloon. The next day he escorted bombers PZL.23 Karaś, his plane was hit and damaged by flak, Brzeski was forced to land, but the same day he came back to his unit. On 9 September he damaged a plane near Lublin. On the night of 18/19 September, he crossed the border with Romania, then on 19 November he came to France via Yugoslavia. He was assigned to a new unit only on 18 May 1940. Due to the difficult situation in France Brzeski was evacuated to the UK.
Initially he was assigned to No. 307 Polish Night Fighter Squadron, but on 14 October he was transferred to No. 303 Polish Fighter Squadron where he began training on Hurricane. On 10 February 1941 he downed a Messerschmitt Bf 109 over Dunkirk. On 25 February he was moved to No. 317 Polish Fighter Squadron. Since 23 April 1943 he served in No. 302 Polish Fighter Squadron and on 28 December he came back to No. 303 squadron.
On 21 May 1944, he was hit by flak over Abbeville, Brzeski slightly wounded, managed to land. After four hours he was captured by Germans and sent to Stalag Luft III. In January 1945 he was deported to the West. After the liberation, he returned to England and served in RAF as instructor and flight controller.
Stanisław Brzeski died on 3 December 1972 in Norwich and was buried in the cemetery of Dereham.
Aerial victory credits
He 111 - 9 September 1939 and one probably destroyed
Bf 109E - 10 February 1941
Bf 109 - 18 February 1941
1/2 Bf 109 - 10 July 1941
1/2 Ju 88 - 14 July 1941
Bf 109F - 8 November 1941 and one damaged
Ju 88 - 6 December 1941
Fw 190 - 25 April 1942
Fw 190 - 26 July 1943 probably destroyed
He 111 - 19 August 1942
Fw 190 - 2 May 1943
Fw 190 - 24 June 1943
1/2 Fw 190 - 4 September 1943
Fw- 190 - 23 September 1943 probably destroyed
Awards
Virtuti Militari, Silver Cross
Cross of Valour (Poland), four times
Distinguished Flying Cross (United Kingdom), with two bars,
Distinguished Service Order (United Kingdom)
References
^ Sikora 2014, p. 229.
^ Sikora 2014, p. 230.
^ Zieliński 1994, p. 34.
^ Sikora 2014, p. 231.
^ Sikora 2014, p. 233.
^ Zieliński 2019, p. 52.
^ Krzystek 2012, p. 114.
^ not included on the Bajan's list
^ wg. cieldegloire - destroyed on the ground
^ wg. cieldegloire - probably destroyed
^ wg. cieldegloire - shot down one aircraft, not shared
Further reading
Wojciech Zmyślony. "Stanisław Brzeski" (in Polish). p. 1. Retrieved 6 October 2014.
"Ciel de Gloire" (in French). Retrieved 6 October 2014.
Tadeusz Jerzy Krzystek, Anna Krzystek: Polskie Siły Powietrzne w Wielkiej Brytanii w latach 1940-1947 łącznie z Pomocniczą Lotniczą Służbą Kobiet (PLSK-WAAF). Sandomierz: Stratus, 2012, s. 114. ISBN 9788361421597
Piotr Sikora: Asy polskiego lotnictwa. Warszawa: Oficyna Wydawnicza Alma-Press. 2014, s. 229–235. ISBN 9788370205607
Józef Zieliński: Asy polskiego lotnictwa. Warszawa: Agencja lotnicza ALTAIR, 1994, s. 34. ISBN 9788311123946
Józef Zieliński: 303 Dywizjon Myśliwski Warszawski im. Tadeusza Kościuszki. Warszawa: Bellona, 2003 ISBN 8311096309 | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"DFC**","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distinguished_Flying_Cross_and_two_Bars_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"fighter ace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fighter_ace"},{"link_name":"Polish Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"}],"text":"Stanisław Brzeski (21 April 1918 – 3 December 1972) DFC** was a Polish fighter ace of the Polish Air Force in World War II with 8 confirmed kills and one shared.","title":"Stanisław Brzeski"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Staszów","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stasz%C3%B3w"},{"link_name":"Nisko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nisko"},{"link_name":"Polish Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sikora_p._229.-1"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Modlin Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modlin_Army"},{"link_name":"Observation balloon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Observation_balloon"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sikora_p._230.-2"},{"link_name":"PZL.23 Karaś","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PZL.23_Kara%C5%9B"},{"link_name":"Lublin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lublin"},{"link_name":"Romania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Yugoslavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yugoslavia"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Zieli%C5%84ski_p._34.-3"},{"link_name":"UK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK"},{"link_name":"No. 307 Polish Night Fighter Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._307_Polish_Night_Fighter_Squadron"},{"link_name":"No. 303 Polish Fighter Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._303_Polish_Fighter_Squadron"},{"link_name":"Hurricane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawker_Hurricane"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sikora_p._231.-4"},{"link_name":"Messerschmitt Bf 109","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messerschmitt_Bf_109"},{"link_name":"Dunkirk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunkirk"},{"link_name":"No. 317 Polish Fighter Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._317_Polish_Fighter_Squadron"},{"link_name":"No. 302 Polish Fighter Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._302_Polish_Fighter_Squadron"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sikora_p._233.-5"},{"link_name":"Abbeville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbeville"},{"link_name":"Stalag Luft III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stalag_Luft_III"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Zieli%C5%84ski_p._52.-6"},{"link_name":"Dereham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dereham"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Krzystek_p._114.-7"}],"text":"Stanisław Brzeski was born in Lipnik near Staszów in 1918. In 1932 he entered the Non-Commissioned Officer's School for minors in Nisko. Then he served in the 77th Infantry Regiment. In 1936 he was transferred to the Polish Air Force. Initially he became a glider pilot, then he was trained as a fighter pilot.[1]At the outbreak of World War II, Brzeski served in the Modlin Army. On 3 September 1939 he destroyed a German Observation balloon.[2] The next day he escorted bombers PZL.23 Karaś, his plane was hit and damaged by flak, Brzeski was forced to land, but the same day he came back to his unit. On 9 September he damaged a plane near Lublin. On the night of 18/19 September, he crossed the border with Romania, then on 19 November he came to France via Yugoslavia.[3] He was assigned to a new unit only on 18 May 1940. Due to the difficult situation in France Brzeski was evacuated to the UK.Initially he was assigned to No. 307 Polish Night Fighter Squadron, but on 14 October he was transferred to No. 303 Polish Fighter Squadron where he began training on Hurricane.[4] On 10 February 1941 he downed a Messerschmitt Bf 109 over Dunkirk. On 25 February he was moved to No. 317 Polish Fighter Squadron. Since 23 April 1943 he served in No. 302 Polish Fighter Squadron and on 28 December he came back to No. 303 squadron.[5]On 21 May 1944, he was hit by flak over Abbeville, Brzeski slightly wounded, managed to land. After four hours he was captured by Germans and sent to Stalag Luft III.[6] In January 1945 he was deported to the West. After the liberation, he returned to England and served in RAF as instructor and flight controller.Stanisław Brzeski died on 3 December 1972 in Norwich and was buried in the cemetery of Dereham.[7]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"He 111 - 9 September 1939 and one probably destroyed[8]\nBf 109E - 10 February 1941\nBf 109 - 18 February 1941[9]\n1/2 Bf 109 - 10 July 1941\n1/2 Ju 88 - 14 July 1941\nBf 109F - 8 November 1941 and one damaged\nJu 88 - 6 December 1941\nFw 190 - 25 April 1942\nFw 190 - 26 July 1943 probably destroyed\nHe 111 - 19 August 1942\nFw 190 - 2 May 1943\nFw 190 - 24 June 1943[10]\n1/2 Fw 190 - 4 September 1943[11]\nFw- 190 - 23 September 1943 probably destroyed","title":"Aerial victory credits"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:POL_Virtuti_Militari_Srebrny_BAR.svg"},{"link_name":"Virtuti Militari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtuti_Militari"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:POL_Krzy%C5%BC_Walecznych_(1940)_4r_BAR.PNG"},{"link_name":"Cross of Valour (Poland)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross_of_Valour_(Poland)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DistinguishedFlyingCrossUKRibbon.jpg"},{"link_name":"Distinguished Flying Cross (United Kingdom)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distinguished_Flying_Cross_(United_Kingdom)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dso-ribbon.png"},{"link_name":"Distinguished Service Order (United Kingdom)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distinguished_Service_Order_(United_Kingdom)"}],"text":"Virtuti Militari, Silver Cross \n Cross of Valour (Poland), four times\n Distinguished Flying Cross (United Kingdom), with two bars,\n Distinguished Service Order (United Kingdom)","title":"Awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Stanisław Brzeski\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.polishairforce.pl/brzeski.html"},{"link_name":"\"Ciel de Gloire\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//cieldegloire.com/005_brzeski.php"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9788361421597","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788361421597"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9788370205607","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788370205607"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9788311123946","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788311123946"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"8311096309","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/8311096309"}],"text":"Wojciech Zmyślony. \"Stanisław Brzeski\" (in Polish). p. 1. Retrieved 6 October 2014.\n\"Ciel de Gloire\" (in French). Retrieved 6 October 2014.\nTadeusz Jerzy Krzystek, Anna Krzystek: Polskie Siły Powietrzne w Wielkiej Brytanii w latach 1940-1947 łącznie z Pomocniczą Lotniczą Służbą Kobiet (PLSK-WAAF). Sandomierz: Stratus, 2012, s. 114. ISBN 9788361421597\nPiotr Sikora: Asy polskiego lotnictwa. Warszawa: Oficyna Wydawnicza Alma-Press. 2014, s. 229–235. ISBN 9788370205607\nJózef Zieliński: Asy polskiego lotnictwa. Warszawa: Agencja lotnicza ALTAIR, 1994, s. 34. ISBN 9788311123946\nJózef Zieliński: 303 Dywizjon Myśliwski Warszawski im. Tadeusza Kościuszki. Warszawa: Bellona, 2003 ISBN 8311096309","title":"Further reading"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Wojciech Zmyślony. \"Stanisław Brzeski\" (in Polish). p. 1. Retrieved 6 October 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.polishairforce.pl/brzeski.html","url_text":"\"Stanisław Brzeski\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ciel de Gloire\" (in French). Retrieved 6 October 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://cieldegloire.com/005_brzeski.php","url_text":"\"Ciel de Gloire\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.polishairforce.pl/brzeski.html","external_links_name":"\"Stanisław Brzeski\""},{"Link":"http://cieldegloire.com/005_brzeski.php","external_links_name":"\"Ciel de Gloire\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Westport | USS Westport | [] | USS Westport has been the name of more than one United States Navy ship, and may refer to:
USS Westport (ID-2362), a hospital and ambulance boat commissioned in 1918, renamed USS Adrian five days after her acquisition
USS Westport (ID-3548), a cargo ship in commission from 1918 to 1919
List of ships with the same or similar names
This article includes a list of ships with the same or similar names. If an internal link for a specific ship led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended ship article, if one exists. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"USS Westport (ID-2362)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Adrian"},{"link_name":"USS Westport (ID-3548)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Westport_(ID-3548)"},{"link_name":"list of ships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Ships/Guidelines#Index_pages"},{"link_name":"internal link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Whatlinkshere/USS_Westport&namespace=0"}],"text":"USS Westport (ID-2362), a hospital and ambulance boat commissioned in 1918, renamed USS Adrian five days after her acquisition\nUSS Westport (ID-3548), a cargo ship in commission from 1918 to 1919List of ships with the same or similar names\nThis article includes a list of ships with the same or similar names. If an internal link for a specific ship led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended ship article, if one exists.","title":"USS Westport"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Whatlinkshere/USS_Westport&namespace=0","external_links_name":"internal link"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labeobarbus_reinii | Giant Atlas barbel | ["1 References"] | Species of fish
Giant Atlas barbel
Conservation status
Extinct (IUCN 3.1)
Scientific classification
Domain:
Eukaryota
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Chordata
Class:
Actinopterygii
Order:
Cypriniformes
Family:
Cyprinidae
Subfamily:
Cyprininae
Genus:
Labeobarbus
Species:
†L. reinii
Binomial name
†Labeobarbus reinii(Günther, 1874)
Synonyms
Barbus reinii Günther, 1874
Tor reinii (Günther, 1874)
The giant Atlas barbel (Labeobarbus reinii) was a ray-finned fish species in the family Cyprinidae. It is now thought to be extinct.
It does seem to be fairly close to the core group around the typical barbels (Barbus, Luciobarbus and Messinobarbus). But it is closer still to Carasobarbus and the yellowfish (Labeobarbus), and either is a lineage of the former, or part of a distinct genus, or included in the latter (maybe together with the former). Initially classified in the genus Barbus, it was transferred to the genus Labeobarbus in 2010. The specific name honours the geographer, author and traveler Johannes Justus Rein (1835-1918), who, with Karl von Fritsch, collected the type from the Tensift River in Morocco.
It was endemic to Morocco, where its natural habitats were the Kasab and Tensift Rivers. The species was once plentiful, water pollution (particularly with domestic waste) and unsustainable water extraction (particularly for irrigation agriculture) have caused it to suffer declines, and was last seen in 2001. It was reclassified as extinct by the IUCN in 2022.
References
^ a b c Freyhof, J. & Ford, M. (2022). "Labeobarbus reinii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2022: e.T60765A137272327. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2022-1.RLTS.T60765A137272327.en. Retrieved 23 July 2022.
^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2022). "Labeobarbus reinii" in FishBase. February 2022 version.
^ Martin de Graaf; Hendrik-Jan Megens; Johannis Samalo; A. Ferdinand Sibbing (2007). "Evolutionary origin of Lake Tana's (Ethiopia) small Barbus species: indications of rapid ecological divergence and speciation". Anim. Biol. 57 (1): 39–58. doi:10.1163/157075607780002069.
^ a b Tsigenopoulos, Costas S.; Kasapidis, Panagiotis; Berrebi, Patrick (August 2010). "Phylogenetic relationships of hexaploid large-sized barbs (genus Labeobarbus, Cyprinidae) based on mtDNA data". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 56 (2): 851–856. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2010.02.006. ISSN 1095-9513. PMID 20152918.
^ Christopher Scharpf & Kenneth J. Lazara, eds. (7 May 2022). "Order Cypriniformes (: Family CYPRINIDAE: Subfamilies Probarbinae and Torinae". The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database. Christopher Scharpf and Kenneth J. Lazara. Retrieved 23 July 2022.
^ Eschmeyer, William N.; Fricke, Ron & van der Laan, Richard (eds.). "Species in the genus Labeobarbus". Catalog of Fishes. California Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 23 July 2022.
Taxon identifiersLabeobarbus reinii
Wikidata: Q28532205
ADW: Labeobarbus_reinii
CoL: 3RJ72
EoL: 52569359
FishBase: 11462
GBIF: 5206791
iNaturalist: 613119
IRMNG: 10149592
IUCN: 60765
Open Tree of Life: 392003
WoRMS: 1020431
Barbus reinii
Wikidata: Q1304419
CoL: KNT2
EoL: 221515
GBIF: 5206790
IRMNG: 11306928
ITIS: 688719
NCBI: 116041
Open Tree of Life: 392003
WoRMS: 1389006
This Labeobarbus-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ray-finned fish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray-finned_fish"},{"link_name":"species","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species"},{"link_name":"family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_(biology)"},{"link_name":"Cyprinidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyprinidae"},{"link_name":"extinct","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extinction"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iucn-1"},{"link_name":"barbels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbel_(fish)"},{"link_name":"Luciobarbus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luciobarbus"},{"link_name":"Messinobarbus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messinobarbus"},{"link_name":"Carasobarbus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carasobarbus"},{"link_name":"yellowfish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellowfish"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-de_Graaf-3"},{"link_name":"Labeobarbus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labeobarbus"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tsigenopoulos-4"},{"link_name":"geographer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographer"},{"link_name":"Johannes Justus Rein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Justus_Rein"},{"link_name":"Karl von Fritsch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_von_Fritsch"},{"link_name":"type","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_(biology)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ETYFish-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CofF-6"},{"link_name":"endemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endemism"},{"link_name":"Morocco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morocco"},{"link_name":"habitats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habitat"},{"link_name":"Kasab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oued_Ksob"},{"link_name":"Tensift Rivers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tensift_River"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tsigenopoulos-4"},{"link_name":"water pollution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_pollution"},{"link_name":"domestic waste","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domestic_waste"},{"link_name":"irrigation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irrigation"},{"link_name":"agriculture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iucn-1"}],"text":"The giant Atlas barbel (Labeobarbus reinii) was a ray-finned fish species in the family Cyprinidae. It is now thought to be extinct.[1]It does seem to be fairly close to the core group around the typical barbels (Barbus, Luciobarbus and Messinobarbus). But it is closer still to Carasobarbus and the yellowfish (Labeobarbus), and either is a lineage of the former, or part of a distinct genus, or included in the latter (maybe together with the former).[3] Initially classified in the genus Barbus, it was transferred to the genus Labeobarbus in 2010.[4] The specific name honours the geographer, author and traveler Johannes Justus Rein (1835-1918), who, with Karl von Fritsch, collected the type[5] from the Tensift River in Morocco.[6]It was endemic to Morocco, where its natural habitats were the Kasab and Tensift Rivers.[4] The species was once plentiful, water pollution (particularly with domestic waste) and unsustainable water extraction (particularly for irrigation agriculture) have caused it to suffer declines, and was last seen in 2001. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_George_Kendall | Maurice Kendall | ["1 Education and early life","2 Work in statistics","3 War-time efforts","4 London School of Economics","5 CEIR and WFS","6 Honours","7 Notes","8 Family","9 References"] | British statistician
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Not to be confused with David George Kendall, also a 20th-century British statistician.
Sir Maurice George Kendall
Sir Maurice George Kendall, FBA (6 September 1907 – 29 March 1983) was a prominent British statistician. The Kendall tau rank correlation is named after him.
Education and early life
Maurice Kendall was born in Kettering, Northamptonshire as the only child of engineering worker John Roughton Kendall and Georgina, née Brewer. His paternal grandfather was a publican, running The Woolpack at Kettering.
As a child, he survived cerebral meningitis, which was frequently fatal at that time. After growing up in Derby, England, he studied mathematics at St John's College, Cambridge, where he played cricket and chess (with future champions Conel Hugh O'Donel Alexander and Jacob Bronowski). After graduation as a Mathematics Wrangler in 1929, he joined the British Civil Service in the Ministry of Agriculture. In this position he became increasingly interested in using statistics towards agricultural questions, and one of his first published papers to the Royal Statistical Society involved studying crop productivity using factor analysis. He was elected a Fellow of the Society in 1934.
Work in statistics
In 1938 and 1939 he began work, along with Bernard Babington-Smith known as BBS, on the question of random number generation, developing both one of the first early mechanical devices to produce random digits, and formulated a series of tests for statistical randomness in a given set of digits which, with some small modifications, became fairly widely used. He produced one of the second large collections of random digits (100,000 in total, over twice as many as those published by L. H. C. Tippett in 1927), which was a commonly used tract until the publication of RAND Corporation's A Million Random Digits with 100,000 Normal Deviates in 1955 (which was developed with a roulette wheel-like machine very similar to Kendall's and verified as "random" using his statistical tests).
In 1937, he aided the ageing statistician G. Udny Yule in the revision of his standard statistical textbook, Introduction to the Theory of Statistics, commonly known for many years as "Yule and Kendall". The two had met by chance in 1935, and were on close terms until Yule's death in 1951 (Yule was godfather to Kendall's second son).
During this period he also began work on the rank correlation coefficient which currently bears his name (Kendall's tau), which eventually led to a monograph on Rank Correlation in 1948.
In the late 1930s, he was additionally part of a group of five other statisticians who endeavoured to produce a reference work summarising recent developments in statistical theory, but it was cancelled on account of onset of World War II.
War-time efforts
Kendall became Assistant general manager to the British Chamber of Shipping by day and had air-raid warden duties by night. Despite these constraints on his time, he managed to produce volume one of The Advanced Theory of Statistics in 1943 and a second volume in 1946.
During the war he also produced a series of papers extending to work of R.A. Fisher on the theory of k-statistics, and developed a number of extensions to this work through the 1950s. After the war, he worked on the theory and practice of time series analysis, and conclusively demonstrated (with the meager computing resources available at the time) that unsmoothed sample periodograms were unreliable estimators for the population spectrum.
London School of Economics
In 1949 he accepted the second chair of statistics at the London School of Economics, University of London. Here he worked part-time as the director of the new Research Techniques Division. From 1952 to 1957 he edited a two-volume work on Statistical Sources in the United Kingdom, which was a standard reference until the mid-1970s. In the 1950s he also worked on multivariate analysis, and developed the text Multivariate Analysis in 1957. In 1957, he also developed, with W. R. Buckland, a Dictionary of Statistical Terms, aimed at helping making the tools of statistics more available to potential users in industry and government.
In 1953, he published "The Analytics of Economic Time Series, Part 1: Prices" in which he suggested that the movement of shares on the stock market was random (as likely to go up on a certain day as to go down). These results were disturbing to some financial economists and further debate and research then followed. This ultimately led to the creation of the random walk hypothesis, and the closely related efficient-market hypothesis which states that random price movements indicate a well-functioning or efficient market.
CEIR and WFS
In 1961 he left the University of London and took a position as the managing director (later chairman) of a consulting company, CEIR (later known as Scientific Control Systems), and in the same year began a two-year term as president of the Royal Statistical Society. In the 1960s he published and co-edited a number of volumes and monographs in statistical theory.
In 1972, he became director of the World Fertility Survey, a project sponsored by the International Statistical Institute and the United Nations which aimed to study fertility in developed and developing nations. He continued this work until 1980, when illness forced him to retire.
Honours
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He was knighted by the British government in 1974 for his services to the theory of statistics, and received a medal from the United Nations in 1980 in recognition for his work on the World Fertility Survey. He was also elected a fellow of the British Academy and received the highest honour of the Royal Statistical Society, the Guy Medal in Gold.
He additionally had served as president of the Operational Research Society, the Institute of Statisticians, and was elected a fellow of the American Statistical Association, the Institute of Mathematical Statistics, the Econometric Society, and the British Computer Society.
At the time of his death in 1983, he was honorary president of the International Statistical Institute.
Notes
^ "The Oxford Dictionary of National Biography". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/31302. ISBN 978-0-19-861412-8. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
^ "Maurice Kendall - Biography". Retrieved 28 January 2023.
^ O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F., "Maurice George Kendall", MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive, University of St Andrews Retrieved 26 May 2011.
^ Berry, Kenneth J.; Johnston, Janis E.; Paul W Mielke JR (11 April 2014). A Chronicle of Permutation Statistical Methods: 1920–2000, and Beyond. ISBN 9783319027449.
^ Kendall, M.G.; Babington Smith, B. (1938). "Randomness and Random Sampling Numbers". Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. 101 (1). Blackwell Publishing: 147–166. doi:10.2307/2980655. JSTOR 2980655.
^ Kendall, M.G.; Babington Smith, B. (1939). Tables of Random Sampling Numbers. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. OCLC 2835198.
^ Kendall, M. G.; Bradford Hill, A (1953). "The Analysis of Economic Time-Series-Part I: Prices". Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Series A. 116 (1). Blackwell Publishing: 11–34. doi:10.2307/2980947. JSTOR 2980947.
Family
Kendall's first wife, Sheila (née Lester), predeceased him. He was survived by their daughter and two sons, and by his second wife, Ruth (née Whitfield) and their son.
References
Ord, Keith (1984). "In Memoriam: Maurice George Kendall, 1907–1983". The American Statistician. 38 (1): 36–37. doi:10.1080/00031305.1984.10482870. JSTOR 2683557.
Stuart, Alan (1984). "Sir Maurice Kendall, 1907–1983". Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Series A. 147 (1): 120–122. JSTOR 2981762.
Bartholomew, D. J. (1983). "Obituary: Sir Maurice Kendall FBA". Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Series D. 32 (4): 445–446. JSTOR 2987557.
O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F., "Maurice George Kendall", MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive, University of St Andrews
Alan Stuart and Keith Ord, Kendall's Advanced Theory of Statistics Volume 1 – Distribution Theory (Sixth Ed.), 1994.
vteGuy MedallistsGold Medallists
Charles Booth (1892)
Robert Giffen (1894)
Jervoise Athelstane Baines (1900)
Francis Ysidro Edgeworth (1907)
Patrick G. Craigie (1908)
G. Udny Yule (1911)
T. H. C. Stevenson (1920)
A. William Flux (1930)
A. L. Bowley (1935)
Major Greenwood (1945)
R. A. Fisher (1946)
A. Bradford Hill (1953)
E. S. Pearson (1955)
Frank Yates (1960)
Harold Jeffreys (1962)
Jerzy Neyman (1966)
M. G. Kendall (1968)
M. S. Bartlett (1969)
Harald Cramér (1972)
David Cox (1973)
G. A. Barnard (1975)
Roy Allen (1978)
D. G. Kendall (1981)
Henry Daniels (1984)
Bernard Benjamin (1986)
Robin Plackett (1987)
Peter Armitage (1990)
George E. P. Box (1993)
Peter Whittle (1996)
Michael Healy (1999)
Dennis Lindley (2002)
John Nelder (2005)
James Durbin (2008)
C. R. Rao (2011)
John Kingman (2013)
Bradley Efron (2014)
Adrian Smith (2016)
Stephen Buckland (2019)
David Spiegelhalter (2020)
Nancy Reid (2022)
Silver Medallists
John Glover (1893)
Augustus Sauerbeck (1894)
A. L. Bowley (1895)
F. J. Atkinson (1897)
C. S. Loch (1899)
Richard Crawford (1900)
Thomas A. Welton (1901)
R. H. Hooker (1902)
Yves Guyot (1903)
D. A. Thomas (1904)
R. H. Rew (1905)
W. H. Shaw (1906)
N. A. Humphreys (1907)
Edward Brabrook (1909)
G. H. Wood (1910)
R. Dudfield (1913)
S. Rowson (1914)
S. J. Chapman (1915)
J. S. Nicholson (1918)
J. C. Stamp (1919)
A. William Flux (1921)
H. W. Macrosty (1927)
Ethel Newbold (1928)
H. E. Soper (1930)
J. H. Jones (1934)
Ernest Charles Snow (1935)
R. G. Hawtrey (1936)
E. C. Ramsbottom (1938)
L. Isserlis (1939)
H. Leak (1940)
M. G. Kendall (1945)
Harry Campion (1950)
F. A. A. Menzler (1951)
M. S. Bartlett (1952)
J. O. Irwin (1953)
L. H. C. Tippett (1954)
D. G. Kendall (1955)
Henry Daniels (1957)
G. A. Barnard (1958)
E. C. Fieller (1960)
D. R. Cox (1961)
P. V. Sukhatme (1962)
George E. P. Box (1964)
C. R. Rao (1965)
Peter Whittle (1966)
Dennis Lindley (1968)
Robin Plackett (1973)
James Durbin (1976)
John Nelder (1977)
Peter Armitage (1978)
Michael Healy (1979)
M. Stone (1980)
John Kingman (1981)
Henry Wynn (1982)
Julian Besag (1983)
J. C. Gittins (1984)
A. Bissell (1985)
W. Pridmore (1985)
Richard Peto (1986)
John Copas (1987)
John Aitchison (1988)
F. P. Kelly (1989)
David Clayton (1990)
R. L. Smith (1991)
Robert Nicholas Curnow (1992)
A. F. M. Smith (1993)
David Spiegelhalter (1994)
B. W. Silverman (1995)
Steffen Lauritzen (1996)
Peter Diggle (1997)
Harvey Goldstein (1998)
Peter Green (1999)
Walter Gilks (2000)
Philip Dawid (2001)
David Hand (2002)
Kanti Mardia (2003)
Peter Donnelly (2004)
Peter McCullagh (2005)
Michael Titterington (2006)
Howell Tong (2007)
Gareth Roberts (2008)
Sylvia Richardson (2009)
Iain M. Johnstone (2010)
P. G. Hall (2011)
David Firth (2012)
Brian Ripley (2013)
Jianqing Fan (2014)
Anthony Davison (2015)
Nancy Reid (2016)
Neil Shephard (2017)
Peter Bühlmann (2018)
Susan Murphy (2019)
Arnaud Doucet (2020)
Håvard Rue (2021)
Paul Fearnhead (2022)
Bronze Medallists
William Gemmell Cochran (1936)
R. F. George (1938)
W. J. Jennett (1949)
Peter Armitage (1962)
James Durbin (1966)
F. Downton (1967)
Robin Plackett (1968)
M. C. Pike (1969)
P. G. Moore (1970)
D. J. Bartholomew (1971)
G. N. Wilkinson (1974)
A. F. Bissell (1975)
P. L. Goldsmith (1976)
A. F. M. Smith (1977)
Philip Dawid (1978)
T. M. F. Smith (1979)
A. J. Fox (1980)
S. J. Pocock (1982)
Peter McCullagh (1983)
Bernard Silverman (1984)
David Spiegelhalter (1985)
D. F. Hendry (1986)
Peter Green (1987)
S. C. Darby (1988)
S. M. Gore (1989)
Valerie Isham (1990)
M. G. Kenward (1991)
C. Jennison (1992)
Jonathan Tawn (1993)
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Iain M. Johnstone (1995)
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D. Firth (1998)
P. W. F. Smith
J. Forster (1999)
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Ming Yuan (2014)
Jinchi Lv (2015)
Yingying Fan (2017)
Peng Ding (2018)
Jonas Peters (2019)
Rachel McCrea (2020)
Pierre E. Jacob (2021)
Rajan Shah (2022)
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1843–1845 Lord Ashley
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1861–1863 Sir John Pakington, Bt
1863–1865 William Henry Sykes
1865–1867 The Lord Houghton
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1869–1871 William Newmarch
1871–1873 William Farr
1873–1875 William Guy
1875–1877 James Heywood
1877–1879 George Shaw-Lefevre
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1880–1882 James Caird
1882–1884 Robert Giffen
1884–1886 Rawson W. Rawson
1886–1888 George Goschen
1888–1890 Thomas Graham Balfour
1890–1892 Frederic J. Mouat
1892–1894 Charles Booth
1894–1896 The Lord Farrer
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1897 Alfred Edmund Bateman
1897–1899 Leonard Courtney
1899–1900 Henry Fowler
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1902–1904 Patrick George Craigie
1904–1905 Sir Francis Powell, Bt
1905–1906 The Earl of Onslow
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1910–1912 Lord George Hamilton
1912–1914 Francis Ysidro Edgeworth
1914–1915 The Lord Welby
1915–1916 Lord George Hamilton
1916–1918 Bernard Mallet, Registrar General
1918–1920 Herbert Samuel
1920–1922 R. Henry Rew
1922–1924 The Lord Emmott
1924–1926 Udny Yule
1926–1928 The Viscount D'Abernon
1928–1930 A. William Flux
1930–1932 Sir Josiah Stamp
1932–1934 The Lord Meston
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1936–1938 The Lord Kennet
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1940–1941 Henry William Macrosty
1941 Hector Leak
1941–1943 William Beveridge
1943–1945 Ernest Charles Snow
1945–1947 The Lord Woolton
1947–1949 David Heron
1949–1950 Sir Geoffrey Heyworth
1950–1952 Austin Bradford Hill
1952–1954 Ronald Fisher
1954–1955 The Lord Piercy
1955–1957 Egon Pearson
1957–1959 Harry Campion
1959–1960 Hugh Beaver
1960–1962 Maurice Kendall
1962–1964 Joseph Oscar Irwin
1964–1965 Sir Paul Chambers
1965–1966 L. H. C. Tippett
1966–1967 M. S. Bartlett
1967–1968 Frank Yates
1968–1969 Arthur Cockfield
1969–1970 R. G. D. Allen
1970–1971 Bernard Benjamin
1971–1972 George Alfred Barnard
1972–1973 Harold Wilson
1973–1974 D. J. Finney
1974–1975 Henry Daniels
1975–1977 Stella Cunliffe
1977–1978 Henry Wynn
1978–1980 Sir Claus Moser
1980–1982 David Cox
1982–1984 Peter Armitage
1984–1985 Walter Bodmer
1985–1986 John Nelder
1986–1987 James Durbin
1987–1989 John Kingman
1989–1991 Peter G. Moore
1991–1993 T. M. F. Smith
1993–1995 D. J. Bartholomew
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1997–1999 Robert Nicholas Curnow
1999–2001 Denise Lievesley
21st century
2001–2003 Peter Green
2003–2005 Andy Grieve
2005–2007 Tim Holt
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2010–2010 Bernard Silverman (resigned Feb 2010; replaced pro tem by David Hand)
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IdRef | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"David George Kendall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_George_Kendall"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kendall_Maurice.jpg"},{"link_name":"FBA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Academy"},{"link_name":"Kendall tau rank correlation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kendall%27s_tau"}],"text":"Not to be confused with David George Kendall, also a 20th-century British statistician.Sir Maurice George KendallSir Maurice George Kendall, FBA (6 September 1907 – 29 March 1983) was a prominent British statistician. The Kendall tau rank correlation is named after him.","title":"Maurice Kendall"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kettering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kettering"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"cerebral meningitis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meningitis"},{"link_name":"Derby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derby,_England"},{"link_name":"St John's College, Cambridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_John%27s_College,_Cambridge"},{"link_name":"cricket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cricket"},{"link_name":"chess","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chess"},{"link_name":"Conel Hugh O'Donel Alexander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conel_Hugh_O%27Donel_Alexander"},{"link_name":"Jacob Bronowski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob_Bronowski"},{"link_name":"Wrangler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrangler_(University_of_Cambridge)"},{"link_name":"British Civil Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Civil_Service"},{"link_name":"Ministry of Agriculture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Agriculture"},{"link_name":"Royal Statistical Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Statistical_Society"},{"link_name":"factor analysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Factor_analysis"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Maurice Kendall was born in Kettering, Northamptonshire as the only child of engineering worker John Roughton Kendall and Georgina, née Brewer. His paternal grandfather was a publican, running The Woolpack at Kettering.[1][2]As a child, he survived cerebral meningitis, which was frequently fatal at that time. After growing up in Derby, England, he studied mathematics at St John's College, Cambridge, where he played cricket and chess (with future champions Conel Hugh O'Donel Alexander and Jacob Bronowski). After graduation as a Mathematics Wrangler in 1929, he joined the British Civil Service in the Ministry of Agriculture. In this position he became increasingly interested in using statistics towards agricultural questions, and one of his first published papers to the Royal Statistical Society involved studying crop productivity using factor analysis. He was elected a Fellow of the Society in 1934.[3]","title":"Education and early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bernard Babington-Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Babington_Smith"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"random number generation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Random_number_generation"},{"link_name":"statistical randomness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistical_randomness"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"L. H. C. Tippett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L._H._C._Tippett"},{"link_name":"RAND Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAND_Corporation"},{"link_name":"A Million Random Digits with 100,000 Normal Deviates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Million_Random_Digits_with_100,000_Normal_Deviates"},{"link_name":"roulette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roulette"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"G. Udny Yule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G._Udny_Yule"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"godfather","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godparent"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"rank correlation coefficient","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rank_correlation"},{"link_name":"Kendall's tau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kendall%27s_tau"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"In 1938 and 1939 he began work, along with Bernard Babington-Smith[4] known as BBS, on the question of random number generation, developing both one of the first early mechanical devices to produce random digits, and formulated a series of tests for statistical randomness in a given set of digits which, with some small modifications, became fairly widely used.[5] He produced one of the second large collections of random digits[6] (100,000 in total, over twice as many as those published by L. H. C. Tippett in 1927), which was a commonly used tract until the publication of RAND Corporation's A Million Random Digits with 100,000 Normal Deviates in 1955 (which was developed with a roulette wheel-like machine very similar to Kendall's and verified as \"random\" using his statistical tests).[citation needed]In 1937, he aided the ageing statistician G. Udny Yule in the revision of his standard statistical textbook, Introduction to the Theory of Statistics, commonly[citation needed] known for many years as \"Yule and Kendall\". The two had met by chance in 1935, and were on close terms until Yule's death in 1951 (Yule was godfather to Kendall's second son).[citation needed]During this period he also began work on the rank correlation coefficient which currently bears his name (Kendall's tau), which eventually led to a monograph on Rank Correlation in 1948.[citation needed]In the late 1930s, he was additionally part of a group of five other statisticians who endeavoured to produce a reference work summarising recent developments in statistical theory, but it was cancelled on account of onset of World War II[citation needed].","title":"Work in statistics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"British Chamber of Shipping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Chamber_of_Shipping"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"R.A. Fisher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R.A._Fisher"},{"link_name":"k-statistics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=K-statistics&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"time series analysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_series_analysis"},{"link_name":"computing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computing"},{"link_name":"periodograms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periodogram"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Kendall became Assistant general manager to the British Chamber of Shipping by day and had air-raid warden duties by night. Despite these constraints on his time, he managed to produce volume one of The Advanced Theory of Statistics in 1943 and a second volume in 1946.[citation needed]During the war he also produced a series of papers extending to work of R.A. Fisher on the theory of k-statistics, and developed a number of extensions to this work through the 1950s. After the war, he worked on the theory and practice of time series analysis, and conclusively demonstrated (with the meager computing resources available at the time) that unsmoothed sample periodograms were unreliable estimators for the population spectrum.[citation needed]","title":"War-time efforts"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"London School of Economics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_School_of_Economics"},{"link_name":"University of London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_London"},{"link_name":"multivariate analysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multivariate_analysis"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"random walk hypothesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Random_walk_hypothesis"},{"link_name":"efficient-market hypothesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efficient-market_hypothesis"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"In 1949 he accepted the second chair of statistics at the London School of Economics, University of London. Here he worked part-time as the director of the new Research Techniques Division. From 1952 to 1957 he edited a two-volume work on Statistical Sources in the United Kingdom, which was a standard reference until the mid-1970s. In the 1950s he also worked on multivariate analysis, and developed the text Multivariate Analysis in 1957. In 1957, he also developed, with W. R. Buckland, a Dictionary of Statistical Terms, aimed at helping making the tools of statistics more available to potential users in industry and government.[citation needed]In 1953, he published \"The Analytics of Economic Time Series, Part 1: Prices\"[7] in which he suggested that the movement of shares on the stock market was random (as likely to go up on a certain day as to go down). These results were disturbing to some financial economists and further debate and research then followed. This ultimately led to the creation of the random walk hypothesis, and the closely related efficient-market hypothesis which states that random price movements indicate a well-functioning or efficient market.[citation needed]","title":"London School of Economics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Royal Statistical Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Statistical_Society"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"International Statistical Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Statistical_Institute"},{"link_name":"fertility","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fertility"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"In 1961 he left the University of London and took a position as the managing director (later chairman) of a consulting company, CEIR (later known as Scientific Control Systems), and in the same year began a two-year term as president of the Royal Statistical Society. In the 1960s he published and co-edited a number of volumes and monographs in statistical theory.[citation needed]In 1972, he became director of the World Fertility Survey, a project sponsored by the International Statistical Institute and the United Nations which aimed to study fertility in developed and developing nations. He continued this work until 1980, when illness forced him to retire.[citation needed]","title":"CEIR and WFS"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"British Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Academy"},{"link_name":"Royal Statistical Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Statistical_Society"},{"link_name":"Guy Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guy_Medal"},{"link_name":"Operational Research Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operational_Research_Society"},{"link_name":"Institute of Statisticians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_Statisticians"},{"link_name":"American Statistical Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Statistical_Association"},{"link_name":"Institute of Mathematical Statistics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_Mathematical_Statistics"},{"link_name":"Econometric Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Econometric_Society"},{"link_name":"British Computer Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Computer_Society"}],"text":"He was knighted by the British government in 1974 for his services to the theory of statistics, and received a medal from the United Nations in 1980 in recognition for his work on the World Fertility Survey. He was also elected a fellow of the British Academy and received the highest honour of the Royal Statistical Society, the Guy Medal in Gold.He additionally had served as president of the Operational Research Society, the Institute of Statisticians, and was elected a fellow of the American Statistical Association, the Institute of Mathematical Statistics, the Econometric Society, and the British Computer Society.At the time of his death in 1983, he was honorary president of the International Statistical Institute.","title":"Honours"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"\"The Oxford Dictionary of National Biography\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-31302"},{"link_name":"Oxford Dictionary of National Biography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1093/ref:odnb/31302","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F31302"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-19-861412-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-861412-8"},{"link_name":"UK public library membership","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"\"Maurice Kendall - Biography\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Kendall_Maurice/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"Robertson, Edmund F.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_F._Robertson"},{"link_name":"\"Maurice George Kendall\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Kendall_Maurice.html"},{"link_name":"MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacTutor_History_of_Mathematics_Archive"},{"link_name":"University of St Andrews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_St_Andrews"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"A Chronicle of Permutation Statistical Methods: 1920–2000, and Beyond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=BX3BBAAAQBAJ&q=bernard+babington-smith+statistics&pg=PA112"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9783319027449","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783319027449"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"Journal of the Royal Statistical Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_the_Royal_Statistical_Society"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.2307/2980655","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.2307%2F2980655"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2980655","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/2980655"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2835198","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/2835198"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Series A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_the_Royal_Statistical_Society,_Series_A"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.2307/2980947","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.2307%2F2980947"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2980947","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/2980947"}],"text":"^ \"The Oxford Dictionary of National Biography\". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/31302. ISBN 978-0-19-861412-8. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)\n\n^ \"Maurice Kendall - Biography\". Retrieved 28 January 2023.\n\n^ O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F., \"Maurice George Kendall\", MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive, University of St Andrews Retrieved 26 May 2011.\n\n^ Berry, Kenneth J.; Johnston, Janis E.; Paul W Mielke JR (11 April 2014). A Chronicle of Permutation Statistical Methods: 1920–2000, and Beyond. ISBN 9783319027449.\n\n^ Kendall, M.G.; Babington Smith, B. (1938). \"Randomness and Random Sampling Numbers\". Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. 101 (1). Blackwell Publishing: 147–166. doi:10.2307/2980655. JSTOR 2980655.\n\n^ Kendall, M.G.; Babington Smith, B. (1939). Tables of Random Sampling Numbers. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. OCLC 2835198.\n\n^ Kendall, M. G.; Bradford Hill, A (1953). \"The Analysis of Economic Time-Series-Part I: Prices\". Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Series A. 116 (1). Blackwell Publishing: 11–34. doi:10.2307/2980947. JSTOR 2980947.","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Kendall's first wife, Sheila (née Lester), predeceased him. He was survived by their daughter and two sons, and by his second wife, Ruth (née Whitfield) and their son.","title":"Family"}] | [{"image_text":"Sir Maurice George Kendall","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Kendall_Maurice.jpg/220px-Kendall_Maurice.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"The Oxford Dictionary of National Biography\". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/31302. ISBN 978-0-19-861412-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-31302","url_text":"\"The Oxford Dictionary of National Biography\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography","url_text":"Oxford Dictionary of National Biography"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F31302","url_text":"10.1093/ref:odnb/31302"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-861412-8","url_text":"978-0-19-861412-8"}]},{"reference":"\"Maurice Kendall - Biography\". Retrieved 28 January 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Kendall_Maurice/","url_text":"\"Maurice Kendall - Biography\""}]},{"reference":"O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F., \"Maurice George Kendall\", MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive, University of St Andrews","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_F._Robertson","url_text":"Robertson, Edmund F."},{"url":"https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Kendall_Maurice.html","url_text":"\"Maurice George Kendall\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacTutor_History_of_Mathematics_Archive","url_text":"MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_St_Andrews","url_text":"University of St Andrews"}]},{"reference":"Berry, Kenneth J.; Johnston, Janis E.; Paul W Mielke JR (11 April 2014). A Chronicle of Permutation Statistical Methods: 1920–2000, and Beyond. ISBN 9783319027449.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=BX3BBAAAQBAJ&q=bernard+babington-smith+statistics&pg=PA112","url_text":"A Chronicle of Permutation Statistical Methods: 1920–2000, and Beyond"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783319027449","url_text":"9783319027449"}]},{"reference":"Kendall, M.G.; Babington Smith, B. (1938). \"Randomness and Random Sampling Numbers\". Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. 101 (1). Blackwell Publishing: 147–166. doi:10.2307/2980655. JSTOR 2980655.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_the_Royal_Statistical_Society","url_text":"Journal of the Royal Statistical Society"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2980655","url_text":"10.2307/2980655"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/2980655","url_text":"2980655"}]},{"reference":"Kendall, M.G.; Babington Smith, B. (1939). Tables of Random Sampling Numbers. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. OCLC 2835198.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/2835198","url_text":"2835198"}]},{"reference":"Kendall, M. G.; Bradford Hill, A (1953). \"The Analysis of Economic Time-Series-Part I: Prices\". Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Series A. 116 (1). Blackwell Publishing: 11–34. doi:10.2307/2980947. JSTOR 2980947.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_the_Royal_Statistical_Society,_Series_A","url_text":"Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Series A"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2980947","url_text":"10.2307/2980947"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/2980947","url_text":"2980947"}]},{"reference":"Ord, Keith (1984). \"In Memoriam: Maurice George Kendall, 1907–1983\". The American Statistician. 38 (1): 36–37. doi:10.1080/00031305.1984.10482870. JSTOR 2683557.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_American_Statistician","url_text":"The American Statistician"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00031305.1984.10482870","url_text":"10.1080/00031305.1984.10482870"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/2683557","url_text":"2683557"}]},{"reference":"Stuart, Alan (1984). \"Sir Maurice Kendall, 1907–1983\". Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Series A. 147 (1): 120–122. JSTOR 2981762.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_the_Royal_Statistical_Society,_Series_A","url_text":"Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Series A"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/2981762","url_text":"2981762"}]},{"reference":"Bartholomew, D. J. (1983). \"Obituary: Sir Maurice Kendall FBA\". Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Series D. 32 (4): 445–446. JSTOR 2987557.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_the_Royal_Statistical_Society,_Series_D","url_text":"Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Series D"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/2987557","url_text":"2987557"}]},{"reference":"O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F., \"Maurice George Kendall\", MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive, University of St Andrews","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_F._Robertson","url_text":"Robertson, Edmund F."},{"url":"https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Kendall_Maurice.html","url_text":"\"Maurice George Kendall\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacTutor_History_of_Mathematics_Archive","url_text":"MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_St_Andrews","url_text":"University of St Andrews"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Maurice+Kendall%22","external_links_name":"\"Maurice Kendall\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Maurice+Kendall%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Maurice+Kendall%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Maurice+Kendall%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Maurice+Kendall%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Maurice+Kendall%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Maurice+Kendall%22","external_links_name":"\"Maurice Kendall\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Maurice+Kendall%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Maurice+Kendall%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Maurice+Kendall%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Maurice+Kendall%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Maurice+Kendall%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-31302","external_links_name":"\"The Oxford Dictionary of National Biography\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F31302","external_links_name":"10.1093/ref:odnb/31302"},{"Link":"https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public","external_links_name":"UK public library membership"},{"Link":"https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Kendall_Maurice/","external_links_name":"\"Maurice Kendall - 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_Guerrilla_Force | Mobile Guerrilla Force | ["1 Purpose","2 Operations","3 Advantages","4 Organization","5 References","6 Bibliography"] | Mobile guerrilla forces were guerrilla warfare elements in the Vietnam War in 1966 and 1967. United States Army Special Forces trained and led the units, created in the fall of 1966, during refinement and amplification of the mobile strike concept.
Purpose
See also: Operation Momentum
These guerrilla units were organized, trained, and equipped to operate in remote areas previously considered to be Viet Cong or North Vietnamese Army havens. Usually almost no reconnaissance or clearing operations had been carried out in such territory. Instituted as economy of force units, the troops of the mobile guerrilla forces would infiltrate an area to interdict enemy routes, conduct surveillance, seek out enemy forces and installations, and collect intelligence along their axis of advance. Viet Cong base camps were found, watched, and raided if possible, or were harassed if the enemy was too well defended and organized. Lines of communication were cut by means of raids and ambushes, and were planted with mines and booby traps. Storage areas for supplies were found and eliminated, and air strikes were directed and the results assessed.
Operations
A mobile guerrilla force unit was inserted into its assigned tactical area of operations by the most unobtrusive means available. Once in the area of operations, the unit became a true guerrilla force in every respect except that of living solely off the land. Selected items of resupply were delivered by air. The guerrilla force operated from mobile bases, and the troops were capable of remaining and operating in a particular area for thirty to sixty days. The guerrilla force required complete freedom of action within a specified area of operations in order to achieve success. For this reason, once an area was designated for the conduct of an operation, the mobile guerrilla force "owned" that area—including control of air support.
Advantages
The guerrilla forces had essentially the same desirable characteristics as the mobile strike forces with the following exceptions: the mobile guerrilla force troops were highly responsive to the needs of the Special Forces companies in each of the four corps tactical zones in that operational control rested with the Special Forces company commander for the mobile guerrilla force located in his corps tactical zone; each mobile guerrilla force unit was wholly commanded and controlled by a Special Forces A detachment (the mobile strike forces went under joint U.S.-Vietnamese Special Forces command in December 1966); and each mobile guerrilla force unit was trained to operate as an independent unit with no reinforcement or mutual support.
Organization
The basic organization of the mobile guerrilla forces was the same as that of the mobile strike forces, with a 34-man combat reconnaissance platoon added as an organic unit. The mobile guerrilla force unit was organized without a weapons platoon, but an M60 machine gun squad was included in the company headquarters. The combat reconnaissance platoon could be employed in advance of the mobile guerrilla force to provide reconnaissance, establish an initial resupply point, and gather intelligence. The combat reconnaissance platoon secured the patrol base and received the first resupply pending the arrival of the rest of the force. To avoid disclosing their position, mobile guerrilla force troops on many occasions were resupplied entirely through the use of modified, 500-pound napalm containers of prepackaged, code-identified bundles delivered by A1E-type aircraft in what seemed to be a normal air strike.
References
Bibliography
Guerrilla Force, James C. Donahue
Blackjack-33, James C. Donahue
Blackjack-34, James C. Donahue
This article incorporates public domain material from U.S. Army Special Forces 1961–1971 (PDF). United States Army Center of Military History. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vietnam War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam_War"},{"link_name":"United States Army Special Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army_Special_Forces"},{"link_name":"mobile strike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIKE_Force"}],"text":"Mobile guerrilla forces were guerrilla warfare elements in the Vietnam War in 1966 and 1967. United States Army Special Forces trained and led the units, created in the fall of 1966, during refinement and amplification of the mobile strike concept.","title":"Mobile Guerrilla Force"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Operation Momentum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Momentum"},{"link_name":"guerrilla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerrilla_warfare"},{"link_name":"Viet Cong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viet_Cong"},{"link_name":"North Vietnamese Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Vietnamese_Army"},{"link_name":"reconnaissance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reconnaissance"},{"link_name":"mines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_mine"},{"link_name":"booby traps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Booby_traps"}],"text":"See also: Operation MomentumThese guerrilla units were organized, trained, and equipped to operate in remote areas previously considered to be Viet Cong or North Vietnamese Army havens. Usually almost no reconnaissance or clearing operations had been carried out in such territory. Instituted as economy of force units, the troops of the mobile guerrilla forces would infiltrate an area to interdict enemy routes, conduct surveillance, seek out enemy forces and installations, and collect intelligence along their axis of advance. Viet Cong base camps were found, watched, and raided if possible, or were harassed if the enemy was too well defended and organized. Lines of communication were cut by means of raids and ambushes, and were planted with mines and booby traps. Storage areas for supplies were found and eliminated, and air strikes were directed and the results assessed.","title":"Purpose"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"A mobile guerrilla force unit was inserted into its assigned tactical area of operations by the most unobtrusive means available. Once in the area of operations, the unit became a true guerrilla force in every respect except that of living solely off the land. Selected items of resupply were delivered by air. The guerrilla force operated from mobile bases, and the troops were capable of remaining and operating in a particular area for thirty to sixty days. The guerrilla force required complete freedom of action within a specified area of operations in order to achieve success. For this reason, once an area was designated for the conduct of an operation, the mobile guerrilla force \"owned\" that area—including control of air support.","title":"Operations"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The guerrilla forces had essentially the same desirable characteristics as the mobile strike forces with the following exceptions: the mobile guerrilla force troops were highly responsive to the needs of the Special Forces companies in each of the four corps tactical zones in that operational control rested with the Special Forces company commander for the mobile guerrilla force located in his corps tactical zone; each mobile guerrilla force unit was wholly commanded and controlled by a Special Forces A detachment (the mobile strike forces went under joint U.S.-Vietnamese Special Forces command in December 1966); and each mobile guerrilla force unit was trained to operate as an independent unit with no reinforcement or mutual support.","title":"Advantages"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"mobile strike forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIKE_Force"},{"link_name":"platoon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platoon"},{"link_name":"weapons platoon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Weapons_platoon&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"M60","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M60_machine_gun"},{"link_name":"machine gun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine_gun"},{"link_name":"company headquarters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Company_headquarters"},{"link_name":"napalm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napalm"},{"link_name":"A1E","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_A-1_Skyraider"},{"link_name":"air strike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_strike"}],"text":"The basic organization of the mobile guerrilla forces was the same as that of the mobile strike forces, with a 34-man combat reconnaissance platoon added as an organic unit. The mobile guerrilla force unit was organized without a weapons platoon, but an M60 machine gun squad was included in the company headquarters. The combat reconnaissance platoon could be employed in advance of the mobile guerrilla force to provide reconnaissance, establish an initial resupply point, and gather intelligence. The combat reconnaissance platoon secured the patrol base and received the first resupply pending the arrival of the rest of the force. To avoid disclosing their position, mobile guerrilla force troops on many occasions were resupplied entirely through the use of modified, 500-pound napalm containers of prepackaged, code-identified bundles delivered by A1E-type aircraft in what seemed to be a normal air strike.","title":"Organization"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"public domain material","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//history.army.mil/sec-priv.htm"},{"link_name":"U.S. Army Special Forces 1961–1971","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.history.army.mil/html/books/090/90-23-1/CMH_Pub_90-23-1.pdf"},{"link_name":"United States Army Center of Military History","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army_Center_of_Military_History"}],"text":"Guerrilla Force, James C. Donahue\nBlackjack-33, James C. Donahue\nBlackjack-34, James C. DonahueThis article incorporates public domain material from U.S. Army Special Forces 1961–1971 (PDF). United States Army Center of Military History.","title":"Bibliography"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://history.army.mil/sec-priv.htm","external_links_name":"public domain material"},{"Link":"http://www.history.army.mil/html/books/090/90-23-1/CMH_Pub_90-23-1.pdf","external_links_name":"U.S. Army Special Forces 1961–1971"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AirGotland | AirGotland | ["1 History","2 Destinations","3 Fleet","4 References","5 External links"] | Air Gotland Express AB(Virtual airline)Founded2020; 4 years ago (2020)Commenced operations13 August 2020; 3 years ago (2020-08-13)HubsVisbyFocus citiesStockholm BrommaFleet size1Destinations2HeadquartersVisbyKey peopleTiina Mykkänen (CEO)
Michael Juniwik (Chairman)Websitehttps://www.airgotland.se/
AirGotland is the trading name of the Swedish Virtual airline Air Gotland Express AB.
History
AirGotland was first founded by a local initiative on the Swedish island of Gotland, under the working title Nya Gotlandsflyget (The new Gotland airplane). And on 28 May 2020, they announced the new name AirGotland, after a name contest. On 17 July 2020, AirGotland announced their new commercial partner Polish airline SprintAir. The Polish airline will operate a Saab 340 on behalf of AirGotland on their routes. The airline's first route will be Visby - Stockholm Bromma, and plans to start flying during August 2020.
The airline commenced operations 13 August 2020, with one to three daily flights between Visby and Stockholm Bromma.
Destinations
This is a list of destinations operated by AirGotland:
Country
City
Airport
Notes
Refs
Sweden
Stockholm
Stockholm Bromma Airport
Visby
Visby Airport
Base
Fleet
As of August 2020, the AirGotland fleet consists of the following aircraft:
Aircraft
In Service
Orders
Passengers
Notes
Saab 340
1
—
33
Operated by SprintAir
Total
1
—
References
^ "Det nya Gotlandsflyget presenterar sin VD" (in Swedish). mynewsdesk.com. 2020-05-12. Retrieved 2020-07-17.
^ "Namntävlingen är avgjord" (in Swedish). mynewsdesk.com. 2020-05-28. Retrieved 2020-07-17.
^ "AirGotland är redo att lyfta!" (in Swedish). mynewsdesk.com. 2020-07-17. Retrieved 2020-07-17.
^ AirGotland booking page
External links
Official website
Portals: Sweden Companies Aviation
vteAirlines of SwedenRegular
Amapola Flyg
Braathens International Airways
Braathens Regional Airways
Jonair
Scandinavian Airlines
SAS Link
Low-cost
Norwegian Air Sweden
Charter
Aerosynchro Aviation
Grafair
Nord-Flyg
TUIfly Nordic
Cargo
Amapola Flyg
West Air Sweden
Other
Avincis Sweden
Defunct
AirGotland
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Blue Scandinavian
BRA Braathens Regional Airlines
Braathens Regional Aviation
Britannia Nordic
City Air Scandinavia
City Airline
Crownair
Direktflyg
Falcon Air
Falconair
Flyglinjen
FlyMe
FlyNordic
FlySmaland
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Golden Air Flyg
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Sunways
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Swe Fly
Swedair
Swedish Intercontinental Airlines
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Time Air Sweden
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Transwede (1985–1998)
Transwede Airways (2005–2010)
Varmlandsflyg
Viking Airlines | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"trading name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_name"},{"link_name":"Swedish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden"},{"link_name":"Virtual airline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_airline_(economics)"},{"link_name":"AB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aktiebolag"}],"text":"AirGotland is the trading name of the Swedish Virtual airline Air Gotland Express AB.","title":"AirGotland"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gotland"},{"link_name":"working title","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Working_title"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"SprintAir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SprintAir"},{"link_name":"Saab 340","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saab_340"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"AirGotland was first founded by a local initiative on the Swedish island of Gotland, under the working title Nya Gotlandsflyget (The new Gotland airplane). And on 28 May 2020, they announced the new name AirGotland, after a name contest.[2] On 17 July 2020, AirGotland announced their new commercial partner Polish airline SprintAir. The Polish airline will operate a Saab 340 on behalf of AirGotland on their routes.[3] The airline's first route will be Visby - Stockholm Bromma, and plans to start flying during August 2020.The airline commenced operations 13 August 2020, with one to three daily flights between Visby and Stockholm Bromma.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"This is a list of destinations operated by AirGotland:[4]","title":"Destinations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"needs update","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items"}],"text":"As of August 2020, the AirGotland fleet consists of the following aircraft:[needs update]","title":"Fleet"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Det nya Gotlandsflyget presenterar sin VD\" (in Swedish). mynewsdesk.com. 2020-05-12. Retrieved 2020-07-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mynewsdesk.com/se/nya-gotlandsflyget/pressreleases/det-nya-gotlandsflyget-presenterar-sin-vd-2998177","url_text":"\"Det nya Gotlandsflyget presenterar sin VD\""}]},{"reference":"\"Namntävlingen är avgjord\" (in Swedish). mynewsdesk.com. 2020-05-28. Retrieved 2020-07-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mynewsdesk.com/se/nya-gotlandsflyget/blog_posts/namntaevlingen-aer-avgjord-92911","url_text":"\"Namntävlingen är avgjord\""}]},{"reference":"\"AirGotland är redo att lyfta!\" (in Swedish). mynewsdesk.com. 2020-07-17. Retrieved 2020-07-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mynewsdesk.com/se/nya-gotlandsflyget/pressreleases/airgotland-aer-redo-att-lyfta-3022154","url_text":"\"AirGotland är redo att lyfta!\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.airgotland.se/","external_links_name":"https://www.airgotland.se/"},{"Link":"https://www.mynewsdesk.com/se/nya-gotlandsflyget/pressreleases/det-nya-gotlandsflyget-presenterar-sin-vd-2998177","external_links_name":"\"Det nya Gotlandsflyget presenterar sin VD\""},{"Link":"https://www.mynewsdesk.com/se/nya-gotlandsflyget/blog_posts/namntaevlingen-aer-avgjord-92911","external_links_name":"\"Namntävlingen är avgjord\""},{"Link":"https://www.mynewsdesk.com/se/nya-gotlandsflyget/pressreleases/airgotland-aer-redo-att-lyfta-3022154","external_links_name":"\"AirGotland är redo att lyfta!\""},{"Link":"https://airgotlandexpress.worldticket.net/booking","external_links_name":"AirGotland booking page"},{"Link":"https://www.airgotland.se/","external_links_name":"Official website"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xitucheng_station | Xitucheng station | ["1 History","2 Station layout","3 Exits","4 Station art","5 Gallery","6 References","7 External links"] | Coordinates: 39°58′36″N 116°21′15″E / 39.976549°N 116.354098°E / 39.976549; 116.354098Beijing Subway station
Xitucheng西土城Line 10 platformChangping line platformGeneral informationLocationZhichun Road / Beitucheng West Road (北土城西路) and Xueyuan Road / Xitucheng RoadHaidian District, BeijingChinaOperated byBeijing Mass Transit Railway Operation Corporation LimitedLine(s) Line 10 Changping linePlatforms4 (2 island platforms)Tracks4ConstructionStructure typeUndergroundAccessibleYesHistoryOpenedJuly 19, 2008; 15 years ago (2008-07-19) (Line 10)February 4, 2023; 16 months ago (2023-02-04) (Changping line)Services
Preceding station
Beijing Subway
Following station
Zhichun Luouter loop / anticlockwise
Line 10
Mudanyuaninner loop / clockwise
Xueyuanqiaotowards Changping Xishankou
Changping line
Terminus
LocationXituchengLocation in central Beijing
Xitucheng station (Chinese: 西土城站; pinyin: Xītǔchéng zhàn) is an interchange station on Line 10 and Changping line of the Beijing Subway.
History
From September 19, 2021 to January 8, 2022, the station for Line 10 was renovated in preparation for interchange with the southern extension of the Changping line. Additionally, new stairs and escalators where added and station concourses were expanded. It reopened on January 9, 2022.
The station for Changping line opened on February 4, 2023, and is currently the southern terminus of the line until the opening of Jimenqiao.
Station layout
The station underground island platforms for both Line 10 and Changping line.
Exits
There are 6 exits, lettered A, B, C, D, E and F. Exits B, C and E are accessible via elevators.
Station art
The Changping line station has 3 murals. The station hall has a mural named 'Tucheng Seal', the lintel wall of the escalator from the station hall to the north and south sides of the platform has a mural named 'Treading Flowers and Going Back', and the ceiling of the transfer passage is decorated with a mural named 'Sky Reverie'.
Gallery
Line 10 west concourse
Changping line concourse
References
^ a b "2月4日首班车起昌平线南延一期开通试运营". 2023-02-02.
^ "北京地铁10号线西土城站今日恢复运营，年内有望换乘昌平线南延". sina. 2022-01-09. Retrieved 2022-01-11.
^ "10号线西土城站明起恢复运营". 2022-01-08.
^ "北京轨道交通昌平线南延公共空间艺术品方案（公示稿）" (PDF). 北京市规划和自然资源委员会. 2022-12-06. Retrieved 2023-01-18.
External links
Media related to Xitucheng Station at Wikimedia Commons
vteBeijing Subway stationsLine 10
(← Outer Loop towards Huoqiying)
Bagou Xijiao
Suzhou Jie 16
Haidian Huangzhuang 4
Zhichunli
Zhichun Lu 13
Xitucheng Changping
Mudanyuan 19
Jiandemen
Beitucheng 8
Anzhenmen
Huixin Xijie Nankou 5
Shaoyaoju 13
Taiyanggong 17
Sanyuanqiao Capital Airport
Liangmaqiao
Agricultural Exhibition Center
Tuanjiehu
Hujialou 6
Jintai Xizhao
Guomao 1
Shuangjing 7
Jingsong
Panjiayuan
Shilihe 14 17
Fenzhongsi
Chengshousi
Songjiazhuang 5 Yizhuang
Shiliuzhuang
Dahongmen
Jiaomendong
Jiaomenxi 4
Caoqiao 19 Daxing Airport
Jijiamiao
Capital Univ. of Economics & Business Fangshan
Fengtai railway station 16
Niwa
Xiju 14
Liuliqiao 9
Lianhuaqiao
Gongzhufen 1
Xidiaoyutai
Cishousi 6
Chedaogou
Changchunqiao
Huoqiying
(Inner Loop towards Bagou →)
Changping line
Changping Xishankou
Ming Tombs
Changping
Changping Dongguan
Beishaowa
Nanshao
Shahe Univ. Park
Shahe
Gonghuacheng
Zhuxinzhuang 8
Life Science Park
Xi'erqi 13
Qinghe railway station 13 (Huairou–Miyun)
Zhufangbei
Qinghe Xiaoyingqiao
Xuezhiyuan
Liudaokou 15
Xueyuanqiao
Xitucheng 10
Jimenqiao
Stations that are proposed, under planning or under construction are shown in italics.
39°58′36″N 116°21′15″E / 39.976549°N 116.354098°E / 39.976549; 116.354098
This article related to the Beijing Subway is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_language"},{"link_name":"pinyin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin"},{"link_name":"interchange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interchange_station"},{"link_name":"station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metro_station"},{"link_name":"Line 10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_10_(Beijing_Subway)"},{"link_name":"Changping line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Changping_line"},{"link_name":"Beijing Subway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing_Subway"}],"text":"Beijing Subway stationXitucheng station (Chinese: 西土城站; pinyin: Xītǔchéng zhàn) is an interchange station on Line 10 and Changping line of the Beijing Subway.","title":"Xitucheng station"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Changping line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Changping_line"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Feb2023C-1"},{"link_name":"Jimenqiao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimenqiao_station"}],"text":"From September 19, 2021 to January 8, 2022, the station for Line 10 was renovated in preparation for interchange with the southern extension of the Changping line. Additionally, new stairs and escalators where added and station concourses were expanded.[2] It reopened on January 9, 2022.[3]The station for Changping line opened on February 4, 2023,[1] and is currently the southern terminus of the line until the opening of Jimenqiao.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"island platforms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Island_platforms"}],"text":"The station underground island platforms for both Line 10 and Changping line.","title":"Station layout"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"There are 6 exits, lettered A, B, C, D, E and F. Exits B, C and E are accessible via elevators.","title":"Exits"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"The Changping line station has 3 murals. The station hall has a mural named 'Tucheng Seal', the lintel wall of the escalator from the station hall to the north and south sides of the platform has a mural named 'Treading Flowers and Going Back', and the ceiling of the transfer passage is decorated with a mural named 'Sky Reverie'.[4]","title":"Station art"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:West_concourse_of_L10_Xitucheng_Station_(20230204174600).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Concourse_of_CPL_Xitucheng_Station_(20230204173418).jpg"}],"text":"Line 10 west concourse\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tChangping line concourse","title":"Gallery"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"2月4日首班车起昌平线南延一期开通试运营\". 2023-02-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://bj.bjd.com.cn/5b165687a010550e5ddc0e6a/contentShare/5e719732e4b05e1038541c55/AP63db869ce4b0ed71f928721e.html","url_text":"\"2月4日首班车起昌平线南延一期开通试运营\""}]},{"reference":"\"北京地铁10号线西土城站今日恢复运营，年内有望换乘昌平线南延\". sina. 2022-01-09. Retrieved 2022-01-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.sina.com.cn/o/2022-01-09/doc-ikyakumx9217043.shtml","url_text":"\"北京地铁10号线西土城站今日恢复运营，年内有望换乘昌平线南延\""}]},{"reference":"\"10号线西土城站明起恢复运营\". 2022-01-08.","urls":[{"url":"http://bj.news.cn/2022-01/08/c_1128244345.htm","url_text":"\"10号线西土城站明起恢复运营\""}]},{"reference":"\"北京轨道交通昌平线南延公共空间艺术品方案（公示稿）\" (PDF). 北京市规划和自然资源委员会. 2022-12-06. Retrieved 2023-01-18.","urls":[{"url":"http://yewu.ghzrzyw.beijing.gov.cn/zkdncmsUploadFile/gwzykfile/ueditor/20221206/1599942717968764930.pdf","url_text":"\"北京轨道交通昌平线南延公共空间艺术品方案（公示稿）\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Xitucheng_station¶ms=39.976549_N_116.354098_E_type:railwaystation_region:CN-11_source:Gaode","external_links_name":"39°58′36″N 116°21′15″E / 39.976549°N 116.354098°E / 39.976549; 116.354098"},{"Link":"https://bj.bjd.com.cn/5b165687a010550e5ddc0e6a/contentShare/5e719732e4b05e1038541c55/AP63db869ce4b0ed71f928721e.html","external_links_name":"\"2月4日首班车起昌平线南延一期开通试运营\""},{"Link":"https://news.sina.com.cn/o/2022-01-09/doc-ikyakumx9217043.shtml","external_links_name":"\"北京地铁10号线西土城站今日恢复运营，年内有望换乘昌平线南延\""},{"Link":"http://bj.news.cn/2022-01/08/c_1128244345.htm","external_links_name":"\"10号线西土城站明起恢复运营\""},{"Link":"http://yewu.ghzrzyw.beijing.gov.cn/zkdncmsUploadFile/gwzykfile/ueditor/20221206/1599942717968764930.pdf","external_links_name":"\"北京轨道交通昌平线南延公共空间艺术品方案（公示稿）\""},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Xitucheng_station¶ms=39.976549_N_116.354098_E_type:railwaystation_region:CN-11_source:Gaode","external_links_name":"39°58′36″N 116°21′15″E / 39.976549°N 116.354098°E / 39.976549; 116.354098"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Xitucheng_station&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Of_Monsters_And_Men | Of Monsters and Men | ["1 History","1.1 2009–2010: Formation and early work","1.2 2011–2013: My Head Is an Animal","1.3 2014–2018: Beneath the Skin","1.4 2019–present: Fever Dream and Tíu","2 Band members","3 Discography","3.1 Studio albums","3.2 EPs","3.3 Live albums","3.4 Singles","3.5 Other charting songs","3.6 Other appearances","3.7 Table notes","3.8 Music videos","4 Accolades","5 References","6 External links"] | "OMAM" redirects here. For the military airport in the United Arab Emirates with ICAO code OMAM, see Al Dhafra Air Base.
Icelandic folk rock band
Not to be confused with Of Mice & Men.
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Of Monsters and Men" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (November 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Of Monsters and MenOf Monsters and Men performing in 2012Background informationOriginGarðabær, IcelandGenres
Indie folk
chamber pop
folk pop
folk rock
indie rock
Years active2010–presentLabels
Record
Republic
Members
Nanna Bryndís Hilmarsdóttir
Ragnar Þórhallsson
Brynjar Leifsson
Kristján Páll Kristjánsson
Arnar Rósenkranz Hilmarsson
Past members
Árni Guðjónsson
Websiteofmonstersandmen.com
Of Monsters and Men is an Icelandic indie folk/rock band formed in Garðabær in 2010. It consists of lead singer and guitarist Nanna Bryndís Hilmarsdóttir, singer and guitarist Ragnar "Raggi" Þórhallsson, lead guitarist Brynjar Leifsson, drummer Arnar Rósenkranz Hilmarsson, and bassist Kristján Páll Kristjánsson. The band won the Músíktilraunir in 2010, an annual Battle of the Bands in Iceland. In 2011, Of Monsters and Men released an EP titled Into the Woods. Their 2011 debut album, My Head Is an Animal, reached the No.1 position in Australia, Iceland, and Ireland, as well as on the US Rock and Alternative charts, while peaking at No. 6 on the US Billboard 200 album chart, No. 3 in the UK, and top 20 of most European and Canadian charts. Its lead single, "Little Talks", was an international success, reaching the top 10 in most music charts in Europe, including No. 1 in Ireland and Iceland, and No. 1 on US Alternative Songs.
Of Monsters and Men won the 2013 European Border Breakers Awards.
History
2009–2010: Formation and early work
The band was formed in 2009, when Nanna Bryndís Hilmarsdóttir decided to add additional members to her solo project, Songbird. Of Monsters and Men entered 2010's Músíktilraunir, an annual music competition held in Iceland, as a quartet, with Nanna (lead vocals, acoustic guitar), Brynjar (electric guitar), Raggi (backing vocals, melodica, glockenspiel), and Arnar (backing vocals, melodica, glockenspiel, tambourine). Raggi came up with the band name.
Following Músiktilraunir, the quartet added two more members, Árni (accordion/keys, backing vocals) and Kristján (bass, backing vocals), and continued to tour in Iceland and work on new songs. They were invited to perform at the 2010 Iceland Airwaves festival, and it was there that the Seattle-based radio station KEXP recorded them performing "Little Talks", from a living-room session.
2011–2013: My Head Is an Animal
Main article: My Head Is an Animal
Of Monsters and Men performing in October 2011
Of Monsters and Men signed with Record Records in February 2011, for the release of their debut album in Iceland. In March, they went to Studio Sýrland in Reykjavík to record and produce it. In August, Philadelphia's Radio 104.5 began playing "Little Talks" and propelled the band to nationwide popularity. The album, My Head Is an Animal, was released in Iceland in September 2011 with both it and "Little Talks" hitting No. 1.
With success in Iceland and growing popularity in the United States, the band signed with Universal for a worldwide release of the record.
Of Monsters and Men issued the EP Into the Woods on 20 December 2011, which featured four songs from their debut album, and later put out My Head Is an Animal in the US, on 3 April 2012.
The band performed at the Newport Folk Festival on Rhode Island on 29 July 2012, at Osheaga in Montreal on 3 August 2012, and at Lollapalooza in Chicago on 5 August 2012. They also toured several European countries, including Ireland, Germany, Italy, and Sweden. On 5 October 2012, the group appeared on the PBS music show Sound Tracks: Music Without Borders, performing "Mountain Sound". Árni Guðjónsson subsequently left the band.
Trumpeter Ragnhildur Gunnarsdóttir joined Of Monsters and Men on their 2012 tour as a session player.
The group performed "Little Talks" and "Mountain Sound" on Saturday Night Live on 4 May 2013, and they played at the first annual Boston Calling Music Festival, on 26 May 2013.
Their song "Dirty Paws" was featured in a trailer for the 2013 film The Secret Life of Walter Mitty and the iPhone 5 introduction video released in September 2012. They contributed the track "Silhouettes" to The Hunger Games: Catching Fire soundtrack, and their song "Sinking Man" is featured on The Walking Dead: Original Soundtrack – Vol. 1.
2014–2018: Beneath the Skin
Main article: Beneath the Skin (Of Monsters and Men album)
Of Monsters and Men began working on a new album in August 2013. In an interview published on 6 May 2014, Nanna stated that the album was forthcoming, but that the band had not decided on a release date yet. They officially began recording on 3 November 2014. At a listening session in February 2015, the band announced that their yet-to-be-named second album would come out later in the year. They later posted a teaser video on their site for the album's first single, "Crystals". It was released on 16 March 2015, along with the tracklist and other details about the upcoming record, titled Beneath the Skin, set to be released on 8 June. The album and single artwork was created by artist Leif Podhajsky.
In May 2015, the band issued dates for a tour to promote the record. The North American leg of the tour ran from 5 August 2015 to 17 October 2015. The track "Thousand Eyes" was featured in the preseason advertising for Jessica Jones. Of Monsters and Men appeared in a cameo on the episodes "The Door" and "Blood of My Blood" of Game of Thrones, as stage musicians.
On 21 May 2017, the band posted a picture on their Instagram account, with the caption "Album 3. Let's do this!!!" In October 2017, it was announced that they had hit one billion streams on Spotify, becoming the first Icelandic band to do so.
2019–present: Fever Dream and Tíu
Main article: Fever Dream (Of Monsters and Men album)
On 2 May 2019, Of Monsters and Men released "Alligator", the first single from their third album, Fever Dream, which came out on 26 July. On 11 July 2019, they issued the track "Wild Roses". On 26 July 2019, it was followed by "Wars".
On 9 September 2020, the band unveiled a single titled "Visitor", along with a music video. On 8 April 2021, the single "Destroyer" came out.
On 9 June 2022, Of Monsters and Men released the documentary Tíu, accompanied by an EP of the same name, at the 2022 Tribeca Film festival, as a celebration of the ten-year anniversary of My Head Is an Animal.
This was followed by a special live acoustic performance of their new songs "Visitor", "This Happiness", and "Lonely Weather".
Band members
Current members
Nanna Bryndís Hilmarsdóttir – lead vocals, guitars, piano, organ (2010–present)
Ragnar Þórhallsson – co-lead vocals, guitars, melodica, glockenspiel (2010–present)
Brynjar Leifsson – lead guitars, melodica, tambourine, backing vocals (2010–present)
Kristján Páll Kristjánsson – bass guitars, egg shaker, backing vocals (2010–present)
Arnar Rósenkranz Hilmarsson – drums, percussion, melodica, glockenspiel, accordion, keyboard, piano, acoustic guitar, backing vocals (2010–present)
Former members
Árni Guðjónsson – accordion, piano, organ, keyboards, backing vocals (2010–2012)
Touring members
This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (November 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Ragnhildur Gunnarsdóttir – trumpet, accordion, keyboards, piano, floor tom, tambourine, backing vocals (2010–present)
Steingrimur Karl Teague – piano, keyboards, organ, accordion, backing vocals (2012–present)
Bjarni Þór Jensson – guitar, percussion, keyboards (2015–present)
Sigrún Kristbjörg Jónsdóttir – trombone, percussion, accordion (2015–present)
Discography
Studio albums
Title
Details
Peak chart positions
Certifications
ICE
AUS
AUT
BEL
CAN
GER
NZ
SWI
UK
US
My Head Is an Animal
Released: 20 September 2011 (Iceland)3 April 2012 (North America)27 April 2012 (Europe)
Label: Republic
Formats: CD, digital download, vinyl
1
1
17
14
4
4
4
29
3
6
ARIA: 2× Platinum
BPI: Platinum
BVMI: Platinum
MC: 2× Platinum
RIAA: 2× Platinum
RMNZ: Platinum
Beneath the Skin
Released: 8 June 2015 (Iceland)9 June 2015 (Elsewhere)
Label: Republic
Formats: CD, digital download, vinyl
2
4
20
23
1
10
10
6
10
3
BPI: Silver
MC: Gold
Fever Dream
Released: 26 July 2019
Label: Republic
Formats: CD, digital download
1
21
55
81
2
29
—
13
15
9
"—" denotes a recording that did not chart or was not released in that territory.
EPs
Title
Details
Peak chart positions
AUS
US
USAlt.
Into the Woods
Released: 20 December 2011 (United States)
Label: Republic
Formats: CD, digital download, vinyl
66
108
18
Ófreskja
Released: 1 April 2022
Label: UMG
Formats:
–
–
–
Manneskja
Released: 15 April 2022
Label: UMG
Formats:
–
–
–
Tíu
Released: 10 June 2022
Label: Republic
Formats: CD, digital download, vinyl
—
—
—
Live albums
Title
Details
Live from Vatnagarðar
Released: 10 December 2013
Label: Republic
Format: Digital download
My Head Is An Animal (The Cabin Sessions)
Released: 9 December 2022
Label: Republic ?
Format: Digital download
Singles
Title
Year
Peak chart positions
Certifications
Album
ICE
AUS
BEL
CAN
IRE
NZ
SWI
UK
US
USRock
"Little Talks"
2011
1
7
3
55
1
4
24
12
20
3
ARIA: 6× Platinum
BPI: 2× Platinum
IFPI SWI: Gold
MC: 3× Platinum
RIAA: 7× Platinum
RMNZ: 2× Platinum
My Head Is an Animal
"Mountain Sound"
2012
—
29
—
69
28
22
—
66
—
14
ARIA: Platinum
BPI: Silver
MC: Gold
RIAA: Platinum
RMNZ: Gold
"Dirty Paws"
2013
—
—
—
—
—
35
75
—
—
24
ARIA: Platinum
BPI: Silver
MC: Gold
RIAA: Platinum
RMNZ: Gold
"King and Lionheart"
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
28
RIAA: Platinum
"Crystals"
2015
2
94
—
84
—
—
—
—
—
12
Beneath the Skin
"I of the Storm"
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
28
"Empire"
25
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
"Hunger"
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
26
"Wolves Without Teeth"
2016
4
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
"Alligator"
2019
6
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
8
Fever Dream
"Wild Roses"
12
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
38
"Wars"
11
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
34
"Circles"
2020
15
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
Non-album single
"Visitor"
21
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
48
Tíu
"Destroyer"
2021
5
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
"Phantoms"
35
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
My Head Is an Animal
"This Happiness"
2022
16
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
Tíu
"—" denotes singles that were not released or did not chart.
Other charting songs
Title
Year
Peak chart positions
Album
ICE
"Organs"
2015
8
Beneath the Skin
"Soothsayer"
2019
21
Fever Dream
Other appearances
Title
Year
Peak chart positions
Album
CAN
USAlt.Dig.
USRock
"Silhouettes"
2013
—
14
26
The Hunger Games: Catching Fire (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)
"Sinking Man"
—
—
—
The Walking Dead (AMC's Original Soundtrack), Vol. 1
"Thousand Eyes"
2015
—
—
—
Jessica Jones, Beneath the Skin
"—" denotes songs that were not released or did not chart.
Table notes
^ "Mountain Sound" did not enter the Ultratop 50, but peaked at number three on the Flemish Ultratip chart.
^ "Mountain Sound" did not enter the Swiss Singles chart but charted at number 90 on the Swiss Airplay chart.
^ "Mountain Sound" did not enter the Billboard Hot 100, but peaked at number three on the Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles chart.
^ "Dirty Paws" did not enter the UK Singles Chart but peaked at number 86 on the UK Streaming Chart.
^ "King and Lionheart" did not enter the Swiss Singles chart, but charted at number 80 on the Swiss Airplay chart.
^ "Crystals" did not enter the Ultratop 50 but peaked at number 75 on the Flemish Ultratip chart.
^ "Crystals" did not enter the Swiss Singles chart but charted at number 58 on the Swiss Airplay chart.
^ "Empire" did not enter the Hot Rock & Alternative Songs chart but peaked at number 33 on the Rock & Alternative Airplay chart.
^ "Wolves Without Teeth" did not enter the Hot Rock & Alternative Songs chart but peaked at number 49 on the Rock & Alternative Airplay chart.
^ "Alligator" did not enter the Billboard Canadian Hot 100, but peaked at number 50 on the Canadian Digital Song Sales chart.
^ "Destroyer" did not enter the Hot Rock & Alternative Songs chart but peaked at number 24 on the Alternative Digital Song Sales chart.
^ "Silhouettes" did not enter the Billboard Canadian Hot 100 but peaked at number 61 on the Canadian Digital Song Sales chart.
Music videos
Title
Year
Director
Ref.
"Little Talks"
2012
WeWereMonkeys
"Mountain Sound"
Unknown
"King and Lionheart"
2013
WeWereMonkeys
"Crystals"
2015
Arni and Kinski
"Empire"
Tabitha Denholm
"Wolves Without Teeth"
2016
Magnús Leifsson
"Alligator"
2019
Shih-Ting Hung
"Wild Roses"
Thora Hilmarsdottir
"Wars"
WeWereMonkeys
"Visitor"
2020
Thora Hilmarsdottir
"Phantom"
2021
WeWereMonkeys
"This Happiness"
2022
Arnar Rósenkranz Hilmarsson
Accolades
Year
Organization
Nominated work
Award
Result
2012
MTV Video Music Awards
"Little Talks"
Best Art Direction
Nominated
MTV Europe Music Awards
Of Monsters and Men
Best Push Act
Nominated
2013
ECHO Awards
My Head Is an Animal
Best International Newcomer
Nominated
Best International Rock/Pop Group
Nominated
Juno Awards
"Little Talks"
Video of the Year
Nominated
Billboard Music Awards
My Head Is an Animal
Top Rock Album
Nominated
EBBA Awards
European Border Breakers Award
Won
References
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^ "Of Monsters and Men Radio Biography". iHeart Radio. Archived from the original on 2 June 2017. Retrieved 7 May 2022.
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^ "Republic Records". Republic Records. Archived from the original on 21 December 2012. Retrieved 24 June 2013.
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^ "Of Monsters and Men: Iceland's Folk-Pop Stars". Paste Magazine. September 2011. Archived from the original on 24 September 2011. Retrieved 10 March 2012.
^ "Of Monsters and Men – Little Talks; KEXP". KEXP. 16 October 2010. Archived from the original on 27 April 2012. Retrieved 7 February 2012.
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^ "Best New Releases, April 3rd, Vol. I – Of Monsters and Men, The Lumineers, Max and the Moon, Lux, Black Mountain, Twin Steps | Best new indie rock music songs, albums, bands, artists, and festivals". Indierockcafe.com. Archived from the original on 6 April 2013. Retrieved 24 June 2013.
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^ Balitin, Steve. "Of Monsters and Men Preview Tracks from Long-Awaited Sophomore Album at L.A. Listening Session". billboard.com. Archived from the original on 1 March 2015. Retrieved 27 February 2015.
^ "Of Monsters and Men Release Video for 'Crystals'". Never Enough Notes. Archived from the original on 15 May 2015. Retrieved 12 May 2015.
^ "Beneath The Skin". Recordrecords.com. Retrieved 27 July 2019.
^ "Of Monsters and Men—Crystals". Archived from the original on 15 March 2015. Retrieved 7 May 2022.
^ "Of Monsters and Men 2015 North American Tour Schedule". 28 May 2015. Archived from the original on 28 May 2015. Retrieved 28 May 2015.
^ "Of Monsters and Men Announce North American Headliner Tour Dates; Release 'Hunger' Video". 26 May 2015. Archived from the original on 28 May 2015. Retrieved 28 May 2015.
^ Michael Calia (22 May 2016). "Music on TV: Inside Of Monsters and Men's Cameo on 'Game of Thrones'". Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on 28 June 2016.
^ grapevine.is (5 October 2017). "Of Monsters and Men First Icelandic Band with 1 Billion Spotify Plays – The Reykjavik Grapevine". grapevine.is. Archived from the original on 11 December 2017.
^ "Fever Dream. 26 July. Thank you for your incredible support of "Alligator". Our album will be out this summer, and we're really proud of it! You can pre-order a different version of the vinyl every 16 days, starting today! Link in bio!". Twitter.com. Retrieved 27 July 2019.
^ Of Monsters and Men – Visitor (Official Music Video), 9 September 2020, retrieved 9 December 2021
^ "Of Monsters and Men Unveil New TIU EP & New Track "Lonely Weather" & Premiere TIU Documentary at Tribeca Film Festival". Top40-Charts.com. Retrieved 13 June 2022.
^ Peaks in Iceland:
My Head Is an Animal: "Plötulistinn". Tonlist (in Icelandic). Archived from the original on 27 September 2011. Retrieved 4 April 2022.
Beneath the Skin: "Plötulistinn". Tonlist (in Icelandic). Archived from the original on 30 June 2015. Retrieved 4 April 2022.
Fever Dream: "Tónlistinn – plötur". Plötutíóindi (in Icelandic). Archived from the original on 8 August 2019. Retrieved 4 April 2022.
^ a b "australian-charts.com – Discography Of Monsters and Men". Hung Medien. Archived from the original on 24 September 2013. Retrieved 28 March 2015.
^ "Of Monsters and Men – Austrian Charts". austriancharts.at/ Hung Medien. Archived from the original on 31 May 2013.
^ a b c d "Of Monsters and Men – Belgium (Flanders) Charts". ultratop.be/nl/ Hung Medien. Archived from the original on 19 April 2014.
^ a b c d e f g "Of Monsters and Men Chart History". Billboard.
^ "Discographie Of Monsters and Men". GfK Entertainment. Retrieved 31 July 2019.
^ a b "Of Monsters and Men – New Zealand Charts". charts.nz.
^ a b "Discographie Of Monsters and Men" (select "Charts" tab). swisscharts.com (in German). Hung Medien. Archived from the original on 25 March 2015. Retrieved 15 March 2015.
^ a b "Of Monsters and Men – UK Charts". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 3 August 2019.
^ "ARIA Charts – Accreditations – 2016 Albums" (PDF). Australian Recording Industry Association. Retrieved 28 December 2021.
^ a b c d e "British certifications – Of Monsters and Men". British Phonographic Industry. Retrieved 14 May 2023. Type Of Monsters and Men in the "Search BPI Awards" field and then press Enter.
^ "Bundesverband Musikindustrie: Gold-/Platin-Datenbank". Musikindustrie.de. Archived from the original on 2 December 2013. Retrieved 24 June 2013.
^ "Canadian album certifications – Of Monsters and Men – My Head Is an Animal". Music Canada.
^ "American certifications – Of Monsters and Men". Recording Industry Association of America. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 15 March 2014.
^ "NZ Top 40 Albums Chart – 2 May 2013". Recorded Music NZ. Archived from the original on 2 October 2013. Retrieved 3 May 2013.
^ "Canadian album certifications – Of Monsters and Men – Beneath the Skin". Music Canada.
^ Trendell, Andrew (7 May 2019). "Of Monsters And Men tell us about their "playful and empowering" new album 'Fever Dream'". NME. Retrieved 6 June 2019.
^ "ARIA Report: Issue 1176" (PDF). ARIA. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 September 2012. Retrieved 10 November 2023.
^
"Little Talks": "Netlistinn viku 40, 2011". Tonlist.is. Archived from the original on 15 March 2015. Retrieved 4 April 2022.
"Crystals": "Listi kynntur 2015". RÚV (in Icelandic). Archived from the original on 30 March 2015. Retrieved 29 September 2022.
"Empire": "Listi kynntur 5. september 2015". RÚV (in Icelandic). Archived from the original on 13 September 2015. Retrieved 29 September 2022.
"Wolves Without Teeth": "Vika 12 – 2016". Plötutíðindi (in Icelandic). Archived from the original on 31 March 2016. Retrieved 27 September 2022.
"Alligator": "Vika 20 – 2019". Plötutíðindi (in Icelandic). Archived from the original on 20 May 2019. Retrieved 4 April 2022.
"Circles": "Vika 18 – 2020". Plötutíðindi (in Icelandic). Archived from the original on 11 May 2020. Retrieved 28 September 2022.
"Visitor": "Vika 39 – 18. sept. til 24. sept. 2020". Plötutíðindi (in Icelandic). Archived from the original on 5 October 2020. Retrieved 9 April 2022.
"Wild Roses": "Vika 38 – 2019". Plötutíðindi (in Icelandic). Archived from the original on 23 September 2019. Retrieved 4 April 2022.
"Wars": "Vika 42 – 2019". Plötutíðindi (in Icelandic). Archived from the original on 21 October 2019. Retrieved 4 April 2022.
"Destroyer": "Vinsældalisti Rásar 2 – RÚV". RÚV (in Icelandic). Archived from the original on 10 June 2021. Retrieved 24 July 2023.
"Phantoms": "Vinsældalisti Rásar 2 – RÚV". RÚV (in Icelandic). Archived from the original on 18 December 2021. Retrieved 24 July 2023.
"This Happiness": "Vinsældalisti Rásar 2 – RÚV". RÚV (in Icelandic). Archived from the original on 3 June 2022. Retrieved 24 July 2023.
^ "Of Monsters And Men – Irish Charts". irish-charts.com/ Hung Medien. Archived from the original on 6 October 2014.
^ a b "Of Monsters and Men Chart History: Hot Rock & Alternative Songs". Billboard. Retrieved 8 February 2021.
^ "ARIA Charts – Accreditations – 2015 Singles". 2 December 2015. Archived from the original on 6 November 2015.
^ "The Official Swiss Charts and Music Community: Awards (Of Monsters and Men)". swisscharts.com (in Swiss German). Hung Medien. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 17 March 2015.
^ "Canadian digital download certifications – Of Monsters and Men – Little Talks". Music Canada.
^ "Gold & Platinum". Riaa.com. Retrieved 27 July 2019.
^ "NZ Top 40 Singles Chart – 24 March 2013". Recorded Music NZ. Archived from the original on 19 October 2013. Retrieved 29 April 2013.
^ "Schweizer Airplay Charts 46/2012 - hitparade.ch". hitparade.ch. Retrieved 25 February 2022.
^ "Of Monsters and Men Chart History: Bubbling Under Hot 100". Billboard. Retrieved 15 May 2019.
^ "ARIA Singles Chart". Ariacharts.com.au. Archived from the original on 28 April 2013. Retrieved 31 October 2015.
^ a b "Canadian digital download certifications – Of Monsters and Men – Mountain Sound". Music Canada.
^ "Gold & Platinum". Riaa.com. Retrieved 27 July 2019.
^ "NZ Top 40 Singles Chart – 28 April 2013". Recorded Music NZ. Archived from the original on 4 November 2013. Retrieved 31 October 2015.
^ "Official Audio Streaming Chart Top 100 – 02 September 2012 – 08 September 2012". Official Charts Company. 2 September 2012. Retrieved 15 March 2021.
^ "ARIA Australian Top 50 Singles Chart| Australia's Official Top 50 Songs". ARIA Charts. Archived from the original on 28 April 2013. Retrieved 24 June 2013.
^ a b "Gold & Platinum". Riaa.com. Retrieved 27 July 2019.
^ "NZ Top 40 Singles Chart – 28 April 2013". Recorded Music NZ. Archived from the original on 28 September 2013. Retrieved 29 April 2013.
^ "Schweizer Airplay Charts 08/2013 – hitparade.ch". hitparade.ch. Retrieved 25 February 2022.
^ "Schweizer Airplay Charts 20/2015 – hitparade.ch". hitparade.ch. Retrieved 25 February 2022.
^ a b "Of Monsters and Men – Chart History: Rock & Alternative Airplay". Billboard. Retrieved 8 February 2021.
^ a b "Of Monsters and Men: Hot Canadian Digital Songs". Billboard. Retrieved 15 May 2019.
^ Lavin, Will (11 July 2020). "Listen to Of Monsters And Men's haunting cover of Post Malone's 'Circles'". NME. Retrieved 28 September 2022.
^ a b "Of Monsters and Men – Chart History: Alternative Digital Songs". Billboard. Retrieved 15 May 2019.
^ "Of Monsters and Men Releases New Song "Phantom" from 10th Anniversary Edition of "My Head Is an Animal"". PM Studio. Retrieved 24 July 2023.
^ "Of Monsters And Men Share New Single, 'This Happiness'". uDiscoverMusic. 20 April 2022. Retrieved 24 July 2023.
^
"Empire": "NÆSTI ÞÁTTUR: 2. JANÚAR 2016 – KL. 15:02". RÚV (in Icelandic). Archived from the original on 30 December 2015. Retrieved 29 September 2022.
"Soothsayer": "Vika 11 – 2020". Plötutíðindi (in Icelandic). Archived from the original on 21 March 2020. Retrieved 28 September 2022.
^ "Of Monsters and Men – Little Talks (Official Video)". www.youtube.com. YouTube. 2 February 2012. Retrieved 2 July 2019.
^ "Of Monsters and Men – King And Lionheart (Official Video)". www.youtube.com. YouTube. 23 January 2013. Retrieved 2 July 2019.
^ "Of Monsters and Men – Crystals (Official Video)". www.youtube.com. YouTube. 11 May 2015. Retrieved 2 July 2019.
^ "Of Monsters and Men – Empire (Official Video)". www.youtube.com. YouTube. 7 August 2015. Retrieved 2 July 2019.
^ "Of Monsters and Men – Wolves Without Teeth (Official Video)". www.youtube.com. YouTube. 27 January 2016. Retrieved 2 July 2019.
^ "Of Monsters and Men – Alligator". www.youtube.com. YouTube. 2 July 2019. Retrieved 2 July 2019.
^ "Of Monsters and Men – Wild Roses". www.youtube.com. YouTube. 16 October 2019. Retrieved 16 October 2019.
^ "Of Monsters and Men – Wars". www.youtube.com. YouTube. 10 December 2019. Retrieved 10 December 2019.
^ "Of Monsters and Men – Visitor (Official Music Video)". www.youtube.com. YouTube. 9 September 2020. Retrieved 9 September 2020.
^ "Of Monsters and Men – Phantom". www.youtube.com. YouTube. 28 October 2021. Retrieved 20 December 2022.
^ "Of Monsters and Men – This Happiness (Official Video)". www.youtube.com. YouTube. 19 April 2022. Retrieved 19 April 2022.
External links
Media related to Of Monsters and Men at Wikimedia Commons
Official website
vteOf Monsters and Men
Nanna Bryndís Hilmarsdóttir
Ragnar Þórhallsson
Brynjar Leifsson
Kristján Páll Kristjánsson
Arnar Rósenkranz Hilmarsson
Árni Guðjónsson
Studio albums
My Head Is an Animal
Beneath the Skin
Fever Dream
Live albums
Live from Vatnagarðar
Extended plays
Into the Woods
Singles
"Little Talks"
"Dirty Paws"
"Mountain Sound"
"King and Lionheart"
"Crystals"
"I of the Storm"
"Alligator"
"Wild Roses"
"Visitor"
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
National
France
BnF data
Germany
United States
Czech Republic
Artists
MusicBrainz | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Al Dhafra Air Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Dhafra_Air_Base"},{"link_name":"Of Mice & Men","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Of_Mice_%26_Men_(band)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"indie folk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indie_folk"},{"link_name":"rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folk_rock"},{"link_name":"Garðabær","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gar%C3%B0ab%C3%A6r"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Nanna Bryndís Hilmarsdóttir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanna_Brynd%C3%ADs_Hilmarsd%C3%B3ttir"},{"link_name":"Ragnar \"Raggi\" Þórhallsson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ragnar_%C3%9E%C3%B3rhallsson"},{"link_name":"Brynjar Leifsson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brynjar_Leifsson"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-facebook-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Músíktilraunir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BAs%C3%ADktilraunir"},{"link_name":"Battle of the Bands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Bands"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Into the Woods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Into_the_Woods_(EP)"},{"link_name":"My Head Is an Animal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My_Head_Is_an_Animal"},{"link_name":"Billboard 200","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_200"},{"link_name":"Little Talks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Talks"},{"link_name":"Alternative Songs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_Songs"},{"link_name":"European Border Breakers Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Border_Breakers_Awards"}],"text":"\"OMAM\" redirects here. For the military airport in the United Arab Emirates with ICAO code OMAM, see Al Dhafra Air Base.Icelandic folk rock bandNot to be confused with Of Mice & Men.Of Monsters and Men is an Icelandic[7] indie folk/rock band formed in Garðabær in 2010.[8] It consists of lead singer and guitarist Nanna Bryndís Hilmarsdóttir, singer and guitarist Ragnar \"Raggi\" Þórhallsson, lead guitarist Brynjar Leifsson, drummer Arnar Rósenkranz Hilmarsson, and bassist Kristján Páll Kristjánsson.[9][10] The band won the Músíktilraunir in 2010, an annual Battle of the Bands in Iceland.[11] In 2011, Of Monsters and Men released an EP titled Into the Woods. Their 2011 debut album, My Head Is an Animal, reached the No.1 position in Australia, Iceland, and Ireland, as well as on the US Rock and Alternative charts, while peaking at No. 6 on the US Billboard 200 album chart, No. 3 in the UK, and top 20 of most European and Canadian charts. Its lead single, \"Little Talks\", was an international success, reaching the top 10 in most music charts in Europe, including No. 1 in Ireland and Iceland, and No. 1 on US Alternative Songs.Of Monsters and Men won the 2013 European Border Breakers Awards.","title":"Of Monsters and Men"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Músíktilraunir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BAs%C3%ADktilraunir"},{"link_name":"melodica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melodica"},{"link_name":"glockenspiel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glockenspiel"},{"link_name":"tambourine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tambourine"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"better source needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS"},{"link_name":"Iceland Airwaves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iceland_Airwaves"},{"link_name":"Seattle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seattle"},{"link_name":"KEXP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KEXP"},{"link_name":"Little Talks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Talks"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KEXP1-14"}],"sub_title":"2009–2010: Formation and early work","text":"The band was formed in 2009, when Nanna Bryndís Hilmarsdóttir decided to add additional members to her solo project, Songbird. Of Monsters and Men entered 2010's Músíktilraunir, an annual music competition held in Iceland, as a quartet, with Nanna (lead vocals, acoustic guitar), Brynjar (electric guitar), Raggi (backing vocals, melodica, glockenspiel), and Arnar (backing vocals, melodica, glockenspiel, tambourine). Raggi came up with the band name.[12]Following Músiktilraunir, the quartet added two more members, Árni (accordion/keys, backing vocals) and Kristján (bass, backing vocals), and continued to tour in Iceland and work on new songs.[13][better source needed] They were invited to perform at the 2010 Iceland Airwaves festival, and it was there that the Seattle-based radio station KEXP recorded them performing \"Little Talks\", from a living-room session.[14]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Of_Monsters_and_Men.jpg"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Radio 104.5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WRFF"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"My Head Is an Animal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My_Head_Is_an_Animal"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-facebook-9"},{"link_name":"Universal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Music_Group"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KEXP-18"},{"link_name":"Newport Folk Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newport_Folk_Festival"},{"link_name":"Osheaga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osheaga_Festival"},{"link_name":"Lollapalooza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lollapalooza"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Saturday Night Live","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturday_Night_Live"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-billboard-snl-22"},{"link_name":"Boston Calling Music Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Calling_Music_Festival"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"The Secret Life of Walter Mitty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Secret_Life_of_Walter_Mitty_(2013_film)"},{"link_name":"iPhone 5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPhone_5"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"The Hunger Games: Catching Fire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hunger_Games:_Catching_Fire"},{"link_name":"The Walking Dead: Original Soundtrack – Vol. 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Walking_Dead:_Original_Soundtrack_%E2%80%93_Vol._1"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-allmusic-25"}],"sub_title":"2011–2013: My Head Is an Animal","text":"Of Monsters and Men performing in October 2011Of Monsters and Men signed with Record Records in February 2011, for the release of their debut album in Iceland.[15] In March, they went to Studio Sýrland in Reykjavík to record and produce it. In August, Philadelphia's Radio 104.5 began playing \"Little Talks\" and propelled the band to nationwide popularity.[16] The album, My Head Is an Animal, was released in Iceland in September 2011 with both it and \"Little Talks\" hitting No. 1.[9]With success in Iceland and growing popularity in the United States, the band signed with Universal for a worldwide release of the record.[17]Of Monsters and Men issued the EP Into the Woods on 20 December 2011, which featured four songs from their debut album, and later put out My Head Is an Animal in the US, on 3 April 2012.[18]The band performed at the Newport Folk Festival on Rhode Island on 29 July 2012, at Osheaga in Montreal on 3 August 2012, and at Lollapalooza in Chicago on 5 August 2012. They also toured several European countries, including Ireland, Germany, Italy, and Sweden.[19] On 5 October 2012, the group appeared on the PBS music show Sound Tracks: Music Without Borders, performing \"Mountain Sound\".[20] Árni Guðjónsson subsequently left the band.[citation needed]Trumpeter Ragnhildur Gunnarsdóttir joined Of Monsters and Men on their 2012 tour as a session player.[21]The group performed \"Little Talks\" and \"Mountain Sound\" on Saturday Night Live on 4 May 2013,[22] and they played at the first annual Boston Calling Music Festival, on 26 May 2013.[23]Their song \"Dirty Paws\" was featured in a trailer for the 2013 film The Secret Life of Walter Mitty and the iPhone 5 introduction video released in September 2012.[24] They contributed the track \"Silhouettes\" to The Hunger Games: Catching Fire soundtrack, and their song \"Sinking Man\" is featured on The Walking Dead: Original Soundtrack – Vol. 1.[25]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Leif Podhajsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leif_Podhajsky"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Jessica Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jessica_Jones_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"The Door","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Door_(Game_of_Thrones)"},{"link_name":"Blood of My Blood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_of_My_Blood"},{"link_name":"Game of Thrones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_of_Thrones"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Spotify","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spotify"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"}],"sub_title":"2014–2018: Beneath the Skin","text":"Of Monsters and Men began working on a new album in August 2013.[26] In an interview published on 6 May 2014, Nanna stated that the album was forthcoming, but that the band had not decided on a release date yet. They officially began recording on 3 November 2014. At a listening session in February 2015, the band announced that their yet-to-be-named second album would come out later in the year.[27] They later posted a teaser video on their site for the album's first single, \"Crystals\".[28] It was released on 16 March 2015, along with the tracklist and other details about the upcoming record, titled Beneath the Skin, set to be released on 8 June.[29] The album and single artwork was created by artist Leif Podhajsky.[30]In May 2015, the band issued dates for a tour to promote the record. The North American leg of the tour ran from 5 August 2015 to 17 October 2015.[31][32] The track \"Thousand Eyes\" was featured in the preseason advertising for Jessica Jones.[citation needed] Of Monsters and Men appeared in a cameo on the episodes \"The Door\" and \"Blood of My Blood\" of Game of Thrones, as stage musicians.[33]On 21 May 2017, the band posted a picture on their Instagram account, with the caption \"Album 3. Let's do this!!!\"[citation needed] In October 2017, it was announced that they had hit one billion streams on Spotify, becoming the first Icelandic band to do so.[34]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alligator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alligator_(Of_Monsters_and_Men_song)"},{"link_name":"Fever Dream","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fever_Dream_(Of_Monsters_and_Men_album)"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Visitor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visitor_(song)"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"}],"sub_title":"2019–present: Fever Dream and Tíu","text":"On 2 May 2019, Of Monsters and Men released \"Alligator\", the first single from their third album, Fever Dream, which came out on 26 July.[35] On 11 July 2019, they issued the track \"Wild Roses\". On 26 July 2019, it was followed by \"Wars\".On 9 September 2020, the band unveiled a single titled \"Visitor\", along with a music video.[36] On 8 April 2021, the single \"Destroyer\" came out.On 9 June 2022, Of Monsters and Men released the documentary Tíu, accompanied by an EP of the same name, at the 2022 Tribeca Film festival, as a celebration of the ten-year anniversary of My Head Is an Animal.This was followed by a special live acoustic performance of their new songs \"Visitor\", \"This Happiness\", and \"Lonely Weather\".[37]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nanna Bryndís Hilmarsdóttir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanna_Brynd%C3%ADs_Hilmarsd%C3%B3ttir"},{"link_name":"Ragnar Þórhallsson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ragnar_%C3%9E%C3%B3rhallsson"},{"link_name":"melodica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melodica"},{"link_name":"Brynjar Leifsson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brynjar_Leifsson"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg"},{"link_name":"cite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources"},{"link_name":"sources","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability"},{"link_name":"improve this section","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Of_Monsters_and_Men"},{"link_name":"adding citations to reliable sources","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners"},{"link_name":"removed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence"},{"link_name":"Learn how and when to remove this message","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal"}],"text":"Current members\n\nNanna Bryndís Hilmarsdóttir – lead vocals, guitars, piano, organ (2010–present)\nRagnar Þórhallsson – co-lead vocals, guitars, melodica, glockenspiel (2010–present)\nBrynjar Leifsson – lead guitars, melodica, tambourine, backing vocals (2010–present)\nKristján Páll Kristjánsson – bass guitars, egg shaker, backing vocals (2010–present)\nArnar Rósenkranz Hilmarsson – drums, percussion, melodica, glockenspiel, accordion, keyboard, piano, acoustic guitar, backing vocals (2010–present)\n\n\nFormer members\n\nÁrni Guðjónsson – accordion, piano, organ, keyboards, backing vocals (2010–2012)\nTouring members\n\nThis section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (November 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message)\nRagnhildur Gunnarsdóttir – trumpet, accordion, keyboards, piano, floor tom, tambourine, backing vocals (2010–present)\nSteingrimur Karl Teague – piano, keyboards, organ, accordion, backing vocals (2012–present)\nBjarni Þór Jensson – guitar, percussion, keyboards (2015–present)\nSigrún Kristbjörg Jónsdóttir – trombone, percussion, accordion (2015–present)","title":"Band members"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Studio albums","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"EPs","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Live albums","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Singles","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Other charting songs","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Other appearances","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-64"},{"link_name":"Ultratip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultratip"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vl-41"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-66"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-68"},{"link_name":"Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bubbling_Under_Hot_100_Singles"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BubblingUnder-67"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-74"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-79"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-78"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-80"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vl-41"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-82"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-84"},{"link_name":"Hot Rock & Alternative Songs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_Rock_%26_Alternative_Songs"},{"link_name":"Rock & Alternative Airplay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_charts"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rock-airplay-83"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-85"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rock-airplay-83"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-87"},{"link_name":"Canadian Digital Song Sales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Digital_Song_Sales"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Canada-digital-86"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-90"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-US-Alternative-digital-singles-89"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-94"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Canada-digital-86"}],"sub_title":"Table notes","text":"^ \"Mountain Sound\" did not enter the Ultratop 50, but peaked at number three on the Flemish Ultratip chart.[41]\n\n^ \"Mountain Sound\" did not enter the Swiss Singles chart but charted at number 90 on the Swiss Airplay chart.[64]\n\n^ \"Mountain Sound\" did not enter the Billboard Hot 100, but peaked at number three on the Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles chart.[65]\n\n^ \"Dirty Paws\" did not enter the UK Singles Chart but peaked at number 86 on the UK Streaming Chart.[70]\n\n^ \"King and Lionheart\" did not enter the Swiss Singles chart, but charted at number 80 on the Swiss Airplay chart.[74]\n\n^ \"Crystals\" did not enter the Ultratop 50 but peaked at number 75 on the Flemish Ultratip chart.[41]\n\n^ \"Crystals\" did not enter the Swiss Singles chart but charted at number 58 on the Swiss Airplay chart.[75]\n\n^ \"Empire\" did not enter the Hot Rock & Alternative Songs chart but peaked at number 33 on the Rock & Alternative Airplay chart.[76]\n\n^ \"Wolves Without Teeth\" did not enter the Hot Rock & Alternative Songs chart but peaked at number 49 on the Rock & Alternative Airplay chart.[76]\n\n^ \"Alligator\" did not enter the Billboard Canadian Hot 100, but peaked at number 50 on the Canadian Digital Song Sales chart.[77]\n\n^ \"Destroyer\" did not enter the Hot Rock & Alternative Songs chart but peaked at number 24 on the Alternative Digital Song Sales chart.[79]\n\n^ \"Silhouettes\" did not enter the Billboard Canadian Hot 100 but peaked at number 61 on the Canadian Digital Song Sales chart.[77]","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Music videos","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Accolades"}] | [{"image_text":"Of Monsters and Men performing in October 2011","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Of_Monsters_and_Men.jpg/220px-Of_Monsters_and_Men.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"Of Monsters and Men Radio Biography\". iHeart Radio. Archived from the original on 2 June 2017. Retrieved 7 May 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20170602162512/https://www.iheart.com/artist/of-monsters-and-men-678645/?autoplay=true&ext=1&playedFrom=97","url_text":"\"Of Monsters and Men Radio Biography\""},{"url":"https://www.iheart.com/artist/of-monsters-and-men-/?autoplay=true&ext=1&playedFrom=97","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Of Monsters and Men on World Cafe\". World Cafe. NPR/WXPN. 20 June 2012. Archived from the original on 26 October 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171026214329/http://www.npr.org/2012/06/20/151044816/of-monsters-and-men-on-world-cafe","url_text":"\"Of Monsters and Men on World Cafe\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NPR","url_text":"NPR"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WXPN","url_text":"WXPN"},{"url":"https://www.npr.org/2012/06/20/151044816/of-monsters-and-men-on-world-cafe","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Of Monsters and Men: 'We found we could bond better by telling each other fairytales'\". the Guardian. 11 August 2012. Retrieved 14 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/music/2012/aug/12/of-monsters-men-mossman-interview","url_text":"\"Of Monsters and Men: 'We found we could bond better by telling each other fairytales'\""}]},{"reference":"\"Of Monsters and Men | Biography, Albums, Streaming Links\". AllMusic. Retrieved 14 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allmusic.com/artist/of-monsters-and-men-mn0002849374","url_text":"\"Of Monsters and Men | Biography, Albums, Streaming Links\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic","url_text":"AllMusic"}]},{"reference":"\"Republic Records\". Republic Records. Archived from the original on 21 December 2012. Retrieved 24 June 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.republicrecords.com/artists/of-monsters-and-men/","url_text":"\"Republic Records\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121221163629/http://www.republicrecords.com/artists/of-monsters-and-men/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Making Records to Reflect the Seasons\". themusic.com.au. 18 January 2016. Retrieved 23 January 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://themusic.com.au/interviews/all/2016/01/18/of-monsters-and-men-nanna-bryndis-hilmarsdottir-cyclone/","url_text":"\"Making Records to Reflect the Seasons\""}]},{"reference":"\"Of Monsters and Men Facebook Page\". Facebook. Archived from the original on 11 May 2018. Retrieved 10 March 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.facebook.com/ofmonstersandmen?sk=info","url_text":"\"Of Monsters and Men Facebook Page\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook","url_text":"Facebook"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180511100934/https://www.facebook.com/ofmonstersandmen?sk=info","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Of Monsters and Men in exultant Philadelphia debut\". Philadelphia Inquirer. Archived from the original on 29 March 2016. Retrieved 30 July 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://articles.philly.com/2012-04-05/news/31287991_1_icelandic-radio-stations-philadelphia-debut","url_text":"\"Of Monsters and Men in exultant Philadelphia debut\""},{"url":"http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20160329220715/http://articles.philly.com/2012-04-05/news/31287991_1_icelandic-radio-stations-philadelphia-debut","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Músíktilraunir – English\". Musiktilraunir.is. Archived from the original on 27 March 2012. Retrieved 10 March 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120327124746/http://musiktilraunir.is/desktopdefault.aspx/tabid-785/","url_text":"\"Músíktilraunir – English\""},{"url":"http://musiktilraunir.is/desktopdefault.aspx/tabid-785/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Chan, Tracie (1 March 2012). \"An Interview with Of Monsters and Men with Nelson Nyabuto: On Monsters, Jugglers, & Their First US Tour\". Austinist. Archived from the original on 11 April 2013. Retrieved 13 June 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130411013653/http://austinist.com/2012/03/01/of_monsters_and_men_on_monsters_jug.php","url_text":"\"An Interview with Of Monsters and Men with Nelson Nyabuto: On Monsters, Jugglers, & Their First US Tour\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austinist","url_text":"Austinist"},{"url":"http://austinist.com/2012/03/01/of_monsters_and_men_on_monsters_jug.php","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Of Monsters and Men: Iceland's Folk-Pop Stars\". Paste Magazine. September 2011. Archived from the original on 24 September 2011. Retrieved 10 March 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110924034329/http://mplayer.pastemagazine.com/issues/week-10/articles#article=/issues/week-10/articles/of-monsters-and-men-icelands-folk-pop-stars","url_text":"\"Of Monsters and Men: Iceland's Folk-Pop Stars\""},{"url":"http://mplayer.pastemagazine.com/issues/week-10/articles#article=/issues/week-10/articles/of-monsters-and-men-icelands-folk-pop-stars","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Of Monsters and Men – Little Talks; KEXP\". KEXP. 16 October 2010. Archived from the original on 27 April 2012. Retrieved 7 February 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8Dw8qdmT_aY","url_text":"\"Of Monsters and Men – Little Talks; KEXP\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120427124804/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8Dw8qdmT_aY","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Of Monsters and Men Sign with Record Records\". Record Records. 3 February 2011. Archived from the original on 17 December 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131217101533/http://recordrecords.tumblr.com/post/3085896256/of-monsters-and-men-sign-with-record-records","url_text":"\"Of Monsters and Men Sign with Record Records\""},{"url":"https://recordrecords.tumblr.com/post/3085896256/of-monsters-and-men-sign-with-record-records","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Best New Releases, April 3rd, Vol. I – Of Monsters and Men, The Lumineers, Max and the Moon, Lux, Black Mountain, Twin Steps | Best new indie rock music songs, albums, bands, artists, and festivals\". Indierockcafe.com. Archived from the original on 6 April 2013. Retrieved 24 June 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130406093028/http://www.indierockcafe.com/2012/04/of-monsters-and-men-the-lumineers-max-and-the-moon-lux-twin-steps/","url_text":"\"Best New Releases, April 3rd, Vol. I – Of Monsters and Men, The Lumineers, Max and the Moon, Lux, Black Mountain, Twin Steps | Best new indie rock music songs, albums, bands, artists, and festivals\""},{"url":"http://www.indierockcafe.com/2012/04/of-monsters-and-men-the-lumineers-max-and-the-moon-lux-twin-steps/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Universal Signs Icelandic Band Of Monsters and Men\". Iceland Review. 23 October 2011. Archived from the original on 10 December 2011. Retrieved 10 March 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111210110916/http://www.icelandreview.com/icelandreview/daily_news/Universal_Signs_Icelandic_Band_Of_Monsters_and_Men_0_383504.news.aspx","url_text":"\"Universal Signs Icelandic Band Of Monsters and Men\""},{"url":"http://icelandreview.com/icelandreview/daily_news/Universal_Signs_Icelandic_Band_Of_Monsters_and_Men_0_383504.news.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Friday on My Mind: KEXP's Most Viewed in-Studio Sessions\". KEXP. 9 March 2012. Archived from the original on 13 May 2012. Retrieved 10 March 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120513103754/http://blog.kexp.org/2012/03/09/friday-on-my-mind-kexps-most-viewed-in-studio-sessions/","url_text":"\"Friday on My Mind: KEXP's Most Viewed in-Studio Sessions\""},{"url":"http://blog.kexp.org/2012/03/09/friday-on-my-mind-kexps-most-viewed-in-studio-sessions/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Nanna (nannabh89) on Twitter\". 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Our album will be out this summer, and we're really proud of it! You can pre-order a different version of the vinyl every 16 days, starting today! Link in bio!\""}]},{"reference":"Of Monsters and Men – Visitor (Official Music Video), 9 September 2020, retrieved 9 December 2021","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Bq1lpEC70Hg","url_text":"Of Monsters and Men – Visitor (Official Music Video)"}]},{"reference":"\"Of Monsters and Men Unveil New TIU EP & New Track \"Lonely Weather\" & Premiere TIU Documentary at Tribeca Film Festival\". Top40-Charts.com. Retrieved 13 June 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://top40-charts.com/news.php?nid=175239","url_text":"\"Of Monsters and Men Unveil New TIU EP & New Track \"Lonely Weather\" & Premiere TIU Documentary at Tribeca Film Festival\""}]},{"reference":"\"Plötulistinn\". Tonlist (in Icelandic). Archived from the original on 27 September 2011. 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Plötutíðindi (in Icelandic). Archived from the original on 11 May 2020. Retrieved 28 September 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200511055954/http://plotutidindi.is/lagalistinn/","url_text":"\"Vika 18 – 2020\""},{"url":"http://plotutidindi.is/lagalistinn/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Vika 39 – 18. sept. til 24. sept. 2020\". Plötutíðindi (in Icelandic). Archived from the original on 5 October 2020. Retrieved 9 April 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201005055958/http://plotutidindi.is/lagalistinn/","url_text":"\"Vika 39 – 18. sept. til 24. sept. 2020\""},{"url":"http://plotutidindi.is/lagalistinn/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Vika 38 – 2019\". Plötutíðindi (in Icelandic). Archived from the original on 23 September 2019. 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Archived from the original on 6 October 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://irish-charts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Of+Monsters+And+Men","url_text":"\"Of Monsters And Men – Irish Charts\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141006092701/http://irish-charts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Of+Monsters+And+Men","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Of Monsters and Men Chart History: Hot Rock & Alternative Songs\". Billboard. Retrieved 8 February 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/of-monsters-and-men/chart-history/ark/","url_text":"\"Of Monsters and Men Chart History: Hot Rock & Alternative Songs\""}]},{"reference":"\"ARIA Charts – Accreditations – 2015 Singles\". 2 December 2015. Archived from the original on 6 November 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.aria.com.au/pages/SingleAccreds2015.htm","url_text":"\"ARIA Charts – Accreditations – 2015 Singles\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151106150044/http://www.aria.com.au/pages/SingleAccreds2015.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"The Official Swiss Charts and Music Community: Awards (Of Monsters and Men)\". swisscharts.com (in Swiss German). Hung Medien. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 17 March 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.swisscharts.com/search_certifications.asp?search=Of+Monster+and+men","url_text":"\"The Official Swiss Charts and Music Community: Awards (Of Monsters and Men)\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150402125742/http://www.swisscharts.com/search_certifications.asp?search=Of+Monster+and+men","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Canadian digital download certifications – Of Monsters and Men – Little Talks\". 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Retrieved 29 April 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://nztop40.co.nz/chart/singles?chart=2158","url_text":"\"NZ Top 40 Singles Chart – 24 March 2013\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recorded_Music_NZ","url_text":"Recorded Music NZ"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131019110606/http://nztop40.co.nz/chart/singles?chart=2158","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Schweizer Airplay Charts 46/2012 - hitparade.ch\". hitparade.ch. Retrieved 25 February 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://hitparade.ch/charts/airplay/46-2012","url_text":"\"Schweizer Airplay Charts 46/2012 - hitparade.ch\""}]},{"reference":"\"Of Monsters and Men Chart History: Bubbling Under Hot 100\". Billboard. Retrieved 15 May 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/of-monsters-and-men/chart-history/hbu/","url_text":"\"Of Monsters and Men Chart History: Bubbling Under Hot 100\""}]},{"reference":"\"ARIA Singles Chart\". Ariacharts.com.au. Archived from the original on 28 April 2013. Retrieved 31 October 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ariacharts.com.au/chart/singles/1084","url_text":"\"ARIA Singles Chart\""},{"url":"https://archive.today/20130428102825/http://www.ariacharts.com.au/chart/singles/1084","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Canadian digital download certifications – Of Monsters and Men – Mountain Sound\". Music Canada.","urls":[{"url":"https://musiccanada.com/gold-platinum/?_gp_search=Mountain+Sound%20Of+Monsters+and+Men","url_text":"\"Canadian digital download certifications – Of Monsters and Men – Mountain Sound\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_Canada","url_text":"Music Canada"}]},{"reference":"\"Gold & Platinum\". Riaa.com. Retrieved 27 July 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.riaa.com/gold-platinum/?tab_active=default-award&ar=of+monsters+%26+men&ti=mountain+sound","url_text":"\"Gold & Platinum\""}]},{"reference":"\"NZ Top 40 Singles Chart – 28 April 2013\". Recorded Music NZ. Archived from the original on 4 November 2013. Retrieved 31 October 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://nztop40.co.nz/chart/singles?chart=2195","url_text":"\"NZ Top 40 Singles Chart – 28 April 2013\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recorded_Music_NZ","url_text":"Recorded Music NZ"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131104201025/http://nztop40.co.nz/chart/singles?chart=2195","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Official Audio Streaming Chart Top 100 – 02 September 2012 – 08 September 2012\". Official Charts Company. 2 September 2012. Retrieved 15 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.officialcharts.com/charts/official-streaming-chart-archive/20120902/streamarc/","url_text":"\"Official Audio Streaming Chart Top 100 – 02 September 2012 – 08 September 2012\""}]},{"reference":"\"ARIA Australian Top 50 Singles Chart| Australia's Official Top 50 Songs\". ARIA Charts. Archived from the original on 28 April 2013. Retrieved 24 June 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ariacharts.com.au/chart/singles/1084","url_text":"\"ARIA Australian Top 50 Singles Chart| Australia's Official Top 50 Songs\""},{"url":"https://archive.today/20130428102825/http://www.ariacharts.com.au/chart/singles/1084","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Gold & Platinum\". Riaa.com. Retrieved 27 July 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.riaa.com/gold-platinum/?tab_active=default-award&ar=of+monsters+%26+men&ti=dirty+paws","url_text":"\"Gold & Platinum\""}]},{"reference":"\"NZ Top 40 Singles Chart – 28 April 2013\". Recorded Music NZ. Archived from the original on 28 September 2013. Retrieved 29 April 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://nztop40.co.nz/chart/singles?chart=2185","url_text":"\"NZ Top 40 Singles Chart – 28 April 2013\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recorded_Music_NZ","url_text":"Recorded Music NZ"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130928145627/http://nztop40.co.nz/chart/singles?chart=2185","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Schweizer Airplay Charts 08/2013 – hitparade.ch\". hitparade.ch. Retrieved 25 February 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://hitparade.ch/charts/airplay/08-2013","url_text":"\"Schweizer Airplay Charts 08/2013 – hitparade.ch\""}]},{"reference":"\"Schweizer Airplay Charts 20/2015 – hitparade.ch\". hitparade.ch. Retrieved 25 February 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://hitparade.ch/charts/airplay/20-2015","url_text":"\"Schweizer Airplay Charts 20/2015 – hitparade.ch\""}]},{"reference":"\"Of Monsters and Men – Chart History: Rock & Alternative Airplay\". Billboard. Retrieved 8 February 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/of-monsters-and-men/chart-history/rka/","url_text":"\"Of Monsters and Men – Chart History: Rock & Alternative Airplay\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"}]},{"reference":"\"Of Monsters and Men: Hot Canadian Digital Songs\". Billboard. Retrieved 15 May 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/of-monsters-and-men/chart-history/cns/","url_text":"\"Of Monsters and Men: Hot Canadian Digital Songs\""}]},{"reference":"Lavin, Will (11 July 2020). \"Listen to Of Monsters And Men's haunting cover of Post Malone's 'Circles'\". NME. Retrieved 28 September 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nme.com/news/music/of-monsters-and-men-haunting-cover-post-malones-circles-2705749","url_text":"\"Listen to Of Monsters And Men's haunting cover of Post Malone's 'Circles'\""}]},{"reference":"\"Of Monsters and Men – Chart History: Alternative Digital Songs\". Billboard. Retrieved 15 May 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/of-monsters-and-men/chart-history/ald/","url_text":"\"Of Monsters and Men – Chart History: Alternative Digital Songs\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"}]},{"reference":"\"Of Monsters and Men Releases New Song \"Phantom\" from 10th Anniversary Edition of \"My Head Is an Animal\"\". PM Studio. Retrieved 24 July 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pmstudio.com/music/20211030-15223","url_text":"\"Of Monsters and Men Releases New Song \"Phantom\" from 10th Anniversary Edition of \"My Head Is an Animal\"\""}]},{"reference":"\"Of Monsters And Men Share New Single, 'This Happiness'\". uDiscoverMusic. 20 April 2022. Retrieved 24 July 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.udiscovermusic.com/news/of-monsters-men-single-this-happiness/","url_text":"\"Of Monsters And Men Share New Single, 'This Happiness'\""}]},{"reference":"\"NÆSTI ÞÁTTUR: 2. JANÚAR 2016 – KL. 15:02\". RÚV (in Icelandic). Archived from the original on 30 December 2015. Retrieved 29 September 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151230170137/http://ruv.is/thaettir/vinsaeldalisti-rasar-2","url_text":"\"NÆSTI ÞÁTTUR: 2. JANÚAR 2016 – KL. 15:02\""},{"url":"http://ruv.is/thaettir/vinsaeldalisti-rasar-2","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Vika 11 – 2020\". Plötutíðindi (in Icelandic). Archived from the original on 21 March 2020. Retrieved 28 September 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200321135333/http://plotutidindi.is/lagalistinn/","url_text":"\"Vika 11 – 2020\""},{"url":"http://plotutidindi.is/lagalistinn/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Of Monsters and Men – Little Talks (Official Video)\". www.youtube.com. YouTube. 2 February 2012. 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Retrieved 2 July 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-uXL5JcD3zw","url_text":"\"Of Monsters and Men – Empire (Official Video)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Of Monsters and Men – Wolves Without Teeth (Official Video)\". www.youtube.com. YouTube. 27 January 2016. Retrieved 2 July 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h6OuIpdqGhQ","url_text":"\"Of Monsters and Men – Wolves Without Teeth (Official Video)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Of Monsters and Men – Alligator\". www.youtube.com. YouTube. 2 July 2019. Retrieved 2 July 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ThrK0Re1lJs","url_text":"\"Of Monsters and Men – Alligator\""}]},{"reference":"\"Of Monsters and Men – Wild Roses\". www.youtube.com. YouTube. 16 October 2019. Retrieved 16 October 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C9LPQmkao8c","url_text":"\"Of Monsters and Men – Wild Roses\""}]},{"reference":"\"Of Monsters and Men – Wars\". www.youtube.com. YouTube. 10 December 2019. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quail_Island_(Northern_Territory) | Quail Island (Northern Territory) | ["1 History","1.1 Quail Island Air Weapons Range","2 See also","3 References"] | Coordinates: 12°31′08″S 130°26′06″E / 12.519°S 130.435°E / -12.519; 130.435Island of Northern Territory, Australian
This article is missing information about the other five islands in the Quail Group - please refer the NT Atlas and Spatial Data Directory . Please expand the article to include this information. Further details may exist on the talk page. (May 2019)
Quail IslandLANDSAT true color image ofQuail Island Group, Northern Territory, AustraliaGeographyCoordinates12°31′08″S 130°26′06″E / 12.519°S 130.435°E / -12.519; 130.435ArchipelagoQuail Island GroupTotal islands3AdministrationAustraliaTerritoryNorthern TerritoryRegionTop EndBayBeagle GulfLocalityBynoe Harbour
Quail Island is an island in the Northern Territory of Australia in the Beagle Gulf about 40 kilometres (25 mi) from the territory capital of Darwin.
Quail Island belongs to the Quail Island Group. The other two islands in the archipelago are Bare Sand Island (southwest of Quail Island) and Djadjalbit Island (south).
The islands are known for being a breeding ground for flatback turtles.
History
On 9 October 1881 when SS Brisbane, an 85.8 metres long passenger, cargo and mail ship, built by A & J Inglis, Pointhouse, Glasgow, struck the nearby Fish Reef, while heading there with cargo from Hong Kong.
Quail Island Air Weapons Range
The Quail Island Air Weapons Range was used a training ground for defense forces from 1945 to 1979. There are large munitions scattered around the island as a result. A three-year clean-up began in 2011 to remove hazards such as unexploded ordnance. Visitors such as tourists and recreational anglers have been banned from the islands during the clean-up process.
See also
Islands of the Northern Territory
List of islands of Australia
References
^ "Localities within Un-Incorporated area (map)" (PDF). Northern Territory Government. 29 October 1997. Retrieved 5 May 2019.
^ a b "Northern Territory islands off-limits while ADF clears bombs". The Australian. News Limited. 19 May 2011. Retrieved 22 April 2012.
^ a b "Quail Island Group". 7:30 NT. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 27 June 2011. Retrieved 22 April 2012.
^ "WRECK OF THE BRISBANE". Illustrated Australian News. No. 311. Victoria, Australia. 5 November 1881. p. 206. Retrieved 30 September 2016 – via National Library of Australia.
^ "Islands closed for unexploded bomb disposal". ntnews.com.au. News Limited. 25 May 2011. Retrieved 22 April 2012.
vteIslands of the Northern Territory
Bremer
Burney
Crocodile
Milingimbi
Croker Group
Croker
New Year
East Woody
Goulburn
Groote Eylandt
Bickerton
Haul Round
Higginson
Howard
Inglis
Maria
Peron
Rimbija
Sir Edward Pellew
Centre
Skull
Vanderlin
South West
Sir George Hope Islands
Three Hummocks
Tiwi
Bathurst
Melville
Seagull
Warnawi
Wessel
Abbott
Bumaga
Cunningham
Drysdale
Elcho
Marchinbar
Quail
Raragala
Vernon Islands
Woodah
Category
Commons
This Northern Territory geography article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Northern Territory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Territory"},{"link_name":"Beagle Gulf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beagle_Gulf"},{"link_name":"Darwin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darwin,_Northern_Territory"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nti-2"},{"link_name":"breeding ground","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breeding_ground"},{"link_name":"flatback turtles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flatback_turtle"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-abc1-3"}],"text":"Island of Northern Territory, AustralianQuail Island is an island in the Northern Territory of Australia in the Beagle Gulf about 40 kilometres (25 mi) from the territory capital of Darwin.Quail Island belongs to the Quail Island Group. The other two islands in the archipelago are Bare Sand Island (southwest of Quail Island) and Djadjalbit Island (south).[2]The islands are known for being a breeding ground for flatback turtles.[3]","title":"Quail Island (Northern Territory)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"SS Brisbane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS_Brisbane_(1874)"},{"link_name":"A & J Inglis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_%26_J_Inglis"},{"link_name":"Hong Kong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"On 9 October 1881 when SS Brisbane, an 85.8 metres long passenger, cargo and mail ship, built by A & J Inglis, Pointhouse, Glasgow, struck the nearby Fish Reef, while heading there with cargo from Hong Kong.[4]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-abc1-3"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iscf-5"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nti-2"}],"sub_title":"Quail Island Air Weapons Range","text":"The Quail Island Air Weapons Range was used a training ground for defense forces from 1945 to 1979.[3] There are large munitions scattered around the island as a result. A three-year clean-up began in 2011 to remove hazards such as unexploded ordnance.[5] Visitors such as tourists and recreational anglers have been banned from the islands during the clean-up process.[2]","title":"History"}] | [] | [{"title":"Islands of the Northern Territory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Islands_of_the_Northern_Territory"},{"title":"List of islands of Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Australia"}] | [{"reference":"\"Localities within Un-Incorporated area (map)\" (PDF). Northern Territory Government. 29 October 1997. Retrieved 5 May 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://placenames.nt.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0009/404784/Dundee_A3.pdf","url_text":"\"Localities within Un-Incorporated area (map)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Northern Territory islands off-limits while ADF clears bombs\". The Australian. News Limited. 19 May 2011. Retrieved 22 April 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/breaking-news-old/northern-territory-islands-off-limits-while-adf-clears-bombs/story-fn3dxiwe-1226059059947","url_text":"\"Northern Territory islands off-limits while ADF clears bombs\""}]},{"reference":"\"Quail Island Group\". 7:30 NT. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 27 June 2011. Retrieved 22 April 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.abc.net.au/news/2011-06-17/quail-island-group/2762594","url_text":"\"Quail Island Group\""}]},{"reference":"\"WRECK OF THE BRISBANE\". Illustrated Australian News. No. 311. Victoria, Australia. 5 November 1881. p. 206. Retrieved 30 September 2016 – via National Library of Australia.","urls":[{"url":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article63184729","url_text":"\"WRECK OF THE BRISBANE\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illustrated_Australian_News","url_text":"Illustrated Australian News"}]},{"reference":"\"Islands closed for unexploded bomb disposal\". ntnews.com.au. News Limited. 25 May 2011. Retrieved 22 April 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ntnews.com.au/article/2011/05/25/235291_ntnews.html","url_text":"\"Islands closed for unexploded bomb disposal\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Quail_Island_(Northern_Territory)¶ms=12.519_S_130.435_E_type:isle_region:AU","external_links_name":"12°31′08″S 130°26′06″E / 12.519°S 130.435°E / -12.519; 130.435"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Quail_Island_(Northern_Territory)¶ms=12.519_S_130.435_E_type:isle_region:AU","external_links_name":"12°31′08″S 130°26′06″E / 12.519°S 130.435°E / -12.519; 130.435"},{"Link":"https://placenames.nt.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0009/404784/Dundee_A3.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Localities within Un-Incorporated area (map)\""},{"Link":"http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/breaking-news-old/northern-territory-islands-off-limits-while-adf-clears-bombs/story-fn3dxiwe-1226059059947","external_links_name":"\"Northern Territory islands off-limits while ADF clears bombs\""},{"Link":"http://www.abc.net.au/news/2011-06-17/quail-island-group/2762594","external_links_name":"\"Quail Island Group\""},{"Link":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article63184729","external_links_name":"\"WRECK OF THE BRISBANE\""},{"Link":"http://www.ntnews.com.au/article/2011/05/25/235291_ntnews.html","external_links_name":"\"Islands closed for unexploded bomb disposal\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Quail_Island_(Northern_Territory)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harley_Usill | Harley Usill | ["1 Early life and background","2 Career","3 Personal life","4 References","5 External links"] | Harley John Vaughan Usill (13 July 1925 – 7 October 1991) was a British record company executive. He was joint founder and managing director of British record label Argo Records.
Early life and background
Usill was born at Portsmouth, the only son and elder child of Harley Verneau Usill (1898-1978), a director of the publishing firm Evans Brothers Ltd and later founder of Naldrett Press, who served as Mayor of Epsom and Ewell, Surrey in 1953 and also as a magistrate and alderman, and Marguerite Jeannie Vaughan Dorey (1898-1983). The Usill family were middle-class professionals; the elder Harley Usill- son of Battersea surveyor and civil engineer Harley Mackenzie Usill- was educated at St Lawrence College, Ramsgate, and had a University of Oxford Bachelor of Arts degree.
Usill was educated at the independent Epsom College.
Career
After an extended period in various occupations, including working for his father's company and a period as assistant director to documentary maker Humphrey Jennings, Usill started Argo in 1951. The company released primarily spoken-word recordings. Due to cash problems, the company was taken over by British Decca in 1957, though with Usill remaining as Managing Director, and being given pretty much full autonomy to run the record label as he wished.
After Argo's parent company was absorbed by Polygram in 1979, Usill ended his connection with Argo and established ASV (Academy Sound and Vision) the following year.
Usill had served in the Army from 1943, reaching the rank of captain by the time he left in 1947.
Personal life
In 1955, Usill married Elizabeth Barry (died 1978); they had three children.
References
^ "Harley Usill". BFI Film Forever. Archived from the original on 25 July 2012. Retrieved 5 September 2015.
^ https://eehe.org.uk/?p=25747
^ Oxford University Calendar, 26th ed., Oxford University Press, 1925, p. 568
^ https://eehe.org.uk/?p=25747
^ https://eehe.org.uk/?p=25747
^ "Argo Years". The World of Kevin Daly. Archived from the original on 17 September 2015. Retrieved 5 September 2015.
^ https://eehe.org.uk/?p=25747
^ https://eehe.org.uk/?p=25747
External links
https://web.archive.org/web/20120207064550/http://www.argo-records.com/history.html
https://web.archive.org/web/20120810145544/http://www.kevindaly.org.uk/biography/argo/
Authority control databases: Artists
MusicBrainz
This UK musical biography article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Harley Usill"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Portsmouth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portsmouth"},{"link_name":"Evans Brothers Ltd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evans_Brothers_Ltd"},{"link_name":"Epsom and Ewell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epsom_and_Ewell"},{"link_name":"Battersea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battersea"},{"link_name":"St Lawrence College, Ramsgate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Lawrence_College,_Ramsgate"},{"link_name":"University of Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford"},{"link_name":"Bachelor of Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Epsom College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epsom_College"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Usill was born at Portsmouth, the only son and elder child of Harley Verneau Usill (1898-1978), a director of the publishing firm Evans Brothers Ltd and later founder of Naldrett Press, who served as Mayor of Epsom and Ewell, Surrey in 1953 and also as a magistrate and alderman, and Marguerite Jeannie Vaughan Dorey (1898-1983). The Usill family were middle-class professionals; the elder Harley Usill- son of Battersea surveyor and civil engineer Harley Mackenzie Usill- was educated at St Lawrence College, Ramsgate, and had a University of Oxford Bachelor of Arts degree.[2][3]Usill was educated at the independent Epsom College.[4]","title":"Early life and background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Humphrey Jennings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humphrey_Jennings"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"British Decca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decca_Records"},{"link_name":"Managing Director","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Managing_Director"},{"link_name":"record label","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Record_label"},{"link_name":"Polygram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polygram"},{"link_name":"ASV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASV_Records"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"After an extended period in various occupations, including working for his father's company[5] and a period as assistant director to documentary maker Humphrey Jennings,[6] Usill started Argo in 1951. The company released primarily spoken-word recordings. Due to cash problems, the company was taken over by British Decca in 1957, though with Usill remaining as Managing Director, and being given pretty much full autonomy to run the record label as he wished.After Argo's parent company was absorbed by Polygram in 1979, Usill ended his connection with Argo and established ASV (Academy Sound and Vision) the following year.Usill had served in the Army from 1943, reaching the rank of captain by the time he left in 1947.[7]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"In 1955, Usill married Elizabeth Barry (died 1978); they had three children.[8]","title":"Personal life"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Harley Usill\". BFI Film Forever. Archived from the original on 25 July 2012. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sa%27d_II | Sa'd II | ["1 References","2 Sources"] | Sa'd II was the Salghurid atabeg (ruler) of Fars briefly in 1260. While he was returning from an attendance with the Ilkhanate, his father Abu Bakr ibn Sa'd (r. 1226–1260) died. Sa'd II thus succeeded him, but died en route at Tafresh due to illness. He was succeeded by his young son Muhammad I ibn Sa'd.
References
^ Spuler 1987, pp. 894–896.
^ Limbert 2004, p. 18.
Sources
Limbert, John (2004). Shiraz in the Age of Hafez. University of Washington Press. ISBN 978-0295983912.
Spuler, B. (1987). "Atābakān-e Fārs". In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.). Encyclopædia Iranica, Volume II/8: Aśoka IV–Āṯār al-Wozarāʾ. London and New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 894–896. ISBN 978-0-71009-108-6.
vteRulers of the Salghurids (1148–1282)
Sunqur ibn Mawdud (1148–1161)
Zangi ibn Mawdud (1161–1178)
Tekele ibn Zangi (1178–1198)
Sa'd I ibn Zangi (1198–1226)
Abu Bakr ibn Sa'd (1226–1260)
Sa'd II (1260–1260)
Muhammad I ibn Sa'd (1260–1262)
Muhammad II ibn Salghur (1263)
Saljuk Shah ibn Salghur (1263)
Abish Khatun (1263–1282) | [{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Sa'd II"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0295983912","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0295983912"},{"link_name":"\"Atābakān-e Fārs\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//iranicaonline.org/articles/atabakan-e-fars-princes-of-the-salghurid-dynasty-who-ruled-fars-in-the-6th-12th-and-7th-13th-centuries-initially-with-"},{"link_name":"Yarshater, Ehsan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ehsan_Yarshater"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-71009-108-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-71009-108-6"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Salghurid_rulers"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Salghurid_rulers&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Salghurid_rulers"},{"link_name":"Salghurids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salghurids"},{"link_name":"Abu Bakr ibn Sa'd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Bakr_ibn_Sa%27d"},{"link_name":"Sa'd II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Abish Khatun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abish_Khatun"}],"text":"Limbert, John (2004). Shiraz in the Age of Hafez. University of Washington Press. ISBN 978-0295983912.\nSpuler, B. (1987). \"Atābakān-e Fārs\". In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.). Encyclopædia Iranica, Volume II/8: Aśoka IV–Āṯār al-Wozarāʾ. London and New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 894–896. ISBN 978-0-71009-108-6.vteRulers of the Salghurids (1148–1282)\nSunqur ibn Mawdud (1148–1161)\nZangi ibn Mawdud (1161–1178)\nTekele ibn Zangi (1178–1198)\nSa'd I ibn Zangi (1198–1226)\nAbu Bakr ibn Sa'd (1226–1260)\nSa'd II (1260–1260)\nMuhammad I ibn Sa'd (1260–1262)\nMuhammad II ibn Salghur (1263)\nSaljuk Shah ibn Salghur (1263)\nAbish Khatun (1263–1282)","title":"Sources"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Limbert, John (2004). Shiraz in the Age of Hafez. University of Washington Press. ISBN 978-0295983912.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0295983912","url_text":"978-0295983912"}]},{"reference":"Spuler, B. (1987). \"Atābakān-e Fārs\". In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.). Encyclopædia Iranica, Volume II/8: Aśoka IV–Āṯār al-Wozarāʾ. London and New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 894–896. ISBN 978-0-71009-108-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://iranicaonline.org/articles/atabakan-e-fars-princes-of-the-salghurid-dynasty-who-ruled-fars-in-the-6th-12th-and-7th-13th-centuries-initially-with-","url_text":"\"Atābakān-e Fārs\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ehsan_Yarshater","url_text":"Yarshater, Ehsan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-71009-108-6","url_text":"978-0-71009-108-6"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://iranicaonline.org/articles/atabakan-e-fars-princes-of-the-salghurid-dynasty-who-ruled-fars-in-the-6th-12th-and-7th-13th-centuries-initially-with-","external_links_name":"\"Atābakān-e Fārs\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mona_Lisa_Overdrive_(song) | Mona Lisa Overdrive (song) | ["1 Personnel","2 References"] | This article is about the movie soundtrack. For the Buck-Tick album, see Mona Lisa Overdrive (album).
2003 song by Juno Reactor and Don Davis"Mona Lisa Overdrive"Song by Juno Reactor and Don Davisfrom the album The Matrix Reloaded: The Album and Labyrinth Released
29 April 2003 (soundtrack)
26 October 2004 (album)
StudioThe Paramour, Fox Soundstage and O'Henry's in Los AngelesRidge Farm Studio in Rusper, West SussexGenre
Goa trance
film score
Length
10:08 (soundtrack version)
4:45 (album version)
Songwriter(s)Ben WatkinsProducer(s)
Ben Watkins
Don Davis
"Mona Lisa Overdrive" is a composition in B-flat minor, featured in the movie The Matrix Reloaded, during the highway chase scene. It is written by Don Davis in collaboration with the electronica act Juno Reactor, representing a blend of film score music and trance. The track is the fifth entry in the second CD in the film soundtrack, released on 15 May 2003.
A different version of the song is featured in Juno Reactor's 2004 album, Labyrinth. A remix of the song was produced by Thomas P. Heckmann and was included on the group's remix album Inside the Reactor in 2011.
The song title is derived from William Gibson's cyberpunk novel of the same name, published in 1988. The Matrix franchise was heavily influenced by Gibson's writing.
Personnel
Don Davis – conductor, orchestration
Taz Alexander – vocals
Scarlet – guitar
Greg Ellis – percussion
Mabi Thobejane – percussion
Mike Fisher – percussion
Zig Gron – editing
Greg Hunter – engineer
Scott Oyster – engineer
References
^ Stephen Thomas Erlewine. "The Matrix Reloaded: The Album - Original Motion Picture Soundtrack". AllMusic. Archived from the original on May 28, 2024. Retrieved December 18, 2021.
^ Glazer, Joshua. "Labyrinth - Juno Reactor". AllMusic. Archived from the original on December 18, 2021. Retrieved December 18, 2021.
^ Granade, Andrew. "The Matrix Reloaded Soundtrack Review". soundtrack.net. Archived from the original on 2014-05-29. Retrieved 2014-05-28.
^ ""Juno Reactor - "Labyrinth" complete track list from the official website". Archived from the original on 2016-05-29. Retrieved 2014-05-28.
^ "Juno Reactor - "Inside The Reactor" release information". Discogs. Archived from the original on 2015-04-02. Retrieved 2014-05-28.
vteJuno Reactor
Ben Watkins
Budgie
Sugizo
Hamsika Iyer
Taz Alexander
Mali Mazel
Amir Haddad
Kostas Kopanaris
Greg Ellis
Paul Jackson
Steve Stevens
Studio albums
Transmissions (1993)
Luciana (1994)
Beyond the Infinite (1995)
Bible of Dreams (1997)
Shango (2000)
Labyrinth (2004)
Gods & Monsters (2008)
The Golden Sun of the Great East (2013)
The Mutant Theatre (2018)
Songs
"Pistolero"
"Mona Lisa Overdrive"
"Navras"
This 2000s electronic music song-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mona Lisa Overdrive (album)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mona_Lisa_Overdrive_(album)"},{"link_name":"The Matrix Reloaded","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Matrix_Reloaded"},{"link_name":"Don Davis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Davis_(composer)"},{"link_name":"Juno Reactor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juno_Reactor"},{"link_name":"trance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trance_(music)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Labyrinth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labyrinth_(Juno_Reactor_album)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Juno_Reactor_-_Labyrinth_tracklist-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"William Gibson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Gibson"},{"link_name":"cyberpunk novel of the same name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mona_Lisa_Overdrive"},{"link_name":"The Matrix franchise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Matrix_(franchise)"}],"text":"This article is about the movie soundtrack. 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The Matrix franchise was heavily influenced by Gibson's writing.","title":"Mona Lisa Overdrive (song)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Don Davis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Davis_(composer)"},{"link_name":"Taz Alexander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taz_Alexander"},{"link_name":"Greg Ellis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greg_Ellis_(musician)"}],"text":"Don Davis – conductor, orchestration\nTaz Alexander – vocals\nScarlet – guitar\nGreg Ellis – percussion\nMabi Thobejane – percussion\nMike Fisher – percussion\nZig Gron – editing\nGreg Hunter – engineer\nScott Oyster – engineer","title":"Personnel"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Stephen Thomas Erlewine. \"The Matrix Reloaded: The Album - Original Motion Picture Soundtrack\". AllMusic. Archived from the original on May 28, 2024. Retrieved December 18, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Thomas_Erlewine","url_text":"Stephen Thomas Erlewine"},{"url":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/the-matrix-reloaded-the-album-mw0000595069","url_text":"\"The Matrix Reloaded: The Album - Original Motion Picture Soundtrack\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic","url_text":"AllMusic"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240528073803/https://www.allmusic.com/album/the-matrix-reloaded-the-album-mw0000595069","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Glazer, Joshua. \"Labyrinth - Juno Reactor\". AllMusic. Archived from the original on December 18, 2021. Retrieved December 18, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/labyrinth-mw0000143445","url_text":"\"Labyrinth - Juno Reactor\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic","url_text":"AllMusic"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211218225551/https://www.allmusic.com/album/labyrinth-mw0000143445","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Granade, Andrew. \"The Matrix Reloaded Soundtrack Review\". soundtrack.net. Archived from the original on 2014-05-29. Retrieved 2014-05-28.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.soundtrack.net/album/the-matrix-reloaded/","url_text":"\"The Matrix Reloaded Soundtrack Review\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140529122401/http://www.soundtrack.net/album/the-matrix-reloaded/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"\"Juno Reactor - \"Labyrinth\" complete track list from the official website\". Archived from the original on 2016-05-29. Retrieved 2014-05-28.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160529184906/http://www.junoreactor.com/audio/labyrinth/","url_text":"\"\"Juno Reactor - \"Labyrinth\" complete track list from the official website\""},{"url":"http://www.junoreactor.com/audio/labyrinth","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Juno Reactor - \"Inside The Reactor\" release information\". Discogs. Archived from the original on 2015-04-02. Retrieved 2014-05-28.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.discogs.com/Juno-Reactor-Inside-The-Reactor/release/2983702","url_text":"\"Juno Reactor - \"Inside The Reactor\" release information\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discogs","url_text":"Discogs"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150402003732/http://www.discogs.com/Juno-Reactor-Inside-The-Reactor/release/2983702","url_text":"Archived"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/the-matrix-reloaded-the-album-mw0000595069","external_links_name":"\"The Matrix Reloaded: The Album - Original Motion Picture Soundtrack\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240528073803/https://www.allmusic.com/album/the-matrix-reloaded-the-album-mw0000595069","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/labyrinth-mw0000143445","external_links_name":"\"Labyrinth - Juno Reactor\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211218225551/https://www.allmusic.com/album/labyrinth-mw0000143445","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.soundtrack.net/album/the-matrix-reloaded/","external_links_name":"\"The Matrix Reloaded Soundtrack Review\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140529122401/http://www.soundtrack.net/album/the-matrix-reloaded/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160529184906/http://www.junoreactor.com/audio/labyrinth/","external_links_name":"\"\"Juno Reactor - \"Labyrinth\" complete track list from the official website\""},{"Link":"http://www.junoreactor.com/audio/labyrinth","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.discogs.com/Juno-Reactor-Inside-The-Reactor/release/2983702","external_links_name":"\"Juno Reactor - \"Inside The Reactor\" release information\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150402003732/http://www.discogs.com/Juno-Reactor-Inside-The-Reactor/release/2983702","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mona_Lisa_Overdrive_(song)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W3XK | W3XK | ["1 See also","2 References","3 External links"] | Television station in Wheaton, Maryland (1928–1934)
"3XK" redirects here. For the fictional killer and television series named after him, see Castle (TV series).
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "W3XK" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (September 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
W3XK is widely regarded as the oldest television station in the United States. It was operated by Charles Jenkins of Charles Jenkins Laboratories from July 2, 1928 to 1934. It is believed to be the first station to broadcast to the general public. (Note, however, that in January 1928, GE began broadcasting as 2XB – later W2XB – on 790 kHz using a 24 line mechanical standard. ) The station's frequency started out at 1605 kc., but moved to 6420 kc. (6.42 Mc.), and eventually moved to the 2.-2.1 Mc. band. It broadcast from Wheaton, Maryland (just outside Washington, D.C.), at a resolution of just 48 lines. The way to view television at the time was by mechanical television sets, and this station operated in that way.
See also
W2XB
References
^ "The short and the long of milestones in television". Press-Enterprise. July 27, 2006. Archived from the original on 2006-08-27. Retrieved September 13, 2010.
^
"Early Television Stations". Early Television Foundation. Retrieved November 14, 2016.
^
"W2XB General Electric". Southwest Museum of Engineering, Communications and Computation. Retrieved November 14, 2016.
External links
Charles Francis Jenkins at TVHistory.tv
W3XK in Columbus, OH
W3XK
This article about a television station in Maryland is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Castle (TV series)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castle_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"oldest television station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oldest_television_station"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Charles Jenkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Francis_Jenkins"},{"link_name":"Charles Jenkins Laboratories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Jenkins_Laboratories"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Wheaton, Maryland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheaton,_Maryland"},{"link_name":"Washington, D.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C."},{"link_name":"mechanical television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanical_television"}],"text":"\"3XK\" redirects here. For the fictional killer and television series named after him, see Castle (TV series).W3XK is widely regarded as the oldest television station in the United States.[1] It was operated by Charles Jenkins of Charles Jenkins Laboratories from July 2, 1928 to 1934. It is believed to be the first station to broadcast to the general public. (Note, however, that in January 1928, GE began broadcasting as 2XB – later W2XB – on 790 kHz using a 24 line mechanical standard.[2] [3]) The station's frequency started out at 1605 kc., but moved to 6420 kc. (6.42 Mc.), and eventually moved to the 2.-2.1 Mc. band. It broadcast from Wheaton, Maryland (just outside Washington, D.C.), at a resolution of just 48 lines. The way to view television at the time was by mechanical television sets, and this station operated in that way.","title":"W3XK"}] | [] | [{"title":"W2XB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WRGB#W2XB"}] | [{"reference":"\"The short and the long of milestones in television\". Press-Enterprise. July 27, 2006. Archived from the original on 2006-08-27. Retrieved September 13, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060827163821/https://www.pe.com/lifestyles/stories/PE_Fea_Ent_D_tv.smallside.10b8ee9.html","url_text":"\"The short and the long of milestones in television\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Press-Enterprise","url_text":"Press-Enterprise"},{"url":"http://www.pe.com/lifestyles/stories/PE_Fea_Ent_D_tv.smallside.10b8ee9.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Early Television Stations\". Early Television Foundation. Retrieved November 14, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.earlytelevision.org/w2xb.html","url_text":"\"Early Television Stations\""}]},{"reference":"\"W2XB General Electric\". Southwest Museum of Engineering, Communications and Computation. Retrieved November 14, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.smecc.org/w2xb_general_electric.htm","url_text":"\"W2XB General Electric\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22W3XK%22","external_links_name":"\"W3XK\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22W3XK%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22W3XK%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22W3XK%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22W3XK%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22W3XK%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060827163821/https://www.pe.com/lifestyles/stories/PE_Fea_Ent_D_tv.smallside.10b8ee9.html","external_links_name":"\"The short and the long of milestones in television\""},{"Link":"http://www.pe.com/lifestyles/stories/PE_Fea_Ent_D_tv.smallside.10b8ee9.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.earlytelevision.org/w2xb.html","external_links_name":"\"Early Television Stations\""},{"Link":"http://www.smecc.org/w2xb_general_electric.htm","external_links_name":"\"W2XB General Electric\""},{"Link":"http://www.tvhistory.tv/C-Francis-Jenkins.htm","external_links_name":"Charles Francis Jenkins at TVHistory.tv"},{"Link":"http://www.earlytelevision.org/stanley_jay.html","external_links_name":"W3XK in Columbus, OH"},{"Link":"http://online.sfsu.edu/~hl/cfj/cfj.W3XK.html","external_links_name":"W3XK"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=W3XK&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intension_and_extension | Extensional and intensional definitions | ["1 Intensional definition","2 Extensional definition","3 History","4 See also","5 References"] | Classification of definitions in mathematics, philosophy, and logic
In logic, extensional and intensional definitions are two key ways in which the objects, concepts, or referents a term refers to can be defined. They give meaning or denotation to a term.
Intensional definition
See also: Intension
An intensional definition gives meaning to a term by specifying necessary and sufficient conditions for when the term should be used. In the case of nouns, this is equivalent to specifying the properties that an object needs to have in order to be counted as a referent of the term.
For example, an intensional definition of the word "bachelor" is "unmarried man". This definition is valid because being an unmarried man is both a necessary condition and a sufficient condition for being a bachelor: it is necessary because one cannot be a bachelor without being an unmarried man, and it is sufficient because any unmarried man is a bachelor.
This is the opposite approach to the extensional definition, which defines by listing everything that falls under that definition – an extensional definition of bachelor would be a listing of all the unmarried men in the world.
As becomes clear, intensional definitions are best used when something has a clearly defined set of properties, and they work well for terms that have too many referents to list in an extensional definition. It is impossible to give an extensional definition for a term with an infinite set of referents, but an intensional one can often be stated concisely – there are infinitely many even numbers, impossible to list, but the term "even numbers" can be defined easily by saying that even numbers are integer multiples of two.
Definition by genus and difference, in which something is defined by first stating the broad category it belongs to and then distinguished by specific properties, is a type of intensional definition. As the name might suggest, this is the type of definition used in Linnaean taxonomy to categorize living things, but is by no means restricted to biology. Suppose one defines a miniskirt as "a skirt with a hemline above the knee". It has been assigned to a genus, or larger class of items: it is a type of skirt. Then, we've described the differentia, the specific properties that make it its own sub-type: it has a hemline above the knee.
An intensional definition may also consist of rules or sets of axioms that define a set by describing a procedure for generating all of its members. For example, an intensional definition of square number can be "any number that can be expressed as some integer multiplied by itself". The rule—"take an integer and multiply it by itself"—always generates members of the set of square numbers, no matter which integer one chooses, and for any square number, there is an integer that was multiplied by itself to get it.
Similarly, an intensional definition of a game, such as chess, would be the rules of the game; any game played by those rules must be a game of chess, and any game properly called a game of chess must have been played by those rules.
Extensional definition
See also: Extension (semantics)
An extensional definition gives meaning to a term by specifying its extension, that is, every object that falls under the definition of the term in question.
For example, an extensional definition of the term "nation of the world" might be given by listing all of the nations of the world, or by giving some other means of recognizing the members of the corresponding class. An explicit listing of the extension, which is only possible for finite sets and only practical for relatively small sets, is a type of enumerative definition.
Extensional definitions are used when listing examples would give more applicable information than other types of definition, and where listing the members of a set tells the questioner enough about the nature of that set.
An extensional definition possesses similarity to an ostensive definition, in which one or more members of a set (but not necessarily all) are pointed to as examples, but contrasts clearly with an intensional definition, which defines by listing properties that a thing must have in order to be part of the set captured by the definition.
History
The terms "intension" and "extension" were introduced before 1911 by Constance Jones and formalized by Rudolf Carnap.
See also
Comprehension (logic)
Extension (predicate logic)
Extension (semantics)
Extensional context
Extensionalism
Extensionality
Intension
Intensional logic
Ostensive definition
References
^ a b Cook, Roy T. "Intensional Definition". In A Dictionary of Philosophical Logic. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2009. 155.
^ "Emily Elizabeth Constance Jones: Observations on Intension and Extension". Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. 7 August 2020. Retrieved 19 November 2020.
^ Fitting, Melvin. "Intensional logic". In Zalta, Edward N. (ed.). Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
vteDefinition
Circular
Concept
Coordinative
Enumerative
Extensional
Fallacies of
Intensional
Genus–differentia
Lexical
Operational
Ostensive
Persuasive
Precising
Recursive
Stipulative
Theoretical | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"logic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logic"},{"link_name":"objects","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Object_(philosophy)"},{"link_name":"concepts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concept"},{"link_name":"referents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Referent"},{"link_name":"term","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminology"},{"link_name":"defined","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Definition"},{"link_name":"meaning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_(linguistic)"}],"text":"In logic, extensional and intensional definitions are two key ways in which the objects, concepts, or referents a term refers to can be defined. 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In the case of nouns, this is equivalent to specifying the properties that an object needs to have in order to be counted as a referent of the term.For example, an intensional definition of the word \"bachelor\" is \"unmarried man\". This definition is valid because being an unmarried man is both a necessary condition and a sufficient condition for being a bachelor: it is necessary because one cannot be a bachelor without being an unmarried man, and it is sufficient because any unmarried man is a bachelor.[1]This is the opposite approach to the extensional definition, which defines by listing everything that falls under that definition – an extensional definition of bachelor would be a listing of all the unmarried men in the world.[1]As becomes clear, intensional definitions are best used when something has a clearly defined set of properties, and they work well for terms that have too many referents to list in an extensional definition. It is impossible to give an extensional definition for a term with an infinite set of referents, but an intensional one can often be stated concisely – there are infinitely many even numbers, impossible to list, but the term \"even numbers\" can be defined easily by saying that even numbers are integer multiples of two.Definition by genus and difference, in which something is defined by first stating the broad category it belongs to and then distinguished by specific properties, is a type of intensional definition. As the name might suggest, this is the type of definition used in Linnaean taxonomy to categorize living things, but is by no means restricted to biology. Suppose one defines a miniskirt as \"a skirt with a hemline above the knee\". It has been assigned to a genus, or larger class of items: it is a type of skirt. Then, we've described the differentia, the specific properties that make it its own sub-type: it has a hemline above the knee.An intensional definition may also consist of rules or sets of axioms that define a set by describing a procedure for generating all of its members. For example, an intensional definition of square number can be \"any number that can be expressed as some integer multiplied by itself\". The rule—\"take an integer and multiply it by itself\"—always generates members of the set of square numbers, no matter which integer one chooses, and for any square number, there is an integer that was multiplied by itself to get it.Similarly, an intensional definition of a game, such as chess, would be the rules of the game; any game played by those rules must be a game of chess, and any game properly called a game of chess must have been played by those rules.","title":"Intensional definition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Extension (semantics)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extension_(semantics)"},{"link_name":"extension","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extension_(semantics)"},{"link_name":"object","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Object_(philosophy)"},{"link_name":"enumerative definition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enumerative_definition"},{"link_name":"set","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Set_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"ostensive definition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostensive_definition"},{"link_name":"intensional definition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intensional_definition"}],"text":"See also: Extension (semantics)An extensional definition gives meaning to a term by specifying its extension, that is, every object that falls under the definition of the term in question.For example, an extensional definition of the term \"nation of the world\" might be given by listing all of the nations of the world, or by giving some other means of recognizing the members of the corresponding class. An explicit listing of the extension, which is only possible for finite sets and only practical for relatively small sets, is a type of enumerative definition.Extensional definitions are used when listing examples would give more applicable information than other types of definition, and where listing the members of a set tells the questioner enough about the nature of that set.An extensional definition possesses similarity to an ostensive definition, in which one or more members of a set (but not necessarily all) are pointed to as examples, but contrasts clearly with an intensional definition, which defines by listing properties that a thing must have in order to be part of the set captured by the definition.","title":"Extensional definition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"intension","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intension"},{"link_name":"extension","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extension_(semantics)"},{"link_name":"Constance Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constance_Jones"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Rudolf Carnap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Carnap"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"The terms \"intension\" and \"extension\" were introduced before 1911 by Constance Jones[2] and formalized by Rudolf Carnap.[3]","title":"History"}] | [] | [{"title":"Comprehension (logic)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comprehension_(logic)"},{"title":"Extension (predicate logic)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extension_(predicate_logic)"},{"title":"Extension (semantics)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extension_(semantics)"},{"title":"Extensional context","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extensional_context"},{"title":"Extensionalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extensionalism"},{"title":"Extensionality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extensionality"},{"title":"Intension","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intension"},{"title":"Intensional logic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intensional_logic"},{"title":"Ostensive definition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostensive_definition"}] | [{"reference":"\"Emily Elizabeth Constance Jones: Observations on Intension and Extension\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%BCnther_I_of_Schwalenberg | Günther I of Schwalenberg | ["1 Background","2 Life","3 References","4 External links"] | Archbishop of Magdeburg and Bishop of Paderborn
Günther I of SchwalenbergDied1310 or shortly thereafterprobably in Marienmünster abbeyNoble familyvon SchwalenbergFatherVolkwin IV, Count of SchwalenbergMotherErmengard of Schwarzburg
Günther I of Schwalenberg was a German nobleman. He was elected Archbishop of Magdeburg in 1277, but had to step down in 1278. He was Bishop of the Bishopric of Paderborn from 1307 to 15 May 1310.
Background
Günther relatives were the Counts of Schwalenberg. They were Vogts of the Bishopric of Paderborn and founders of the abbey in Marienmünster. They had a lot of influence on the clerical positions in Westphalia. Günther was a son of Count Volkwin IV and his wife Ermengard of Schwarzburg. His parents had eleven children. His brother Volkwin V was Bishop of Minden. His cousin Widukind of Waldeck was Bishop of Osnabrück from 1265 to 1269, and his nephew Conrad II of Sternberg was Archbishop of Magdeburg from 1266 to 1277. Three of Günter's sisters were abbesses: Kunigunde in Falkenhagen Abbey in Lügde, Ermengard in Neuenheerse, and Mathilda in Möllenbeck Abbey, near Rinteln.
Life
In 1268, Günther became provost in the Dionysius monastery in Enger, and also canon in Magdeburg where his nephew Conrad was archbishop. In 1272, he became thesaurer in Minden and cathedral custodian in Magdeburg. He was also dean in Goslar. In 1273, he became vice-dominus in Magdeburg, later provost.
Conrad died in 1277 and Günther succeeded him, after a disputed election, in which he defeated Bernard III of Wölpe, the cathedral cellarer. An important condition for his election was that the finances of the cathedral, for which he had been responsible as thesaurer, should be in order.
Around that time, a feud broke out, because Margrave Otto IV of Brandenburg wanted his younger brother Eric elected as Archbishop, and had made an alliance with the Duke of Saxony against Günther. Otto's troops raided the archbishopric, and the monastery and surrounding areas suffered badly. Günther, supported by a strong force from the City of Magdeburg, defeated Otto in battles at Aken and Frohse (10 January 1278). However, Günther grew tired of fighting Otto and in March 1278, he abdicated, even before he had been confirmed and consecrated. He was succeeded by his former opponent Bernard III of Wölpe. However, Pope Martin IV appointed Eric as Archbishop of Magdeburg. In 1282, Bernard abdicated and Eric was consecrated as his successor.
In 1307, Günther was elected Bishop of Paderborn. His election was confirmed by the ecclesiastical province of Mainz and Emperor Henry VII transferred the regalia of Paderborn to him. However, he turned out to be a weak ruler. His provost, Bernard V of Lippe de facto administered the bishopric. In 1308, Bernard vouched for Günther and in 1309, he chaired the Permanent Council as "Defender and Tutor of the safety of the Bishop". Günther abdicated in 1310 and was succeeded by his cousin Dietrich II of Itter.
He probably retired to the abbey in Marienmünster. He probably died shortly after his abdication, but the exact date is unknown. He was probably buried in the church of Marienmünster abbey.
References
Hans Jürgen Brandt and Karl Hengst: Die Bischöfe und Erzbischöfe von Paderborn, Verlag Bonifatius-Druckerei, Paderborn, 1984, ISBN 3-87088-381-2, p. 135–136
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
Germany
People
Deutsche Biographie
External links
http://gutenberg.spiegel.de/alexis/woldemar/wold112.htm
http://www.histsem.uni-freiburg.de/mertens/graf/riten.htm
http://www.von-alemann.de/magdeburg/stadtherren/
Günther I of Schwalenberg von Schwalenberg
Preceded byConrad II
Archbishop of Magdeburg 1277-1278
Succeeded byBernard III
Preceded byOtto
Bishop of Paderborn 1307-1310
Succeeded byDietrich II | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Archbishop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archbishop"},{"link_name":"Magdeburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archbishopric_of_Magdeburg"},{"link_name":"Bishop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop"},{"link_name":"Bishopric of Paderborn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishopric_of_Paderborn"}],"text":"Günther I of Schwalenberg was a German nobleman. He was elected Archbishop of Magdeburg in 1277, but had to step down in 1278. He was Bishop of the Bishopric of Paderborn from 1307 to 15 May 1310.","title":"Günther I of Schwalenberg"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vogts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vogt"},{"link_name":"Bishopric of Paderborn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishopric_of_Paderborn"},{"link_name":"Marienmünster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marienm%C3%BCnster"},{"link_name":"Volkwin IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Volkwin_IV,_Count_of_Schwalenberg&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Volkwin V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Volkwin_V_of_Schwalenberg&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Minden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishopric_of_Minden"},{"link_name":"Widukind of Waldeck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Widukind_of_Waldeck&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Osnabrück","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishopric_of_Osnabr%C3%BCck"},{"link_name":"Conrad II of Sternberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Conrad_II_of_Sternberg&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"abbesses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbess"},{"link_name":"Lügde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%BCgde"},{"link_name":"Rinteln","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rinteln"}],"text":"Günther relatives were the Counts of Schwalenberg. They were Vogts of the Bishopric of Paderborn and founders of the abbey in Marienmünster. They had a lot of influence on the clerical positions in Westphalia. Günther was a son of Count Volkwin IV and his wife Ermengard of Schwarzburg. His parents had eleven children. His brother Volkwin V was Bishop of Minden. His cousin Widukind of Waldeck was Bishop of Osnabrück from 1265 to 1269, and his nephew Conrad II of Sternberg was Archbishop of Magdeburg from 1266 to 1277. Three of Günter's sisters were abbesses: Kunigunde in Falkenhagen Abbey in Lügde, Ermengard in Neuenheerse, and Mathilda in Möllenbeck Abbey, near Rinteln.","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"provost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provost_(religion)"},{"link_name":"Enger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enger"},{"link_name":"canon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canon_(priest)"},{"link_name":"Goslar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goslar"},{"link_name":"Bernard III of Wölpe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bernard_III_of_W%C3%B6lpe&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"feud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feud"},{"link_name":"Otto IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_IV,_Margrave_of_Brandenburg-Stendal"},{"link_name":"Eric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_of_Brandenburg"},{"link_name":"Aken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aken_(Elbe)"},{"link_name":"Frohse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Frohse&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Pope Martin IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Martin_IV"},{"link_name":"Paderborn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishopric_of_Paderborn"},{"link_name":"ecclesiastical province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecclesiastical_province"},{"link_name":"Mainz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archbishopric_of_Mainz"},{"link_name":"Henry VII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_VII,_Holy_Roman_Emperor"},{"link_name":"regalia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regalia"},{"link_name":"Bernard V of Lippe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_V_of_Lippe"},{"link_name":"Dietrich II of Itter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dietrich_II_of_Itter&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Marienmünster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marienm%C3%BCnster"}],"text":"In 1268, Günther became provost in the Dionysius monastery in Enger, and also canon in Magdeburg where his nephew Conrad was archbishop. In 1272, he became thesaurer in Minden and cathedral custodian in Magdeburg. He was also dean in Goslar. In 1273, he became vice-dominus in Magdeburg, later provost.Conrad died in 1277 and Günther succeeded him, after a disputed election, in which he defeated Bernard III of Wölpe, the cathedral cellarer. An important condition for his election was that the finances of the cathedral, for which he had been responsible as thesaurer, should be in order.Around that time, a feud broke out, because Margrave Otto IV of Brandenburg wanted his younger brother Eric elected as Archbishop, and had made an alliance with the Duke of Saxony against Günther. Otto's troops raided the archbishopric, and the monastery and surrounding areas suffered badly. Günther, supported by a strong force from the City of Magdeburg, defeated Otto in battles at Aken and Frohse (10 January 1278). However, Günther grew tired of fighting Otto and in March 1278, he abdicated, even before he had been confirmed and consecrated. He was succeeded by his former opponent Bernard III of Wölpe. However, Pope Martin IV appointed Eric as Archbishop of Magdeburg. In 1282, Bernard abdicated and Eric was consecrated as his successor.In 1307, Günther was elected Bishop of Paderborn. His election was confirmed by the ecclesiastical province of Mainz and Emperor Henry VII transferred the regalia of Paderborn to him. However, he turned out to be a weak ruler. His provost, Bernard V of Lippe de facto administered the bishopric. In 1308, Bernard vouched for Günther and in 1309, he chaired the Permanent Council as \"Defender and Tutor of the safety of the Bishop\". Günther abdicated in 1310 and was succeeded by his cousin Dietrich II of Itter.He probably retired to the abbey in Marienmünster. He probably died shortly after his abdication, but the exact date is unknown. He was probably buried in the church of Marienmünster abbey.","title":"Life"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/80551220","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/136159141","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd136159141.html?language=en","external_links_name":"Deutsche Biographie"},{"Link":"http://gutenberg.spiegel.de/alexis/woldemar/wold112.htm","external_links_name":"http://gutenberg.spiegel.de/alexis/woldemar/wold112.htm"},{"Link":"http://www.histsem.uni-freiburg.de/mertens/graf/riten.htm","external_links_name":"http://www.histsem.uni-freiburg.de/mertens/graf/riten.htm"},{"Link":"http://www.von-alemann.de/magdeburg/stadtherren/","external_links_name":"http://www.von-alemann.de/magdeburg/stadtherren/"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Cossar_Ewart | James Cossar Ewart | ["1 Life","2 Family","3 Publications","4 References","5 External links"] | Scottish zoologist
The Diploma of the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh, awarded to James Cossar Ewart in 1878.
One of Ewart's creations from The Penycuik Experiments
Ewart's house in Penicuik
James Cossar Ewart FRS FRSE (26 November 1851 – 31 December 1933) was a Scottish zoologist. He performed breeding experiments with horses and zebras which disproved earlier theories of heredity.
Life
Ewart was born in Penicuik, Midlothian, Scotland, the son of Jean Cossar and John Ewart, a joiner. He studied medicine from 1871 to 1874 at the University of Edinburgh where he graduated with an MB ChB. After graduation, he became an anatomy demonstrator under William Turner and then held the position of Curator of the Zoological Museum at University College, London, where he assisted Ray Lankester (later director of the Natural History Museum) by making zoological preparations for the museum and providing teaching support for Lankester's course in practical zoology. In 1878 he returned to Scotland to take a post of Regius Professor of Natural History at the University of Aberdeen from where he moved to the University of Edinburgh in 1882, staying in the post until 1927. In Aberdeen he encountered James Duncan Matthews, a mature student (older than himself) and they became friends until Matthew's premature death in 1890.
In 1879 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. His proposers were Sir William Turner, William Rutherford, William Rutherford Sanders and John Chiene. He won the Society's Neill Prize for 1895-98 and served as their Vice-President 1907 to 1912.
In 1890 he was elected a member of the Harveian Society of Edinburgh. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in June 1893, having jointly delivered their Croonian Lecture in 1881.
Among various other studies, he performed breeding experiments with horses and zebras. He carried out these experiments at "The Bungalow", now the Navaar House in Penicuik, well before the rediscovery of Gregor Mendel's works. Ewart crossed a male zebra with a female pony to show that the theory of telegony inherited from the Greeks was unsound. Telegony held that a female with a history of mating with multiple males would pass on genetic qualities of all previous partners to her offspring. Ewart later bred the mare which had produced zebra-horse hybrids with a pony, and the offspring showed no zebra qualities in either markings or temperament. Ewart's goal was also to produce a draught animal for South African conditions, resistant to African diseases and more tractable than a mule.
In 1883 he commissioned George Washington Browne to design a grand new house in Penicuik, finished in 1885, which is where he died on New Year's Eve 1933/34. It is now the Craigiebield House Hotel.
Family
He married three times, his first wife being the sister of Edward Albert Sharpey-Schafer.
Publications
The Penycuik Experiments (1899)
References
^ a b m., F. H. A. (1934). "James Cossar Ewart. 1851-1933". Obituary Notices of Fellows of the Royal Society. 1 (3): 189–195. doi:10.1098/rsbm.1934.0004.
^ "EWART, James Cossar". Who's Who. 59: 570. 1907.
^ a., J. H. (1934). "Prof. J. Cossar Ewart, F.R.S". Nature. 133 (3353): 165–166. doi:10.1038/133165a0.
^ a b Biographical Index of Former Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 1783–2002 (PDF). The Royal Society of Edinburgh. July 2006. ISBN 0-902-198-84-X. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 January 2013. Retrieved 25 April 2016.
^ M'Intosh, W. Carmichael (1891). "James Duncan Matthews". Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. 17: xxxviii–xliii. doi:10.1017/S0370164600007185. ISSN 0370-1646.
^ Watson Wemyss, Herbert Lindesay (1933). A Record of the Edinburgh Harveian Society. T&A Constable, Edinburgh.
^ Minute Books of the Harveian Society. Library of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh.
^ McWilliam, Colin. Buildings of Scotland: Midlothian, p. 384
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to James Cossar Ewart.
Wikisource has original works by or about:James Cossar Ewart
Blog created by the University of Edinburgh Heritage Collection.
Works by or about James Cossar Ewart at Internet Archive
Index at NAHSTE
Biography
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2
IdRef | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:James_Cossar_Ewart.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Diploma_of_the_Royal_College_of_Surgeons_of_Edinburgh,_awarded_to_James_Cossar_Ewart_in_1878.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Penycuik_experiments_(1899)_(14764915404).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Craigiebield_House_Hotel_-_geograph.org.uk_-_952772.jpg"},{"link_name":"FRS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Society"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"FRSE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FRSE"},{"link_name":"zoologist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoologist"},{"link_name":"horses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse"},{"link_name":"zebras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zebra"}],"text":"The Diploma of the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh, awarded to James Cossar Ewart in 1878.One of Ewart's creations from The Penycuik ExperimentsEwart's house in PenicuikJames Cossar Ewart FRS[1] FRSE (26 November 1851 – 31 December 1933) was a Scottish zoologist. He performed breeding experiments with horses and zebras which disproved earlier theories of heredity.","title":"James Cossar Ewart"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Penicuik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penicuik"},{"link_name":"Midlothian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midlothian"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"University of Edinburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Edinburgh"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"William Turner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Turner_(University_Principal)"},{"link_name":"University College, London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_College,_London"},{"link_name":"Ray Lankester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_Lankester"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"Regius Professor of Natural History","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regius_Professor_of_Natural_History_(Aberdeen)"},{"link_name":"University of Aberdeen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Aberdeen"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-4"},{"link_name":"James Duncan Matthews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Duncan_Matthews"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Royal Society of Edinburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Society_of_Edinburgh"},{"link_name":"Sir William Turner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Turner_(anatomist)"},{"link_name":"William Rutherford Sanders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Rutherford_Sanders"},{"link_name":"John Chiene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Chiene"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-4"},{"link_name":"Harveian Society of Edinburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harveian_Society_of_Edinburgh"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Fellow of the Royal Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society"},{"link_name":"Croonian Lecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croonian_Lecture"},{"link_name":"horses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse"},{"link_name":"zebras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zebra"},{"link_name":"Gregor Mendel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregor_Mendel"},{"link_name":"pony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pony"},{"link_name":"telegony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telegony_(pregnancy)"},{"link_name":"George Washington Browne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington_Browne"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Ewart was born in Penicuik, Midlothian, Scotland, the son of Jean Cossar and John Ewart, a joiner.[2] He studied medicine from 1871 to 1874 at the University of Edinburgh[3] where he graduated with an MB ChB. After graduation, he became an anatomy demonstrator under William Turner and then held the position of Curator of the Zoological Museum at University College, London, where he assisted Ray Lankester (later director of the Natural History Museum) by making zoological preparations for the museum and providing teaching support for Lankester's course in practical zoology.[1] In 1878 he returned to Scotland to take a post of Regius Professor of Natural History at the University of Aberdeen from where he moved to the University of Edinburgh in 1882, staying in the post until 1927.[4] In Aberdeen he encountered James Duncan Matthews, a mature student (older than himself) and they became friends until Matthew's premature death in 1890.[5]In 1879 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. His proposers were Sir William Turner, William Rutherford, William Rutherford Sanders and John Chiene. He won the Society's Neill Prize for 1895-98 and served as their Vice-President 1907 to 1912.[4]In 1890 he was elected a member of the Harveian Society of Edinburgh.[6][7] He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in June 1893, having jointly delivered their Croonian Lecture in 1881.Among various other studies, he performed breeding experiments with horses and zebras. He carried out these experiments at \"The Bungalow\", now the Navaar House in Penicuik, well before the rediscovery of Gregor Mendel's works. Ewart crossed a male zebra with a female pony to show that the theory of telegony inherited from the Greeks was unsound. Telegony held that a female with a history of mating with multiple males would pass on genetic qualities of all previous partners to her offspring. Ewart later bred the mare which had produced zebra-horse hybrids with a pony, and the offspring showed no zebra qualities in either markings or temperament. Ewart's goal was also to produce a draught animal for South African conditions, resistant to African diseases and more tractable than a mule.In 1883 he commissioned George Washington Browne to design a grand new house in Penicuik, finished in 1885, which is where he died on New Year's Eve 1933/34. It is now the Craigiebield House Hotel.[8]","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Edward Albert Sharpey-Schafer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Albert_Sharpey-Schafer"}],"text":"He married three times, his first wife being the sister of Edward Albert Sharpey-Schafer.","title":"Family"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Penycuik Experiments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/100328979"}],"text":"The Penycuik Experiments (1899)","title":"Publications"}] | [{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/James_Cossar_Ewart.jpg/220px-James_Cossar_Ewart.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Diploma of the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh, awarded to James Cossar Ewart in 1878.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/The_Diploma_of_the_Royal_College_of_Surgeons_of_Edinburgh%2C_awarded_to_James_Cossar_Ewart_in_1878.jpg/220px-The_Diploma_of_the_Royal_College_of_Surgeons_of_Edinburgh%2C_awarded_to_James_Cossar_Ewart_in_1878.jpg"},{"image_text":"One of Ewart's creations from The Penycuik Experiments","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/The_Penycuik_experiments_%281899%29_%2814764915404%29.jpg/220px-The_Penycuik_experiments_%281899%29_%2814764915404%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Ewart's house in Penicuik","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Craigiebield_House_Hotel_-_geograph.org.uk_-_952772.jpg/220px-Craigiebield_House_Hotel_-_geograph.org.uk_-_952772.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"m., F. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenka_Dusilov%C3%A1 | Lenka Dusilová | ["1 Career","1.1 Early years: 1988–2000","1.2 First three solo albums: 2000–2004","1.3 Mezi Světy and Eternal Seekers: 2005–2008","1.4 Subsequent albums and projects: 2011–present","2 Discography","2.1 Solo","2.2 Other albums","2.3 Guest appearances","3 Awards and nominations","4 References","5 External links"] | Czech musician (born 1975)
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Lenka DusilováDusilová in 2008Background informationBorn (1975-12-28) 28 December 1975 (age 48)Karlovy Vary, CzechoslovakiaGenresAlternative rockacoustic rockOccupation(s)MusicianInstrument(s)GuitarvocalsYears active1988–presentLabelsB&MUniversalFormerly ofBambini di PragaRSPSluníčkoLuciePusaWebsitelenkadusilova.art/enMusical artist
Lenka Dusilová (born 28 December 1975) is a Czech singer-songwriter and multiple-Anděl Award winner.
Career
Early years: 1988–2000
Dusilová began her career in 1988, joining the Bambini di Praga children's choir at age thirteen after singing in the family band RSP with her mother and brother. RSP played folk music set to Czech and Polish poetry. During the 1990s, Dusilová was a full and guest member of several groups.
Between 1991 and 1995, she led the rock band Sluníčko, which released an eponymous album in 1994, won the Marlboro Rock '94 competition, and opened the Open Air Gampell music festival in Switzerland. That year, Dusilová was nominated for the Discovery of the Year Anděl Award.
Between 1994 and 1997, the artist was a guest member of the rock band Lucie. In 1996, she formed the group Pusa with Lucie members David Koller and Marek Minárik. Their song "Muka" was nominated for an Anděl Award in 1996.
First three solo albums: 2000–2004
Dusilová won the Anděl Award for Female Singer of the Year in 2000 and the same year, she sang guest vocals on the Čechomor album Proměny, which was produced by Jaz Coleman and also featured David Koller on guest drums. The album's title track won an Anděl Award in 2001 for Song of the Year, while the record won Album of the Year. Also in 2000, she released her debut solo album, titled Lenka Dusilová. She followed it with Spatřit světlo světa in 2002 and UnEarthEd in 2004. This release was her first to be published in the United States.
Mezi Světy and Eternal Seekers: 2005–2008
Dusilová's 2005 album, Mezi Světy, went Gold within weeks of its release. It won the 2006 Anděl Award for Best Rock Album, and the musician received the award for Best Female Singer. The record was produced in the United States and featured Scott Amendola on drums, among other American session musicians.
In 2008, together with Beata Hlavenková and Clarinet Factory, Dusilová launched a project called Eternal Seekers. They recorded a self-titled album the same year, for which Dusilová won an Anděl Award in the Best Singer category. The track "Smiluje" was used as the opening song for the 2011 film Long Live the Family! by Robert Sedláček.
Subsequent albums and projects: 2011–present
In 2011, Dusilová released her fifth solo studio album, titled Baromantika. She went on to form a group of the same name, which also included Eternal Seekers bandmate Beata Hlavenková. In 2013, they released the live album Live at Café v lese and followed up in 2014 with the studio recording V hodině smrti.
In 2020, Dusilová released her sixth studio album, Řeka.
Discography
Solo
Lenka Dusilová (2000)
Spatřit světlo světa (2002)
UnEarthEd (2004)
Mezi světy (2005)
Mezi světy US version (2006)
Baromantika (2011)
Řeka (2020)
Other albums
Sluníčko with Sluníčko (1994)
Pusa with Pusa (1996)
Eternal Seekers, with Clarinet Factory and Beata Hlavenková (2008)
Live at Café v lese with Baromantika (2013)
V hodině smrti with Baromantika (2014)
Guest appearances
Déva by Dušan Vozáry (1993)
Lorien by Lorien (1993)
Černý kočky, mokrý žáby by Lucie (1996)
Meky by Miroslav Žbirka (1997)
Smrtihlav by Daniel Landa (1998)
Čechomor by Čechomor (2000)
Proměny by Čechomor (2002)
Čechomor Live by Čechomor (2002)
Proměny Tour 2003 by Čechomor (2003)
Co sa stalo nové by Čechomor (2005)
Rande s panem Bendou by Wohnout (2006)
Live u Staré Paní by Vertigo quintet (2006)
Dívčí válka by Jan Burian (2006)
Muži jsou křehcí by Jan Burian (2007)
Polib si dědu by Wohnout (2007)
Bob America by Bob America (2007)
Michal Pavlíček a Beatová síň slávy by Michal Pavlíček (2007)
Bílá velryba by Michal Hrůza (2007)
Dirty Movie Music by MED (2008)
Joy for Joel by Beata Hlavenková (2009)
Miu Miu by Květy (2010)
Ty Lidi by Jaryn Janek (2011)
V čajové konvici by Květy (2011)
Dobrý časy by Václav Neckář (2012)
Awards and nominations
Year
Work
Award
Category
Result
Ref
1994
Herself
Anděl Awards
Discovery of the Year
Nominated
1996
"Muka" by Pusa
Anděl Awards
Song of the Year
Nominated
2000
Herself
Anděl Awards
Female Singer of the Year
Won
2003
Herself
Anděl Awards
Female Singer of the Year
Nominated
2005
Herself
Anděl Awards
Female Singer of the Year
Won
2006
Mezi světy
Anděl Awards
Album of the Year – Rock
Won
2006
Herself
Anděl Awards
Female Singer of the Year
Won
2006
Herself
Óčko Music Awards
Best Domestic Singer
Won
2007
Herself
Anděl Awards
Female Singer of the Year
Nominated
2008
Herself
Anděl Awards
Female Singer of the Year
Won
2011
Herself
Anděl Awards
Female Singer of the Year
Won
2011
Baromantika
Anděl Awards
Album of the Year
Nominated
2013
Herself
Anděl Awards
Female Singer of the Year
Won
2020
Herself
Anděl Awards
Female Singer of the Year
Won
2020
Řeka
Anděl Awards
Album of the Year
Won
2020
"Vlákna"
Anděl Awards
Song of the Year
Won
2020
Řeka
Anděl Awards
Album of the Year – Alternative & Electronic
Nominated
References
^ "Lenka Dusilová | Celebwiki.cz". Celebwiki.blesk.cz. 28 December 1975. Retrieved 17 July 2015.
^ "Clarinet Factory/Lenka Dusilová/Beata Hlavenková – Eternal Seekers". animalmusic.cz. 7 September 2017. Retrieved 24 July 2021.
^ "Rodina je základ státu". ceskatelevize.cz (in Czech). Retrieved 24 July 2021.
^ "Lenka Dusilová vydává nové album" . rockandpop.cz (in Czech). Archived from the original on 11 January 2012. Retrieved 27 July 2021.
^ "RECENZE: Lenka Dusilová a Baromantika - i smrt jim sluší" . ireport.cz (in Czech). 26 September 2014. Retrieved 27 July 2021.
^ "Ceny Akademie populární hudby 2000". Akademie populární hudby (in Czech). APH. cenyandel.cz. Retrieved 27 October 2011.
^ "Žánrové ceny Anděl 2003 – Nominace k vyhlášení cen Akademie populární hudby Anděl 2003". Muzikus (in Czech). Muzikus.cz. 7 March 2004. muzikus.cz. Retrieved 25 October 2011.
^ "Anděl Allianz 2005". Akademie populární hudby (in Czech). APH. cenyandel.cz. Retrieved 27 October 2011.
^ "Nominace na Anděly 2006". Superbeat.cz (in Czech). Superbeat.cz. 10 February 2007. superbeat.cz. Archived from the original on 25 April 2012. Retrieved 25 October 2011.
^ "Ceny Anděl 2008". Akademie populární hudby (in Czech). APH. cenyandel.cz. Archived from the original on 3 February 2012. Retrieved 27 October 2011.
^ a b "Ceny Anděl 2011". Akademie populární hudby (in Czech). APH. cenyandel.cz. Archived from the original on 28 April 2012. Retrieved 29 April 2012.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Lenka Dusilová.
Official website
vteAnděl Award for Best Female Singer
Bára Basiková (1991)
Lucie Bílá (1992)
Lucie Bílá (1993)
Lucie Bílá (1994)
Lucie Bílá (1995)
Iva Bittová (1996)
Lucie Bílá (1997)
Lucie Bílá (1998)
Anna K (1999)
Lenka Dusilová (2000)
Helena Vondráčková (2001)
Kateřina Winterová (2002)
Radůza (2003)
Aneta Langerová (2004)
Lenka Dusilová (2005)
Anna K (2006)
Aneta Langerová (2007)
Lenka Dusilová (2008)
Ewa Farna (2009)
Lucie Bílá (2010)
Lenka Dusilová (2011)
Aneta Langerová (2012)
Lenka Dusilová (2013)
Aneta Langerová (2014)
Klara (2015)
Lenny (2016)
Debbi (2017)
Barbora Poláková (2018)
Beata Hlavenková (2019)
Lenka Dusilová (2020)
Ewa Farna (2021)
Lenny (2022)
Pam Rabbit (2023)
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
National
France
BnF data
Czech Republic
Artists
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This release was her first to be published in the United States.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Scott Amendola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Amendola"},{"link_name":"Beata Hlavenková","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beata_Hlavenkov%C3%A1"},{"link_name":"Anděl Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/And%C4%9Bl_Awards"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Long Live the Family!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Live_the_Family!"},{"link_name":"Robert Sedláček","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robert_Sedl%C3%A1%C4%8Dek&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"sub_title":"Mezi Světy and Eternal Seekers: 2005–2008","text":"Dusilová's 2005 album, Mezi Světy, went Gold within weeks of its release. It won the 2006 Anděl Award for Best Rock Album, and the musician received the award for Best Female Singer. The record was produced in the United States and featured Scott Amendola on drums, among other American session musicians.In 2008, together with Beata Hlavenková and Clarinet Factory, Dusilová launched a project called Eternal Seekers. They recorded a self-titled album the same year, for which Dusilová won an Anděl Award in the Best Singer category.[2] The track \"Smiluje\" was used as the opening song for the 2011 film Long Live the Family! by Robert Sedláček.\n[3]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"sub_title":"Subsequent albums and projects: 2011–present","text":"In 2011, Dusilová released her fifth solo studio album, titled Baromantika.[4] She went on to form a group of the same name, which also included Eternal Seekers bandmate Beata Hlavenková. In 2013, they released the live album Live at Café v lese and followed up in 2014 with the studio recording V hodině smrti.[5]In 2020, Dusilová released her sixth studio album, Řeka.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lenka Dusilová","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenka_Dusilov%C3%A1_(album)"},{"link_name":"Spatřit světlo světa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spat%C5%99it_sv%C4%9Btlo_sv%C4%9Bta"},{"link_name":"UnEarthEd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/UnEarthEd"},{"link_name":"Mezi světy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mezi_sv%C4%9Bty"},{"link_name":"Baromantika","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baromantika"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lenka_Dusilov%C3%A1&action=edit§ion=8"},{"link_name":"Clarinet Factory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarinet_Factory"},{"link_name":"Beata Hlavenková","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beata_Hlavenkov%C3%A1"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lenka_Dusilov%C3%A1&action=edit§ion=9"},{"link_name":"Černý kočky, mokrý žáby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cern%C3%BD_ko%C4%8Dky_mokr%C3%BD_%C5%BE%C3%A1by"},{"link_name":"Lucie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucie_(band)"},{"link_name":"Miroslav Žbirka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miroslav_%C5%BDbirka"},{"link_name":"Smrtihlav","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smrtihlav_(album)"},{"link_name":"Daniel Landa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Landa"},{"link_name":"Čechomor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cechomor_(album)"},{"link_name":"Čechomor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cechomor"},{"link_name":"Proměny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prom%C4%9Bny_(album)"},{"link_name":"Čechomor Live","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cechomor_Live"},{"link_name":"Proměny Tour 2003","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prom%C4%9Bny_tour_2003"},{"link_name":"Co sa stalo nové","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Co_sa_stalo_nov%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Rande s panem Bendou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rande_s_panem_Bendou"},{"link_name":"Wohnout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wohnout"},{"link_name":"Vertigo quintet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertigo_quintet"},{"link_name":"Dívčí válka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%ADv%C4%8D%C3%AD_v%C3%A1lka_(album)"},{"link_name":"Jan Burian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Burian"},{"link_name":"Michal Pavlíček","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michal_Pavl%C3%AD%C4%8Dek"},{"link_name":"Miu Miu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miu_Miu_(album)"},{"link_name":"Ty Lidi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ty_Lidi_(album)"},{"link_name":"V čajové konvici","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/V_%C4%8Dajov%C3%A9_konvici_(album)"},{"link_name":"Václav Neckář","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A1clav_Neck%C3%A1%C5%99"}],"sub_title":"Solo","text":"Lenka Dusilová (2000)\nSpatřit světlo světa (2002)\nUnEarthEd (2004)\nMezi světy (2005)\nMezi světy US version (2006)\nBaromantika (2011)\nŘeka (2020)\nOther albums[edit]\nSluníčko with Sluníčko (1994)\nPusa with Pusa (1996)\nEternal Seekers, with Clarinet Factory and Beata Hlavenková (2008)\nLive at Café v lese with Baromantika (2013)\nV hodině smrti with Baromantika (2014)\n\n\nGuest appearances[edit]\nDéva by Dušan Vozáry (1993)\nLorien by Lorien (1993)\nČerný kočky, mokrý žáby by Lucie (1996)\nMeky by Miroslav Žbirka (1997)\nSmrtihlav by Daniel Landa (1998)\nČechomor by Čechomor (2000)\nProměny by Čechomor (2002)\nČechomor Live by Čechomor (2002)\nProměny Tour 2003 by Čechomor (2003)\nCo sa stalo nové by Čechomor (2005)\nRande s panem Bendou by Wohnout (2006)\nLive u Staré Paní by Vertigo quintet (2006)\nDívčí válka by Jan Burian (2006)\nMuži jsou křehcí by Jan Burian (2007)\nPolib si dědu by Wohnout (2007)\nBob America by Bob America (2007)\nMichal Pavlíček a Beatová síň slávy by Michal Pavlíček (2007)\nBílá velryba by Michal Hrůza (2007)\nDirty Movie Music by MED (2008)\nJoy for Joel by Beata Hlavenková (2009)\nMiu Miu by Květy (2010)\nTy Lidi by Jaryn Janek (2011)\nV čajové konvici by Květy (2011)\nDobrý časy by Václav Neckář (2012)","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Awards and nominations"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Lenka Dusilová | Celebwiki.cz\". Celebwiki.blesk.cz. 28 December 1975. Retrieved 17 July 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://celebwiki.blesk.cz/osobnost/1489/lenka-dusilova","url_text":"\"Lenka Dusilová | Celebwiki.cz\""}]},{"reference":"\"Clarinet Factory/Lenka Dusilová/Beata Hlavenková – Eternal Seekers\". animalmusic.cz. 7 September 2017. Retrieved 24 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://animalmusic.cz/en/album/clarinet-factorylenka-dusilovabeata-hlavenkova-eternal-seekers","url_text":"\"Clarinet Factory/Lenka Dusilová/Beata Hlavenková – Eternal Seekers\""}]},{"reference":"\"Rodina je základ státu\". ceskatelevize.cz (in Czech). Retrieved 24 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ceskatelevize.cz/porady/10296028596-rodina-je-zaklad-statu/21051212025/5224-uvodni-pisen/","url_text":"\"Rodina je základ státu\""}]},{"reference":"\"Lenka Dusilová vydává nové album\" [Lenka Dusilová Is Releasing a New Album]. rockandpop.cz (in Czech). Archived from the original on 11 January 2012. Retrieved 27 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120111005851/http://www.rockandpop.cz/lenka-dusilova-vydava-nove-album","url_text":"\"Lenka Dusilová vydává nové album\""},{"url":"http://www.rockandpop.cz/lenka-dusilova-vydava-nove-album","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"RECENZE: Lenka Dusilová a Baromantika - i smrt jim sluší\" [Review: Lenka Dusilová and Baromantika – Even Death Suits Them]. ireport.cz (in Czech). 26 September 2014. Retrieved 27 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ireport.cz/clanky/recenze/19699-recenze-lenka-dusilova-a-baromantika-i-smrt-jim-slusi","url_text":"\"RECENZE: Lenka Dusilová a Baromantika - i smrt jim sluší\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ceny Akademie populární hudby 2000\". Akademie populární hudby (in Czech). APH. cenyandel.cz. Retrieved 27 October 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cenyandel.cz/historie-vysledku/rocnik-2000/","url_text":"\"Ceny Akademie populární hudby 2000\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceny_Akademie_popul%C3%A1rn%C3%AD_hudby","url_text":"Akademie populární hudby"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceny_Akademie_popul%C3%A1rn%C3%AD_hudby","url_text":"APH"}]},{"reference":"\"Žánrové ceny Anděl 2003 – Nominace k vyhlášení cen Akademie populární hudby Anděl 2003\". Muzikus (in Czech). Muzikus.cz. 7 March 2004. muzikus.cz. Retrieved 25 October 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.muzikus.cz/publicistika/Zanrove-ceny-Andel-2003~07~brezen~2004/","url_text":"\"Žánrové ceny Anděl 2003 – Nominace k vyhlášení cen Akademie populární hudby Anděl 2003\""}]},{"reference":"\"Anděl Allianz 2005\". Akademie populární hudby (in Czech). APH. cenyandel.cz. Retrieved 27 October 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cenyandel.cz/historie-vysledku/rocnik-2005/","url_text":"\"Anděl Allianz 2005\""}]},{"reference":"\"Nominace na Anděly 2006\". Superbeat.cz (in Czech). Superbeat.cz. 10 February 2007. superbeat.cz. Archived from the original on 25 April 2012. Retrieved 25 October 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120425112140/http://www.superbeat.cz/clanek/10142-nominace-na-andely-2006.html","url_text":"\"Nominace na Anděly 2006\""},{"url":"http://www.superbeat.cz/clanek/10142-nominace-na-andely-2006.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Ceny Anděl 2008\". Akademie populární hudby (in Czech). APH. cenyandel.cz. Archived from the original on 3 February 2012. Retrieved 27 October 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120203163827/http://www.cenyandel.cz/historie-vysledku/rocnik-2008/","url_text":"\"Ceny Anděl 2008\""},{"url":"http://www.cenyandel.cz/historie-vysledku/rocnik-2008/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Ceny Anděl 2011\". Akademie populární hudby (in Czech). APH. cenyandel.cz. Archived from the original on 28 April 2012. Retrieved 29 April 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120428051017/http://www.cenyandel.cz/vysledky-andel-2011/","url_text":"\"Ceny Anděl 2011\""},{"url":"http://www.cenyandel.cz/vysledky-andel-2011/","url_text":"the original"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Lenka+Dusilov%C3%A1%22","external_links_name":"\"Lenka Dusilová\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Lenka+Dusilov%C3%A1%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Lenka+Dusilov%C3%A1%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Lenka+Dusilov%C3%A1%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Lenka+Dusilov%C3%A1%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Lenka+Dusilov%C3%A1%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"http://lenkadusilova.art/en","external_links_name":"lenkadusilova.art/en"},{"Link":"http://celebwiki.blesk.cz/osobnost/1489/lenka-dusilova","external_links_name":"\"Lenka Dusilová | Celebwiki.cz\""},{"Link":"https://animalmusic.cz/en/album/clarinet-factorylenka-dusilovabeata-hlavenkova-eternal-seekers","external_links_name":"\"Clarinet Factory/Lenka Dusilová/Beata Hlavenková – Eternal Seekers\""},{"Link":"https://www.ceskatelevize.cz/porady/10296028596-rodina-je-zaklad-statu/21051212025/5224-uvodni-pisen/","external_links_name":"\"Rodina je základ státu\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120111005851/http://www.rockandpop.cz/lenka-dusilova-vydava-nove-album","external_links_name":"\"Lenka Dusilová vydává nové album\""},{"Link":"http://www.rockandpop.cz/lenka-dusilova-vydava-nove-album","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.ireport.cz/clanky/recenze/19699-recenze-lenka-dusilova-a-baromantika-i-smrt-jim-slusi","external_links_name":"\"RECENZE: Lenka Dusilová a Baromantika - i smrt jim sluší\""},{"Link":"http://www.cenyandel.cz/historie-vysledku/rocnik-2000/","external_links_name":"\"Ceny Akademie populární hudby 2000\""},{"Link":"http://www.muzikus.cz/publicistika/Zanrove-ceny-Andel-2003~07~brezen~2004/","external_links_name":"\"Žánrové ceny Anděl 2003 – Nominace k vyhlášení cen Akademie populární hudby Anděl 2003\""},{"Link":"http://www.cenyandel.cz/historie-vysledku/rocnik-2005/","external_links_name":"\"Anděl Allianz 2005\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120425112140/http://www.superbeat.cz/clanek/10142-nominace-na-andely-2006.html","external_links_name":"\"Nominace na Anděly 2006\""},{"Link":"http://www.superbeat.cz/clanek/10142-nominace-na-andely-2006.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120203163827/http://www.cenyandel.cz/historie-vysledku/rocnik-2008/","external_links_name":"\"Ceny Anděl 2008\""},{"Link":"http://www.cenyandel.cz/historie-vysledku/rocnik-2008/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120428051017/http://www.cenyandel.cz/vysledky-andel-2011/","external_links_name":"\"Ceny Anděl 2011\""},{"Link":"http://www.cenyandel.cz/vysledky-andel-2011/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://lenkadusilova.art/en","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000056964440","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/85482923","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb165870455","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb165870455","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=xx0029785&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/artist/4d60cb9c-81e2-4ae2-9976-b640b545a303","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benedetto_da_Fiesole | Benedetto da Fiesole | ["1 Life","2 References","3 Sources"] | Italian painter
Fra Benedetto da Fiesole, also known as Benedetto da Mugello (died 1448) was an Italian artist.
Life
Benedetto was born at the village of Vicchio, in the province of Mugello. he was a brother — probably younger — of the celebrated Fra Angelico, and with him entered the convent of San Domenico at Fiesole, in 1407, taking the name of 'Frater Benedictus,' by which he is usually known. For three years previous to his death, which occurred in 1448, he held the post of superior of that convent. Fra Benedetto was a miniaturist of talent. He illuminated the choral books of San Marco, Florence, and also books in the convent of San Domenico, Fiesole. He is supposed also to have assisted Fra Angelico in his frescoes in San Marco.
References
^ Bryan 1886.
Sources
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Bryan, Michael (1886). "Fiesole, Fra Benedetto da". In Graves, Robert Edmund (ed.). Bryan's Dictionary of Painters and Engravers (A–K). Vol. I (3rd ed.). London: George Bell & Sons.
Authority control databases International
VIAF
Artists
RKD Artists
ULAN
This article about an Italian painter born in the 15th century is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friar"}],"text":"Fra Benedetto da Fiesole, also known as Benedetto da Mugello (died 1448) was an Italian artist.","title":"Benedetto da Fiesole"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vicchio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicchio"},{"link_name":"Mugello","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mugello_region"},{"link_name":"Fra Angelico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fra_Angelico"},{"link_name":"convent of San Domenico at Fiesole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convent_of_San_Domenico,_Fiesole"},{"link_name":"superior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbot"},{"link_name":"miniaturist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miniature_(illuminated_manuscript)"},{"link_name":"illuminated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illuminated_manuscript"},{"link_name":"San Marco, Florence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Marco,_Florence"},{"link_name":"frescoes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fresco"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryan1886-1"}],"text":"Benedetto was born at the village of Vicchio, in the province of Mugello. he was a brother — probably younger — of the celebrated Fra Angelico, and with him entered the convent of San Domenico at Fiesole, in 1407, taking the name of 'Frater Benedictus,' by which he is usually known. For three years previous to his death, which occurred in 1448, he held the post of superior of that convent. Fra Benedetto was a miniaturist of talent. He illuminated the choral books of San Marco, Florence, and also books in the convent of San Domenico, Fiesole. He is supposed also to have assisted Fra Angelico in his frescoes in San Marco.[1]","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"public domain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_domain"},{"link_name":"Bryan, Michael","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Bryan_(art_historian)"},{"link_name":"\"Fiesole, Fra Benedetto da\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/stream/cu31924092716962#page/n6/mode/1up"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4887231#identifiers"},{"link_name":"VIAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/96427040"},{"link_name":"RKD Artists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//rkd.nl/en/explore/artists/6452"},{"link_name":"ULAN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500100694"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sandro_Botticelli_083.jpg"},{"link_name":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"link_name":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Benedetto_da_Fiesole&action=edit"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Italy-painter-15thC-stub"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Italy-painter-15thC-stub"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Italy-painter-15thC-stub"}],"text":"This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Bryan, Michael (1886). \"Fiesole, Fra Benedetto da\". In Graves, Robert Edmund (ed.). Bryan's Dictionary of Painters and Engravers (A–K). Vol. I (3rd ed.). London: George Bell & Sons.Authority control databases International\nVIAF\nArtists\nRKD Artists\nULANThis article about an Italian painter born in the 15th century is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte","title":"Sources"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Bryan, Michael (1886). \"Fiesole, Fra Benedetto da\". In Graves, Robert Edmund (ed.). Bryan's Dictionary of Painters and Engravers (A–K). Vol. I (3rd ed.). London: George Bell & Sons.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Bryan_(art_historian)","url_text":"Bryan, Michael"},{"url":"https://archive.org/stream/cu31924092716962#page/n6/mode/1up","url_text":"\"Fiesole, Fra Benedetto da\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://archive.org/stream/cu31924092716962#page/n6/mode/1up","external_links_name":"\"Fiesole, Fra Benedetto da\""},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/96427040","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://rkd.nl/en/explore/artists/6452","external_links_name":"RKD Artists"},{"Link":"https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500100694","external_links_name":"ULAN"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Benedetto_da_Fiesole&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gum_ball_machine | Gumball machine | ["1 History","2 Design and operation","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"] | Toy or commercial device which dispenses gumballs
An assortment of modern gumball machines on location in a Dallas storefront
A gumball machine is a type of bulk vending machine that dispenses individual gumballs in exchange for money. They were developed around the early twentieth century.
History
Although vending machines for stick or block-shaped gum were seen as early as 1888, the first machines to carry actual gumballs were not seen until 1907 (probably released first by the Thomas Adams Gum Co. in the United States). Patented in 1923, the Norris Manufacturing Company produced their "Master" line of chrome gumball machines during the 1930s. These machines could accept either pennies or nickels.
Founded in 1934, the Ford Gum and Machine Company of Akron, New York was another early manufacturer of gum for gumball machines in the U.S. The Ford brand of gumball machines had a distinct shiny chrome color; sales of gum from Ford gumball machines went to local service organizations such as the Lions Club and Kiwanis International.
Founded in 1909, Northwestern Corporation started with kitchen matches and eventually came out with the Northwestern Model 33 in 1933 (naming for the year which it came out) and eventually the Model 60 and Model 80, both of which are still sold today.
Design and operation
A gumball machine
Generally, a gumball machine consists of a clear sphere (originally glass, now most often plastic) which is filled with gumballs, sitting on top of a metal base. It has a locked metal top which can be removed and gumballs can be put in. The coin is inserted into the base and a handle is turned around clockwise 360 degrees, depositing the coin in the base of the machine and allowing a gumball or trinket to be dispensed into a chute at the bottom of the machine that is closed off by a metal flap.
Most gumball machines have a simple mechanism for dispensing the gumball, to the point of the actual dispensation being largely invisible (after turning the handle the gumball is deposited behind the door). However, some gumball machines have more elaborate methods. Most of them utilize the potential energy of the gumball's location above the base, by, for instance, causing it to roll down a spiral ramp, or a set of diagonal disks (each one is tilted in the opposite direction than the preceding one) with holes in lowest point. The most elaborate mechanisms also use electricity to power various forms of transit (e.g. lifts and pulleys) as well as ramps and drops for the gumball upon its way to dispensation.
See also
Gashapon
References
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Gumball machines.
^ "History of Gumball Machines" Archived 2008-05-12 at the Wayback Machine page of OK Manufacturing .
^ Killer List of Videogames - Master Fantail 1c/5c page
^ GameRoom Magazine - "Ford Gumball Machines"
^ "The History of the Gumball Machine". candymachines.com.
External links
Listen to this article (3 minutes)
This audio file was created from a revision of this article dated 15 October 2005 (2005-10-15), and does not reflect subsequent edits.(Audio help · More spoken articles) | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gumball_machines_Dallas_2008.jpg"},{"link_name":"bulk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulk_vending"},{"link_name":"vending machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vending_machine"},{"link_name":"gumballs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bubble_gum"}],"text":"Toy or commercial device which dispenses gumballsAn assortment of modern gumball machines on location in a Dallas storefrontA gumball machine is a type of bulk vending machine that dispenses individual gumballs in exchange for money. They were developed around the early twentieth century.","title":"Gumball machine"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"vending machines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vending_machine"},{"link_name":"gum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chewing_gum"},{"link_name":"Thomas Adams Gum Co.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Adams_Gum_Company"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"pennies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penny_(United_States_coin)"},{"link_name":"nickels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nickel_(United_States_coin)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Ford Gum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Gum"},{"link_name":"Akron, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akron,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Ford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Gum"},{"link_name":"Lions Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lions_Club"},{"link_name":"Kiwanis International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiwanis_International"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Although vending machines for stick or block-shaped gum were seen as early as 1888, the first machines to carry actual gumballs were not seen until 1907 (probably released first by the Thomas Adams Gum Co. in the United States).[1] Patented in 1923, the Norris Manufacturing Company produced their \"Master\" line of chrome gumball machines during the 1930s. These machines could accept either pennies or nickels.[2]Founded in 1934, the Ford Gum and Machine Company of Akron, New York was another early manufacturer of gum for gumball machines in the U.S. The Ford brand of gumball machines had a distinct shiny chrome color; sales of gum from Ford gumball machines went to local service organizations such as the Lions Club and Kiwanis International.[3]Founded in 1909, Northwestern Corporation started with kitchen matches and eventually came out with the Northwestern Model 33 in 1933 (naming for the year which it came out) and eventually the Model 60 and Model 80, both of which are still sold today.[4]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gumball_Machine_(2049568285).jpg"},{"link_name":"potential energy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potential_energy"}],"text":"A gumball machineGenerally, a gumball machine consists of a clear sphere (originally glass, now most often plastic) which is filled with gumballs, sitting on top of a metal base. It has a locked metal top which can be removed and gumballs can be put in. The coin is inserted into the base and a handle is turned around clockwise 360 degrees, depositing the coin in the base of the machine and allowing a gumball or trinket to be dispensed into a chute at the bottom of the machine that is closed off by a metal flap.Most gumball machines have a simple mechanism for dispensing the gumball, to the point of the actual dispensation being largely invisible (after turning the handle the gumball is deposited behind the door). However, some gumball machines have more elaborate methods. Most of them utilize the potential energy of the gumball's location above the base, by, for instance, causing it to roll down a spiral ramp, or a set of diagonal disks (each one is tilted in the opposite direction than the preceding one) with holes in lowest point. The most elaborate mechanisms also use electricity to power various forms of transit (e.g. lifts and pulleys) as well as ramps and drops for the gumball upon its way to dispensation.","title":"Design and operation"}] | [{"image_text":"An assortment of modern gumball machines on location in a Dallas storefront","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Gumball_machines_Dallas_2008.jpg/330px-Gumball_machines_Dallas_2008.jpg"},{"image_text":"A gumball machine","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Gumball_Machine_%282049568285%29.jpg/170px-Gumball_Machine_%282049568285%29.jpg"},{}] | [{"title":"Gashapon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gashapon"}] | [{"reference":"\"The History of the Gumball Machine\". candymachines.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.candymachines.com/History-of-the-Gumball-Machine.aspx","url_text":"\"The History of the Gumball Machine\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.okmfg.net/history-of-gumball-machine.html","external_links_name":"\"History of Gumball Machines\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080512073919/http://www.okmfg.net/history-of-gumball-machine.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.okmfg.net/","external_links_name":"OK Manufacturing"},{"Link":"http://www.klov.com/game_detail.php?game_id=3671","external_links_name":"Killer List of Videogames - Master Fantail 1c/5c page"},{"Link":"https://www.candymachines.com/History-of-the-Gumball-Machine.aspx","external_links_name":"\"The History of the Gumball Machine\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasopressin_receptor_1B | Vasopressin receptor 1B | ["1 Tissue distribution","2 Clinical significance","2.1 Behavioral","2.2 Metabolic","2.3 Oncology","3 Ligands","4 Function","5 Application","6 References","7 External links"] | Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
AVPR1BIdentifiersAliasesAVPR1B, AVPR3, arginine vasopressin receptor 1B, V1bR, VPR3External IDsOMIM: 600264; MGI: 1347010; HomoloGene: 22678; GeneCards: AVPR1B; OMA:AVPR1B - orthologsGene location (Human)Chr.Chromosome 1 (human)Band1q32.1Start206,106,936 bpEnd206,117,699 bpGene location (Mouse)Chr.Chromosome 1 (mouse)Band1|1 E4Start131,526,977 bpEnd131,539,738 bpRNA expression patternBgeeHumanMouse (ortholog)Top expressed inanterior pituitaryendothelial cellsecondary oocyteislet of Langerhansgonadvisceral pleuraduodenummetanephrosembryoganglionic eminenceTop expressed intail of embryoembryoblastocystembryomeningesspinal cordhippocampus propervasculaturethalamusislet of LangerhansMore reference expression dataBioGPSn/aGene ontologyMolecular function
peptide binding
G protein-coupled receptor activity
signal transducer activity
protein kinase C binding
vasopressin receptor activity
Cellular component
integral component of membrane
endosome
plasma membrane
integral component of plasma membrane
membrane
Biological process
positive regulation of cytosolic calcium ion concentration
G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway
regulation of systemic arterial blood pressure by vasopressin
cellular response to hormone stimulus
activation of phospholipase C activity
positive regulation of vasoconstriction
signal transduction
response to peptide
Sources:Amigo / QuickGOOrthologsSpeciesHumanMouseEntrez55326361EnsemblENSG00000198049ENSMUSG00000026432UniProtP47901Q9WU02RefSeq (mRNA)NM_000707NM_011924RefSeq (protein)NP_000698NP_036054Location (UCSC)Chr 1: 206.11 – 206.12 MbChr 1: 131.53 – 131.54 MbPubMed searchWikidataView/Edit HumanView/Edit Mouse
Vasopressin V1b receptor (V1BR) also known as vasopressin 3 receptor (VPR3) or antidiuretic hormone receptor 1B is a protein that in humans is encoded by the AVPR1B (arginine vasopressin receptor 1B) gene.
V1BR acts as a receptor for vasopressin. AVPR1B belongs to the subfamily of G protein-coupled receptors. Its activity is mediated by G proteins which stimulate a phosphatidylinositol-calcium second messenger system. It is a major contributor to homeostasis and the control of water, glucose, and salts in the blood. Arginine vasopressin has four receptors, each of which are located in different tissues and have specific functions. AVPR1b is a G protein-coupled pituitary receptor that has only recently been characterized because of its rarity.
It has been found that the 420-amino-acid sequence of the AVPR1B receptor shared the most overall similarities with the AVP1A, AVP2 and oxytocin receptors. AVPR1B maps to chromosome region 1q32 and is a member of the vasopressin/oxytocin family subfamily.
Tissue distribution
AVPR1B was initially described as a novel vasopressin receptor located in the anterior pituitary, where it stimulates ACTH release. Subsequent studies have shown that it is also present in the brain and some peripheral tissues.
Clinical significance
Behavioral
Inactivation of the Avpr1b gene in mice (knockout) produces mice with greatly reduced aggression and a reduced ability to recognize recently investigated mice. Defensive behaviour and predatory behaviours appear normal in these knockout mice, but there is evidence that social motivation or awareness is reduced. The AVPR1B antagonist, SSR149415, has been shown to have anti-aggressive actions in hamsters and anti-depressant- and anxiety (anxiolytic)-like behaviors in rats. A single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) has been associated with susceptibility to depression in humans.
Metabolic
Various stress-induced elevations of ACTH are blunted in the Avpr1b knockout mouse.
Oncology
AVPR1B is expressed at high levels in ACTH-secreting pituitary adenomas as well as in bronchial carcinoids responsible for the ectopic ACTH syndrome.
Ligands
Nelivaptan (SSR149415) and D--vasopressin are a specific antagonist and agonist for the vasopressin 1b receptor, respectively.
Function
AVPR1B is found in different parts of the body and thus has several influences and regulatory actions. Arginine vasopressin influences several symptoms related to affective disorders including significant memory processes, pain sensitivity, synchronization of biological rhythms and the timing and quality of REM sleep. Studies have shown that AVPR1B deficiencies produce behavioral changes that can be reversed when the peptide is replaced. These effects are expressed through contact with specific plasma membrane receptors. AVPR1B is responsible for fueling the effects of vasopressin on ACTH release. This interaction takes place as Arginine Vasopressin works with corticotropin releasing hormone to stimulate the pituitary gland to secrete ACTH. AVPR1b is then responsible for mediating the stimulatory effect of vasopressin on ACTH release.
Several G proteins are also involved in the signal transduction pathways linked with AVPR1B. These relationships depend on the level of receptor expression and concentration of vasopressin. For example, AVPR1B causes secretion of ACTH from the anterior pituitary cells in a dose-dependent relationship by activating protein kinase C via the Gq/11 protein.
Application
There have been several experiments which have studied these interactions further and revealed AVPR1B's role in psychological disorders and regulatory functions. Haplotypes of AVPR1B are associated with increased protective effects to recurrent major depression. AVPR1B has also been associated with higher cortisol responses to psychosocial stress in children with psychiatric disorders compared with carriers of glucocorticoid receptor gene. AVPR1b has also shown involvement in regulation of brain water content and cerebral edema. This was revealed as increased levels of AVPR1B mRNA on the choroid plexus were discovered as a result of increased plasma osmolality. The increase after a reduction of brain water content from salt water loading indicated AVPR1B's role in the neuroendocrine feedback loop in maintaining normal central nervous system fluid balance.
References
^ a b c GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000198049 – Ensembl, May 2017
^ a b c GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000026432 – Ensembl, May 2017
^ "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
^ "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
^ a b c d Holmes CL, Landry DW, Granton JT (December 2003). "Science review: Vasopressin and the cardiovascular system part 1--receptor physiology". Critical Care. 7 (6): 427–34. doi:10.1186/cc2337. PMC 374366. PMID 14624682.
^ a b c d e f g van West D, Del-Favero J, Aulchenko Y, Oswald P, Souery D, Forsgren T, Sluijs S, Bel-Kacem S, Adolfsson R, Mendlewicz J, Van Duijn C, Deboutte D, Van Broeckhoven C, Claes S (March 2004). "A major SNP haplotype of the arginine vasopressin 1B receptor protects against recurrent major depression". Molecular Psychiatry. 9 (3): 287–92. doi:10.1038/sj.mp.4001420. PMID 15094789. S2CID 25408207.
^ a b "anti-Arginine Vasopressin Receptor 1B (AVPR1B) antibody (ABIN122463)". antibodies-online.
^ Antoni FA, Holmes MC, Makara GB, Kárteszi M, László FA (1984). "Evidence that the effects of arginine-8-vasopressin (AVP) on pituitary corticotropin (ACTH) release are mediated by a novel type of receptor". Peptides. 5 (3): 519–22. doi:10.1016/0196-9781(84)90080-9. PMID 6089144. S2CID 3843868.
^ Hernando F, Schoots O, Lolait SJ, Burbach JP (2001). "Immunohistochemical localization of the vasopressin V1b receptor in the rat brain and pituitary gland: anatomical support for its involvement in the central effects of vasopressin". Endocrinology. 142 (4): 1659–68. doi:10.1210/endo.142.4.8067. PMID 11250948.
^ Young WS, Li J, Wersinger SR, Palkovits M (2006). "The Vasopressin 1b Receptor is Prominent in the Hippocampal Area CA2 Where It Is Unaffected by Restraint Stress or Adrenalectomy". Neuroscience. 143 (4): 1031–9. doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2006.08.040. PMC 1748954. PMID 17027167.
^ Lolait SJ, O'Carroll AM, Mahan LC, Felder CC, Button DC, Young WS, Mezey E, Brownstein MJ (July 1995). "Extrapituitary expression of the rat V1b vasopressin receptor gene". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 92 (15): 6783–7. Bibcode:1995PNAS...92.6783L. doi:10.1073/pnas.92.15.6783. PMC 41413. PMID 7624319.
^ Lolait SJ, Roper JA, Hazell GG, Li Y, Thomson FJ, O'Carroll AM (2016). "10: Neuropeptide receptors". In Murphy E, Gainer H (eds.). Molecular Neuroendocrinology: From Genome to Physiology. Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 195–218. doi:10.1002/9781118760369.ch10. ISBN 9781118760369.
^ Wersinger SR, Ginns EI, O'Carroll AM, Lolait SJ, Young WS (2002). "AVPR1B knockout reduces aggressive behavior in male mice". Mol. Psychiatry. 7 (9): 975–84. doi:10.1038/sj.mp.4001195. PMID 12399951. S2CID 12267433.
^ Wersinger SR, Caldwell HK, Christiansen M, Young WS (2007). "Disruption of the Vasopressin 1b Receptor Gene Impairs the Attack Component of Aggressive Behavior in Mice". Genes, Brain and Behavior. 6 (7): 653–60. doi:10.1111/j.1601-183X.2006.00294.x. PMC 2486432. PMID 17284170.
^ Wersinger SR, Kelliher KR, Zufall F, Lolait SJ, O'Carroll AM, Young WS (2004). "Social motivation is reduced in vasopressin 1b receptor null mice despite normal performance in an olfactory discrimination task". Hormones and Behavior. 46 (5): 638–45. doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2004.07.004. PMID 15555506. S2CID 38444963.
^ Blanchard RJ, Griebel G, Farrokhi C, Markham C, Yang M, Blanchard DC (2005). "AVP V1b selective antagonist SSR149415 blocks aggressive behaviors in hamsters". Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior. 80 (1): 189–94. doi:10.1016/j.pbb.2004.10.024. PMID 15652395. S2CID 236345.
^ Serradeil-Le Gal C, Wagnon J, Tonnerre B, Roux R, Garcia G, Griebel G, Aulombard A (2005). "An overview of SSR149415, a selective nonpeptide vasopressin V1b receptor antagonist for the treatment of stress-related disorders". CNS Drug Reviews. 11 (1): 53–68. doi:10.1111/j.1527-3458.2005.tb00035.x. PMC 6741711. PMID 15867952.
^ Lolait SJ, Stewart LQ, Jessop DS, Young WS, O'Carroll AM (2007). "The Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis Response to Stress in Mice Lacking Functional Vasopressin V1b Receptors". Endocrinology. 148 (2): 849–56. doi:10.1210/en.2006-1309. PMC 2040022. PMID 17122081.
^ Roper J, O'Carroll AM, Young W, Lolait S (January 2011). "The vasopressin Avpr1b receptor: molecular and pharmacological studies". Stress. 14 (1): 98–115. doi:10.3109/10253890.2010.512376. PMC 3016603. PMID 20828336.
^ Arlt W, Dahia PL, Callies F, Nordmeyer JP, Allolio B, Grossman AB, Reincke M (1997). "Ectopic ACTH production by a bronchial carcinoid tumour responsive to desmopressin in vivo and in vitro". Clinical Endocrinology. 47 (5): 623–7. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2265.1997.3091129.x. PMID 9425403. S2CID 7833666.
^ de Keyzer Y, Lenne F, Auzan C, Jégou S, René P, Vaudry H, Kuhn JM, Luton JP, Clauser E, Bertagna X (1996). "The pituitary V3 vasopressin receptor and the corticotroph phenotype in ectopic ACTH syndrome". Journal of Clinical Investigation. 97 (5): 1311–8. doi:10.1172/JCI118547. PMC 507185. PMID 8636444.
^ Serradeil-Le Gal C, Wagnon J, Simiand J, Griebel G, Lacour C, Guillon G, Barberis C, Brossard G, Soubrié P, Nisato D, Pascal M, Pruss R, Scatton B, Maffrand JP, Le Fur G (2002). "Characterization of (2S,4R)-1--3-(2-methoxy-phenyl)-2-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-indol-3-yl]-4-hydroxy-N,N-dimethyl-2-pyrrolidine carboxamide (SSR149415), a selective and orally active vasopressin V1b receptor antagonist". Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 300 (3): 1122–30. doi:10.1124/jpet.300.3.1122. PMID 11861823. S2CID 15987154.
^ Pena A, Murat B, Trueba M, Ventura MA, Bertrand G, Cheng LL, Stoev S, Szeto HH, Wo N, Brossard G, Serradeil-Le Gal C, Manning M, Guillon G (2007). "Pharmacological and physiological characterization of dvasopressin, the first V1b-selective agonist for rat vasopressin/oxytocin receptors". Endocrinology. 148 (9): 4136–46. doi:10.1210/en.2006-1633. PMID 17495006.
^ van West D, Del-Favero J, Deboutte D, Van Broeckhoven C, Claes S (August 2010). "Associations between common arginine vasopressin 1b receptor and glucocorticoid receptor gene variants and HPA axis responses to psychosocial stress in a child psychiatric population". Psychiatry Research. 179 (1): 64–8. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2009.04.002. PMID 20472303. S2CID 25578813.
^ a b c Zemo DA, McCabe JT (2001). "Salt-loading increases vasopressin and vasopressin 1b receptor mRNA in the hypothalamus and choroid plexus". Neuropeptides. 35 (3–4): 181–8. doi:10.1054/npep.2001.0864. PMID 11884209. S2CID 9507417.
External links
Receptors,+Vasopressin at the U.S. National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
"Symbol Report: AVPR1B". HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC).
"Vasopressin and Oxytocin Receptors: V1B". IUPHAR Database of Receptors and Ion Channels. International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. Archived from the original on 2016-03-03. Retrieved 2007-07-23.
Human AVPR1B genome location and AVPR1B gene details page in the UCSC Genome Browser.
"Receptor 1B (AVPR1B)". the product can be provided by the Abbexa Ltd.
vteCell surface receptor: G protein-coupled receptorsClass A: Rhodopsin-likeNeurotransmitterAdrenergic
α1 (A
B
D)
α2 (A
B
C)
β1
β2
β3
Purinergic
Adenosine (A1
A2A
A2B
A3)
P2Y (1
2
4
5
6
8
9
10
11
12
13
14)
Serotonin
(all but 5-HT3) 5-HT1 (A
B
D
E
F)
5-HT2 (A
B
C)
5-HT (4
5A
6
7)
Other
Acetylcholine (M1
M2
M3
M4
M5)
Dopamine
D1
D2
D3
D4
D5
GHB receptor
Histamine
H1
H2
H3
H4
Melatonin (1A
1B
1C)
TAAR (1
2
5
6
8
9)
Metabolites andsignaling moleculesEicosanoid
CysLT (1
2)
LTB4
1
2
FPRL1
OXE
Prostaglandin
DP (1
2), EP (1
2
3
4), FP
Prostacyclin
Thromboxane
Other
Bile acid
Cannabinoid (CB1
CB2, GPR (18
55
119))
EBI2
Estrogen
Free fatty acid (1
2
3
4)
Hydroxycarboxylic acids
1
2
3
Lysophosphatidic acid (1
2
3
4
5
6)
Lysophospholipid (1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8)
Oxoglutarate
PAF
Sphingosine-1-phosphate (1
2
3
4
5)
Succinate
PeptideNeuropeptide
B/W (1
2)
FF (1
2)
S
Y (1
2
4
5)
Neuromedin (B
U (1
2))
Neurotensin (1
2)
Other
Anaphylatoxin (C3a
C5a (1
2))
Angiotensin (1
2)
Apelin
Bombesin
BRS3
GRPR
NMBR)
Bradykinin (B1
B2)
Chemokine
Cholecystokinin (A
B)
Endothelin
A
B
Formyl peptide (1
2
3)
FSH
Galanin (1
2
3)
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (1
2)
Ghrelin
Kisspeptin
Luteinizing hormone/choriogonadotropin
MAS (1
1L
D
E
F
G
X1
X2
X3
X4)
Melanocortin (1
2
3
4
5)
MCHR (1
2)
Motilin
Opioid (Delta
Kappa
Mu
Nociceptin & Zeta, but not Sigma)
Orexin (1
2)
Oxytocin
Prokineticin (1
2)
Prolactin-releasing peptide
Relaxin (1
2
3
4)
Somatostatin (1
2
3
4
5)
Tachykinin (1
2
3)
Thyrotropin
Thyrotropin-releasing hormone
Urotensin-II
Vasopressin (1A
1B
2)
MiscellaneousTaste, bitter
TAS2R
1
3
4
5
7
8
9
10
13
14
16
19
20
30
31
38
39
40
41
42
43
45
46
50
60
Vomeronasal receptor type 1
Orphan
GPR (1
3
4
6
12
15
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
25
26
27
31
32
33
34
35
37
39
42
44
45
50
52
55
61
62
63
65
68
75
78
81
82
83
84
85
87
88
92
101
103
109A
109B
119
120
132
135
137B
139
141
142
146
148
149
150
151
152
153
160
161
162
171
173
174
176
177
182
183)
Other
Adrenomedullin
Olfactory
Opsin (3
4
5
1LW
1MW
1SW
RGR
RRH)
Protease-activated (1
2
3
4)
SREB (1
2
3)
Class B: Secretin-likeAdhesion
ADGRB
Brain-specific angiogenesis inhibitor
1
2
3
ADGRC
Cadherin
1
2
3
ADGRE
EMR
1
2
3
CD97
ADGRG
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
ADGRL
Latrophilin
1
2
3
ELTD1
Orphan
GPR (56
64
97
98
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
123
124
125
126
128
133
143
144
155
157)
Other
Calcitonin
CALCRL
Corticotropin-releasing hormone (1
2)
Glucagon (GR
GIPR
GLP1R
GLP2R)
Growth-hormone-releasing hormone
PACAPR1
GPR
Methuselah-like proteins
Parathyroid hormone (1
2)
Secretin
Vasoactive intestinal peptide (1
2)
Class C: Metabotropic glutamate / pheromoneTaste, sweet
TAS1R
1
2
3
Vomeronasal receptor, type 2
Other
Calcium-sensing receptor
GABAB (1
2)
Glutamate receptor (Metabotropic glutamate (1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8))
GPRC6A
GPR (156
158
179)
RAIG (1
2
3
4)
Class F: Frizzled & SmoothenedFrizzled
Frizzled (1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10)
Smoothened
Smoothened
vteNeuropeptide receptorsG protein-coupled receptorHormone receptorsHypothalamic
CRH
FSH
LHRH
TRH
Somatostatin
Pituitary
Vasopressin
1A
1B
2
Oxytocin
LHCG
TSH
Other
Atrial natriuretic factor
NPR3
Calcitonin
Cholecystokinin
A
B
VIP
Opioid receptors
Delta
Kappa
Mu
Nociceptin
Other neuropeptide receptors
Angiotensin
Bradykinin
B1
B2
Tachykinin
TACR1
Calcitonin gene-related peptide
Galanin
GPCR neuropeptide
B/W
FF
S
Y
Neurotensin
Type I cytokine receptor
GH
Prolactin
Enzyme-linked receptor
Atrial natriuretic factor
NPR1
NPR2
Other
Sigma
1
2
vteOxytocin and vasopressin receptor modulatorsOxytocin
Agonists: Peptide: Aspartocin
Carbetocin
Cargutocin
Demoxytocin
Lipo-oxytocin-1
Merotocin
Nacartocin
Oxytocin
PF-06478939
PF-06655075 (PF1)
TGOT
Vasotocin (argiprestocin); Non-peptide: CA7
LIT-001
TC OT 39
WAY-267464
WJ0679
Antagonists: Peptide: Atosiban
Tocinoic acid; Non-peptide: Barusiban
Cligosiban
Epelsiban
Erlosiban
IX-01
L-368,899
L-371,257
L-372,662
Nolasiban
Retosiban
SSR-126768
WAY-162720
Catabolism inhibitors: Amastatin
Bestatin (ubenimex)
EDTA
L-Methionine
Leupeptin
o-Phenanthroline
Phosphoramidon
Puromycin
VasopressinV1A
Agonists: Felypressin
Lypressin
Ornipressin
Selepressin
Terlipressin
Vasopressin (argipressin)
Vasotocin (argiprestocin)
Antagonists: Atosiban
Balovaptan
Conivaptan
FR-218944
JNJ-17079166
JNJ-17308616
LIT-001
LY-307174
PF-184563
Relcovaptan
SRX246
SRX251
TC OT 39
WAY-267464
YM-218
YM-471
YM-35471
V1B
Agonists: Desmopressin
Felypressin
Lypressin
Ornipressin
Terlipressin
Vasopressin (argipressin)
Vasotocin (argiprestocin)
Antagonists: ABT-436
ABT-558
Nelivaptan
ORG-52186 (SCH-740935)
TASP-0233278
TASP-0390325
TS-121
Ligands: TASP-699
V2
Agonists: Desmopressin
Felypressin
LIT-001
Lypressin
Ornipressin
TC OT 39
Terlipressin
Vasopressin (argipressin)
Vasotocin (argiprestocin)
Antagonists: Conivaptan
JNJ-17079166
Lixivaptan
Mozavaptan
RWJ-351647
Satavaptan
Tolvaptan
YM-471
YM-35471
Unsorted
Antagonists: Balovaptan
Ribuvaptan
RWJ-339489
VMAX-367
VMAX-372
VMAX-382
YM-222546
Other inhibitors: Demeclocycline
Lithium (lithium carbonate)
Others
Carrier proteins: Neurophysin (I, II) | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"protein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein"},{"link_name":"gene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene"},{"link_name":"receptor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasopressin_receptor"},{"link_name":"vasopressin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasopressin"},{"link_name":"G protein-coupled receptors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G_protein-coupled_receptor"},{"link_name":"phosphatidylinositol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphatidylinositol"},{"link_name":"calcium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid14624682-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid15094789-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-urlanti-Arginine_Vasopressin_Receptor_1B_(AVPR1B)_antibody_(ABIN122463)-7"}],"text":"Vasopressin V1b receptor (V1BR) also known as vasopressin 3 receptor (VPR3) or antidiuretic hormone receptor 1B is a protein that in humans is encoded by the AVPR1B (arginine vasopressin receptor 1B) gene.V1BR acts as a receptor for vasopressin. AVPR1B belongs to the subfamily of G protein-coupled receptors. Its activity is mediated by G proteins which stimulate a phosphatidylinositol-calcium second messenger system. It is a major contributor to homeostasis and the control of water, glucose, and salts in the blood. Arginine vasopressin has four receptors, each of which are located in different tissues and have specific functions. AVPR1b is a G protein-coupled pituitary receptor that has only recently been characterized because of its rarity.[5]It has been found that the 420-amino-acid sequence of the AVPR1B receptor shared the most overall similarities with the AVP1A, AVP2 and oxytocin receptors.[6] AVPR1B maps to chromosome region 1q32 and is a member of the vasopressin/oxytocin family subfamily.[7]","title":"Vasopressin receptor 1B"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"anterior pituitary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anterior_pituitary"},{"link_name":"ACTH","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACTH"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid6089144-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid11250948-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid17027167-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"AVPR1B was initially described as a novel vasopressin receptor located in the anterior pituitary, where it stimulates ACTH release.[8] Subsequent studies have shown that it is also present in the brain and some peripheral tissues.[9][10][11][12]","title":"Tissue distribution"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Clinical significance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid12399951-13"},{"link_name":"Defensive behaviour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defensive_behaviour"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid17284170-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid15555506-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid15652395-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid15867952-17"},{"link_name":"single nucleotide polymorphism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_nucleotide_polymorphism"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid15094789-6"}],"sub_title":"Behavioral","text":"Inactivation of the Avpr1b gene in mice (knockout) produces mice with greatly reduced aggression and a reduced ability to recognize recently investigated mice.[13] Defensive behaviour and predatory behaviours appear normal in these knockout mice,[14] but there is evidence that social motivation or awareness is reduced.[15] The AVPR1B antagonist, SSR149415, has been shown to have anti-aggressive actions in hamsters[16] and anti-depressant- and anxiety (anxiolytic)-like behaviors in rats.[17] A single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) has been associated with susceptibility to depression in humans.[6]","title":"Clinical significance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid17122081-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"sub_title":"Metabolic","text":"Various stress-induced elevations of ACTH are blunted in the Avpr1b knockout mouse.[18][19]","title":"Clinical significance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"pituitary adenomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pituitary_adenoma"},{"link_name":"bronchial carcinoids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bronchial_carcinoid&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid9425403-20"},{"link_name":"ectopic ACTH syndrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ectopic_ACTH_syndrome"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid8636444-21"}],"sub_title":"Oncology","text":"AVPR1B is expressed at high levels in ACTH-secreting pituitary adenomas as well as in bronchial carcinoids[20] responsible for the ectopic ACTH syndrome.[21]","title":"Clinical significance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nelivaptan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelivaptan"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid11861823-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid17495006-23"},{"link_name":"antagonist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Receptor_antagonist"},{"link_name":"agonist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agonist"}],"text":"Nelivaptan (SSR149415)[22] and D-[Leu4-Lys8]-vasopressin[23] are a specific antagonist and agonist for the vasopressin 1b receptor, respectively.","title":"Ligands"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid15094789-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid15094789-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid15094789-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-urlanti-Arginine_Vasopressin_Receptor_1B_(AVPR1B)_antibody_(ABIN122463)-7"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid15094789-6"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid14624682-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid14624682-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid14624682-5"}],"text":"AVPR1B is found in different parts of the body and thus has several influences and regulatory actions. Arginine vasopressin influences several symptoms related to affective disorders including significant memory processes, pain sensitivity, synchronization of biological rhythms and the timing and quality of REM sleep.[6] Studies have shown that AVPR1B deficiencies produce behavioral changes that can be reversed when the peptide is replaced.[6] These effects are expressed through contact with specific plasma membrane receptors.[6] AVPR1B is responsible for fueling the effects of vasopressin on ACTH release.[7] This interaction takes place as Arginine Vasopressin works with corticotropin releasing hormone to stimulate the pituitary gland to secrete ACTH.[6] AVPR1b is then responsible for mediating the stimulatory effect of vasopressin on ACTH release. \nSeveral G proteins are also involved in the signal transduction pathways linked with AVPR1B.[5] These relationships depend on the level of receptor expression and concentration of vasopressin.[5] For example, AVPR1B causes secretion of ACTH from the anterior pituitary cells in a dose-dependent relationship by activating protein kinase C via the Gq/11 protein.[5]","title":"Function"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid15094789-6"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid20472303-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid11884209-25"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid11884209-25"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid11884209-25"}],"text":"There have been several experiments which have studied these interactions further and revealed AVPR1B's role in psychological disorders and regulatory functions. Haplotypes of AVPR1B are associated with increased protective effects to recurrent major depression.[6] AVPR1B has also been associated with higher cortisol responses to psychosocial stress in children with psychiatric disorders compared with carriers of glucocorticoid receptor gene.[24] AVPR1b has also shown involvement in regulation of brain water content and cerebral edema.[25] This was revealed as increased levels of AVPR1B mRNA on the choroid plexus were discovered as a result of increased plasma osmolality.[25] The increase after a reduction of brain water content from salt water loading indicated AVPR1B's role in the neuroendocrine feedback loop in maintaining normal central nervous system fluid balance.[25]","title":"Application"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Human PubMed Reference:\". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=gene&cmd=Link&LinkName=gene_pubmed&from_uid=553","url_text":"\"Human PubMed Reference:\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mouse PubMed Reference:\". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=gene&cmd=Link&LinkName=gene_pubmed&from_uid=26361","url_text":"\"Mouse PubMed Reference:\""}]},{"reference":"Holmes CL, Landry DW, Granton JT (December 2003). \"Science review: Vasopressin and the cardiovascular system part 1--receptor physiology\". Critical Care. 7 (6): 427–34. doi:10.1186/cc2337. PMC 374366. PMID 14624682.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC374366","url_text":"\"Science review: Vasopressin and the cardiovascular system part 1--receptor physiology\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1186%2Fcc2337","url_text":"10.1186/cc2337"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC374366","url_text":"374366"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14624682","url_text":"14624682"}]},{"reference":"van West D, Del-Favero J, Aulchenko Y, Oswald P, Souery D, Forsgren T, Sluijs S, Bel-Kacem S, Adolfsson R, Mendlewicz J, Van Duijn C, Deboutte D, Van Broeckhoven C, Claes S (March 2004). \"A major SNP haplotype of the arginine vasopressin 1B receptor protects against recurrent major depression\". Molecular Psychiatry. 9 (3): 287–92. doi:10.1038/sj.mp.4001420. PMID 15094789. S2CID 25408207.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fsj.mp.4001420","url_text":"10.1038/sj.mp.4001420"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15094789","url_text":"15094789"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:25408207","url_text":"25408207"}]},{"reference":"\"anti-Arginine Vasopressin Receptor 1B (AVPR1B) antibody (ABIN122463)\". antibodies-online.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.antibodies-online.com/antibody/122463/anti-Arginine+Vasopressin+Receptor+1B+AVPR1B/","url_text":"\"anti-Arginine Vasopressin Receptor 1B (AVPR1B) antibody (ABIN122463)\""}]},{"reference":"Antoni FA, Holmes MC, Makara GB, Kárteszi M, László FA (1984). \"Evidence that the effects of arginine-8-vasopressin (AVP) on pituitary corticotropin (ACTH) release are mediated by a novel type of receptor\". Peptides. 5 (3): 519–22. doi:10.1016/0196-9781(84)90080-9. PMID 6089144. S2CID 3843868.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0196-9781%2884%2990080-9","url_text":"10.1016/0196-9781(84)90080-9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6089144","url_text":"6089144"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:3843868","url_text":"3843868"}]},{"reference":"Hernando F, Schoots O, Lolait SJ, Burbach JP (2001). \"Immunohistochemical localization of the vasopressin V1b receptor in the rat brain and pituitary gland: anatomical support for its involvement in the central effects of vasopressin\". Endocrinology. 142 (4): 1659–68. doi:10.1210/endo.142.4.8067. PMID 11250948.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1210%2Fendo.142.4.8067","url_text":"\"Immunohistochemical localization of the vasopressin V1b receptor in the rat brain and pituitary gland: anatomical support for its involvement in the central effects of vasopressin\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1210%2Fendo.142.4.8067","url_text":"10.1210/endo.142.4.8067"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11250948","url_text":"11250948"}]},{"reference":"Young WS, Li J, Wersinger SR, Palkovits M (2006). \"The Vasopressin 1b Receptor is Prominent in the Hippocampal Area CA2 Where It Is Unaffected by Restraint Stress or Adrenalectomy\". Neuroscience. 143 (4): 1031–9. doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2006.08.040. PMC 1748954. PMID 17027167.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1748954","url_text":"\"The Vasopressin 1b Receptor is Prominent in the Hippocampal Area CA2 Where It Is Unaffected by Restraint Stress or Adrenalectomy\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.neuroscience.2006.08.040","url_text":"10.1016/j.neuroscience.2006.08.040"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1748954","url_text":"1748954"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17027167","url_text":"17027167"}]},{"reference":"Lolait SJ, O'Carroll AM, Mahan LC, Felder CC, Button DC, Young WS, Mezey E, Brownstein MJ (July 1995). \"Extrapituitary expression of the rat V1b vasopressin receptor gene\". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 92 (15): 6783–7. Bibcode:1995PNAS...92.6783L. doi:10.1073/pnas.92.15.6783. PMC 41413. PMID 7624319.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC41413","url_text":"\"Extrapituitary expression of the rat V1b vasopressin receptor gene\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995PNAS...92.6783L","url_text":"1995PNAS...92.6783L"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.92.15.6783","url_text":"10.1073/pnas.92.15.6783"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC41413","url_text":"41413"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7624319","url_text":"7624319"}]},{"reference":"Lolait SJ, Roper JA, Hazell GG, Li Y, Thomson FJ, O'Carroll AM (2016). \"10: Neuropeptide receptors\". In Murphy E, Gainer H (eds.). Molecular Neuroendocrinology: From Genome to Physiology. Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 195–218. doi:10.1002/9781118760369.ch10. ISBN 9781118760369.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2F9781118760369.ch10","url_text":"10.1002/9781118760369.ch10"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781118760369","url_text":"9781118760369"}]},{"reference":"Wersinger SR, Ginns EI, O'Carroll AM, Lolait SJ, Young WS (2002). \"AVPR1B knockout reduces aggressive behavior in male mice\". Mol. Psychiatry. 7 (9): 975–84. doi:10.1038/sj.mp.4001195. PMID 12399951. S2CID 12267433.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fsj.mp.4001195","url_text":"10.1038/sj.mp.4001195"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12399951","url_text":"12399951"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:12267433","url_text":"12267433"}]},{"reference":"Wersinger SR, Caldwell HK, Christiansen M, Young WS (2007). \"Disruption of the Vasopressin 1b Receptor Gene Impairs the Attack Component of Aggressive Behavior in Mice\". Genes, Brain and Behavior. 6 (7): 653–60. doi:10.1111/j.1601-183X.2006.00294.x. PMC 2486432. PMID 17284170.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2486432","url_text":"\"Disruption of the Vasopressin 1b Receptor Gene Impairs the Attack Component of Aggressive Behavior in Mice\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genes,_Brain_and_Behavior","url_text":"Genes, Brain and Behavior"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1601-183X.2006.00294.x","url_text":"10.1111/j.1601-183X.2006.00294.x"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2486432","url_text":"2486432"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17284170","url_text":"17284170"}]},{"reference":"Wersinger SR, Kelliher KR, Zufall F, Lolait SJ, O'Carroll AM, Young WS (2004). \"Social motivation is reduced in vasopressin 1b receptor null mice despite normal performance in an olfactory discrimination task\". Hormones and Behavior. 46 (5): 638–45. doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2004.07.004. PMID 15555506. S2CID 38444963.","urls":[{"url":"https://zenodo.org/record/1259471","url_text":"\"Social motivation is reduced in vasopressin 1b receptor null mice despite normal performance in an olfactory discrimination task\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.yhbeh.2004.07.004","url_text":"10.1016/j.yhbeh.2004.07.004"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15555506","url_text":"15555506"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:38444963","url_text":"38444963"}]},{"reference":"Blanchard RJ, Griebel G, Farrokhi C, Markham C, Yang M, Blanchard DC (2005). \"AVP V1b selective antagonist SSR149415 blocks aggressive behaviors in hamsters\". Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior. 80 (1): 189–94. doi:10.1016/j.pbb.2004.10.024. PMID 15652395. S2CID 236345.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.pbb.2004.10.024","url_text":"10.1016/j.pbb.2004.10.024"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15652395","url_text":"15652395"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:236345","url_text":"236345"}]},{"reference":"Serradeil-Le Gal C, Wagnon J, Tonnerre B, Roux R, Garcia G, Griebel G, Aulombard A (2005). \"An overview of SSR149415, a selective nonpeptide vasopressin V1b receptor antagonist for the treatment of stress-related disorders\". CNS Drug Reviews. 11 (1): 53–68. doi:10.1111/j.1527-3458.2005.tb00035.x. PMC 6741711. PMID 15867952.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6741711","url_text":"\"An overview of SSR149415, a selective nonpeptide vasopressin V1b receptor antagonist for the treatment of stress-related disorders\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1527-3458.2005.tb00035.x","url_text":"10.1111/j.1527-3458.2005.tb00035.x"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6741711","url_text":"6741711"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15867952","url_text":"15867952"}]},{"reference":"Lolait SJ, Stewart LQ, Jessop DS, Young WS, O'Carroll AM (2007). \"The Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis Response to Stress in Mice Lacking Functional Vasopressin V1b Receptors\". Endocrinology. 148 (2): 849–56. doi:10.1210/en.2006-1309. PMC 2040022. PMID 17122081.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2040022","url_text":"\"The Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis Response to Stress in Mice Lacking Functional Vasopressin V1b Receptors\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1210%2Fen.2006-1309","url_text":"10.1210/en.2006-1309"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2040022","url_text":"2040022"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17122081","url_text":"17122081"}]},{"reference":"Roper J, O'Carroll AM, Young W, Lolait S (January 2011). \"The vasopressin Avpr1b receptor: molecular and pharmacological studies\". Stress. 14 (1): 98–115. doi:10.3109/10253890.2010.512376. PMC 3016603. PMID 20828336.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3016603","url_text":"\"The vasopressin Avpr1b receptor: molecular and pharmacological studies\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3109%2F10253890.2010.512376","url_text":"10.3109/10253890.2010.512376"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3016603","url_text":"3016603"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20828336","url_text":"20828336"}]},{"reference":"Arlt W, Dahia PL, Callies F, Nordmeyer JP, Allolio B, Grossman AB, Reincke M (1997). \"Ectopic ACTH production by a bronchial carcinoid tumour responsive to desmopressin in vivo and in vitro\". Clinical Endocrinology. 47 (5): 623–7. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2265.1997.3091129.x. PMID 9425403. 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PMID 8636444.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC507185","url_text":"\"The pituitary V3 vasopressin receptor and the corticotroph phenotype in ectopic ACTH syndrome\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1172%2FJCI118547","url_text":"10.1172/JCI118547"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC507185","url_text":"507185"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8636444","url_text":"8636444"}]},{"reference":"Serradeil-Le Gal C, Wagnon J, Simiand J, Griebel G, Lacour C, Guillon G, Barberis C, Brossard G, Soubrié P, Nisato D, Pascal M, Pruss R, Scatton B, Maffrand JP, Le Fur G (2002). \"Characterization of (2S,4R)-1-[5-chloro-1-[(2,4-dimethoxyphenyl)sulfonyl]-3-(2-methoxy-phenyl)-2-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-indol-3-yl]-4-hydroxy-N,N-dimethyl-2-pyrrolidine carboxamide (SSR149415), a selective and orally active vasopressin V1b receptor antagonist\". 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PMID 17495006.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1210%2Fen.2006-1633","url_text":"\"Pharmacological and physiological characterization of d[Leu4, Lys8]vasopressin, the first V1b-selective agonist for rat vasopressin/oxytocin receptors\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1210%2Fen.2006-1633","url_text":"10.1210/en.2006-1633"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17495006","url_text":"17495006"}]},{"reference":"van West D, Del-Favero J, Deboutte D, Van Broeckhoven C, Claes S (August 2010). \"Associations between common arginine vasopressin 1b receptor and glucocorticoid receptor gene variants and HPA axis responses to psychosocial stress in a child psychiatric population\". Psychiatry Research. 179 (1): 64–8. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2009.04.002. PMID 20472303. 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S2CID 9507417.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1054%2Fnpep.2001.0864","url_text":"10.1054/npep.2001.0864"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11884209","url_text":"11884209"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:9507417","url_text":"9507417"}]},{"reference":"\"Symbol Report: AVPR1B\". HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC).","urls":[{"url":"https://www.genenames.org/data/gene-symbol-report/#!/hgnc_id/896","url_text":"\"Symbol Report: AVPR1B\""}]},{"reference":"\"Vasopressin and Oxytocin Receptors: V1B\". IUPHAR Database of Receptors and Ion Channels. International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. Archived from the original on 2016-03-03. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi%27an_guyue | Xi'an guyue | ["1 See also","2 References"] | Chinese traditional music genre
Xi'an wind and percussion ensembleUNESCO Intangible Cultural HeritageA pavilion of the Chenghuangmiao of Xi'an.CountryChinaReference212RegionAsia and the PacificInscription historyInscription2009 (4th session)
Xi'an guyue (Chinese: 西安鼓乐), also Shaanxi guyue (陕西鼓乐), is the regional Chinese ritual music genre featuring a type of wind and percussion ensemble named for its place of origin, Xi'an, in Shaanxi Province. It is also, somewhat misleadingly, called Xi'an drum music. A folk genre, sustained by amateur groups before the 1960s, it was placed on the UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage List in 2009.
The music is split into two categories based on performance, sitting and walking (the latter including chorus), and into three repertoires based on transmission, Buddhist (Seng), Daoist (Dao), and secular (Su).
Though associated with the Tang dynasty (due to its prestige and history), the genre shares more with the late Ming and Qing dynasties. The ensembles formerly included other instruments, such as the pipa and daqin (presumably the zheng), as witnessed in gongche manuscripts. Famous musicians include An Laixu (安来绪, 1895-1977), Daoist master of Xi'an's Chenghuangmiao temple. Manuscripts collected during the fifties date as far back as 1689, but the knowledge of how to perform pieces that old is lost. The genre flourished in the thirties and forties, with ensembles going from temple to temple, "but tacitly it was also treated like a competition." The number of musical ensembles and temples of all kinds was greatly reduced during the cultural revolution in the sixties and seventies, beginning to return more as historical preservation, academic research, or tourism then as religious practice in the eighties.
See also
Guyue Bridge
Guyue
References
^ a b Jones, Stephen (2013). In Search of the Folk Daoists of North China, p.95. Ashgate. ISBN 9781409406150.
^ a b "Xi'an wind and percussion ensemble", UNESCO.org.
^ a b c d e Zhuo, Dr. Sun (2015). The Chinese Zheng Zither: Contemporary Transformations, p.106. Ashgate. ISBN 9781472416674.
^ a b Zhuo (2015), p.108.
vteUNESCO Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity: Music
Aka polyphony
Albanian folk iso-polyphony
Angklung
Aqyn
Arabic maqam
Arirang
Ashiqs of Azerbaijan
Azerbaijani tar
Baul music
Bećarac
Bigwala
Biyelgee
Bistritsa Babi
Bumba-meu-boi from Maranhão
Byzantine music
Dainichido Bugaku
Beijing opera
Candombe
Cante Alentejano
Cantonese opera
Cantu a tenore
Ca trù
Cremona violins
Doina
Duduk
Eshuva
Fado
Frevo
Fujara
Gagaku
Gagok
Garifuna music
Georgian vocal polyphony
Gong culture
Guqin
Gwoka
Hua'er
Hudhud chants
Jongmyo Jereyak
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Istrian scale
Kgal Laox
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Klapa
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Khorasan Bakhshi
Kumi odori
Kunqu
Lhamo
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Maloya
Meshrep
Morin khuur
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Ojkanje singing
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Qudud Halabiya
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Samba de roda
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Sutartinės
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The Song of the Sibyl
Tumba francesa
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Vedic chant
Wayang kulit
Xi'an guyue
Xoan singing
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Ainu dance
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"Arirang"
Bakhshi music
Batik
Baul tradition of Bangladesh
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Boysun District
Bunraku
Cantonese opera
Ca trù
Chakkirako
Cheoyongmu
Chhau dance
Chinese architecture
Chinese block printing
Chinese calligraphy
Chinese paper cutting
Chinese seal engraving
Chinese shadow puppetry
Daemokjang
Daimokutate
Dainichido Bugaku
Darangen Epic
Dragon Boat Festival
Drametse Ngacham
Durga Puja in Kolkata
Epic of King Gesar
Gagaku
Gagok
Ganggangsullae
Gangneung Danoje Festival
Gimjang
Gióng Festival
Gong culture
Grand Song
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Guqin music
Haenyeo
Hansan Mosi
Hayachine Kagura
Hitachi Furyumono
Hua'er
Hudhud Chants
Indonesian kris
Jamdani
Jeju Chilmeoridang Yeongdeunggut
Jultagi
Kabuki
Kalbelia
Kashan rug
Katta Ashula
Khon
Khoomei
Koshikijima no Toshidon
Kumbh Mela
Kumiodori
Kunqu
Koodiyattam
Ladkah Buddhist chantings
Lakalaka
Lenj boats
Lhamo
Longquan celadon
Mak yong
Manipuri Sankirtana
Mangal Shobhajatra
Mazu belief
Meshrep
Mibu no Hana Taue
Morin khuur
Mosie ramie
Mudiyett
Muqam
Naadam
Namsadang Nori
Nanyin
Naqqāli
Nhã nhạc
Noh
Nora
Nowruz
Afghan
Uzbekistani
Nuad Thai
Oku-noto no Aenokoto
Pencak silat
Pahlevani and zoorkhaneh rituals
Pansori
Pinisi
Pungmul
Quan họ
Radif
Ramlila
Ramman
Royal ballet of Cambodia
Regong arts
Royal Ancestral Ritual
Sada Shin Noh
Saman dance
Sand drawing
Sbek Toch
Sekishu-Banshi
Shiraz rug
Songkran in Thailand
Ssireum
Taekkyeon
Ta'zīye
Thathera utensil craft
Tugging rituals and games
Urtiin Duu
Vedic chantings
Wayang
Xi'an ensemble
Xuan paper
Yamahoko
Yeondeunghoe
Yeongsanjae
Yoga
Yūki-tsumugi
Yunjin
This article about a music genre is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_music"},{"link_name":"ritual music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ritual_music"},{"link_name":"wind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_instrument"},{"link_name":"percussion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percussion_instrument"},{"link_name":"ensemble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_ensemble"},{"link_name":"Xi'an","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi%27an"},{"link_name":"Shaanxi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaanxi"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jones-1"},{"link_name":"UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage List","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCO_Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_List"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UNESCO-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UNESCO-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Zhuo106-3"},{"link_name":"Tang dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tang_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Ming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ming_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Qing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qing_dynasty"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Zhuo108-4"},{"link_name":"pipa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pipa"},{"link_name":"zheng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guzheng"},{"link_name":"gongche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gongche_notation"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Zhuo106-3"},{"link_name":"An Laixu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=An_Laixu&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Chenghuangmiao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chenghuangmiao"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jones-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Zhuo106-3"},{"link_name":"1689","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kangxi_Emperor"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Zhuo108-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Zhuo106-3"},{"link_name":"cultural revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_revolution"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Zhuo106-3"}],"text":"Xi'an guyue (Chinese: 西安鼓乐), also Shaanxi guyue (陕西鼓乐), is the regional Chinese ritual music genre featuring a type of wind and percussion ensemble named for its place of origin, Xi'an, in Shaanxi Province. It is also, somewhat misleadingly, called Xi'an drum music. A folk genre, sustained by amateur groups before the 1960s,[1] it was placed on the UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage List in 2009.[2]The music is split into two categories based on performance, sitting and walking (the latter including chorus),[2] and into three repertoires based on transmission, Buddhist (Seng), Daoist (Dao), and secular (Su).[3]Though associated with the Tang dynasty (due to its prestige and history), the genre shares more with the late Ming and Qing dynasties.[4] The ensembles formerly included other instruments, such as the pipa and daqin (presumably the zheng), as witnessed in gongche manuscripts.[3] Famous musicians include An Laixu (安来绪, 1895-1977), Daoist master of Xi'an's Chenghuangmiao temple.[1][3] Manuscripts collected during the fifties date as far back as 1689, but the knowledge of how to perform pieces that old is lost.[4] The genre flourished in the thirties and forties, with ensembles going from temple to temple, \"but tacitly it was also treated like a competition.\"[3] The number of musical ensembles and temples of all kinds was greatly reduced during the cultural revolution in the sixties and seventies, beginning to return more as historical preservation, academic research, or tourism then as religious practice in the eighties.[3]","title":"Xi'an guyue"}] | [] | [{"title":"Guyue Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guyue_Bridge"},{"title":"Guyue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guyue"}] | [] | [{"Link":"http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/RL/00212","external_links_name":"212"},{"Link":"http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?lg=en&pg=00011&RL=00212","external_links_name":"Xi'an wind and percussion ensemble"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Xi%27an_guyue&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Turkey_(AMS-56) | USS Turkey (AMS-56) | ["1 History","2 References","3 External links"] | Minesweeper of the United States Navy
For other ships with the same name, see USS Turkey.
Turkey with U.S. Mine Division 22, circa 1965
History
United States
NameUSS YMS-444
Builder
C. Hiltebrant Dry Dock Co., Inc.
Kingston, New York
Laid down16 November 1943
Launched20 July 1944
Commissioned26 December 1944
Decommissioned30 August 1946
In service30 August 1946, Naval reserve training ship out of New York
RenamedUSS Turkey (AMS-56), 1 September 1947
Namesaketurkey
RecommissionedApril 1950, in reserve
Recommissioned21 November 1950, full
ReclassifiedMSC(O)-56, 7 February 1955
Decommissioned23 November 1956
In service27 May 1957, as Naval Reserve training ship out of Toledo (to 1960), and Fall River (from 1960)
Out of serviceSeptember 1968
StrickenOctober 1968
FateSold August 1969; ultimate fate is unknown
General characteristics
Class and typeYMS-135 subclass of YMS-1-class minesweepers
Displacement320 tons
Length136 ft (41 m)
Beam24 ft 6 in (7.47 m)
Draft8 ft (2.4 m) (mean)
Propulsion
2 × 880 bhp General Motors 8-268A diesel engines
2 shafts
Speed14 knots (26 km/h)
Complement33
Armament
1 × 3"/50 caliber gun mount
2 × 20 mm guns
2 × depth charge projectors
USS Turkey (AMS-56/YMS-444) was a YMS-135 subclass of YMS-1-class minesweepers built for the United States Navy during World War II.
History
Turkey was a coastal minesweeper of the United States Navy laid down as YMS-444 on 16 November 1943 at Kingston, New York, by C. Hiltebrant Dry Dock Co., Inc.; launched on 20 July 1944; and commissioned on 26 December 1944.
YMS-444 completed fitting out at New York and, in January 1945, made a shakedown voyage to Little Creek, Virginia. On 6 February, she arrived at Norfolk, Virginia, and remained there while members of her crew attended Fire Fighting School. Then, late in February, she returned to New York. In March, the auxiliary motor minesweeper began operating out of Tompkinsville, New York.
On 20 July, she departed New York and, after a stop at Miami, Florida, steamed through the Panama Canal to the California coast, arriving at Los Angeles, California on 8 September. On the 17th, she set her course westward for Pearl Harbor and the Marshalls. Although the war was over when YMS-444 arrived in the Pacific Ocean, there were still enormous tasks left for the minesweepers. YMS-444 pursued her duties operating out of Saipan and Eniwetok in October 1945. In November, she moved on to the Ryūkyūs and Japan, sweeping mines in the Kyūshū-Korea and Honshū areas, and remained in Japanese waters into the new year.
On 24 February 1946, she departed Kure and set her course, via the Marianas and Marshalls, for Pearl Harbor and California. After pausing at San Pedro, California, in April, she got underway for the Panama Canal Zone on the 27th. It was 6 June before she departed the Canal Zone and set her course, via Charleston, for New York City. She was decommissioned on 30 August 1946 and remained in the 3rd Naval District as a U.S. Naval Reserve training ship.
For the next six years, YMS-444 operated out of New York ports and on the Great Lakes. During part of this period she was docked at the USNR Station Fall River.On 1 September 1947, she was named USS Turkey and redesignated a motor minesweeper, AMS-56. She was placed in commission, in reserve, in April 1950, and she returned to active status on 21 November.
Turkey returned to the Atlantic Ocean in March 1952 and was assigned to serve with the Mine Forces, Atlantic Fleet, in August. During the following four years, she operated out of U.S. East Coast ports with occasional voyages to the Caribbean. On 7 February 1955, she was reclassified an old coastal minesweeper MSC(O)-56.
She arrived at Charleston on 9 November 1956 and was decommissioned there on 23 November 1956. Then, on 1 May 1957, she departed Charleston, steamed via New York, Halifax, and Montreal, and reported to the Commander, 4th Naval District, Toledo, Ohio, on 27 May 1957.
In 1960, Turkey was transferred to the 1st Naval District to continue as a Reserve training ship. As such, she operated out of Fall River, Massachusetts, until September 1968 when she was replaced as a training ship by USS Jacana (MSC-193). Her name was struck from the Naval Vessel Register as of October 1968, and she was sold in August 1969.
Her ultimate fate is unknown.
References
This article incorporates text from the public domain Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships. The entry can be found here.
External links
Photo gallery at navsource.org
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YMS-1
YMS-2
YMS-3
YMS-4
YMS-5
YMS-6
YMS-7
YMS-8
YMS-9
YMS-10
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YMS-84
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YMS-86
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YMS-89
YMS-90
YMS-91
YMS-92
YMS-93
YMS-94
YMS-95
YMS-96
YMS-97
YMS-98
YMS-99
YMS-100
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YMS-126
YMS-127
YMS-128
YMS-129
YMS-130
YMS-131
YMS-132
YMS-133
YMS-134
YMS-135 subclass
YMS-135
YMS-136
YMS-137
YMS-138
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YMS-424
YMS-425
YMS-426
YMS-427
YMS-428
YMS-429
YMS-430
YMS-431
YMS-432
YMS-433
YMS-434
YMS-435
YMS-436
YMS-437
YMS-438
YMS-439
YMS-440
YMS-441
YMS-442
YMS-443
YMS-444
YMS-445
YMS-480
YMS-481
YMS-446 subclass
YMS-446
YMS-447
YMS-448
YMS-449
YMS-450
YMS-451
YMS-452
YMS-453
YMS-454
YMS-455
YMS-456
YMS-457
YMS-458
YMS-459
YMS-460
YMS-461
YMS-462
YMS-463
YMS-464
YMS-465
YMS-466
YMS-467
YMS-468
YMS-469
YMS-470
YMS-471
YMS-472
YMS-473
YMS-474
YMS-475
YMS-476
YMS-477
YMS-478
YMS-479
Free French Naval Forces ⁄ French Navy
Amarante
Anemone
Armoise
Asphodele
Auberpine
Balsamine
Basilic
Belladone
Campanule
Capucine
Clematite
Dahlia
Digitale
Genet
Gentiane
Geranium
Glycine
Heliotrope
Hortensia
Jasmin
Jonquille
Lotus
Marjolaine
Myosotis
Perce Neige
Petunia
Pimpernelle
Primevere
Tiare
Zinnia
D202
Hellenic Navy
Afroessa
Andromeda
Ariadne
Aura
Ithaki
Kalymnos
Karteria
Kassos
Keffallina
Kerkyra
Kleio
Kos
Lafkas
Lambadias
Leros
Papalos
Patmos
Paxi
Pigassos
Prokyon
Salaminia
Symi
Vegas
Zakynthos
Royal Norwegian Navy
Gaula
Hessa
Viga
Vitra
ex-YMS-377
ex-YMS-382
ex-YMS-406
Soviet Navy
T-181
T-182
T-183
T-184
T-185
T-186
T-187
T-188
T-189
T-190
T-191
T-192
T-521
T-522
T-523
T-524
T-525
T-526
T-527
T-588
T-589
T-590
T-591
T-592
T-593
T-594
T-595
T-596
T-597
T-598
T-599
T-600
T-601
T-602
T-603
T-604
T-605
T-606
T-607
T-608
T-609
T-610
T-611
Royal Navy
BYMS-2001
BYMS-2002
BYMS-2003
BYMS-2004
BYMS-2005
BYMS-2006
BYMS-2007
BYMS-2008
BYMS-2009
BYMS-2010
BYMS-2011
BYMS-2012
BYMS-2013
BYMS-2014
BYMS-2015
BYMS-2016
BYMS-2017
BYMS-2018
BYMS-2019
BYMS-2020
BYMS-2021
BYMS-2022
BYMS-2023
BYMS-2024
BYMS-2025
BYMS-2026
BYMS-2027
BYMS-2028
BYMS-2029
BYMS-2030
BYMS-2031
BYMS-2032
BYMS-2033
BYMS-2034
BYMS-2035
BYMS-2036
BYMS-2037
BYMS-2038
BYMS-2039
BYMS-2040
BYMS-2041
BYMS-2042
BYMS-2043
BYMS-2044
BYMS-2045
BYMS-2046
BYMS-2047
BYMS-2048
BYMS-2049
BYMS-2050
BYMS-2051
BYMS-2052
BYMS-2053
BYMS-2054
BYMS-2055
BYMS-2056
BYMS-2057
BYMS-2058
BYMS-2059
BYMS-2060
BYMS-2061
BYMS-2062
BYMS-2063
BYMS-2064
BYMS-2065
BYMS-2066
BYMS-2067
BYMS-2068
BYMS-2069
BYMS-2070
BYMS-2071
BYMS-2072
BYMS-2073
BYMS-2074
BYMS-2075
BYMS-2076
BYMS-2077
BYMS-2078
BYMS-2079
BYMS-2080
BYMS-2137
BYMS-2141
BYMS-2142
BYMS-2148
BYMS-2149
BYMS-2150
BYMS-2152
BYMS-2153
BYMS-2154
BYMS-2155
BYMS-2156
BYMS-2157
BYMS-2161
BYMS-2162
BYMS-2167
BYMS-2168
BYMS-2171
BYMS-2172
BYMS-2173
BYMS-2174
BYMS-2175
BYMS-2181
BYMS-2182
BYMS-2185
BYMS-2186
BYMS-2187
BYMS-2188
BYMS-2189
BYMS-2190
BYMS-2191
BYMS-2194
BYMS-2202
BYMS-2203
BYMS-2204
BYMS-2205
BYMS-2206
BYMS-2209
BYMS-2210
BYMS-2211
BYMS-2212
BYMS-2213
BYMS-2214
BYMS-2217
BYMS-2221
BYMS-2223
BYMS-2225
BYMS-2229
BYMS-2230
BYMS-2232
BYMS-2233
BYMS-2234
BYMS-2236
BYMS-2240
BYMS-2244
BYMS-2246
BYMS-2252
BYMS-2253
BYMS-2254
BYMS-2255
BYMS-2256
BYMS-2257
BYMS-2258
BYMS-2261
BYMS-2264
BYMS-2277
BYMS-2278
BYMS-2279
BYMS-2280
BYMS-2282
BYMS-2284
Other post-World War II operators Algerian National Navy
Djebel Aures
Sidi Fradj
Belgian Navy
Eureka
Brazilian NavyJavari class
Javari
Juruá
Juruena
Jutaí
Egyptian Navy
Arish
Darfur
Gaza
Gaza
Kaisaria
Kordofan
Malek Faud
Naharia
Rafah
Finnish Navy
Katanpää
Purunpää
Tammenpää
Vahterpää
Italian Navy
Anemone
Azalea
Begonia
Biancospino
Dalia
Fiordaliso
Gardania
Geranio
Gladiolo
Magnolia
Mughetto
Narcisco
Oleandro
Orchidea
Primula
Tulipano
Verbena
Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force
Etajima
Moroshima
Ninoshima
Nuwajima
Ogishima
Ujishima
Yakushima
Yugeshima
Yurishima
Republic of Korea Navy
Kae Song
Kang Jim
Kang Kae
Kang Kyong
Kang Nung
Kang Wha
Kaya San
Kil Chu
Kim Chon
Kim Hae
Kim Po
Ko Chang
Ko Won
Ko Yung
Kong City
Ku Po
Kum Hwa
Kwang Chu
Kyoung Chu
Yong Kung
YMS-516
YMS-517
Madagascar Navy
Jasmin
Tanamasoandro
Royal Netherlands Navy
Borndiep
Deurloo
Hollandsdiep
Marsdiep
Oosterschelde
Texelstroom
Vliestroom
Volkerak
Westerscheide
Zuiderdiep
Peruvian Navy
Alferez de Fragata Bondy
San Martin
Philippine Navy
Tarlac
Polish Navy
Delfin
Foka
Mors
Royal Thai Navy
Bangkeo
Ladya
Turkish Navy
Kas
Kemer
Kerempe
Kilimi
Kirte
Kozlu
Kulluk
Kuşadası
Republic of Vietnam Navy
Bach Dang
Choung Dong
Ham Tu
List of mine warfare vessels of the United States Navy | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"USS Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Turkey"},{"link_name":"YMS-135 subclass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YMS-135_class_minesweeper"},{"link_name":"YMS-1-class minesweepers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YMS-1-class_minesweeper"},{"link_name":"United States Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navy"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"}],"text":"For other ships with the same name, see USS Turkey.USS Turkey (AMS-56/YMS-444) was a YMS-135 subclass of YMS-1-class minesweepers built for the United States Navy during World War II.","title":"USS Turkey (AMS-56)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kingston, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingston,_New_York"},{"link_name":"C. Hiltebrant Dry Dock Co., Inc.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hiltebrant_Dry_Dock&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"shakedown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakedown_cruise"},{"link_name":"Little Creek, Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Creek,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Norfolk, Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norfolk,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Tompkinsville, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tompkinsville,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Miami, Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miami,_Florida"},{"link_name":"Panama Canal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama_Canal"},{"link_name":"California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles,_California"},{"link_name":"Pearl Harbor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearl_Harbor"},{"link_name":"Marshalls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshall_Islands"},{"link_name":"Pacific Ocean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Ocean"},{"link_name":"Saipan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saipan"},{"link_name":"Eniwetok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enewetak"},{"link_name":"Ryūkyūs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryukyu_Islands"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_of_Japan"},{"link_name":"Kyūshū","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ky%C5%ABsh%C5%AB"},{"link_name":"Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korea"},{"link_name":"Honshū","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honsh%C5%AB"},{"link_name":"Kure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kure,_Hiroshima"},{"link_name":"Marianas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariana_Islands"},{"link_name":"San Pedro, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Pedro,_California"},{"link_name":"Panama Canal Zone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama_Canal_Zone"},{"link_name":"Charleston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charleston,_South_Carolina"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"3rd Naval District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3rd_Naval_District"},{"link_name":"U.S. Naval Reserve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Naval_Reserve"},{"link_name":"training ship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Training_ship"},{"link_name":"Great Lakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Lakes"},{"link_name":"Atlantic Ocean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean"},{"link_name":"Mine Forces, Atlantic Fleet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mine_Forces,_Atlantic_Fleet"},{"link_name":"U.S. East Coast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._East_Coast"},{"link_name":"Caribbean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caribbean"},{"link_name":"minesweeper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minesweeper_(ship)"},{"link_name":"Halifax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_Halifax"},{"link_name":"Montreal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreal"},{"link_name":"4th Naval District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4th_Naval_District"},{"link_name":"1st Naval District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1st_Naval_District"},{"link_name":"Fall River, Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_River,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"USS Jacana (MSC-193)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Jacana"},{"link_name":"Naval Vessel Register","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Vessel_Register"}],"text":"Turkey was a coastal minesweeper of the United States Navy laid down as YMS-444 on 16 November 1943 at Kingston, New York, by C. Hiltebrant Dry Dock Co., Inc.; launched on 20 July 1944; and commissioned on 26 December 1944.YMS-444 completed fitting out at New York and, in January 1945, made a shakedown voyage to Little Creek, Virginia. On 6 February, she arrived at Norfolk, Virginia, and remained there while members of her crew attended Fire Fighting School. Then, late in February, she returned to New York. In March, the auxiliary motor minesweeper began operating out of Tompkinsville, New York.On 20 July, she departed New York and, after a stop at Miami, Florida, steamed through the Panama Canal to the California coast, arriving at Los Angeles, California on 8 September. On the 17th, she set her course westward for Pearl Harbor and the Marshalls. Although the war was over when YMS-444 arrived in the Pacific Ocean, there were still enormous tasks left for the minesweepers. YMS-444 pursued her duties operating out of Saipan and Eniwetok in October 1945. In November, she moved on to the Ryūkyūs and Japan, sweeping mines in the Kyūshū-Korea and Honshū areas, and remained in Japanese waters into the new year.On 24 February 1946, she departed Kure and set her course, via the Marianas and Marshalls, for Pearl Harbor and California. After pausing at San Pedro, California, in April, she got underway for the Panama Canal Zone on the 27th. It was 6 June before she departed the Canal Zone and set her course, via Charleston, for New York City. She was decommissioned on 30 August 1946 and remained in the 3rd Naval District as a U.S. Naval Reserve training ship.For the next six years, YMS-444 operated out of New York ports and on the Great Lakes. During part of this period she was docked at the USNR Station Fall River.On 1 September 1947, she was named USS Turkey and redesignated a motor minesweeper, AMS-56. She was placed in commission, in reserve, in April 1950, and she returned to active status on 21 November.Turkey returned to the Atlantic Ocean in March 1952 and was assigned to serve with the Mine Forces, Atlantic Fleet, in August. During the following four years, she operated out of U.S. East Coast ports with occasional voyages to the Caribbean. On 7 February 1955, she was reclassified an old coastal minesweeper MSC(O)-56.She arrived at Charleston on 9 November 1956 and was decommissioned there on 23 November 1956. Then, on 1 May 1957, she departed Charleston, steamed via New York, Halifax, and Montreal, and reported to the Commander, 4th Naval District, Toledo, Ohio, on 27 May 1957.In 1960, Turkey was transferred to the 1st Naval District to continue as a Reserve training ship. As such, she operated out of Fall River, Massachusetts, until September 1968 when she was replaced as a training ship by USS Jacana (MSC-193). Her name was struck from the Naval Vessel Register as of October 1968, and she was sold in August 1969.Her ultimate fate is unknown.","title":"History"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"http://www.history.navy.mil/research/histories/ship-histories/danfs/t/turkey-ii.html","external_links_name":"here"},{"Link":"http://www.navsource.org/archives/11/05056.htm","external_links_name":"Photo gallery"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Employees%27_Distributing_Company | Fedco | ["1 History","1.1 Beginning","1.2 Business model","1.3 Fedco stores","1.4 Fedco Reporter","1.5 Bankruptcy","2 See also","3 References","4 Sources"] | American membership department store chain (1948 to 1999)
Not to be confused with Fedco Food Stores.
Federal Employees' Distributing CompanyCompany typeDepartment StoreIndustryRetailFounded1948; 76 years ago (1948) in Los Angeles, CaliforniaFoundersU.S. Post Office employeesDefunct1999; 25 years ago (1999)Headquarters9300 Santa Fe Springs Rd, Santa Fe Springs, CaliforniaNumber of locations10 (when it closed in 1999)Area servedSouthern CaliforniaProductsClothing, footwear, housewares, jewelry, garden, furniture, appliances, sporting goods, produce, hardware, toys, electronicsOwnerMembers-owned co-operative
Federal Employees' Distributing Company, known as Fedco, was a membership department store chain that operated in Southern California from 1948 to 1999.
History
Beginning
The chain was unusual in that it was a nonprofit consumers' cooperative. It was founded by 800 U.S. Post Office employees who wanted to leverage their buying power by purchasing goods directly from wholesalers, and eliminate the additional markup of a retail store. The Board of Directors, headed by Robert Kee, established the first store on Slauson Avenue in Los Angeles. Members would come into the store and find items they wished to purchase in various catalogs. As demand grew, the Board of Directors began to carry merchandise in the store. Business flourished and they took over adjoining storefronts. Under the guidance of Kee, FedScript was developed. This allowed a form of "borrowing" but ensured that the funds could only be spent at Fedco. Lines included general merchandise, grocery, and, in some locations, auto services and furniture. Lifetime membership was less than five dollars for employees of the U.S. government, students, and their family members.
The organization of the company was similar to that used for credit unions, in which the stores were owned and operated by a not-for-profit organization that was owned by its members, who elected a board of directors. Like a credit union, store membership was legally restricted to a defined group. Over the years, the membership pool was widened to include anyone who had any relationship with the federal or local governments, as well as their employees, children, etc. It also included anyone who received regular payments from the government, such as social security pensions.
Membership cards were required to enter a store and to use a check as payment. However, it was very difficult to restrict non-members from purchasing from the stores in cash, since the lifetime membership cards did not include photographic ID like those used by later membership stores such as Sam's Club. Anyone could borrow or take a member's card and enter. Names on the cards were only checked when paying by check.
Fedco's lifetime membership cost $10 (~$19.00 in 2023) in 1998.
At its peak, Fedco had ten department stores plus three appliance-only stores, and served 4 million members.
Business model
The management strove to make Fedco a one-stop shopping destination, similar to a hypermarket concept. The customer/member was presented with a wide variety of consumer products: camera equipment, office machines, major and minor appliances, garden supplies, clothing, jewelry, liquor and groceries. The stores also had a full-service deli and a separate produce department. Many stores also had a tire and battery shop. The corporate buyers often found one-of-a-kind deals on miscellaneous items, including seasonal items like toys during the Christmas holiday season.
The stores were tightly managed. To foster smooth operation, romantic interest between employees was discouraged, and married couples were not allowed to hold Fedco jobs concurrently.
Some of the departments around the periphery of the building were not Fedco businesses, but instead were concessions operated by others. For example, the Stereo Components department was run by Coastron, seller of the Soundcraftsmen line of stereo equipment. Coastron paid rent to Fedco to operate in the building. Other concessions included the Optical Department (later bought out by Fedco), the Shaver Shop, and the Key & Lock Shop. Fedco offered a variety of private label items, including electronics, liquor, watches and some groceries.
The membership model was successful for Fedco for decades. It was common for the stores to be crowded, with long lines at checkout. A picture of a packed LA Coliseum, posted above the drinking fountain near the exit of the San Bernardino store, proclaimed, "More people shop at Fedco stores each week than the attendance of the 1984 Olympic Games opening ceremonies!" There were separate registers for general merchandise, groceries and produce. At one time, purchased merchandise was placed in a bag and a color-coded tape was placed on the stapled bag. The tape color varied from day to day to prevent theft. In later years, as merchandise was bagged, the bags were stapled shut and the receipt stapled on the top. In a precursor to the common practice at most membership clubs today, the sealed bags and receipts were checked at the exit.
A Fedco price tag marking a compact disc
Fedco had an aggressive pricing model and employed "secret shoppers" to determine prices of other retailers. The Fedco price on many items ended in 87 cents to claim the lowest price, even if it was only pennies below the customary 99 cent prices of competitors.
For most of its lifetime, Fedco was closed on Wednesdays, though some employees would work, re-stocking or taking inventory. During the Christmas season, Fedco was open 7 days a week to accommodate the customer surge. Fedco would sometimes require employees to work up to 10 hours a day. Working 6 days a week was possible during the summer surge and the Christmas season.
Front of a Fedco Fedcharge Card
Back of a Fedco Fedcharge Card
Fedco employees were members of the Teamsters Union, many in Local 232 and 542. They went on strike against the company in the summer of 1979, seeking higher pay as compared to members of the Retail Clerks Union. The strike was resolved after about 3 weeks.
In 1994, Fedco was one of the first membership stores to start accepting bank-issued credit cards. Most discount stores of this type did not accept credit cards because transaction fees charged by the credit card transaction processors were quite high in relation to their (single-digit percent range) margins, and they would have to raise prices to compensate, putting them at a competitive disadvantage to stores that did not accept credit cards.
Fedco stores
Fedco at Cerritos, California
Fedco had several locations in Southern California including:
Van Nuys (Los Angeles), 14920 Raymer Street, store #1, replaced by Target (1956-1999)
La Cienega (Los Angeles), 3535 South La Cienega Boulevard, store #2, replaced by Target (1961-1999)
San Bernardino, 570 South Mt. Vernon Avenue, store #3 replaced by El Super (1968-1999)
Cerritos, 11525 South Street, store #4 (1970-1999), replaced by Target
National City, 1100 Highland Avenue, store #5, replaced by Walmart (1984-1999)
Pasadena, 3111 East Colorado Boulevard, store #6, replaced by Target (1965-1999)
Costa Mesa, 3030 Harbor Boulevard, store #7 replaced by Target (1972-1999)
Ontario, 2534 South Archibald Avenue, store #8, replaced by Ontario Police Department facility (1982-1999)
Escondido, 1475 East Valley Parkway, store #9, replaced by Home Depot (1986-1999)
Buena Park, 8450 La Palma Avenue, store #10 (formerly May Co.), replaced by Walmart (1993-1999)
Previous locations:
Los Angeles, 3928 West Slauson Avenue, replaced by La Cienega Boulevard store in 1961
San Bernardino, 1140 West Second Street, replaced by the Mt. Vernon Avenue store in 1968
Lakewood, 5436 North Woodruff Avenue, replaced by the Cerritos store in 1970
San Diego, 54th Street and Euclid Avenue, replaced by the National City store (1957-1984)
Fedco Reporter
The Fedco Reporter was the store's catalog and magazine. Board President Robert Kee and Edward Butterworth were instrumental in establishing the Reporter. Edward Butterworth rose from company attorney to Board member to the position of CEO. The department was run by art director and art department manager Sal Heredia and editor Anita McManes. The Reporter was a bi-monthly 62-page dated catalog mailed to members. There were seasonal specials and sales with themes like "Buyers' Goof Days". In addition to showcasing products, it also contained short one-column articles. Most issues contained one article about updates in federal policy that might affect federal employees. The majority of the articles were about minor but colorful stories in California history, and were labeled with a "California Historical" logo.
Copies of the Fedco Reporter and other Fedco paraphernalia are now being maintained as part of the Fedco Superstores Inc. Collections Archived 2014-10-18 at the Wayback Machine in the Cal State L.A. University Library.
Fedco Medicated Chest Rub
Bankruptcy
Fedco predated the giant chains Walmart, Target, Kmart, Ames, and fellow membership chains Costco and Sam's Club, but remained a regional chain and eventually was unable to compete with the national chains.
The management tried many new ideas to keep up with competitors, such as accepting bank cards when other stores were only accepting private store credit cards, refurbishing stores, and by allowing fast food chains to open restaurants, such as Panda Express, inside select stores.
The company lost $14 million caused by damages done to the La Cienega store during the Los Angeles riots of 1992.
Fedco filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy in 1999, at which point it had been the longest-operating membership-based store in the country. Most of its locations were sold to the Target chain, while others (like the Escondido, California, location) were razed, and the Ontario location became the city's police department. The $10 lifetime membership at Fedco was exchanged for a $300 Target coupon book at the 1999 bankruptcy. The proceeds of the bankruptcy sale were placed in a trust fund intended to charitably serve communities that had hosted Fedco stores.
See also
Big-box store
Hypermarket
Gemco
Zody's
References
^ Scally, Robert (November 23, 1998). "New format positions Fedco for future growth". Discount Store News. Vol. 37, no. 22. p. 3. Archived from the original on November 12, 2013 – via EBSCO.
^ Young, Karen Newell (February 19, 1988). "Discount Stores in County Proliferate: a Profile of Fedco". Los Angeles Times.
^ Campbell, Don G. (May 23, 1985). "Explaining Fedco's 'Nonprofit' Ways". Los Angeles Times.
^ Sender, Isabelle (August 1998). "Preparing Fedco for the next 50 years". Chain Store Age. Vol. 74, no. 8. p. 5. Archived from the original on 2013-07-14. .
^ Meece, Mickey (October 11, 1994). "Fedco Taking Visa, Mastercard at Its Southern Calif. Stores". American Banker. p. 22. Archived from the original on February 12, 2015. Alternate Link(subscription required) via LexisNexis.
^ "Fedco Is First Major Retail Membership Chain To Begin Accepting Visa And Mastercard In All Check-Out Lanes". PR Newswire (Press release). October 4, 1994. Archived from the original on November 12, 2013. Retrieved April 11, 2013 – via The Free Library.
^ Corrigan, John (August 28, 1999). "Lamenting the Death of a Discount Store". Los Angeles Times.
^ a b "Opening Set". Los Angeles Times. October 1, 1961. p. I23. ProQuest 167988471. Archived from the original on September 14, 2017. Retrieved July 6, 2017.
^ a b "Fedco Chain to Open New Store Monday". Los Angeles Times. October 27, 1968. p. J9. ProQuest 155961409. Archived from the original on March 5, 2016. Retrieved July 6, 2017.
^ "$1.95 Million Fedco Store Under Way". Los Angeles Times. December 14, 1969. p. K10. ProQuest 156378941. Archived from the original on September 14, 2017. Retrieved July 6, 2017.
^ "New Fedco Unit Rises in Cerritos". Los Angeles Times. June 15, 1970. p. O16. ProQuest 156456159. Archived from the original on September 14, 2017. Retrieved July 6, 2017.
^ a b Bauder, Donald C. (April 4, 1984). "Expanded Fedco store to open". San Diego Union. p. A-12.
^ "Fedco Pasadena Unit Nearing Completion". Los Angeles Times. October 24, 1965. p. M14. ProQuest 155290636. Archived from the original on October 18, 2016. Retrieved July 6, 2017.
^ "New FEDCO Rising". Los Angeles Times. July 30, 1970. p. K23. ProQuest 156966875. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved July 6, 2017.
^ "Fedco Ontario grand opening Thursday marked commencement of the company's largest facility". Los Angeles Times. June 19, 1982. p. G12. ProQuest 153141123. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved July 6, 2017.
^ "Sears Property Sold in Escondido". Los Angeles Times. August 17, 1986.
^ Cano, Debra (January 4, 1993). "Buena Park to Weigh Backing Fedco Move". Los Angeles Times.
^ Barron, Kelly (October 1, 1993). "Fedco's new store is three stories, brightly decorated and in a mall". Orange County Register. p. C01. Link(subscription required) via LexisNexis.
^ Cano, Debra (October 5, 1993). "Buena Park: 4,000 Line Up for 600 Jobs at Fedco". Los Angeles Times.
^ Cano, Debra (November 4, 1993). "Buena Park: Shoppers Jam New Fedco Store in Mall". Los Angeles Times.
^ Thomas, Charles M. (November 15, 1993). "Fedco opens tri-level mall unit". Discount Store News. Vol. 32, no. 22. p. 4. Archived from the original on November 12, 2013 – via EBSCO.
^ "Fedco Redesigns For Success". Home Furnishing News. December 7, 1998 – via The Free Library.
^ Stevenish, Robert J. (July 12, 1998). "Fedco Article Overlooked Customers, Growth". Los Angeles Times.
^ "Chinese Restaurant Opens in Fedco". Los Angeles Times. October 9, 1992.
^ "Riot Aftermath". Los Angeles Times. May 7, 1992.
^ "Torched, Looted Fedco Store Reopens". Los Angeles Times. May 22, 1992.
^ Scally, Robert (September 6, 1999). "A final farewell to Fedco". Discount Store News. Vol. 38, no. 17. p. 2. Archived from the original on November 12, 2013 – via EBSCO.
^ White, George (July 4, 1998). "Fedco Is Getting a Make-Over, but Analysts Say It's Not Enough". Los Angeles Times.
^ Sanchez, Jesus & Goldman, Abigail (July 10, 1999). "Fedco to Seek Chapter 11 Protection, Close Doors". Los Angeles Times.
^ "Fedco To Sell Its Real Estate Assets To Target Stores". The New York Times. July 10, 1999.
^ "Consortium Prevails in Bid for FedCo Stores Inventory; Additional $9 Million Delivered to FedCo Estate". PRNewswire (Press release). July 15, 1999.
^ Garcia, Irene (July 22, 1999). "End of the Line in Sight". Los Angeles Times.
^ "Target Stores finalizes Fedco purchase". Minneapolis/St. Paul Business Journal. September 28, 1999.
^ Gee, Elise (September 9, 1999). "Target plans to develop old Fedco site". Daily Pilot.
^ Earnest, Leslie (September 27, 2000). "Costa Mesa's a 'Greatland' for Target". Los Angeles Times.
^ "Fedco to offer coupons to settle membership". Discount Store News. 38 (20): 4. October 25, 1999. Archived from the original on July 11, 2012. Retrieved September 18, 2006 – via FindArticles.
^ "FEDCO Teacher Grants". California Community Foundation. Archived from the original on 2013-05-10. Retrieved 2013-04-11.
^ "Teacher Grants - FEDCO Classroom Enrichment Fund". Cal Poly Pomona. Archived from the original on 2014-11-19.
Sources
Karen Newell Young, "Discount Stores in County Proliferate: A Profile of Fedco," Archived 2012-11-07 at the Wayback Machine, Los Angeles Times (Orange County ed.) February 19, 1988, Orange County Life p. 8.
vteHistory of retail in Southern CaliforniaDepartment storeswith origins inCentralLos Angeles
Barker Bros.
Blackstone's
Brooks Clothing
Bon Marché
The Broadway
Bullock's
Bullocks Wilshire
Central
City of Paris
Coulter's
Dearden's
Desmond's
B. H. Dyas
Eastern-Columbia
Fallas Paredes
Famous (Cal Hirsch & Sons)
Fifth Street Store
The Globe (51st & S. Broadway)
Haggarty's ("New York Store")
The Hub
J. M. Hale Co.
Hamburger's ("People's Store")
Harris & Frank
Jacoby Bros.
May Co. (buildings: May Co. Downtown LA – May Co. Wilshire – May Co. Mission Valley)
Milliron's (Milliron's/Broadway Westchester)
Mullen & Bluett
Myer Siegel
Phelps-Terkel
J. W. Robinson's
Robinsons-May
Sears-Pico
Silverwoods
Swelldom
Ville de Paris
Walker's (L.A.)
L.A. neighborhoods
Iver's (Highland Pk)
Nahas (N Hwd)
Quigley's (Hwd)
Rathbun's (N Hwd)
Robertson Co. (Hwd)
Sears Pico–Rimpau
Long Beach
Buffums
The Emporium
Marti's
Robert's
Walker's LB
Wise Company
Pasadena
Boadway Bros.
Meyer's
Nash's
Rest of L.A. Co.
Boston Stores (Inglewood)
Butler Bros. (Vernon)
Chaney's (Hawthorne)
I. H. Hawkins (Redondo Bch)
Henshey's (Santa Monica)
Hinshaw's (Arcadia/Whittier)
Kitson (W Hwd)
Myers (Whittier)
Webb's (Glendale)
Wineman's (Oxnard/Huntington Pk)
Bakersfield
Brock's
Inland Empire
Willets (Colton)
Harris Company (San B'do)
Orange Co.
Rankin's (Santa Ana)
The S.Q.R. Store (Anaheim)
San Diego–Tijuana
Barnett-Stine
Dorian's
Holzwasser's
Marston's
Walker Scott
Elsewhere
J. C. Penney
Montgomery Ward
Ohrbach's
Sears
Clothing and shoes
Bond's
Brooks Clothing
C. H. Baker shoes
C&R Clothiers
Hartfield's
Judy's
Leed's shoes
Mandel's (shoes)
Miller's Outpost/Anchor Blue
Victor Clothing
Weatherby-Kayser shoes
Zachary All
Discount andmembership stores
The Akron
Curacao
Fedco
Fedmart
Gemco
Pic 'N' Save
Unimart
White Front
Zody's
Drugstores
Disco Drug and Discount Centers
Sav-on
Schwab's Pharmacy
Thrifty
Furniture andhome furnishings
Barker Bros.
Dearden's
Parmelee-Dohrmann
Grocery stores
Alpha Beta
Boys Markets
Chaffee
Food Giant
Giant
Haas, Baruch & Co./Hellman, Haas & Co.
Hughes Markets
Market Basket
Pantry Food Stores
Pavilions
Ralphs
Shopping Bag
Stater Bros.
Smart & Final
Thriftimart
Tianguis
Vons
Home enter-tainment, appliances
Adray's
Cal Stereo
Federated Group
Golden Bear Home and Sport Centers
Ken Crane's
Leo's Stereo
Pacific Stereo
Rogersound Labs
University Stereo
Home improvement
Builders Emporium
National Lumber
Ole's Home Centers
Music
Licorice Pizza
Music Plus
Peaches Records and Tapes
The Wherehouse
Wallichs Music City
On-street shopping
Los Angeles:
Plaza
1880s-90s CBD
Broadway (CBD)
Broadway & 87th, South L.A.*
Seventh St.
Flower St.
Hollywood Blvd.
Lankershim, North Hollywood
Miracle Mile, Wilshire Blvd.
Westwood Village (near UCLA)
Other cities:
Beverly Hills: Rodeo Drive
Burbank: Golden Mall
Huntington Park: Pacific Blvd.
Long Beach: Pine St.
Palm Springs: La Plaza/Palm Canyon Dr. - See also History of retail in Palm Springs
Pasadena: Lake Ave.
Pasadena: Old Pasadena
Santa Ana: 4th St.
Santa Monica: Main St. - 3rd St. Promenade
L.A.shopping center"firsts"
Oldest origins of a major L.A. chain: Harris & Frank (1876) - 1st dept. store on Broadway: A. Fusenot Co./Ville de Paris - 1st dept. store on 7th off Broadway: J. W. Robinson's (1915) - 1st planned shopping district: Westwood Village (1929) - 1st suburban dept. store branch: B. H. Dyas/Broadway Hollywood (1927) - 1st center with multiple supermarkets: Broadway & 87th Street shopping center (1936) - 1st center with department store anchor: Broadway-Crenshaw Center (1947) - 1st enclosed mall: Lakewood Center (1951) - 1st mall in Orange County: Anaheim Plaza (1955) - 1st center with 4 dept. stores: Panorama City Shopping Center (1964)
Shopping centersLos AngelesL.A. Central Area
ARCO Plaza*
Baldwin Hills Crenshaw Plaza
Beverly Center
Beverly Connection
The Bloc Los Angeles
Broadway & 87th Street*
Crossroads of the World
Eagle Rock Plaza
El Mercado de Los Angeles
Farmers Market
FIGat7th
Grove at Farmers Market
Japanese Village Plaza
Los Angeles Mall
Midtown Crossing & Sears-Pico
Ovation Hollywood
Town & Country Market*
Weller Court
West Hollywood Gateway
Westside
Airport Marina Hotel*
Brentwood Country Mart
Edgemar
Malibu Country Mart
Palisades Village
Platform, Culver City
Promenade at Howard Hughes Center
Santa Monica Place
Third Street Promenade
Westfield Century City
Westfield Culver City
San Fernando Valley
Americana at Brand
Burbank Town Center
Commons at Calabasas
Fallbrook Center
Glendale Fashion Center
Glendale Galleria
NoHo West
Northridge Fashion Center
Panorama Mall
Promenade (Woodland Hills)*
Sherman Oaks Galleria*
Universal CityWalk
Valley Plaza*
Westfield Fashion Square
Westfield Topanga
San Gabriel Valley
Eastland Center
El Monte Shopping Center*
El Rancho Santa Anita
Indian Hill Mall*
Paseo Colorado
Plaza West Covina
Pomona Mall*
Puente Hills Mall
Shops at Santa Anita
South Bay
Del Amo Fashion Center
Fisherman's Village
Hawthorne Plaza Shopping Center
Old Towne Mall*
Peninsula Center
Promenade on the Peninsula
South Bay Galleria
SouthBay Pavilion
Southeast L.A. Co.
Los Cerritos Center
Cerritos Towne Center
Citadel Outlets
Lakewood Center
La Mirada Mall*
Plaza México
Promenade at Downey
Quad at Whittier
Santa Fe Springs Mall*
Santa Fe Springs Shopping Center*
Shops at Montebello
Stonewood Center
Uptown Whittier
Whittier Downs*
Whittwood Town Center*
Long Beach
Long Beach Plaza
Long Beach Towne Center
Los Altos Center
Marina Pacifica Mall
Northern L.A. Co.
Antelope Valley Mall
Valencia Town Center
Orange
Anaheim GardenWalk
Anaheim Plaza
Anaheim Town Square
Anaheim Towne Center
Asian Garden Mall
Bella Terra
Brea Mall
Buena Park Downtown
Downtown Disney
Fashion Island
Honer Plaza*
Irvine Spectrum
La Habra Fashion Square*
Laguna Hills Mall
MainPlace Mall
The Market Place
Orange County Plaza*
Orangefair Mall*
Outlets at Orange
Shops at Mission Viejo
South Coast Plaza
Village at Orange
Westminster Mall
Riverside
Desert Fashion Plaza
Galleria at Tyler
Hemet Valley Mall
Indio Fashion Mall*
Main St. pedestrian mall, Riverside
Moreno Valley Mall
La Plaza (Palm Springs)
Promenade In Temecula
Riverside Plaza
Shops at Palm Desert
San Bernardino
Barstow Mall
Carousel Mall
Citrus Plaza
Citrus Village
Inland Center
Mall of Victor Valley
Montclair Plaza
Ontario Mills
Redlands Mall
Victoria Gardens
San Diego
Chula Vista Center
College Grove
Escondido Village*
Fashion Valley
Grossmont Center
Horton Plaza
La Jolla Village Square
Las Americas Premium Outlets
Linda Vista Shopping Center (demolished)
Mission Valley
North County Mall
One Paseo
Otay Ranch Town Center
Parkway Plaza
Seaport Village
Shoppes at Carlsbad
South Bay Plaza
Westfield Plaza Bonita
Westfield UTC
Santa Barbara
La Cumbre Plaza
Paseo Nuevo
Santa Maria Town Center
Ventura
Collection at RiverPark
Esplanade
The Oaks
Pacific View Mall
Simi Valley Town Center
Elsewhere
Imperial Valley Mall, El Centro
Valley Plaza Mall, Bakersfield
See also: History of retail in Southern California – History of retail in Palm Springs — Note: starred (*) listings indicate former regional mall now site of strip-style community center with new name | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fedco Food Stores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fedco_Food_Stores"},{"link_name":"department store","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_store"},{"link_name":"Southern California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_California"}],"text":"Not to be confused with Fedco Food Stores.Federal Employees' Distributing Company, known as Fedco, was a membership department store chain that operated in Southern California from 1948 to 1999.","title":"Fedco"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"nonprofit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonprofit"},{"link_name":"cooperative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooperative"},{"link_name":"U.S. Post Office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Postal_Service"},{"link_name":"U.S. government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._government"},{"link_name":"credit unions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Credit_union"},{"link_name":"Sam's Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam%27s_Club"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dsn-1998nov23-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lat-1988nov19-2"}],"sub_title":"Beginning","text":"The chain was unusual in that it was a nonprofit consumers' cooperative. It was founded by 800 U.S. Post Office employees who wanted to leverage their buying power by purchasing goods directly from wholesalers, and eliminate the additional markup of a retail store. The Board of Directors, headed by Robert Kee, established the first store on Slauson Avenue in Los Angeles. Members would come into the store and find items they wished to purchase in various catalogs. As demand grew, the Board of Directors began to carry merchandise in the store. Business flourished and they took over adjoining storefronts. Under the guidance of Kee, FedScript was developed. This allowed a form of \"borrowing\" but ensured that the funds could only be spent at Fedco. Lines included general merchandise, grocery, and, in some locations, auto services and furniture. Lifetime membership was less than five dollars for employees of the U.S. government, students, and their family members.The organization of the company was similar to that used for credit unions, in which the stores were owned and operated by a not-for-profit organization that was owned by its members, who elected a board of directors. Like a credit union, store membership was legally restricted to a defined group. Over the years, the membership pool was widened to include anyone who had any relationship with the federal or local governments, as well as their employees, children, etc. It also included anyone who received regular payments from the government, such as social security pensions.Membership cards were required to enter a store and to use a check as payment. However, it was very difficult to restrict non-members from purchasing from the stores in cash, since the lifetime membership cards did not include photographic ID like those used by later membership stores such as Sam's Club. Anyone could borrow or take a member's card and enter. Names on the cards were only checked when paying by check.Fedco's lifetime membership cost $10 (~$19.00 in 2023) in 1998.[1][2]At its peak, Fedco had ten department stores plus three appliance-only stores, and served 4 million members.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"hypermarket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypermarket"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Soundcraftsmen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soundcraftsmen"},{"link_name":"private label","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_label"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lat-1985may23-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-csa-1998aug-4"},{"link_name":"LA Coliseum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Coliseum"},{"link_name":"San Bernardino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Bernardino,_California"},{"link_name":"1984 Olympic Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1984_Summer_Olympics"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fedco_sticker_on_CD.jpg"},{"link_name":"compact disc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compact_disc"},{"link_name":"Christmas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas_and_holiday_season"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Moms-Fedco-Charge-Card.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Moms-Fedco-Charge-Card-Back.jpg"},{"link_name":"Teamsters Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teamsters"},{"link_name":"went on strike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strike_action"},{"link_name":"Retail Clerks Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retail_Clerks_International_Union"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ab-1994oct11-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-prn-1994oct04-6"}],"sub_title":"Business model","text":"The management strove to make Fedco a one-stop shopping destination, similar to a hypermarket concept. The customer/member was presented with a wide variety of consumer products: camera equipment, office machines, major and minor appliances, garden supplies, clothing, jewelry, liquor and groceries. The stores also had a full-service deli and a separate produce department. Many stores also had a tire and battery shop. The corporate buyers often found one-of-a-kind deals on miscellaneous items, including seasonal items like toys during the Christmas holiday season.The stores were tightly managed. To foster smooth operation, romantic interest between employees was discouraged, and married couples were not allowed to hold Fedco jobs concurrently.[citation needed]Some of the departments around the periphery of the building were not Fedco businesses, but instead were concessions operated by others. For example, the Stereo Components department was run by Coastron, seller of the Soundcraftsmen line of stereo equipment. Coastron paid rent to Fedco to operate in the building. Other concessions included the Optical Department (later bought out by Fedco), the Shaver Shop, and the Key & Lock Shop. Fedco offered a variety of private label items, including electronics, liquor, watches and some groceries.The membership model was successful for Fedco for decades.[3][4] It was common for the stores to be crowded, with long lines at checkout. A picture of a packed LA Coliseum, posted above the drinking fountain near the exit of the San Bernardino store, proclaimed, \"More people shop at Fedco stores each week than the attendance of the 1984 Olympic Games opening ceremonies!\" There were separate registers for general merchandise, groceries and produce. At one time, purchased merchandise was placed in a bag and a color-coded tape was placed on the stapled bag. The tape color varied from day to day to prevent theft. In later years, as merchandise was bagged, the bags were stapled shut and the receipt stapled on the top. In a precursor to the common practice at most membership clubs today, the sealed bags and receipts were checked at the exit.A Fedco price tag marking a compact discFedco had an aggressive pricing model and employed \"secret shoppers\" to determine prices of other retailers. The Fedco price on many items ended in 87 cents to claim the lowest price, even if it was only pennies below the customary 99 cent prices of competitors.For most of its lifetime, Fedco was closed on Wednesdays, though some employees would work, re-stocking or taking inventory. During the Christmas season, Fedco was open 7 days a week to accommodate the customer surge. Fedco would sometimes require employees to work up to 10 hours a day.[citation needed] Working 6 days a week was possible during the summer surge and the Christmas season.Front of a Fedco Fedcharge CardBack of a Fedco Fedcharge CardFedco employees were members of the Teamsters Union, many in Local 232 and 542. They went on strike against the company in the summer of 1979, seeking higher pay as compared to members of the Retail Clerks Union. The strike was resolved after about 3 weeks.In 1994, Fedco was one of the first membership stores to start accepting bank-issued credit cards. Most discount stores of this type did not accept credit cards because transaction fees charged by the credit card transaction processors were quite high in relation to their (single-digit percent range) margins, and they would have to raise prices to compensate, putting them at a competitive disadvantage to stores that did not accept credit cards.[5][6]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cerritos_Fedco.PNG"},{"link_name":"Van Nuys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van_Nuys,_Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lat-1999aug29-7"},{"link_name":"La Cienega","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Cienega_Boulevard"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lat-1961oct01-8"},{"link_name":"San Bernardino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Bernardino"},{"link_name":"El Super","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chedraui"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sb-1968oct27-9"},{"link_name":"Cerritos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerritos,_California"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lat-1969dec14-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lat-1970jun15-11"},{"link_name":"National City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_City,_California"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sd-1984apr04-12"},{"link_name":"Pasadena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasadena,_California"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lat-1965oct24-13"},{"link_name":"Costa Mesa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costa_Mesa,_California"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lat-1972jul30-14"},{"link_name":"Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario,_California"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lat-1982jun19-15"},{"link_name":"Escondido","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escondido,_California"},{"link_name":"Home Depot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_Depot"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lat-1986aug17-16"},{"link_name":"Buena Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buena_Park,_California"},{"link_name":"May Co.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_Company_California"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lat-1993jan04-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ocr-1993oct01-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lat_1993oct05-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1993nov04-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dsn_1993nov15-21"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lat-1961oct01-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sb-1968oct27-9"},{"link_name":"Lakewood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakewood,_California"},{"link_name":"San Diego","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diego"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sd-1984apr04-12"}],"sub_title":"Fedco stores","text":"Fedco at Cerritos, CaliforniaFedco had several locations in Southern California including:Van Nuys (Los Angeles), 14920 Raymer Street, store #1, replaced by Target (1956-1999)[7]\nLa Cienega (Los Angeles), 3535 South La Cienega Boulevard, store #2, replaced by Target (1961-1999)[8]\nSan Bernardino, 570 South Mt. Vernon Avenue, store #3 replaced by El Super (1968-1999)[9]\nCerritos, 11525 South Street, store #4 (1970-1999), replaced by Target[10][11]\nNational City, 1100 Highland Avenue, store #5, replaced by Walmart (1984-1999)[12]\nPasadena, 3111 East Colorado Boulevard, store #6, replaced by Target (1965-1999)[13]\nCosta Mesa, 3030 Harbor Boulevard, store #7 replaced by Target (1972-1999)[14]\nOntario, 2534 South Archibald Avenue, store #8, replaced by Ontario Police Department facility (1982-1999)[15]\nEscondido, 1475 East Valley Parkway, store #9, replaced by Home Depot (1986-1999)[16]\nBuena Park, 8450 La Palma Avenue, store #10 (formerly May Co.), replaced by Walmart (1993-1999)[17][18][19][20][21]Previous locations:Los Angeles, 3928 West Slauson Avenue, replaced by La Cienega Boulevard store in 1961[8]\nSan Bernardino, 1140 West Second Street, replaced by the Mt. Vernon Avenue store in 1968[9]\nLakewood, 5436 North Woodruff Avenue, replaced by the Cerritos store in 1970\nSan Diego, 54th Street and Euclid Avenue, replaced by the National City store (1957-1984)[12]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fedco Superstores Inc. Collections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//calstatela.libguides.com/content.php?pid=187706&sid=1575674"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20141018070310/http://calstatela.libguides.com/content.php?pid=187706&sid=1575674"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"Cal State L.A.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cal_State_L.A."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fedco_Medicated_Chest_Rub.jpg"}],"sub_title":"Fedco Reporter","text":"The Fedco Reporter was the store's catalog and magazine. Board President Robert Kee and Edward Butterworth were instrumental in establishing the Reporter. Edward Butterworth rose from company attorney to Board member to the position of CEO. The department was run by art director and art department manager Sal Heredia and editor Anita McManes. The Reporter was a bi-monthly 62-page dated catalog mailed to members. There were seasonal specials and sales with themes like \"Buyers' Goof Days\". In addition to showcasing products, it also contained short one-column articles. Most issues contained one article about updates in federal policy that might affect federal employees. The majority of the articles were about minor but colorful stories in California history, and were labeled with a \"California Historical\" logo.Copies of the Fedco Reporter and other Fedco paraphernalia are now being maintained as part of the Fedco Superstores Inc. Collections Archived 2014-10-18 at the Wayback Machine in the Cal State L.A. University Library.Fedco Medicated Chest Rub","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Walmart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walmart"},{"link_name":"Target","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Target_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Kmart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kmart"},{"link_name":"Ames","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ames_Department_Stores"},{"link_name":"Costco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costco"},{"link_name":"Sam's Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam%27s_Club"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hfn_1998dec07-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lat_1998jul12-23"},{"link_name":"Panda Express","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panda_Express"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lat_1992oct09-24"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles riots of 1992","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_riots_of_1992"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lat_1992may07-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lat-1992may22-26"},{"link_name":"Chapter 11 bankruptcy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chapter_11_bankruptcy"},{"link_name":"Target","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Target_Corporation"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dsn_1999sep06-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lat-1998jul04-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lat-1999jul10-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyt-1999jul07-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-prn-1999jul15-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lat-1999jul22-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mspbj-1999sep28-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dp-1999sep09-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lat-2000sep27-35"},{"link_name":"Escondido, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escondido,_California"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dsn-1999oct25-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-calfund-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-teachgrant-38"}],"sub_title":"Bankruptcy","text":"Fedco predated the giant chains Walmart, Target, Kmart, Ames, and fellow membership chains Costco and Sam's Club, but remained a regional chain and eventually was unable to compete with the national chains.The management tried many new ideas to keep up with competitors, such as accepting bank cards when other stores were only accepting private store credit cards, refurbishing stores,[22][23] and by allowing fast food chains to open restaurants, such as Panda Express,[24] inside select stores.The company lost $14 million caused by damages done to the La Cienega store during the Los Angeles riots of 1992.[25][26]Fedco filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy in 1999, at which point it had been the longest-operating membership-based store in the country. Most of its locations were sold to the Target chain,[27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35] while others (like the Escondido, California, location) were razed, and the Ontario location became the city's police department. The $10 lifetime membership at Fedco was exchanged for a $300 Target coupon book at the 1999 bankruptcy.[36] The proceeds of the bankruptcy sale were placed in a trust fund intended to charitably serve communities that had hosted Fedco stores.[37][38]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Discount Stores in County Proliferate: A Profile of Fedco,\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/58831002.html?dids=58831002:58831002&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&date=Feb+19%2C+1988&author=KAREN+NEWELL+YOUNG&pub=Los+Angeles+Times+(pre-1997+Fulltext)&desc=Discount+Stores+in+County+Proliferate%3A+a+Profile+of+Fedco&pqatl=google"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20121107072630/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/58831002.html?dids=58831002:58831002&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&date=Feb+19,+1988&author=KAREN+NEWELL+YOUNG&pub=Los+Angeles+Times+(pre-1997+Fulltext)&desc=Discount+Stores+in+County+Proliferate:+a+Profile+of+Fedco&pqatl=google"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:History_of_Retail_in_Southern_California"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Retail_in_Southern_California"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Retail_in_Southern_California"},{"link_name":"History of retail in Southern California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_retail_in_Southern_California"},{"link_name":"Department stores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_stores"},{"link_name":"Barker Bros.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barker_Bros."},{"link_name":"Blackstone's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackstone_Building_(Los_Angeles)"},{"link_name":"Brooks Clothing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooks_Clothing"},{"link_name":"Bon Marché","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bumiller_Building#Opening_as_the_Bon_March%C3%A9_department_store"},{"link_name":"The Broadway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Broadway"},{"link_name":"Bullock's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bullock%27s"},{"link_name":"Bullocks Wilshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bullocks_Wilshire"},{"link_name":"Central","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Department_Store_(Los_Angeles)"},{"link_name":"City of Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_Paris_(Los_Angeles)"},{"link_name":"Coulter's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coulter%27s"},{"link_name":"Dearden's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dearden%27s"},{"link_name":"Desmond's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desmond%27s_(department_store)"},{"link_name":"B. H. Dyas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B._H._Dyas"},{"link_name":"Eastern-Columbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Columbia_Building"},{"link_name":"Fallas Paredes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Stores"},{"link_name":"Famous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Famous_Department_Store"},{"link_name":"Fifth Street Store","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fifth_Street_Store"},{"link_name":"Haggarty's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haggarty%27s"},{"link_name":"The Hub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hub_(Los_Angeles)"},{"link_name":"J. M. Hale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._M._Hale"},{"link_name":"Hamburger's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburger%27s"},{"link_name":"Harris & Frank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harris_%26_Frank"},{"link_name":"Jacoby Bros.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacoby_Bros."},{"link_name":"May Co.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_Company_California"},{"link_name":"May Co. Downtown LA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_Company_Building_(Broadway,_Los_Angeles)"},{"link_name":"May Co. Wilshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_Company_Building_(Wilshire,_Los_Angeles)"},{"link_name":"May Co. Mission Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_Company_Building_(Mission_Valley,_San_Diego)"},{"link_name":"Milliron's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milliron%27s"},{"link_name":"Milliron's/Broadway Westchester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milliron%27s_Westchester"},{"link_name":"Mullen & Bluett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mullen_%26_Bluett"},{"link_name":"Myer Siegel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myer_Siegel"},{"link_name":"Phelps-Terkel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phelps-Terkel"},{"link_name":"J. W. Robinson's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._W._Robinson%27s"},{"link_name":"Robinsons-May","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robinsons-May"},{"link_name":"Sears-Pico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sears-Pico"},{"link_name":"Silverwoods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silverwoods"},{"link_name":"Swelldom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swelldom"},{"link_name":"Ville de Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ville_de_Paris_(department_store)"},{"link_name":"Walker's (L.A.)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walker%27s_department_store"},{"link_name":"Iver's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iver%27s"},{"link_name":"Nahas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nahas"},{"link_name":"Quigley's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quigley%27s"},{"link_name":"Rathbun's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nahas"},{"link_name":"Robertson Co.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robertson_Company"},{"link_name":"Sears Pico–Rimpau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sears-Pico"},{"link_name":"Buffums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffums"},{"link_name":"The Emporium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Emporium_(Long_Beach)"},{"link_name":"Marti's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marti%27s"},{"link_name":"Robert's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%27s"},{"link_name":"Walker's LB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walker%27s_department_store"},{"link_name":"Wise Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wise_Company"},{"link_name":"Boadway Bros.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boadway_Bros."},{"link_name":"Meyer's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meyer%27s"},{"link_name":"Nash's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nash%27s"},{"link_name":"Boston Stores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Stores_(California)"},{"link_name":"Butler Bros.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butler_Brothers_Department_Stores"},{"link_name":"Chaney's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaney%27s"},{"link_name":"I. H. Hawkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I._H._Hawkins"},{"link_name":"Henshey's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henshey%27s"},{"link_name":"Hinshaw's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinshaw%27s"},{"link_name":"Kitson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitson_(store)"},{"link_name":"Myers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Stores"},{"link_name":"Webb's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Webb%27s"},{"link_name":"Wineman's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wineman%27s"},{"link_name":"Brock's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brock%27s"},{"link_name":"Willets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willets_department_store"},{"link_name":"Harris Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harris_Company"},{"link_name":"Rankin's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rankin%27s"},{"link_name":"The S.Q.R. Store","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQR_Store"},{"link_name":"Barnett-Stine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonel_Fletcher_Building"},{"link_name":"Dorian's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorian%27s"},{"link_name":"Holzwasser's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holzwasser%27s"},{"link_name":"Marston's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marston%27s_(department_store)"},{"link_name":"Walker Scott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walker_Scott"},{"link_name":"J. C. Penney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._C._Penney"},{"link_name":"Montgomery Ward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montgomery_Ward"},{"link_name":"Ohrbach's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohrbach%27s"},{"link_name":"Sears","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sears"},{"link_name":"Clothing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clothing_store"},{"link_name":"shoes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoe_store"},{"link_name":"Bond's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bond%27s"},{"link_name":"Brooks Clothing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooks_Clothing"},{"link_name":"C. H. Baker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._H._Baker"},{"link_name":"C&R Clothiers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%26R_Clothiers"},{"link_name":"Hartfield's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hartfield-Zodys"},{"link_name":"Judy's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judy%27s"},{"link_name":"Leed's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edison_Brothers_Stores"},{"link_name":"Mandel's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandel%27s"},{"link_name":"Miller's Outpost/Anchor Blue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anchor_Blue"},{"link_name":"Victor Clothing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Clothing"},{"link_name":"Weatherby-Kayser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weatherby-Kayser"},{"link_name":"Zachary All","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zachary_All"},{"link_name":"Discount","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discount_stores"},{"link_name":"membership","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warehouse_club"},{"link_name":"The Akron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Akron"},{"link_name":"Curacao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curacao_(retail_store)"},{"link_name":"Fedco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Fedmart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fedmart"},{"link_name":"Gemco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemco"},{"link_name":"Pic 'N' Save","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pic_%27N%27_Save"},{"link_name":"Unimart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unimart_(California)"},{"link_name":"White Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Front"},{"link_name":"Zody's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zody%27s"},{"link_name":"Drugstores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drugstores"},{"link_name":"Sav-on","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sav-on"},{"link_name":"Schwab's 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Markets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hughes_Markets"},{"link_name":"Market Basket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Market_Basket_(California)"},{"link_name":"Pavilions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavilions_(supermarket)"},{"link_name":"Ralphs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralphs"},{"link_name":"Shopping Bag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shopping_Bag_Food_Stores"},{"link_name":"Stater Bros.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stater_Bros."},{"link_name":"Smart & Final","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart_%26_Final"},{"link_name":"Thriftimart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thriftimart"},{"link_name":"Vons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vons"},{"link_name":"Adray's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adray%27s"},{"link_name":"Federated Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federated_Group"},{"link_name":"Builders Emporium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Builders_Emporium"},{"link_name":"Licorice Pizza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Licorice_Pizza_(store)"},{"link_name":"Music Plus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_Plus_(defunct_store)"},{"link_name":"Peaches Records and Tapes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peaches_Records_and_Tapes"},{"link_name":"The Wherehouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wherehouse_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"Wallichs Music City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallichs_Music_City"},{"link_name":"Plaza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Plaza"},{"link_name":"1880s-90s CBD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Business_District,_Los_Angeles_(1880s-1890s)"},{"link_name":"Broadway (CBD)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadway_(Los_Angeles)"},{"link_name":"Broadway & 87th, South L.A.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadway_%26_87th_Street_shopping_center"},{"link_name":"Seventh St.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/7th_Street_(Los_Angeles)"},{"link_name":"Flower St.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/7th_Street_(Los_Angeles)#Flower_Street_shopping_district"},{"link_name":"Hollywood Blvd.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollywood_Boulevard"},{"link_name":"Lankershim, North Hollywood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lankershim_Boulevard"},{"link_name":"Miracle Mile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miracle_Mile,_Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"Wilshire Blvd.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilshire_Boulevard"},{"link_name":"Westwood Village","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westwood_Village"},{"link_name":"Rodeo Drive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodeo_Drive"},{"link_name":"Golden Mall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Mall"},{"link_name":"Pacific Blvd.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Boulevard"},{"link_name":"Pine St.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downtown_Long_Beach"},{"link_name":"La Plaza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Plaza_(Palm_Springs)"},{"link_name":"Palm Canyon 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Market","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farmers_Market_(Los_Angeles)"},{"link_name":"FIGat7th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIGat7th"},{"link_name":"Grove at Farmers Market","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Grove_at_Farmers_Market"},{"link_name":"Japanese Village Plaza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_Village_Plaza"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles Mall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Mall"},{"link_name":"Midtown Crossing & Sears-Pico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midtown_Crossing"},{"link_name":"Ovation Hollywood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovation_Hollywood"},{"link_name":"Town & Country Market","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Town_%26_Country_Market"},{"link_name":"Weller Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weller_Court"},{"link_name":"West Hollywood Gateway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Hollywood_Gateway"},{"link_name":"Westside","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westside,_Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"Airport Marina Hotel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airport_Marina_Hotel"},{"link_name":"Brentwood Country Mart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brentwood_Country_Mart"},{"link_name":"Edgemar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgemar"},{"link_name":"Malibu Country Mart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malibu_Country_Mart"},{"link_name":"Palisades Village","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palisades_Village"},{"link_name":"Platform, Culver City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platform_(shopping_center)"},{"link_name":"Promenade at Howard Hughes Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Promenade_at_Howard_Hughes_Center"},{"link_name":"Santa Monica Place","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Monica_Place"},{"link_name":"Third Street Promenade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Street_Promenade"},{"link_name":"Westfield Century City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westfield_Century_City"},{"link_name":"Westfield Culver City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westfield_Culver_City"},{"link_name":"San Fernando Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Fernando_Valley"},{"link_name":"Americana at Brand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Americana_at_Brand"},{"link_name":"Burbank Town Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burbank_Town_Center"},{"link_name":"Commons at Calabasas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Commons_at_Calabasas"},{"link_name":"Fallbrook Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fallbrook_Center"},{"link_name":"Glendale Fashion Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glendale_Fashion_Center"},{"link_name":"Glendale Galleria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glendale_Galleria"},{"link_name":"NoHo West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NoHo_West"},{"link_name":"Northridge Fashion Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northridge_Fashion_Center"},{"link_name":"Panorama Mall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panorama_Mall"},{"link_name":"Promenade (Woodland Hills)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Promenade_(California)"},{"link_name":"Sherman Oaks Galleria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherman_Oaks_Galleria"},{"link_name":"Universal CityWalk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_CityWalk"},{"link_name":"Valley Plaza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valley_Plaza"},{"link_name":"Westfield Fashion Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westfield_Fashion_Square"},{"link_name":"Westfield Topanga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westfield_Topanga"},{"link_name":"San Gabriel Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Gabriel_Valley"},{"link_name":"Eastland Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastland_Center_(California)"},{"link_name":"El Monte Shopping Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Monte_Shopping_Center"},{"link_name":"El Rancho Santa Anita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Rancho_Santa_Anita_Shopping_Center"},{"link_name":"Indian Hill Mall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Hill_Mall"},{"link_name":"Paseo Colorado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paseo_Colorado"},{"link_name":"Plaza West Covina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plaza_West_Covina"},{"link_name":"Pomona Mall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomona_Mall"},{"link_name":"Puente Hills Mall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puente_Hills_Mall"},{"link_name":"Shops at Santa Anita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Shops_at_Santa_Anita"},{"link_name":"South Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Bay,_Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"Del Amo Fashion Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Del_Amo_Fashion_Center"},{"link_name":"Fisherman's Village","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisherman%27s_Village"},{"link_name":"Hawthorne Plaza Shopping Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawthorne_Plaza_Shopping_Center"},{"link_name":"Old Towne Mall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Towne_Mall"},{"link_name":"Peninsula Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peninsula_Center_(mall)"},{"link_name":"Promenade on the Peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Promenade_on_the_Peninsula"},{"link_name":"South Bay Galleria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Bay_Galleria"},{"link_name":"SouthBay Pavilion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SouthBay_Pavilion"},{"link_name":"Southeast L.A. Co.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gateway_Cities"},{"link_name":"Los Cerritos Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Cerritos_Center"},{"link_name":"Cerritos Towne Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerritos_Towne_Center"},{"link_name":"Citadel Outlets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citadel_Outlets"},{"link_name":"Lakewood Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakewood_Center"},{"link_name":"La Mirada Mall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Mirada_Mall"},{"link_name":"Plaza México","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plaza_M%C3%A9xico_(Lynwood,_California)"},{"link_name":"Promenade at Downey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Promenade_at_Downey"},{"link_name":"Quad at Whittier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Quad_at_Whittier"},{"link_name":"Santa Fe Springs Mall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shopping_centers_in_Santa_Fe_Springs,_California"},{"link_name":"Santa Fe Springs Shopping Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shopping_centers_in_Santa_Fe_Springs,_California"},{"link_name":"Shops at Montebello","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Shops_at_Montebello"},{"link_name":"Stonewood Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stonewood_Center"},{"link_name":"Uptown Whittier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uptown_Whittier"},{"link_name":"Whittier Downs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shopping_centers_in_Santa_Fe_Springs,_California"},{"link_name":"Whittwood Town Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whittwood_Town_Center"},{"link_name":"Long Beach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Beach,_California"},{"link_name":"Long Beach Plaza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Beach_Plaza"},{"link_name":"Long Beach Towne Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Beach_Towne_Center"},{"link_name":"Los Altos Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Altos_Center"},{"link_name":"Marina Pacifica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marina_Pacifica"},{"link_name":"L.A. Co.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_County"},{"link_name":"Antelope Valley Mall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antelope_Valley_Mall"},{"link_name":"Valencia Town Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valencia_Town_Center"},{"link_name":"Orange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orange_County,_California"},{"link_name":"Anaheim GardenWalk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaheim_GardenWalk"},{"link_name":"Anaheim Plaza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaheim_Plaza"},{"link_name":"Anaheim Town Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaheim_Town_Square"},{"link_name":"Anaheim Towne Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaheim_Towne_Center"},{"link_name":"Asian Garden Mall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_Garden_Mall"},{"link_name":"Bella Terra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bella_Terra"},{"link_name":"Brea Mall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brea_Mall"},{"link_name":"Buena Park Downtown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buena_Park_Downtown"},{"link_name":"Downtown Disney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downtown_Disney"},{"link_name":"Fashion Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fashion_Island"},{"link_name":"Honer Plaza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honer_Plaza"},{"link_name":"Irvine Spectrum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irvine_Spectrum"},{"link_name":"La Habra Fashion Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Habra_Fashion_Square"},{"link_name":"Laguna Hills Mall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laguna_Hills_Mall"},{"link_name":"MainPlace Mall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MainPlace_Mall"},{"link_name":"The Market Place","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Market_Place_(Orange_County,_California)"},{"link_name":"Orange County Plaza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orange_County_Plaza"},{"link_name":"Orangefair Mall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orangefair_Marketplace"},{"link_name":"Outlets at Orange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Outlets_at_Orange"},{"link_name":"Shops at Mission Viejo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Shops_at_Mission_Viejo"},{"link_name":"South Coast Plaza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Coast_Plaza"},{"link_name":"Village at Orange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Village_at_Orange"},{"link_name":"Westminster Mall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westminster_Mall_(California)"},{"link_name":"Riverside","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riverside_County,_California"},{"link_name":"Desert Fashion Plaza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desert_Fashion_Plaza"},{"link_name":"Galleria at Tyler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galleria_at_Tyler"},{"link_name":"Hemet Valley Mall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemet_Valley_Mall"},{"link_name":"Indio Fashion Mall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indio_Fashion_Mall"},{"link_name":"Main St. pedestrian mall, Riverside","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Street_Pedestrian_Mall_(Riverside,_California)"},{"link_name":"Moreno Valley Mall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moreno_Valley_Mall"},{"link_name":"La Plaza (Palm Springs)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Plaza_(Palm_Springs)"},{"link_name":"Promenade In Temecula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Promenade_In_Temecula"},{"link_name":"Riverside Plaza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riverside_Plaza_(Riverside,_California)"},{"link_name":"Shops at Palm Desert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Shops_at_Palm_Desert"},{"link_name":"San Bernardino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Bernardino_County,_California"},{"link_name":"Barstow Mall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barstow_Mall"},{"link_name":"Carousel Mall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carousel_Mall"},{"link_name":"Citrus Plaza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citrus_Plaza"},{"link_name":"Citrus Village","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citrus_Village"},{"link_name":"Inland Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inland_Center"},{"link_name":"Mall of Victor Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mall_of_Victor_Valley"},{"link_name":"Montclair Plaza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montclair_Plaza"},{"link_name":"Ontario Mills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario_Mills"},{"link_name":"Redlands Mall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redlands_Mall"},{"link_name":"Victoria Gardens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_Gardens_(Rancho_Cucamonga)"},{"link_name":"San Diego","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diego_County,_California"},{"link_name":"Chula Vista Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chula_Vista_Center"},{"link_name":"College Grove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_Grove_Shopping_Center"},{"link_name":"Escondido Village","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escondido_Village_Mall"},{"link_name":"Fashion Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fashion_Valley_Mall"},{"link_name":"Grossmont Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grossmont_Center"},{"link_name":"Horton Plaza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horton_Plaza_(shopping_mall)"},{"link_name":"La Jolla Village Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Jolla_Village_Square"},{"link_name":"Las Americas Premium Outlets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las_Americas_Premium_Outlets"},{"link_name":"Linda Vista Shopping Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linda_Vista_Shopping_Center"},{"link_name":"Mission Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mission_Valley_(shopping_mall)"},{"link_name":"North County Mall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_County_Mall"},{"link_name":"One Paseo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Paseo"},{"link_name":"Otay Ranch Town Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otay_Ranch_Town_Center"},{"link_name":"Parkway Plaza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parkway_Plaza"},{"link_name":"Seaport Village","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seaport_Village"},{"link_name":"Shoppes at Carlsbad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Shoppes_at_Carlsbad"},{"link_name":"South Bay Plaza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Bay_Plaza"},{"link_name":"Westfield Plaza Bonita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westfield_Plaza_Bonita"},{"link_name":"Westfield UTC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westfield_UTC"},{"link_name":"Santa Barbara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Barbara_County,_California"},{"link_name":"La Cumbre Plaza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Cumbre_Plaza"},{"link_name":"Paseo Nuevo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paseo_Nuevo"},{"link_name":"Santa Maria Town Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Maria_Town_Center"},{"link_name":"Ventura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventura_County,_California"},{"link_name":"Collection at RiverPark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Collection_at_RiverPark"},{"link_name":"Esplanade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esplanade_Shopping_Center"},{"link_name":"The Oaks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Oaks_(Thousand_Oaks,_California)"},{"link_name":"Pacific View Mall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_View_Mall"},{"link_name":"Simi Valley Town Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simi_Valley_Town_Center"},{"link_name":"Imperial Valley Mall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Valley_Mall"},{"link_name":"Valley Plaza Mall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valley_Plaza_Mall"},{"link_name":"History of retail in Southern California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:History_of_Retail_in_Southern_California"},{"link_name":"History of retail in Palm Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_retail_in_Palm_Springs"}],"text":"Karen Newell Young, \"Discount Stores in County Proliferate: A Profile of Fedco,\" Archived 2012-11-07 at the Wayback Machine, Los Angeles Times (Orange County ed.) February 19, 1988, Orange County Life p. 8.vteHistory of retail in Southern CaliforniaDepartment storeswith origins inCentralLos Angeles\nBarker Bros.\nBlackstone's\nBrooks Clothing\nBon Marché\nThe Broadway\nBullock's\nBullocks Wilshire\nCentral\nCity of Paris\nCoulter's\nDearden's\nDesmond's\nB. H. Dyas\nEastern-Columbia\nFallas Paredes\nFamous (Cal Hirsch & Sons)\nFifth Street Store\nThe Globe (51st & S. Broadway)\nHaggarty's (\"New York Store\")\nThe Hub\nJ. M. Hale Co.\nHamburger's (\"People's Store\")\nHarris & Frank\nJacoby Bros.\nMay Co. (buildings: May Co. Downtown LA – May Co. Wilshire – May Co. Mission Valley)\nMilliron's (Milliron's/Broadway Westchester)\nMullen & Bluett\nMyer Siegel\nPhelps-Terkel\nJ. W. Robinson's\nRobinsons-May\nSears-Pico\nSilverwoods\nSwelldom\nVille de Paris\nWalker's (L.A.)\nL.A. neighborhoods\nIver's (Highland Pk)\nNahas (N Hwd)\nQuigley's (Hwd)\nRathbun's (N Hwd)\nRobertson Co. (Hwd)\nSears Pico–Rimpau\nLong Beach\nBuffums\nThe Emporium\nMarti's\nRobert's\nWalker's LB\nWise Company\nPasadena\nBoadway Bros.\nMeyer's\nNash's\nRest of L.A. Co.\nBoston Stores (Inglewood)\nButler Bros. (Vernon)\nChaney's (Hawthorne)\nI. H. Hawkins (Redondo Bch)\nHenshey's (Santa Monica)\nHinshaw's (Arcadia/Whittier)\nKitson (W Hwd)\nMyers (Whittier)\nWebb's (Glendale)\nWineman's (Oxnard/Huntington Pk)\nBakersfield\nBrock's\nInland Empire\nWillets (Colton)\nHarris Company (San B'do)\nOrange Co.\nRankin's (Santa Ana)\nThe S.Q.R. Store (Anaheim)\nSan Diego–Tijuana\nBarnett-Stine\nDorian's\nHolzwasser's\nMarston's\nWalker Scott\nElsewhere\nJ. C. Penney\nMontgomery Ward\nOhrbach's\nSears\nClothing and shoes\nBond's\nBrooks Clothing\nC. H. Baker shoes\nC&R Clothiers\nHartfield's\nJudy's\nLeed's shoes\nMandel's (shoes)\nMiller's Outpost/Anchor Blue\nVictor Clothing\nWeatherby-Kayser shoes\nZachary All\nDiscount andmembership stores\nThe Akron\nCuracao\nFedco\nFedmart\nGemco\nPic 'N' Save\nUnimart\nWhite Front\nZody's\nDrugstores\nDisco Drug and Discount Centers\nSav-on\nSchwab's Pharmacy\nThrifty\nFurniture andhome furnishings\nBarker Bros.\nDearden's\nParmelee-Dohrmann\nGrocery stores\nAlpha Beta\nBoys Markets\nChaffee\nFood Giant\nGiant\nHaas, Baruch & Co./Hellman, Haas & Co.\nHughes Markets\nMarket Basket\nPantry Food Stores\nPavilions\nRalphs\nShopping Bag\nStater Bros.\nSmart & Final\nThriftimart\nTianguis\nVons\nHome enter-tainment, appliances\nAdray's\nCal Stereo\nFederated Group\nGolden Bear Home and Sport Centers\nKen Crane's\nLeo's Stereo\nPacific Stereo\nRogersound Labs\nUniversity Stereo\nHome improvement\nBuilders Emporium\nNational Lumber\nOle's Home Centers\nMusic\nLicorice Pizza\nMusic Plus\nPeaches Records and Tapes\nThe Wherehouse\nWallichs Music City\nOn-street shopping\nLos Angeles:\nPlaza\n1880s-90s CBD\nBroadway (CBD)\nBroadway & 87th, South L.A.*\nSeventh St.\nFlower St.\nHollywood Blvd.\nLankershim, North Hollywood\nMiracle Mile, Wilshire Blvd.\nWestwood Village (near UCLA)\nOther cities:\nBeverly Hills: Rodeo Drive\nBurbank: Golden Mall\nHuntington Park: Pacific Blvd.\nLong Beach: Pine St.\nPalm Springs: La Plaza/Palm Canyon Dr. - See also History of retail in Palm Springs\nPasadena: Lake Ave.\nPasadena: Old Pasadena\nSanta Ana: 4th St.\nSanta Monica: Main St. - 3rd St. Promenade\nL.A.shopping center\"firsts\"\nOldest origins of a major L.A. chain: Harris & Frank (1876) - 1st dept. store on Broadway: A. Fusenot Co./Ville de Paris - 1st dept. store on 7th off Broadway: J. W. Robinson's (1915) - 1st planned shopping district: Westwood Village (1929) - 1st suburban dept. store branch: B. H. Dyas/Broadway Hollywood (1927) - 1st center with multiple supermarkets: Broadway & 87th Street shopping center (1936) - 1st center with department store anchor: Broadway-Crenshaw Center (1947) - 1st enclosed mall: Lakewood Center (1951) - 1st mall in Orange County: Anaheim Plaza (1955) - 1st center with 4 dept. stores: Panorama City Shopping Center (1964)\nShopping centersLos AngelesL.A. Central Area\nARCO Plaza*\nBaldwin Hills Crenshaw Plaza\nBeverly Center\nBeverly Connection\nThe Bloc Los Angeles\nBroadway & 87th Street*\nCrossroads of the World\nEagle Rock Plaza\nEl Mercado de Los Angeles\nFarmers Market\nFIGat7th\nGrove at Farmers Market\nJapanese Village Plaza\nLos Angeles Mall\nMidtown Crossing & Sears-Pico\nOvation Hollywood\nTown & Country Market*\nWeller Court\nWest Hollywood Gateway\nWestside\nAirport Marina Hotel*\nBrentwood Country Mart\nEdgemar\nMalibu Country Mart\nPalisades Village\nPlatform, Culver City\nPromenade at Howard Hughes Center\nSanta Monica Place\nThird Street Promenade\nWestfield Century City\nWestfield Culver City\nSan Fernando Valley\nAmericana at Brand\nBurbank Town Center\nCommons at Calabasas\nFallbrook Center\nGlendale Fashion Center\nGlendale Galleria\nNoHo West\nNorthridge Fashion Center\nPanorama Mall\nPromenade (Woodland Hills)*\nSherman Oaks Galleria*\nUniversal CityWalk\nValley Plaza*\nWestfield Fashion Square\nWestfield Topanga\nSan Gabriel Valley\nEastland Center\nEl Monte Shopping Center*\nEl Rancho Santa Anita\nIndian Hill Mall*\nPaseo Colorado\nPlaza West Covina\nPomona Mall*\nPuente Hills Mall\nShops at Santa Anita\nSouth Bay\nDel Amo Fashion Center\nFisherman's Village\nHawthorne Plaza Shopping Center\nOld Towne Mall*\nPeninsula Center\nPromenade on the Peninsula\nSouth Bay Galleria\nSouthBay Pavilion\nSoutheast L.A. Co.\nLos Cerritos Center\nCerritos Towne Center\nCitadel Outlets\nLakewood Center\nLa Mirada Mall*\nPlaza México\nPromenade at Downey\nQuad at Whittier\nSanta Fe Springs Mall*\nSanta Fe Springs Shopping Center*\nShops at Montebello\nStonewood Center\nUptown Whittier\nWhittier Downs*\nWhittwood Town Center*\nLong Beach\nLong Beach Plaza\nLong Beach Towne Center\nLos Altos Center\nMarina Pacifica Mall\nNorthern L.A. Co.\nAntelope Valley Mall\nValencia Town Center\nOrange\nAnaheim GardenWalk\nAnaheim Plaza\nAnaheim Town Square\nAnaheim Towne Center\nAsian Garden Mall\nBella Terra\nBrea Mall\nBuena Park Downtown\nDowntown Disney\nFashion Island\nHoner Plaza*\nIrvine Spectrum\nLa Habra Fashion Square*\nLaguna Hills Mall\nMainPlace Mall\nThe Market Place\nOrange County Plaza*\nOrangefair Mall*\nOutlets at Orange\nShops at Mission Viejo\nSouth Coast Plaza\nVillage at Orange\nWestminster Mall\nRiverside\nDesert Fashion Plaza\nGalleria at Tyler\nHemet Valley Mall\nIndio Fashion Mall*\nMain St. pedestrian mall, Riverside\nMoreno Valley Mall\nLa Plaza (Palm Springs)\nPromenade In Temecula\nRiverside Plaza\nShops at Palm Desert\nSan Bernardino\nBarstow Mall\nCarousel Mall\nCitrus Plaza\nCitrus Village\nInland Center\nMall of Victor Valley\nMontclair Plaza\nOntario Mills\nRedlands Mall\nVictoria Gardens\nSan Diego\nChula Vista Center\nCollege Grove\nEscondido Village*\nFashion Valley\nGrossmont Center\nHorton Plaza\nLa Jolla Village Square\nLas Americas Premium Outlets\nLinda Vista Shopping Center (demolished)\nMission Valley\nNorth County Mall\nOne Paseo\nOtay Ranch Town Center\nParkway Plaza\nSeaport Village\nShoppes at Carlsbad\nSouth Bay Plaza\nWestfield Plaza Bonita\nWestfield UTC\nSanta Barbara\nLa Cumbre Plaza\nPaseo Nuevo\nSanta Maria Town Center\nVentura\nCollection at RiverPark\nEsplanade\nThe Oaks\nPacific View Mall\nSimi Valley Town Center\nElsewhere\nImperial Valley Mall, El Centro\nValley Plaza Mall, Bakersfield\nSee also: History of retail in Southern California – History of retail in Palm Springs — Note: starred (*) listings indicate former regional mall now site of strip-style community center with new name","title":"Sources"}] | [{"image_text":"A Fedco price tag marking a compact disc","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Fedco_sticker_on_CD.jpg/150px-Fedco_sticker_on_CD.jpg"},{"image_text":"Front of a Fedco Fedcharge Card","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Moms-Fedco-Charge-Card.jpg/200px-Moms-Fedco-Charge-Card.jpg"},{"image_text":"Back of a Fedco Fedcharge Card","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Moms-Fedco-Charge-Card-Back.jpg/200px-Moms-Fedco-Charge-Card-Back.jpg"},{"image_text":"Fedco at Cerritos, California","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/61/Cerritos_Fedco.PNG/220px-Cerritos_Fedco.PNG"},{"image_text":"Fedco Medicated Chest Rub","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Fedco_Medicated_Chest_Rub.jpg/220px-Fedco_Medicated_Chest_Rub.jpg"}] | [{"title":"Big-box store","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big-box_store"},{"title":"Hypermarket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypermarket"},{"title":"Gemco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemco"},{"title":"Zody's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zody%27s"}] | [{"reference":"Scally, Robert (November 23, 1998). \"New format positions Fedco for future growth\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_van_Wermeskerken | Henri van Wermeskerken | ["1 Publications","1.1 Plays","1.2 Prose","2 References","2.1 Citations","2.2 Sources"] | Dutch writer
Henri van WermeskerkenHenri van Wermeskerken (1882-1937) during the 500th performance of his play Suikerfreule, 1929Born(1882-03-22)22 March 1882Rotterdam, NetherlandsDied7 June 1937(1937-06-07) (aged 55)Königswinter, NetherlandsNationalityDutchOccupationWriter
Johan Wilhelm Henri van Wermeskerken (22 March 1882 - 7 June 1937) was a Dutch playwright, novelist and journalist. He is considered the most prominent comedic playwright in the literature of the Dutch East Indies. His greatest successes were plays Tropenadel (1916) and Suikerfreule (1917), both of which he later adapted into novels. Despite criticism from literary figures such as Rob Nieuwenhuys and E. du Perron, Van Wermeskerken's short story collection Langs den gordel van smaragd (1923) was hailed as his masterpiece. His work was part of the literature event in the art competition at the 1928 Summer Olympics.
Publications
Plays
Tropenadel (1916)
Goena-goena (1917); later renamed Het Spookhuis
Suikerfreule (1917)
Het Handschoentje (1918)
Chauffeuse (1925); one-act play
De tante uit Indië (1927)
De Oceaanvlucht (1929)
De hotelrat (1932); one-act play
Hollands Binnenhuisje (1932); adapted from Johanna van Woude's eponymous novel
Prose
Leo Smeder (1907)
Van het wondere Geluk (1908)
Smeder & zoon (1908)
De Armen van Geest (1909)
Door Spanje (1910)
De assenhoeve (1911)
De profundis clamavi: de biecht eener moeder (1913)
Tropenadel: Van Vliet, Sweet & Cy (1918)
Roemah angker (1922)
Langs den gordel van smaragd (1923)
Een Indisch binnenhuisje (1924)
Suikerfreule (1925)
De Armen van Geest (1928)
Boy (1930); revised edition of Leo Smeder
Het Manneneiland (1931)
Tropische zoutwaterliefde (1932)
De Groene Hel: Het blanke mysterie van de Matto Grosso (1933)
Terschelling, de parel van de Waddenzee (1935)
References
Citations
^ Baay 1998, p. 55
^ a b Nieuwenhuys 1972, p. 302
^ Du Perron 1955, p. 630
^ Du Perron 1958, p. 190
^ "Henri van Wermeskerken". Olympedia. Retrieved 25 July 2020.
Sources
Baay, R. (1998). Gal-spuwende Indo's en sinjoscheldende blanda's. Over het onbekende Indische toneel. Indische Letteren, 13(2), 51-63.
Bolhuis, E.G. van (1934). Henri van Wermeskerken. In Bond van Nederlandsche tooneelschrijvers, Na tien jaar : Bond van Nederlandsche tooneelschrijvers, 1923-1933. Delft: G. Niessen.
Du Perron, E. (1955). Oost-Indische opbrengst. In E. du Perron-de Roos, F.E.A. Batten & H.A. Gomperts (Red.), Verzameld werk. Deel 2. G.A. Van Oorschot.
Du Perron, E. (1958). Beb Vuyk: Duizend eilanden. In E. du Perron-de Roos, F.E.A. Batten & H.A. Gomperts (Red.), Verzameld werk. Deel 6. G.A. Van Oorschot.
Nieuwenhuys, R. (1978). Oost-Indische spiegel. Wat Nederlandse schrijvers en dichters over Indonesië hebben geschreven vanaf de eerste jaren der Compagnie tot op heden. Amsterdam: Em. Querido's Uitgeverij ISBN 9789021411026
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
United States
Netherlands
Other
IdRef | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dutch East Indies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Rob Nieuwenhuys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rob_Nieuwenhuys"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nieuwenhuys_1972,_p._302-2"},{"link_name":"E. du Perron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E._du_Perron"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nieuwenhuys_1972,_p._302-2"},{"link_name":"literature event","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_competitions_at_the_1928_Summer_Olympics#Literature"},{"link_name":"art competition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_competitions_at_the_1928_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"1928 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1928_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Johan Wilhelm Henri van Wermeskerken (22 March 1882 - 7 June 1937) was a Dutch playwright, novelist and journalist. He is considered the most prominent comedic playwright in the literature of the Dutch East Indies. [1] His greatest successes were plays Tropenadel (1916) and Suikerfreule (1917), both of which he later adapted into novels. Despite criticism from literary figures such as Rob Nieuwenhuys[2] and E. du Perron,[3][4] Van Wermeskerken's short story collection Langs den gordel van smaragd (1923) was hailed as his masterpiece.[2] His work was part of the literature event in the art competition at the 1928 Summer Olympics.[5]","title":"Henri van Wermeskerken"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Publications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"one-act play","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One-act_play"}],"sub_title":"Plays","text":"Tropenadel (1916)\nGoena-goena (1917); later renamed Het Spookhuis\nSuikerfreule (1917)\nHet Handschoentje (1918)\nChauffeuse (1925); one-act play\nDe tante uit Indië (1927)\nDe Oceaanvlucht (1929)\nDe hotelrat (1932); one-act play\nHollands Binnenhuisje (1932); adapted from Johanna van Woude's eponymous novel","title":"Publications"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Prose","text":"Leo Smeder (1907)\nVan het wondere Geluk (1908)\nSmeder & zoon (1908)\nDe Armen van Geest (1909)\nDoor Spanje (1910)\nDe assenhoeve (1911)\nDe profundis clamavi: de biecht eener moeder (1913)\nTropenadel: Van Vliet, Sweet & Cy (1918)\n Roemah angker (1922)\nLangs den gordel van smaragd (1923)\nEen Indisch binnenhuisje (1924)\nSuikerfreule (1925)\nDe Armen van Geest (1928)\nBoy (1930); revised edition of Leo Smeder\nHet Manneneiland (1931)\nTropische zoutwaterliefde (1932)\nDe Groene Hel: Het blanke mysterie van de Matto Grosso (1933)\nTerschelling, de parel van de Waddenzee (1935)","title":"Publications"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Henri van Wermeskerken\". Olympedia. Retrieved 25 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.olympedia.org/athletes/921143","url_text":"\"Henri van Wermeskerken\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.olympedia.org/athletes/921143","external_links_name":"\"Henri van Wermeskerken\""},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000039961037","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/9338699","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJfGT7Fm8bftYV99rvmmVC","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/nb98033601","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p073016209","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/244984972","external_links_name":"IdRef"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derrick_May_(baseball) | Derrick May (baseball) | ["1 Coaching career","2 Best season","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"] | American baseball player (born 1968)
Baseball player
Derrick MayLeft fielderBorn: (1968-07-14) July 14, 1968 (age 55)Rochester, New York, U.S.Batted: LeftThrew: RightProfessional debutMLB: September 6, 1990, for the Chicago CubsNPB: March 24, 2001, for the Chiba Lotte MarinesLast appearanceMLB: October 3, 1999, for the Baltimore OriolesNPB: May 6, 2003, for the Chiba Lotte MarinesMLB statisticsBatting average.271Home runs52Runs batted in310NPB statisticsBatting average.274Home runs59Runs batted in200
Teams
Chicago Cubs (1990–1994)
Milwaukee Brewers (1995)
Houston Astros (1995–1996)
Philadelphia Phillies (1997)
Montreal Expos (1998)
Baltimore Orioles (1999)
Chiba Lotte Marines (2001–2003)
Derrick Brant May (born July 14, 1968) is an American former outfielder who played for the Chicago Cubs (1990–94), Milwaukee Brewers (1995), Houston Astros (1995–96), Philadelphia Phillies (1997), Montreal Expos (1998) and Baltimore Orioles (1999). He also played three seasons in Japan, from 2001 until 2003, for the Chiba Lotte Marines. He was the assistant hitting coach for the St. Louis Cardinals in 2016. He was the manager of the Frederick Keys of the MLB Draft League in 2021. In 2022 he was the Organization Hitting Coordinator for SSG Lander’s in Korea.
May batted left-handed and threw right-handed. After signing to play football and baseball at Virginia Tech, May was drafted by the Chicago Cubs in the first round (#9 overall) of the 1986 June draft, at the age of 17. May hit .320 (3rd), .298 (11th), .305 (5th), .295 (5th), and .296 (5th) and was a Carolina League and Southern League All-Star before making his major league debut. May enjoyed an 18-year professional baseball career, including ten seasons in the major leagues. He was a .271 hitter with 52 home runs and 310 RBI in 797 major league games played. In Japan, he hit an additional 59 home runs in just three seasons, batting .274.
May was the 1993 Delaware Athlete of the Year, a 2014 Delaware Sports Hall of Fame inductee, and a 2015 Delaware Afro-American Hall of Fame inductee. In 2019 he was elected into the Delaware Baseball Hall of Fame at Frawley Stadium.
Derrick May is the son of major league outfielder Dave May. His brother, David May, Jr., is a major league scout for the Toronto Blue Jays. His oldest son Derrick Jr. was a 37th rd draft pick in 2012 by the St. Louis Cardinals and his son Donovan is a scout for the Boston Red Sox.
Derrick May was recently named Director of the Baseball Division for Rise Above Sports Group.
Coaching career
May was an Assistant MLB hitting coach/hitting coordinator and minor league hitting coach in the St. Louis Cardinals Organization from 2005 to 2016.
2005: Coached the Palm Beach Cardinals (High A) to the Florida State League Championship his first year in 2005.
2006: Won both halves and made playoffs in the Florida State League.
2007: Promoted to (Double A) Springfield, Mo. of the Texas League and coached them to the Texas League championship finals. The team led the league in hitting (.271), hits and on-base percentage (.345), and was second in runs scored, home runs, slugging (.431) and on-base plus slugging percentage (.776).
2008: Coached Springfield to the second best record in the league. The team batted .275, was first in home runs, and tied for second in hits and total bases.
2009: Won the first half in Northern division. Lost in the first round of the playoffs. His team led the league in home runs and tied for second in triples.
2010: Was the Springfield hitting coach. The team finished with the second best record in the league at 76–64, and tied for second in batting at .264, first in home runs with 146, second in doubles, runs scored, total bases, walks, on-base percentage, slugging, and on-base plus slugging.
2011-2016: St. Louis Cardinals organizational minor league hitting coordinator.
2014: Awarded the Organizations George Kissell award for excellence in player development.
2016: Named assistant hitting coach for the St. Louis Cardinals after third-base coach Jose Oquendo was placed on medical leave of absence.
2017: Began working for the Colorado Rockies organization as their hitting coach for the Lancaster JetHawks in the California League. Where the team were the first and second half champions of the South Division 79-61. The Jayhawks led the league in hitting, hits and stolen bases.
On April 12, 2021, May was announced as the manager of the Frederick Keys, a collegiate summer baseball team of the MLB Draft League.
January 2022, May was named Organization Hitting Coordinator for The SSG Lander’s baseball club in Korea.
Best season
1993: .295 batting average, 10 home runs, 77 runs batted in, 62 runs, 25 doubles, 10 stolen bases, 128 games – all career-highs.
See also
List of second-generation Major League Baseball players
Cardinal's Derrick May on What it takes to get to the big leagues - Pro Baseball Insider
List of St. Louis Cardinals coaches
References
^ "Delaware Sports Museum and Hall of Fame in Wilmington, Delaware - 2014". February 25, 2024. Archived from the original on 2024-02-25.
^ "Cards' 3B coach Oquendo taking medical leave". MLB.com. March 27, 2016. Archived from the original on March 7, 2017. Retrieved March 28, 2016.
^ Michalski, JJ (April 12, 2021). "Derrick May Named 2021 Manager for Keys Inaugural Draft League Season". MiLB.com (Press release). Retrieved April 12, 2021.
External links
Career statistics and player information from Baseball Reference, or Fangraphs
Baseball Library
Retrosheet
vte1986 Major League Baseball draft first round selections
Jeff King
Greg Swindell
Matt Williams
Kevin Brown
Kent Mercker
Gary Sheffield
Brad Brink
Patrick Lennon
Derrick May
Derek Parks
Thomas Howard
Scott Hemond
Ryan Bowen
Greg McMurtry
Kevin Dean
Roberto Hernández
Scott Scudder
Phil Clark
Mike White
Grady Hall
Lee May, Jr.
Lee Stevens
Luis Alicea
Tony Clements
Terry Carr
Earl Sanders
Mike Fetters
Daryl Green
vteChicago Cubs first-round draft picks
1965: James
1966: Burk
1967: Hughes
1968: Rickey
1969: Metzger
1970: Hiser
1971: Wehmeier
1972: Vernoy
1973: Tabb
1974: Thompson
1975: Rosinski
1976: Segelke
1977: Martz
1978: Hayes
1979: Perlman
1980: Schulze
1981: Carter, Lovelace
1982: Dunston, Woods, Boderick
1983: Davidson
1984: Hall
1985: Palmeiro, Masters
1986: May
1987: Harkey
1988: Griffin
1989: Cunningham
1990: Dickson
1991: Glanville
1992: Wallace
1993: Kieschnick, Ratliff, Orie
1994: Peterson
1995: Wood
1996: Noel
1997: Garland
1998: Patterson
1999: Christensen
2000: Montañez
2001: Prior
2002: Brownlie, Hagerty, Blasko, Clanton
2003: Harvey
2004: None
2005: Pawelek
2006: Colvin
2007: Vitters, Donaldson
2008: Cashner, Flaherty
2009: Jackson
2010: Simpson
2011: Báez
2012: Almora, Johnson, Blackburn
2013: Bryant
2014: Schwarber
2015: Happ
2016: None
2017: Little, Lange
2018: Hoerner
2019: Jensen
2020: Howard
2021: Wicks
2022: Horton
2023: Shaw
| [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"outfielder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outfielder"},{"link_name":"Chicago Cubs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Cubs"},{"link_name":"Milwaukee Brewers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milwaukee_Brewers"},{"link_name":"Houston Astros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston_Astros"},{"link_name":"Philadelphia Phillies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia_Phillies"},{"link_name":"Montreal Expos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreal_Expos"},{"link_name":"Baltimore Orioles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltimore_Orioles"},{"link_name":"2001","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001_in_baseball"},{"link_name":"2003","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_in_baseball"},{"link_name":"Chiba Lotte Marines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiba_Lotte_Marines"},{"link_name":"St. Louis Cardinals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis_Cardinals"},{"link_name":"Frederick Keys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Keys"},{"link_name":"MLB Draft League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MLB_Draft_League"},{"link_name":"Virginia Tech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Tech"},{"link_name":"major league","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_League_Baseball"},{"link_name":"hitter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batting_average_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"home runs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_run"},{"link_name":"RBI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Run_batted_in"},{"link_name":"Delaware Sports Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delaware_Sports_Museum_and_Hall_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Dave May","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_May"},{"link_name":"Toronto Blue Jays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto_Blue_Jays"}],"text":"Baseball playerDerrick Brant May (born July 14, 1968) is an American former outfielder who played for the Chicago Cubs (1990–94), Milwaukee Brewers (1995), Houston Astros (1995–96), Philadelphia Phillies (1997), Montreal Expos (1998) and Baltimore Orioles (1999). He also played three seasons in Japan, from 2001 until 2003, for the Chiba Lotte Marines. He was the assistant hitting coach for the St. Louis Cardinals in 2016. He was the manager of the Frederick Keys of the MLB Draft League in 2021. In 2022 he was the Organization Hitting Coordinator for SSG Lander’s in Korea.May batted left-handed and threw right-handed. After signing to play football and baseball at Virginia Tech, May was drafted by the Chicago Cubs in the first round (#9 overall) of the 1986 June draft, at the age of 17. May hit .320 (3rd), .298 (11th), .305 (5th), .295 (5th), and .296 (5th) and was a Carolina League and Southern League All-Star before making his major league debut. May enjoyed an 18-year professional baseball career, including ten seasons in the major leagues. He was a .271 hitter with 52 home runs and 310 RBI in 797 major league games played. In Japan, he hit an additional 59 home runs in just three seasons, batting .274.May was the 1993 Delaware Athlete of the Year, a 2014 Delaware Sports Hall of Fame inductee,[1] and a 2015 Delaware Afro-American Hall of Fame inductee. In 2019 he was elected into the Delaware Baseball Hall of Fame at Frawley Stadium.Derrick May is the son of major league outfielder Dave May. His brother, David May, Jr., is a major league scout for the Toronto Blue Jays. His oldest son Derrick Jr. was a 37th rd draft pick in 2012 by the St. Louis Cardinals and his son Donovan is a scout for the Boston Red Sox.Derrick May was recently named Director of the Baseball Division for Rise Above Sports Group.","title":"Derrick May (baseball)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"St. Louis Cardinals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_St._Louis_Cardinals_season"},{"link_name":"Jose Oquendo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jose_Oquendo"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Frederick Keys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Keys"},{"link_name":"collegiate summer baseball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collegiate_summer_baseball"},{"link_name":"MLB Draft League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MLB_Draft_League"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"May was an Assistant MLB hitting coach/hitting coordinator and minor league hitting coach in the St. Louis Cardinals Organization from 2005 to 2016.2005: Coached the Palm Beach Cardinals (High A) to the Florida State League Championship his first year in 2005.\n2006: Won both halves and made playoffs in the Florida State League.\n2007: Promoted to (Double A) Springfield, Mo. of the Texas League and coached them to the Texas League championship finals. The team led the league in hitting (.271), hits and on-base percentage (.345), and was second in runs scored, home runs, slugging (.431) and on-base plus slugging percentage (.776).\n2008: Coached Springfield to the second best record in the league. The team batted .275, was first in home runs, and tied for second in hits and total bases.\n2009: Won the first half in Northern division. Lost in the first round of the playoffs. His team led the league in home runs and tied for second in triples.\n2010: Was the Springfield hitting coach. The team finished with the second best record in the league at 76–64, and tied for second in batting at .264, first in home runs with 146, second in doubles, runs scored, total bases, walks, on-base percentage, slugging, and on-base plus slugging.\n2011-2016: St. Louis Cardinals organizational minor league hitting coordinator.\n2014: Awarded the Organizations George Kissell award for excellence in player development.\n2016: Named assistant hitting coach for the St. Louis Cardinals after third-base coach Jose Oquendo was placed on medical leave of absence.[2]\n2017: Began working for the Colorado Rockies organization as their hitting coach for the Lancaster JetHawks in the California League. Where the team were the first and second half champions of the South Division 79-61. The Jayhawks led the league in hitting, hits and stolen bases.On April 12, 2021, May was announced as the manager of the Frederick Keys, a collegiate summer baseball team of the MLB Draft League.[3]January 2022, May was named Organization Hitting Coordinator for The SSG Lander’s baseball club in Korea.","title":"Coaching career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1993","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1993_in_baseball"},{"link_name":"runs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Run_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"doubles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"stolen bases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stolen_base"}],"text":"1993: .295 batting average, 10 home runs, 77 runs batted in, 62 runs, 25 doubles, 10 stolen bases, 128 games – all career-highs.","title":"Best season"}] | [] | [{"title":"List of second-generation Major League Baseball players","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_second-generation_Major_League_Baseball_players"},{"title":"Cardinal's Derrick May on What it takes to get to the big leagues - Pro Baseball Insider","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//probaseballinsider.com/cardinals-derrick-may-1/"},{"title":"List of St. Louis Cardinals coaches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_St._Louis_Cardinals_coaches"}] | [{"reference":"\"Delaware Sports Museum and Hall of Fame in Wilmington, Delaware - 2014\". February 25, 2024. Archived from the original on 2024-02-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240225052448/http://www.desports.org/inductees/2014/","url_text":"\"Delaware Sports Museum and Hall of Fame in Wilmington, Delaware - 2014\""},{"url":"http://www.desports.org/inductees/2014/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Cards' 3B coach Oquendo taking medical leave\". MLB.com. March 27, 2016. Archived from the original on March 7, 2017. Retrieved March 28, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170307085714/http://m.cardinals.mlb.com/news/article/169285020/cardinals-jose-oquendo-taking-medical-leave/","url_text":"\"Cards' 3B coach Oquendo taking medical leave\""},{"url":"http://m.cardinals.mlb.com/news/article/169285020/cardinals-jose-oquendo-taking-medical-leave","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Michalski, JJ (April 12, 2021). \"Derrick May Named 2021 Manager for Keys Inaugural Draft League Season\". MiLB.com (Press release). Retrieved April 12, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.milb.com/news/derrick-may-named-2021-manager-for-keys-inaugural-draft-league-season","url_text":"\"Derrick May Named 2021 Manager for Keys Inaugural Draft League Season\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://probaseballinsider.com/cardinals-derrick-may-1/","external_links_name":"Cardinal's Derrick May on What it takes to get to the big leagues - Pro Baseball Insider"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240225052448/http://www.desports.org/inductees/2014/","external_links_name":"\"Delaware Sports Museum and Hall of Fame in Wilmington, Delaware - 2014\""},{"Link":"http://www.desports.org/inductees/2014/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170307085714/http://m.cardinals.mlb.com/news/article/169285020/cardinals-jose-oquendo-taking-medical-leave/","external_links_name":"\"Cards' 3B coach Oquendo taking medical leave\""},{"Link":"http://m.cardinals.mlb.com/news/article/169285020/cardinals-jose-oquendo-taking-medical-leave","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.milb.com/news/derrick-may-named-2021-manager-for-keys-inaugural-draft-league-season","external_links_name":"\"Derrick May Named 2021 Manager for Keys Inaugural Draft League Season\""},{"Link":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/players/m/mayde01.shtml","external_links_name":"Baseball Reference"},{"Link":"https://www.fangraphs.com/statss.aspx?playerid=1008293","external_links_name":"Fangraphs"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20061214150218/http://www.baseballlibrary.com/baseballlibrary/ballplayers/M/May_Derrick.stm","external_links_name":"Baseball Library"},{"Link":"http://www.retrosheet.org/boxesetc/Pmay-d001.htm","external_links_name":"Retrosheet"},{"Link":"https://www.milb.com/milb/news/toolshed-most-impressive-minor-league-baseball-lineups-staffs/c-230762972/t-185364810","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"https://www.milb.com/milb/news/colorado-rockies-prospect-brendan-rodgers-gets-three-more-hits/c-229967494/t-185364810","external_links_name":"[2]"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-Mobile_BV_v_Nederlandse_Mededingingsaut | T-Mobile Netherlands BV v Raad van bestuur van de Nederlandse Mededingingsautoriteit | ["1 Facts","2 Judgment","3 See also","4 Notes","5 References"] | This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages)
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T-Mobile Netherlands BV v 08 T-Mobile Netherlands BV v Raad van Bestuur van de Nederlandse MededingingsautoriteitCourtEuropean Court of JusticeDecided2009Citation(2009) C-8/08KeywordsCompetition, collusion
T-Mobile Netherlands BV v Raad van bestuur van de Nederlandse Mededingingsautoriteit (2009) C-8/08 is an EU competition law case, concerning the requirements for finding that firms have colluded with the "object" of harming competition.
Facts
T-Mobile phone operators in the Netherlands met once, and discussed reducing the remuneration for dealers of certain phone contracts. It was argued, among other things, that there was no evidence of harm to the final consumer.
Judgment
The Court of Justice held that the phone companies had engaged in an unlawful cartel, and there was no need to show harm to the final consumer.
27. With regard to the assessment as to whether a concerted practice is anti‑competitive, close regard must be paid in particular to the objectives which it is intended to attain and to its economic and legal context (see, to that effect, Joined Cases 96/82 to 102/82, 104/82, 105/82, 108/82 and 110/82 IAZ International Belgium and Others v Commission ECR 3369, paragraph 25, and Case C‑209/07 Beef Industry Development Society and Barry Brothers ECR I‑0000, paragraphs 16 and 21). Moreover, while the intention of the parties is not an essential factor in determining whether a concerted practice is restrictive, there is nothing to prevent the Commission of the European Communities or the competent Community judicature from taking it into account (see, to that effect, IAZ International Belgium and Others v Commission, paragraphs 23 to 25).
28. As regards the distinction to be drawn between concerted practices having an anti-competitive object and those with anti-competitive effects, it must be borne in mind that an anti-competitive object and anti-competitive effects constitute not cumulative but alternative conditions in determining whether a practice falls within the prohibition in Article 81(1) EC. It has, since the judgment in Case 56/65 LTM ECR 235, 249, been settled case-law that the alternative nature of that requirement, indicated by the conjunction ‘or’, means that it is necessary, first, to consider the precise purpose of the concerted practice, in the economic context in which it is to be pursued. Where, however, an analysis of the terms of the concerted practice does not reveal the effect on competition to be sufficiently deleterious, its consequences should then be considered and, for it to be caught by the prohibition, it is necessary to find that those factors are present which establish that competition has in fact been prevented or restricted or distorted to an appreciable extent (see, to that effect, Beef Industry Development Society and Barry Brothers, paragraph 15).
29. Moreover, in deciding whether a concerted practice is prohibited by Article 81(1) EC, there is no need to take account of its actual effects once it is apparent that its object is to prevent, restrict or distort competition within the common market (see, to that effect, Joined Cases 56/64 and 58/64 Consten and Grundig v Commission ECR 299, 342; Case C‑105/04 P Nederlandse Federatieve Vereniging voor de Groothandel op Elektrotechnisch Gebied v Commission ECR I‑8725, paragraph 125; and Beef Industry Development Society and Barry Brothers, paragraph 16). The distinction between ‘infringements by object’ and ‘infringements by effect’ arises from the fact that certain forms of collusion between undertakings can be regarded, by their very nature, as being injurious to the proper functioning of normal competition (Beef Industry Development Society and Barry Brothers, paragraph 17).
30. Accordingly, contrary to what the referring court claims, there is no need to consider the effects of a concerted practice where its anti‑competitive object is established.
31. With regard to the assessment as to whether a concerted practice, such as that at issue in the main proceedings, pursues an anti‑competitive object, it should be noted, first, as pointed out by the Advocate General at point 46 of her Opinion, that in order for a concerted practice to be regarded as having an anti‑competitive object, it is sufficient that it has the potential to have a negative impact on competition. In other words, the concerted practice must simply be capable in an individual case, having regard to the specific legal and economic context, of resulting in the prevention, restriction or distortion of competition within the common market. Whether and to what extent, in fact, such anti-competitive effects result can only be of relevance for determining the amount of any fine and assessing any claim for damages.
62. In the light of the foregoing, the answer to the third question must be that, in so far as the undertaking participating in the concerted action remains active on the market in question, there is a presumption of a causal connection between the concerted practice and the conduct of the undertaking on that market, even if the concerted action is the result of a meeting held by the participating undertakings on a single occasion.
See also
vteSources on collusionTFEU art 101Consten SaRL and Grundig GmbH v Comm (1966) Case 56/64ICI Ltd v Commission (1972) Case 48/69Suiker Unie v Commission (1975) Case 40/73Bayer AG v Commission (2000) T-41/96Commission v Anic Partecipazioni SpA (1999) C-49/92Arzneimittel-Importeure eV v Bayer AG (2004) C-2/01O2 (Germany) GmbH & Co OHG v Commission (2006) T-328/03T-Mobile BV v Nederlandse Mededingingsaut (2009) C-8/08GlaxoSmithKline Services Unlimited v Comm (2009) C-513/06See EU competition law
EU competition law
Notes
References | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"C-8/08","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//curia.europa.eu/juris/celex.jsf?celex=62008CJ0008&lang1=en&type=TXT&ancre="},{"link_name":"EU competition law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EU_competition_law"}],"text":"T-Mobile Netherlands BV v Raad van bestuur van de Nederlandse Mededingingsautoriteit (2009) C-8/08 is an EU competition law case, concerning the requirements for finding that firms have colluded with the \"object\" of harming competition.","title":"T-Mobile Netherlands BV v Raad van bestuur van de Nederlandse Mededingingsautoriteit"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"T-Mobile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-Mobile_International_AG"}],"text":"T-Mobile phone operators in the Netherlands met once, and discussed reducing the remuneration for dealers of certain phone contracts. It was argued, among other things, that there was no evidence of harm to the final consumer.","title":"Facts"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"IAZ International Belgium and Others v Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=IAZ_International_Belgium_and_Others_v_Commission&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Beef Industry Development Society and Barry Brothers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Beef_Industry_Development_Society_and_Barry_Brothers&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"IAZ International Belgium and Others v Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=IAZ_International_Belgium_and_Others_v_Commission&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"LTM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_Technique_Mini%C3%A8re&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Beef Industry Development Society and Barry Brothers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Beef_Industry_Development_Society_and_Barry_Brothers&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Consten and Grundig v Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consten_and_Grundig_v_Commission"},{"link_name":"Nederlandse Federatieve Vereniging voor de Groothandel op Elektrotechnisch Gebied v Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nederlandse_Federatieve_Vereniging_voor_de_Groothandel_op_Elektrotechnisch_Gebied_v_Commission&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Beef Industry Development Society and Barry Brothers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Beef_Industry_Development_Society_and_Barry_Brothers&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Beef Industry Development Society and Barry Brothers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Beef_Industry_Development_Society_and_Barry_Brothers&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"The Court of Justice held that the phone companies had engaged in an unlawful cartel, and there was no need to show harm to the final consumer.27. With regard to the assessment as to whether a concerted practice is anti‑competitive, close regard must be paid in particular to the objectives which it is intended to attain and to its economic and legal context (see, to that effect, Joined Cases 96/82 to 102/82, 104/82, 105/82, 108/82 and 110/82 IAZ International Belgium and Others v Commission [1983] ECR 3369, paragraph 25, and Case C‑209/07 Beef Industry Development Society and Barry Brothers [2008] ECR I‑0000, paragraphs 16 and 21). Moreover, while the intention of the parties is not an essential factor in determining whether a concerted practice is restrictive, there is nothing to prevent the Commission of the European Communities or the competent Community judicature from taking it into account (see, to that effect, IAZ International Belgium and Others v Commission, paragraphs 23 to 25).\n28. As regards the distinction to be drawn between concerted practices having an anti-competitive object and those with anti-competitive effects, it must be borne in mind that an anti-competitive object and anti-competitive effects constitute not cumulative but alternative conditions in determining whether a practice falls within the prohibition in Article 81(1) EC. It has, since the judgment in Case 56/65 LTM [1966] ECR 235, 249, been settled case-law that the alternative nature of that requirement, indicated by the conjunction ‘or’, means that it is necessary, first, to consider the precise purpose of the concerted practice, in the economic context in which it is to be pursued. Where, however, an analysis of the terms of the concerted practice does not reveal the effect on competition to be sufficiently deleterious, its consequences should then be considered and, for it to be caught by the prohibition, it is necessary to find that those factors are present which establish that competition has in fact been prevented or restricted or distorted to an appreciable extent (see, to that effect, Beef Industry Development Society and Barry Brothers, paragraph 15).\n29. Moreover, in deciding whether a concerted practice is prohibited by Article 81(1) EC, there is no need to take account of its actual effects once it is apparent that its object is to prevent, restrict or distort competition within the common market (see, to that effect, Joined Cases 56/64 and 58/64 Consten and Grundig v Commission [1966] ECR 299, 342; Case C‑105/04 P Nederlandse Federatieve Vereniging voor de Groothandel op Elektrotechnisch Gebied v Commission [2006] ECR I‑8725, paragraph 125; and Beef Industry Development Society and Barry Brothers, paragraph 16). The distinction between ‘infringements by object’ and ‘infringements by effect’ arises from the fact that certain forms of collusion between undertakings can be regarded, by their very nature, as being injurious to the proper functioning of normal competition (Beef Industry Development Society and Barry Brothers, paragraph 17).\n30. Accordingly, contrary to what the referring court claims, there is no need to consider the effects of a concerted practice where its anti‑competitive object is established.\n31. With regard to the assessment as to whether a concerted practice, such as that at issue in the main proceedings, pursues an anti‑competitive object, it should be noted, first, as pointed out by the Advocate General at point 46 of her Opinion, that in order for a concerted practice to be regarded as having an anti‑competitive object, it is sufficient that it has the potential to have a negative impact on competition. In other words, the concerted practice must simply be capable in an individual case, having regard to the specific legal and economic context, of resulting in the prevention, restriction or distortion of competition within the common market. Whether and to what extent, in fact, such anti-competitive effects result can only be of relevance for determining the amount of any fine and assessing any claim for damages.\n[...]\n\n62. In the light of the foregoing, the answer to the third question must be that, in so far as the undertaking participating in the concerted action remains active on the market in question, there is a presumption of a causal connection between the concerted practice and the conduct of the undertaking on that market, even if the concerted action is the result of a meeting held by the participating undertakings on a single occasion.","title":"Judgment"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Notes"}] | [] | [{"title":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Clist_collusion"},{"title":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Clist_collusion"},{"title":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Clist_collusion"},{"title":"TFEU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TFEU"},{"title":"art 101","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Consolidated_version_of_the_Treaty_on_the_Functioning_of_the_European_Union/Title_VII:_Common_Rules_on_Competition,_Taxation_and_Approximation_of_Laws#Article_101"},{"title":"Consten SaRL and Grundig GmbH v Comm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consten_SaRL_and_Grundig_GmbH_v_Comm"},{"title":"Case 56/64","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:61964CJ0056"},{"title":"ICI Ltd v Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ICI_Ltd_v_Commission&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Case 48/69","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:61969CJ0048"},{"title":"Suiker Unie v Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Suiker_Unie_v_Commission&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Case 40/73","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/ALL/?uri=CELEX:61973CJ0040"},{"title":"Bayer AG v Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bayer_AG_v_Commission&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Commission v Anic Partecipazioni SpA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commission_v_Anic_Partecipazioni_SpA"},{"title":"C-49/92","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//curia.europa.eu/juris/celex.jsf?celex=61992CJ0049&lang1=en&type=TXT&ancre="},{"title":"Arzneimittel-Importeure eV v Bayer AG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arzneimittel-Importeure_eV_v_Bayer_AG"},{"title":"C-2/01","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//curia.europa.eu/juris/celex.jsf?celex=62001CJ0002&lang1=en&type=TXT&ancre="},{"title":"O2 (Germany) GmbH & Co OHG v 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institutes_of_Natural_Sciences | National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Japan | ["1 Outline","2 Organization","2.1 National Astronomical Observatory of Japan","2.2 National Institute for Fusion Science","2.3 National Institute for Basic Biology","2.4 National Institute for Physiological Sciences","2.5 Institute for Molecular Science","3 References","4 External links"] | Coordinates: 35°39′50″N 139°44′39″E / 35.66389°N 139.74417°E / 35.66389; 139.74417This article relies excessively on references to primary sources. Please improve this article by adding secondary or tertiary sources. Find sources: "National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Japan" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (April 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
National Institute of Natural SciencesEstablished2004PresidentAkio KomoriStaff888Budget43 Billion yen in totalAddressKamiyacho Central Place 2F 4-3-13 Toranomon, Minato-ku Tokyo, 105-0001 JapanLocationTokyo, JapanWebsitehttp://www.nins.jp/english
The National Institute of Natural Sciences (自然科学研究機構, Shizenkagaku kenkyuukikou) (NINS) is an inter-university research institute corporation consisting of five member institutes: the National Astronomical Observatory (NAOJ), the National Institute for fusion Science (NIFS), the National Institute for Basic Biology (NIBB), the National Institute for Physiological Sciences (NIPS), and the Institutes for Molecular Sciences (IMS). NINS was established in April 2004 to bring about further development of the natural sciences in Japan.
Outline
NINS is one of four inter-university research institute corporations that were reorganized as a result of incorporation as independent administrative entities. The five member institutes cooperate with each other for the promotion of research in natural science in the fields of astronomy, material science, bioscience, etc. NINS also collaborates with institutes in the United States, Europe and Eastern Asia, to support international research projects.
Organization
Organizational flowchart of NINS
The five institutes established under NINS are Japan's main centers of academic research in their respective fields. These institutes cooperate actively as a base for interdisciplinary research in natural science with universities, university-affiliated research institutes, and inter-university research institutes to promote the formation of new research communities.
NINS established the Research Cooperation and Liaison Committee under the authority of the president, to discuss and plan matters of research cooperation. It has also established the Research Cooperation and Liaison Office, which is in charge of implementing plans made by the Research Cooperation and Liaison Committee. The Research Cooperation and Liaison Office has set "Imaging science" and "Hierarchy and Holism in Natural Science" as themes for cooperation across fields, and is promoting symposiums and other projects under these themes.
National Astronomical Observatory of Japan
Main article: National Astronomical Observatory of Japan
NAOJ is the national center for astronomy research in Japan. It provides observational facilities to researchers throughout the country and promotes joint research programs. It also utilizes the development of astronomy and other related fields as opportunities for international cooperation.
National Institute for Fusion Science
The National Institute for Fusion Science is engaged in basic research on fusion and plasma in order to actualize nuclear fusion generation, with the hope of developing new sources of energy that are safe and environmentally friendly.
National Institute for Basic Biology
Main article: National Institute for Basic Biology, Japan
The National Institute for Basic Biology implements advanced research on biological phenomena such as gene expression. It also offers facilities for joint usage by various researchers within Japan and overseas.
National Institute for Physiological Sciences
The aim of the National Institute for Physiological Sciences is to clarify the “mechanism of normal functions of a human body,” which is the basis for medical science. It also aims to offer facilities for joint usage by various researchers within Japan and overseas as a center for physiological research.
Institute for Molecular Science
Main article: Institute for Molecular Science
The aim of the Institute for Molecular Science is to find the structures and functions of molecules and molecular aggregates, which are the basis for substances, experimentally and theoretically. It also aims to offer facilities for joint usage by various researchers within Japan and overseas as the center to proceed with molecular science research.
References
^ Archived 2011-07-17 at the Wayback Machine Basic information and description of NINS
^ NAOJ homepage
^ Annual reports of the National Institute for Fusion Science
^ Outline of NIBB
^ Message from the Director-General of the National Institute for Physiological Sciences
^ Archived 2009-08-13 at the Wayback Machine Organization of the Institute for Molecular Science
External links
NINS Official Website
35°39′50″N 139°44′39″E / 35.66389°N 139.74417°E / 35.66389; 139.74417
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
National
Germany
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koby_Osei-Wusu | Koby Osei-Wusu | ["1 Early life","2 College and amateur","3 Club career","3.1 Richmond Kickers","3.2 Orlando City B","3.3 FC Malaga City","4 International","5 References","6 External links"] | American professional soccer player (born 1995)
This article is an autobiography or has been extensively edited by the subject or by someone connected to the subject. It may need editing to conform to Wikipedia's neutral point of view policy. There may be relevant discussion on the talk page. (December 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Koby Osei-WusuPersonal informationFull name
Christopher Koby Osei-WusuDate of birth
(1995-12-26) December 26, 1995 (age 28)Place of birth
Bowie, Maryland, United StatesHeight
6 ft 0 in (1.83 m)Position(s)
MidfielderTeam informationCurrent team
FC Malaga CityYouth career
D.C. UnitedCollege careerYears
Team
Apps
(Gls)2014–2017
George Washington Colonials
63
(4)Senior career*Years
Team
Apps
(Gls)2018
Richmond Kickers
20
(0)2018
→ D.C. United (loan)
0
(0)2019
Orlando City B
19
(3)2021–
FC Malaga City
15
(4)
*Club domestic league appearances and goals, correct as of December 23, 2021
Christopher Koby Osei-Wusu (born December 26, 1995) is a Ghanaian-American professional soccer player who plays as an attacking midfielder for FC Malaga City in the Spanish División de Honor.
He has previously played for Richmond Kickers and Orlando City B and played college soccer for the George Washington Colonials.
Early life
Osei-Wusu was born on December 26, 1995, in Washington D.C. He played high school soccer at DeMatha Catholic High School. In 2013, He was named to the Washington Post All-Met Second Team and All-Gazette First Team after scoring six goals and adding five assists as a senior. Helped the Stags to an NSCAA national championship in 2011 and to WCAC titles in 2011 and 2013. DeMatha was ranked among the best in the nation by a number of polls throughout his scholastic career. Osei-Wusu also played with D.C. United Academy and Bethesda-Olney Academy in the U.S. Soccer Development Academy (USSDA).
College and amateur
Osei-Wusu played four years of college soccer at George Washington University between 2014 and 2017, making 63 appearances. In his sophomore season he saw action in 16 games and made 14 starts and led GW with five assists, tied for first in the A-10 league play averaging 0.31 assists per game. Three of his five assists came on game-winning goals while logging 1,221 minutes on the pitch thought the season.
In his Senior Season he led the team to their second playoff run in 4 years scoring 4 goals and tallying 7 assists.
While in college, he spent the 2016 PDL season with the Jersey Express.
Club career
Richmond Kickers
Following college, Osei-Wusu signed with the Richmond Kickers of the USL Championship side on March 12, 2018. On March 24, 2018, Osei-Wusu made his debut, playing the full 90 minutes in a 0–1 loss to Indy Eleven. While playing with the Richmond Kickers, he was called up to play and train with Major League Soccer side D.C. United. During this brief loan stint, on September 19, 2019, he was selected to United's 18-man roster and played against CD Olimpia in the Audi International Match.
Orlando City B
Osei-Wusu joined Orlando City B ahead of the inaugural season of USL League One. He captained the team throughout the season and scored on his debut for the team on March 30, 2019, as part of a 3–1 loss to FC Tucson in the season opener.
FC Malaga City
In February 2021, Osei-Wusu joined FC Malaga City.
International
Osei-Wusu is eligible to play for Ghana via his parents and was invited to train with the Ghana U-20's in 2015 in order to prepare for the Youth African Cup of Nations. He was the first American-born Ghanaian to be called into a national team camp.
References
^ a b c "GWsports.com Koby Osei-Wusu Bio :: George Washington University Official Athletic Site :: George Washington University Official Athletic Site :: Men's Soccer". gwsports.com. Archived from the original on March 25, 2018. Retrieved March 12, 2021.
^ "Jersey Express - Christopher Osei-Wusu". uslpdl.com. Retrieved May 24, 2018.
^ "Premier Development League 2016 - Regular Season League Player Stats Individual". uslpdl.com. Archived from the original on May 24, 2018. Retrieved May 24, 2018.
^ "GWsports.com Osei-Wusu Inks Pro Soccer Contract :: George Washington University Official Athletic Site :: George Washington University Official Athletic Site :: Men's Soccer". gwsports.com. Archived from the original on March 25, 2018. Retrieved March 24, 2018.
^ "D.C. United sits out numerous regulars, plays Honduran club to 1-1 tie". The Washington Post. Retrieved March 10, 2020.
^ "Orlando City B vs FC Tucson". USL League One. Retrieved March 31, 2019.
^ "The return of Koby, The skillful US-Ghana Footballer". Sports world news. December 28, 2021. Retrieved January 3, 2022.
^ "Osei-Wusu brings experience on the Ghanian national team to men's soccer". The GW Hatchet. Retrieved March 24, 2018.
External links
Koby Osei-Wusu at USL League One | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"División de Honor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divisiones_Regionales_de_F%C3%BAtbol_in_Andalusia"},{"link_name":"Richmond Kickers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richmond_Kickers"},{"link_name":"Orlando City B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orlando_City_B"},{"link_name":"college soccer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_soccer_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"George Washington Colonials","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington_Colonials_men%27s_soccer"}],"text":"Christopher Koby Osei-Wusu (born December 26, 1995) is a Ghanaian-American professional soccer player who plays as an attacking midfielder for FC Malaga City in the Spanish División de Honor.He has previously played for Richmond Kickers and Orlando City B and played college soccer for the George Washington Colonials.","title":"Koby Osei-Wusu"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Washington D.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_D.C."},{"link_name":"DeMatha Catholic High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DeMatha_Catholic_High_School"},{"link_name":"U.S. Soccer Development Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Soccer_Development_Academy"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gwsports-1"}],"text":"Osei-Wusu was born on December 26, 1995, in Washington D.C. He played high school soccer at DeMatha Catholic High School. In 2013, He was named to the Washington Post All-Met Second Team and All-Gazette First Team after scoring six goals and adding five assists as a senior. Helped the Stags to an NSCAA national championship in 2011 and to WCAC titles in 2011 and 2013. DeMatha was ranked among the best in the nation by a number of polls throughout his scholastic career. Osei-Wusu also played with D.C. United Academy and Bethesda-Olney Academy in the U.S. Soccer Development Academy (USSDA).[1]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"college soccer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_soccer_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"George Washington University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington_University"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gwsports-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gwsports-1"},{"link_name":"2016 PDL season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_PDL_season"},{"link_name":"Jersey Express","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jersey_Express"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Osei-Wusu played four years of college soccer at George Washington University between 2014 and 2017, making 63 appearances. In his sophomore season he saw action in 16 games and made 14 starts and led GW with five assists, tied for first in the A-10 league play averaging 0.31 assists per game. Three of his five assists came on game-winning goals while logging 1,221 minutes on the pitch thought the season.[1]\nIn his Senior Season he led the team to their second playoff run in 4 years scoring 4 goals and tallying 7 assists.[1]\nWhile in college, he spent the 2016 PDL season with the Jersey Express.[2][3]","title":"College and amateur"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Club career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"USL Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USL_Championship"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gwsports2-4"},{"link_name":"Indy Eleven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indy_Eleven"},{"link_name":"Richmond Kickers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richmond_Kickers"},{"link_name":"Major League Soccer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_League_Soccer"},{"link_name":"D.C. 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He was the first American-born Ghanaian to be called into a national team camp.[8]","title":"International"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"GWsports.com Koby Osei-Wusu Bio :: George Washington University Official Athletic Site :: George Washington University Official Athletic Site :: Men's Soccer\". gwsports.com. Archived from the original on March 25, 2018. Retrieved March 12, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180325045804/http://www.gwsports.com/sports/m-soccer/mtt/koby_osei_wusu_906765.html","url_text":"\"GWsports.com Koby Osei-Wusu Bio :: George Washington University Official Athletic Site :: George Washington University Official Athletic Site :: Men's Soccer\""},{"url":"http://www.gwsports.com/sports/m-soccer/mtt/koby_osei_wusu_906765.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Jersey Express - Christopher Osei-Wusu\". uslpdl.com. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agenor | Agenor | ["1 Family","2 Mythology","3 Identity and deeds","4 Argive family tree","5 Notes","6 References"] | Phoenician king in Greek mythology and history
For other uses, see Agenor (disambiguation).
AgenorKing of Tyre or SidonMember of the Phoenician Royal FamilyAbodeEgypt, later PhoeniciaPersonal informationParents(a) Poseidon and Libya(b) BelusSiblings(a) Belus and sometimes Enyalius(b) Phineus, Phoenix, Aegyptus, Danaus and NinusConsort(1) Telephassa(2) Argiope(3) Antiope(4) Tyro(5) Damno(6) unknown(7) unknown(8) unknown(9) unknown(10) unknownChildren(1,2) Europa, Cadmus, Phoenix and Cilix(3) Cadmus, Phoenix and Cilix(4) Europa, Cadmus, Phoenix, Cilix and Syros(5) Phoenix, Isaie and Melia(6) Europa, Cadmus, Cilix, Thasus and Cepheus(7) Phoenix, Cilix and Thasus(8) Phineus(9) Eidothea(10) Taygete
Agenor (/əˈdʒiːnɔːr/; Ancient Greek: Ἀγήνωρ or Αγήνορας Agēnor; English translation: "heroic, manly") was in Greek mythology and history a Phoenician king of Tyre or Sidon. The Greek historian Herodotus (c. 484–425 BC), born in the city of Halicarnassus under the Achaemenid Empire, estimated that Agenor lived either 1000 or 1600 years prior to his visit to Tyre in 450 BC at the end of the Greco-Persian Wars (499–449 BC). He was said to have reigned in that city for 63 years.
Family
Agenor was born in Memphis, Egypt to Poseidon and Libya and he had a twin brother named Belus. The latter remained in Egypt and reigned over there while Agenor departed to Phoenicia and reigned there. In a rare version of the myth, Agenor and Belus had another brother named Enyalios. According to other sources, he was the son of Belus and brother of Phineus, Phoenix, Aegyptus and Danaus. This tradition was followed by Tzetzes but he added Ninus as one of the six brothers. The same author claimed that there were two Agenors, the first one being the brother of Belus while the second was the son of the latter, thus uncle of the first Agenor.
Sources differed also as to Agenor's children; he was said to have been the father of Europa, Cadmus, Cilix, Phoenix, Phineus, Thasus and sometimes, Syros and Cepheus. Agenor's wife was variously given as Telephassa, Argiope, Antiope, and Tyro, with the latter giving her name to the city of Tyre. According to Pherecydes of Athens, his first wife was Damno, daughter of Belus, who bore him Phoenix and two daughters, Isaia and Melia, who married Aegyptus and Danaus, respectively; Agenor then fathered Cadmus with Argiope, daughter of the river-god Neilus.
In the Iliad, however, Europa was clearly a daughter of Phoenix. Either Cadmus or Europa were confirmed as children of Phoenix by the Ehoeae attributed to Hesiod, Bacchylides, Moschus and various scholia. Cilix and Phineus were also sons of Phoenix according to Pherecydes, who also added an otherwise unknown son named Doryclus.
Most later sources listed Cadmus and Cilix as sons of Agenor directly without mentioning Phoenix. On the rare occasions when he was mentioned, Phoenix was listed as the brother of Cadmus and Cilix. Whether he was included as a brother of Agenor or as a son, his role in mythology was limited to inheriting his father's kingdom and to becoming the eponym of the Phoenicians. All accounts agreed on a Phoenician king who has several children, including the two sons named Cadmus and Cilix and a daughter named Europa.
A certain Eidothea, wife of Phineus, was called the sister of Cadmus and thus maybe the daughter of Agenor. Taygete, usually one of the Pleiades and mother of Lacedemon by Zeus was also said to be the daughter of Agenor.
Comparative table of Agenor's family
Relation
Names
Sources
Hes.
Pher.
Bacc.
Euripides
Sophoc.
Hdt.
Apollon.
Dio.
Val.
Apd.
Dic.
Hyg.
Pau.
Non.
Tzet.
Mal.
Ehoiai
Dithy.
Sch. Phoe.
Sch. Anti.
Arg.
Sch.
Fab.
Parents
Poseidon and Libya
✓
✓
Belus
✓
✓
Wife
Damno
✓
Argiope
✓
✓
✓
Antiope
✓
✓
Telephassa
✓
Tyro
✓
Children
Europa
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
Cadmus
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
Phoenix
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
Cilix
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
Isaia
✓
✓
Melia
✓
✓
Eidothea
✓
Phineus
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
Taygete
✓
Thasus
✓
✓
Cepheus
✓
Syros
✓
Mythology
The Rape of Europa, a painting by Jacob Jordaens (1615 version)
Zeus saw Agenor's daughter Europa gathering flowers and immediately fell in love with her. Zeus transformed himself into a white bull and carried Europa away to the island of Crete. He then revealed his true identity and Europa became the first queen of Crete. Agenor, meanwhile, sent Europa's brothers, Cadmus and Cilix in search of her, telling them not to return without her. In some versions of the tale, Agenor sends her other brothers as well: Phineus or Thasus (and of course Phoenix in the versions in which Cadmus's father is Agenor).
As Europa could not be found, none of the brothers returned. Cadmus consulted the oracle of Delphi and was advised to travel until encountering a cow. He was to follow this cow and to found a city where the cow would lie down; this city became Thebes. Cilix searched for her and settled down in Asia Minor. The land was called Cilicia after him.
According to the chronicler Malalas, when Agenor was about to die, he ordered that all the land he had conquered be divided among his three sons. Phoenix took Tyre and its hinterland, and called the country Phoenicia after himself. Similarly, Syros call the country allotted to him Syria. Likewise, Cilix called the latitudes allotted to him Cilicia.
Identity and deeds
Virgil called Carthage the city of Agenor, by which he alluded to the descent of Dido from Agenor. German philologist Philipp Karl Buttmann pointed out that the genuine Phoenician name of Agenor was Chnas or Khna, which was the same as Canaan, and upon these facts he built the hypothesis that Agenor or Chnas was the same as the Canaan in the books of Moses. Quintus Curtius Rufus considered Agenor to have been the founder of Sidon, and he was also popularly supposed to have introduced the Phoenician alphabet, which was later taught by Cadmus to the Greeks and became the foundation of their own writing system.
Argive family tree
Argive genealogy in Greek mythology
vte
InachusMelia
ZeusIoPhoroneus
EpaphusMemphis
LibyaPoseidon
BelusAchiroëAgenorTelephassa
DanausElephantisAegyptusCadmusCilixEuropaPhoenix
MantineusHypermnestraLynceusHarmoniaZeus
Polydorus
SpartaLacedaemonOcaleaAbasAgaveSarpedonRhadamanthus
Autonoë
EurydiceAcrisiusInoMinos
ZeusDanaëSemeleZeus
PerseusDionysus
Colour key:
Male
Female
Deity
Notes
Ancient Greece portalMyths portal
^ ἀγήνωρ. Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert; A Greek–English Lexicon at the Perseus Project
^ Schachter 2012, p. 38.
^ Herodotus (2003) . Marincola, John (ed.). Histories. Translated by de Sélincourt, Aubrey (Reprint ed.). New York: Penguin Books. p. 155. ISBN 978-0140449082. But from the birth of Dionysus, the son of Semele, daughter of Cadmus, to the present day is a period of about 1000 years only; ...
^ Herodotus, 2.145.1
^ a b c Malalas, Chronographia 2.30
^ Aeschylus, Suppliant Women 317
^ Apollodorus, 2.1.4 & 3.1.1; Hyginus, Fabulae 157; Tzetzes, Chiliades 7.349–350; Servius ad Virgil, Aeneid 1.338; Scholia on Euripides, Phoenissae 5
^ Apollodorus, 3.1.1; Tzetzes, Chiliades 7.351–352
^ Nonnus, Dionysiaca 3.296–304 & 363–364
^ Tzetzes, Chiliades 7.162–163
^ Diodorus Siculus, 5.78.1; Ovid, Metamorphoses 2.858; Statius, Achilleid 2.72–74; Apollodorus, 3.1.1; Hyginus, Fabulae 155 & 178; Lucian, Dialogi Marini 15 & De dea Syria 4; St. Jerome, Chronicon B1284; Tatian, Address to the Greeks 33; Scholiast on Plato, Timaeus 24e; Malalas, Chronographia 2.30; Varro, De lingua latina libri 5.31; Ampelius, Liber Memorialis 2.1; Rutilius Namatianus, De reditu suo 1.249
^ Herodotus, 4.147.4; Sophocles, Oedipus Rex 268; Bacchylides, Dithyrambs 19.46–48; Euripides, Bacchae 170–171; Apollonius Rhodius, Argonautica 3.1186 with scholia; Diodorus Siculus, 3.74.6, 4.2.1, 5.48.5, 5.57.5 & 5.58.2; Ovid, Metamorphoses 3.8, 3.97 & 4.563, Epistulae ex Ponto 1.3.77; Apollodorus, 3.1.1; Hyginus, Fabulae 6, 76, 178, 274 & 275; Lucian, De dea Syria 4; Marmor Parium, Chronicle 8; Malalas, Chronographia 2.30 & 39; Pausanias, 3.15.8; Nonnus, Dionysiaca 2.3, 2.680, 2.699, 3.218 & 44.101; Tzetzes, Chiliades 12.112; Aristophanes, Frogs 1225–1226; Eusebius, Praeparatio evangelica 2.2.1 & 10.4.4
^ Herodotus, 7.91.1; Scholiast on Euripides, Phoenissae 6; Apollodorus, 3.1.1; Hyginus, Fabulae 178; Nonnus, Dionysiaca 2.685; Malalas, Chronographia 2.30–31
^ Scholiast on Euripides, Phoenissae 6; Apollodorus, 3.1.1; Hyginus, Fabulae 178; Dictys Cretensis, 1.9; Antoninus Liberalis, 40; Malalas, Chronographia 2.30–31; Suda, s.v. Phoenician letters
^ Apollonius Rhodius, Argonautica 2.178, 2.236–237, 2.240, 2.293–294, 2.426, 2.490, 2.618 & 3.943 with scholia on 2.178; Apollodorus, 1.9.21; Hyginus, Fabulae 14, 19, 76; Dictys Cretensis, 3.5; Orphic Argonautica 680 ff.; Valerius Flaccus, 4.444, 522 & 582
^ Scholiast on Euripides, Phoenissae 6; Pausanias, 5.25.12; Nonnus, Dionysiaca 2.684
^ Malalas, Chronographia 2.30–31 & 34
^ Nonnus, Dionysiaca 2.682–683
^ Apollodorus, 3.1.1
^ Hyginus, Fabulae 6 & 178
^ a b Gantz, p. 208; Pherecydes fr. 21 Fowler 2000, p. 289 = FGrHist 3 F 21 = Scholia on Apollonius Rhodius, Argonautica 3.1177-87f
^ Scholiast on Euripides, Phoenician Women 5; Tzetzes, Chiliades 7.165–166
^ Gomme, A. W. (1913). "The Legend of Cadmus and the Logographoi". JHS: 70.
^ Homer, Iliad 14.321-22
^ Hesiod, Ehoiai 19a as cited in Oxyrhynchus Papyri 1358 fr. 1 and Scholiast on Homer, Iliad 12.292
^ Bacchylides, Dithyrambs 17.31
^ Moschus, Europa 7
^ Scholiast on Plato, Timaeus 24e; on Apollonius Rhodius, Argonautica 3.1186; Malalas, Chronographia 2.30
^ Pherecydes, fr. 86 Fowler 2000, p. 320 = FGrHist 3 F 86
^ Scholia on Sophocles, Antigone 989
^ Sir Richard C. Jebb. Commentary on Sophocles: Antigone, 966
^ Dictys Cretensis, 1.9
^ Even though Phineus was called the son of Agenor according to Apollodorus, his mother may be different because only three sons (Cadmus, Phoenix and Cilix) were born to Agenor and Telephassa.
^ Apollodorus, 3.1.1; Hyginus, Fabulae 178
^ Malalas, Chronographia 2.31
^ Virgil, Aeneid 1.338
^ Schmitz, Leonhard (1867). "Agenor (1)". In Smith, William (ed.). Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology. Vol. 1. Boston: Little, Brown and Company. p. 68. Archived from the original on 2013-10-12. Retrieved 2008-05-16.
^ Raleigh, Walter (1829). William Oldys (ed.). The Works of Sir Walter Raleigh. Oxford University Press. pp. 224, 274–278.
References
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Apollonius Rhodius, Argonautica translated by Robert Cooper Seaton (1853–1915), R. C. Loeb Classical Library Volume 001. London, William Heinemann Ltd, 1912. Online version at the Topos Text Project.
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Nonnus of Panopolis, Dionysiaca translated by William Henry Denham Rouse (1863–1950), from the Loeb Classical Library, Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press, 1940. Online version at the Topos Text Project.
Nonnus of Panopolis, Dionysiaca. 3 Vols. W.H.D. Rouse. Cambridge, MA., Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann, Ltd. 1940–1942. Greek text available at the Perseus Digital Library.
The Orphic Argonautica, translated by Jason Colavito. Copyright 2011. Online version at the Topos Text Project.
Pausanias, Description of Greece with an English Translation by W.H.S. Jones, Litt.D., and H.A. Ormerod, M.A., in 4 Volumes. Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1918. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library
Pausanias, Graeciae Descriptio. 3 vols. Leipzig, Teubner. 1903. Greek text available at the Perseus Digital Library.
Publius Ovidius Naso, Letters From Pontus translated by A. S. Kline, Copyright 2003. Online version at the Topos Text Project.
Publius Ovidius Naso, Ex Ponto. Arthur Leslie Wheeler. Cambridge, MA. Harvard University Press. 1939. Latin text available at the Perseus Digital Library.
Publius Ovidius Naso, Metamorphoses translated by Brookes More (1859–1942). Boston, Cornhill Publishing Co. 1922. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library.
Publius Ovidius Naso, Metamorphoses. Hugo Magnus. Gotha (Germany). Friedr. Andr. Perthes. 1892. Latin text available at the Perseus Digital Library.
Publius Papinius Statius, The Achilleid translated by Mozley, J H. Loeb Classical Library Volumes. Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1928. Online version at the Topos Text Project.
Publius Papinius Statius, The Achilleid. Vol. II. John Henry Mozley. London: William Heinemann; New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons. 1928. Latin text available at the Perseus Digital Library.
Publius Vergilius Maro, Aeneid. Theodore C. Williams. trans. Boston. Houghton Mifflin Co. 1910. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library.
Publius Vergilius Maro, Bucolics, Aeneid, and Georgics. J. B. Greenough. Boston. Ginn & Co. 1900. Latin text available at the Perseus Digital Library.
Schachter, A. (2012). "Agenor". In Hornblower, Simon; Spawforth, Antony; Eidinow, Esther (eds.). The Oxford Classical Dictionary. OUP Oxford. p. 38. ISBN 978-0-19-954556-8.
Sophocles, The Oedipus Tyrannus of Sophocles edited with introduction and notes by Sir Richard Jebb. Cambridge. Cambridge University Press. 1893. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library.
Sophocles, Sophocles. Vol 1: Oedipus the king. Oedipus at Colonus. Antigone. With an English translation by F. Storr. The Loeb classical library, 20. Francis Storr. London; New York. William Heinemann Ltd.; The Macmillan Company. 1912. Greek text available at the Perseus Digital Library.
Suida, Suda Encyclopedia translated by Ross Scaife, David Whitehead, William Hutton, Catharine Roth, Jennifer Benedict, Gregory Hays, Malcolm Heath Sean M. Redmond, Nicholas Fincher, Patrick Rourke, Elizabeth Vandiver, Raphael Finkel, Frederick Williams, Carl Widstrand, Robert Dyer, Joseph L. Rife, Oliver Phillips and many others. Online version at the Topos Text Project.
Tzetzes, John, Book of Histories, Book VII-VIII translated by Vasiliki Dogani from the original Greek of T. Kiessling's edition of 1826. Online version at theio.com | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Agenor (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agenor_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"/əˈdʒiːnɔːr/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"Ancient Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek"},{"link_name":"English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Greek mythology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_mythology"},{"link_name":"Phoenician","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenicia"},{"link_name":"king","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarch"},{"link_name":"Tyre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyre,_Lebanon"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchachter201238-2"},{"link_name":"Sidon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidon"},{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greeks"},{"link_name":"Herodotus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herodotus"},{"link_name":"Halicarnassus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halicarnassus"},{"link_name":"Achaemenid Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire"},{"link_name":"Greco-Persian Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greco-Persian_Wars"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-5"}],"text":"For other uses, see Agenor (disambiguation).Agenor (/əˈdʒiːnɔːr/; Ancient Greek: Ἀγήνωρ or Αγήνορας Agēnor; English translation: \"heroic, manly\")[1] was in Greek mythology and history a Phoenician king of Tyre[2] or Sidon. The Greek historian Herodotus (c. 484–425 BC), born in the city of Halicarnassus under the Achaemenid Empire, estimated that Agenor lived either 1000 or 1600 years prior to his visit to Tyre in 450 BC at the end of the Greco-Persian Wars (499–449 BC).[3][4] He was said to have reigned in that city for 63 years.[5]","title":"Agenor"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Memphis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memphis,_Egypt"},{"link_name":"Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt"},{"link_name":"Poseidon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poseidon"},{"link_name":"Libya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libya_of_Egypt"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Belus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belus_(Egyptian)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Enyalios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enyalius"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-5"},{"link_name":"Phineus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phineus_(son_of_Belus)"},{"link_name":"Phoenix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix_(son_of_Agenor)"},{"link_name":"Aegyptus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aegyptus"},{"link_name":"Danaus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danaus"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Tzetzes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Tzetzes"},{"link_name":"Ninus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ninus"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Europa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europa_(consort_of_Zeus)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Cadmus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadmus"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Cilix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cilix"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Phoenix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix_(son_of_Agenor)"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Phineus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phineus"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Thasus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thasus"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Syros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrus"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Cepheus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cepheus_(father_of_Andromeda)"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Telephassa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephassa"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-19"},{"link_name":"Argiope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argiope_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-21"},{"link_name":"Antiope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiope_(Greek_myth)"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-22"},{"link_name":"Tyro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tyro_(mythology)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-5"},{"link_name":"Pherecydes of Athens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pherecydes_of_Athens"},{"link_name":"Damno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Damno_(mythology)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Isaia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Isaia_(mythology)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Melia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melia_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"Neilus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nilus_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-21"},{"link_name":"Iliad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iliad"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Hesiod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hesiod"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Bacchylides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacchylides"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Moschus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moschus"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"scholia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scholia"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Doryclus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doryclus"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Phoenicians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenicia"},{"link_name":"Eidothea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eidothea_(Greek_myth)"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Taygete","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taygete"},{"link_name":"Pleiades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleiades_(Greek_mythology)"},{"link_name":"Lacedemon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lacedaemon_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"Zeus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeus"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"}],"text":"Agenor was born in Memphis, Egypt to Poseidon and Libya[6] and he had a twin brother named Belus.[7] The latter remained in Egypt and reigned over there while Agenor departed to Phoenicia and reigned there.[8] In a rare version of the myth, Agenor and Belus had another brother named Enyalios.[5] According to other sources, he was the son of Belus and brother of Phineus, Phoenix, Aegyptus and Danaus.[9] This tradition was followed by Tzetzes but he added Ninus as one of the six brothers. The same author claimed that there were two Agenors, the first one being the brother of Belus while the second was the son of the latter, thus uncle of the first Agenor.[10]Sources differed also as to Agenor's children; he was said to have been the father of Europa,[11] Cadmus,[12] Cilix,[13] Phoenix,[14] Phineus,[15] Thasus[16] and sometimes, Syros[17] and Cepheus.[18] Agenor's wife was variously given as Telephassa,[19] Argiope,[20][21] Antiope,[22] and Tyro,[23] with the latter giving her name to the city of Tyre.[5] According to Pherecydes of Athens, his first wife was Damno, daughter of Belus, who bore him Phoenix and two daughters, Isaia and Melia, who married Aegyptus and Danaus, respectively; Agenor then fathered Cadmus with Argiope, daughter of the river-god Neilus.[21]In the Iliad, however, Europa was clearly a daughter of Phoenix.[24] Either Cadmus or Europa were confirmed as children of Phoenix by the Ehoeae attributed to Hesiod,[25] Bacchylides,[26] Moschus[27] and various scholia.[28] Cilix and Phineus were also sons of Phoenix according to Pherecydes, who also added an otherwise unknown son named Doryclus.[29]Most later sources listed Cadmus and Cilix as sons of Agenor directly without mentioning Phoenix. On the rare occasions when he was mentioned, Phoenix was listed as the brother of Cadmus and Cilix. Whether he was included as a brother of Agenor or as a son, his role in mythology was limited to inheriting his father's kingdom and to becoming the eponym of the Phoenicians. All accounts agreed on a Phoenician king who has several children, including the two sons named Cadmus and Cilix and a daughter named Europa.A certain Eidothea, wife of Phineus, was called the sister of Cadmus and thus maybe the daughter of Agenor.[30][31] Taygete, usually one of the Pleiades and mother of Lacedemon by Zeus was also said to be the daughter of Agenor.[32]","title":"Family"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rape_of_Eurpoa_by_Jacob_Jordaens.jpg"},{"link_name":"The Rape of Europa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rape_of_Europa_(Jordaens)"},{"link_name":"Jacob Jordaens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob_Jordaens"},{"link_name":"Zeus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeus"},{"link_name":"Europa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europa_(consort_of_Zeus)"},{"link_name":"Crete","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crete"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"oracle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oracle"},{"link_name":"Delphi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delphi"},{"link_name":"cow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cow"},{"link_name":"Thebes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thebes,_Greece"},{"link_name":"Asia Minor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia_Minor"},{"link_name":"Cilicia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cilicia"},{"link_name":"Malalas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Malalas"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"}],"text":"The Rape of Europa, a painting by Jacob Jordaens (1615 version)Zeus saw Agenor's daughter Europa gathering flowers and immediately fell in love with her. Zeus transformed himself into a white bull and carried Europa away to the island of Crete. He then revealed his true identity and Europa became the first queen of Crete. Agenor, meanwhile, sent Europa's brothers, Cadmus and Cilix in search of her, telling them not to return without her. In some versions of the tale, Agenor sends her other brothers as well: Phineus or Thasus (and of course Phoenix in the versions in which Cadmus's father is Agenor).As Europa could not be found, none of the brothers returned.[34] Cadmus consulted the oracle of Delphi and was advised to travel until encountering a cow. He was to follow this cow and to found a city where the cow would lie down; this city became Thebes. Cilix searched for her and settled down in Asia Minor. The land was called Cilicia after him.According to the chronicler Malalas, when Agenor was about to die, he ordered that all the land he had conquered be divided among his three sons. Phoenix took Tyre and its hinterland, and called the country Phoenicia after himself. Similarly, Syros call the country allotted to him Syria. Likewise, Cilix called the latitudes allotted to him Cilicia.[35]","title":"Mythology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Virgil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgil"},{"link_name":"Carthage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carthage"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"Dido","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dido_(Queen_of_Carthage)"},{"link_name":"philologist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philology"},{"link_name":"Philipp Karl Buttmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philipp_Karl_Buttmann"},{"link_name":"Phoenician","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenicia"},{"link_name":"Canaan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canaan"},{"link_name":"Moses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moses"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DGRBM-37"},{"link_name":"Quintus Curtius Rufus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quintus_Curtius_Rufus"},{"link_name":"Sidon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidon"},{"link_name":"Phoenician alphabet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenician_alphabet"},{"link_name":"Cadmus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadmus"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"}],"text":"Virgil called Carthage the city of Agenor,[36] by which he alluded to the descent of Dido from Agenor. German philologist Philipp Karl Buttmann pointed out that the genuine Phoenician name of Agenor was Chnas or Khna, which was the same as Canaan, and upon these facts he built the hypothesis that Agenor or Chnas was the same as the Canaan in the books of Moses.[37] Quintus Curtius Rufus considered Agenor to have been the founder of Sidon, and he was also popularly supposed to have introduced the Phoenician alphabet, which was later taught by Cadmus to the Greeks and became the foundation of their own writing system.[38]","title":"Identity and deeds"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Argive family tree"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ancient Greece portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Ancient_Greece"},{"link_name":"Myths 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Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert; A Greek–English Lexicon at the Perseus Project\n\n^ Schachter 2012, p. 38.\n\n^ Herodotus (2003) [1954]. Marincola, John (ed.). Histories. Translated by de Sélincourt, Aubrey (Reprint ed.). New York: Penguin Books. p. 155. ISBN 978-0140449082. But from the birth of Dionysus, the son of Semele, daughter of Cadmus, to the present day is a period of about 1000 years only; ...\n\n^ Herodotus, 2.145.1\n\n^ a b c Malalas, Chronographia 2.30\n\n^ Aeschylus, Suppliant Women 317\n\n^ Apollodorus, 2.1.4 & 3.1.1; Hyginus, Fabulae 157; Tzetzes, Chiliades 7.349–350; Servius ad Virgil, Aeneid 1.338; Scholia on Euripides, Phoenissae 5\n\n^ Apollodorus, 3.1.1; Tzetzes, Chiliades 7.351–352\n\n^ Nonnus, Dionysiaca 3.296–304 & 363–364\n\n^ Tzetzes, Chiliades 7.162–163\n\n^ Diodorus Siculus, 5.78.1; Ovid, Metamorphoses 2.858; Statius, Achilleid 2.72–74; Apollodorus, 3.1.1; Hyginus, Fabulae 155 & 178; Lucian, Dialogi Marini 15 & De dea Syria 4; St. Jerome, Chronicon B1284; Tatian, Address to the Greeks 33; Scholiast on Plato, Timaeus 24e; Malalas, Chronographia 2.30; Varro, De lingua latina libri 5.31; Ampelius, Liber Memorialis 2.1; Rutilius Namatianus, De reditu suo 1.249\n\n^ Herodotus, 4.147.4; Sophocles, Oedipus Rex 268; Bacchylides, Dithyrambs 19.46–48; Euripides, Bacchae 170–171; Apollonius Rhodius, Argonautica 3.1186 with scholia; Diodorus Siculus, 3.74.6, 4.2.1, 5.48.5, 5.57.5 & 5.58.2; Ovid, Metamorphoses 3.8, 3.97 & 4.563, Epistulae ex Ponto 1.3.77; Apollodorus, 3.1.1; Hyginus, Fabulae 6, 76, 178, 274 & 275; Lucian, De dea Syria 4; Marmor Parium, Chronicle 8; Malalas, Chronographia 2.30 & 39; Pausanias, 3.15.8; Nonnus, Dionysiaca 2.3, 2.680, 2.699, 3.218 & 44.101; Tzetzes, Chiliades 12.112; Aristophanes, Frogs 1225–1226; Eusebius, Praeparatio evangelica 2.2.1 & 10.4.4\n\n^ Herodotus, 7.91.1; Scholiast on Euripides, Phoenissae 6; Apollodorus, 3.1.1; Hyginus, Fabulae 178; Nonnus, Dionysiaca 2.685; Malalas, Chronographia 2.30–31\n\n^ Scholiast on Euripides, Phoenissae 6; Apollodorus, 3.1.1; Hyginus, Fabulae 178; Dictys Cretensis, 1.9; Antoninus Liberalis, 40; Malalas, Chronographia 2.30–31; Suda, s.v. Phoenician letters\n\n^ Apollonius Rhodius, Argonautica 2.178, 2.236–237, 2.240, 2.293–294, 2.426, 2.490, 2.618 & 3.943 with scholia on 2.178; Apollodorus, 1.9.21; Hyginus, Fabulae 14, 19, 76; Dictys Cretensis, 3.5; Orphic Argonautica 680 ff.; Valerius Flaccus, 4.444, 522 & 582\n\n^ Scholiast on Euripides, Phoenissae 6; Pausanias, 5.25.12; Nonnus, Dionysiaca 2.684\n\n^ Malalas, Chronographia 2.30–31 & 34\n\n^ Nonnus, Dionysiaca 2.682–683\n\n^ Apollodorus, 3.1.1\n\n^ Hyginus, Fabulae 6 & 178\n\n^ a b Gantz, p. 208; Pherecydes fr. 21 Fowler 2000, p. 289 = FGrHist 3 F 21 = Scholia on Apollonius Rhodius, Argonautica 3.1177-87f\n\n^ Scholiast on Euripides, Phoenician Women 5; Tzetzes, Chiliades 7.165–166\n\n^ Gomme, A. W. (1913). \"The Legend of Cadmus and the Logographoi\". JHS: 70.\n\n^ Homer, Iliad 14.321-22\n\n^ Hesiod, Ehoiai 19a as cited in Oxyrhynchus Papyri 1358 fr. 1 and Scholiast on Homer, Iliad 12.292\n\n^ Bacchylides, Dithyrambs 17.31\n\n^ Moschus, Europa 7\n\n^ Scholiast on Plato, Timaeus 24e; on Apollonius Rhodius, Argonautica 3.1186; Malalas, Chronographia 2.30\n\n^ Pherecydes, fr. 86 Fowler 2000, p. 320 = FGrHist 3 F 86\n\n^ Scholia on Sophocles, Antigone 989\n\n^ Sir Richard C. Jebb. Commentary on Sophocles: Antigone, 966\n\n^ Dictys Cretensis, 1.9\n\n^ Even though Phineus was called the son of Agenor according to Apollodorus, his mother may be different because only three sons (Cadmus, Phoenix and Cilix) were born to Agenor and Telephassa.\n\n^ Apollodorus, 3.1.1; Hyginus, Fabulae 178\n\n^ Malalas, Chronographia 2.31\n\n^ Virgil, Aeneid 1.338\n\n^ Schmitz, Leonhard (1867). \"Agenor (1)\". In Smith, William (ed.). Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology. Vol. 1. Boston: Little, Brown and Company. p. 68. Archived from the original on 2013-10-12. Retrieved 2008-05-16.\n\n^ Raleigh, Walter (1829). William Oldys (ed.). The Works of Sir Walter Raleigh. Oxford University Press. pp. 224, 274–278.","title":"Notes"}] | [{"image_text":"The Rape of Europa, a painting by Jacob Jordaens (1615 version)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Rape_of_Eurpoa_by_Jacob_Jordaens.jpg/220px-Rape_of_Eurpoa_by_Jacob_Jordaens.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"Herodotus (2003) [1954]. Marincola, John (ed.). Histories. Translated by de Sélincourt, Aubrey (Reprint ed.). New York: Penguin Books. p. 155. ISBN 978-0140449082. But from the birth of Dionysus, the son of Semele, daughter of Cadmus, to the present day is a period of about 1000 years only; ...","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herodotus","url_text":"Herodotus"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histories_(Herodotus)","url_text":"Histories"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penguin_Books","url_text":"Penguin Books"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0140449082","url_text":"978-0140449082"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dionysus","url_text":"Dionysus"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semele","url_text":"Semele"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadmus","url_text":"Cadmus"}]},{"reference":"Gomme, A. W. (1913). \"The Legend of Cadmus and the Logographoi\". JHS: 70.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Schmitz, Leonhard (1867). \"Agenor (1)\". In Smith, William (ed.). Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology. Vol. 1. Boston: Little, Brown and Company. p. 68. Archived from the original on 2013-10-12. Retrieved 2008-05-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131012030356/http://www.ancientlibrary.com/smith-bio/0077.html","url_text":"\"Agenor (1)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_Greek_and_Roman_Biography_and_Mythology","url_text":"Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little,_Brown_and_Company","url_text":"Little, Brown and Company"},{"url":"http://www.ancientlibrary.com/smith-bio/0077.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Raleigh, Walter (1829). William Oldys (ed.). The Works of Sir Walter Raleigh. 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ISBN 978-0-19-954556-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=bVWcAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA38","url_text":"The Oxford Classical Dictionary"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-954556-8","url_text":"978-0-19-954556-8"}]}] | 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angie_Hobbs | Angie Hobbs | ["1 Early life and education","2 Academic career","3 Selected works","4 References","5 External links"] | British philosopher and academic (born 1961)
Angie Hobbs, Professor of the Public Understanding in 2017
Angela Hunter "Angie" Hobbs (born 12 June 1961) is a British philosopher and academic, who specialises in Ancient Greek philosophy and ethics. She is Professor of the Public Understanding of Philosophy at the University of Sheffield.
Early life and education
Hobbs was born on 12 June 1961 in Rudgwick, Sussex, England. She was educated at The College of Richard Collyer, a state school in Horsham, West Sussex.
In 1980, Hobbs matriculated into New Hall, Cambridge (now Murray Edwards College, Cambridge). She studied classics, and graduated from the University of Cambridge with a Bachelor of Arts (BA) degree in 1983. She won two prizes during her undergraduate studies: the Park Prize for Classics (awarded by New Hall), and the Henry Arthur Thomas Travel Exhibition (awarded by the Faculty of Classics). As per tradition, her BA was promoted to a Master of Arts (MA Cantab) degree in 1986. She gained a PhD in Classical Philosophy (Cambridge).
Academic career
After a Research Fellowship at Christ's College, Cambridge, Hobbs became Senior Fellow in the Public Understanding of Philosophy and Lecturer in Philosophy at the University of Warwick. She is a specialist in Ancient Greek philosophy with a particular interest in ethics, political theory, and moral psychology.
In April 2012, the University of Sheffield announced Hobbs' appointment as Professor of the Public Understanding of Philosophy, the first such chair in the UK. Hobbs is now preparing a translation of Plato's Symposium, with a commentary, for Oxford University Press.
She contributes to TV and radio programmes. These contributions include BBC Two's Timewatch special "Atlantis: The Evidence", the National Geographic Channel's "Finding Atlantis", the Radio 4 programme In Our Time hosted by Melvyn Bragg, Radio 3 Night Waves and the BBC World Services The Forum.
On 1 February 2015, Hobbs was the castaway on Desert Island Discs on BBC Radio 4.
Selected works
Signed entries on ‘The Symposium’ and ‘Women’ in The Continuum Companion to Plato (ed. Gerald A. Press). Continuum, 2012.
‘On Christopher J. Gill on Particulars, Selves and Individuals in Stoic Philosophy’ in Particulars in Greek Philosophy (ed. R. W. Sharples). Brill: Leiden, 2010.
Signed entries on ‘Virtue, Philosophical Conceptions of’ and ‘Virtue, Popular Conceptions of’ for The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece and Rome (Oxford University Press), 2010.
‘Socrates’ in Melvyn Bragg (ed.) In Our Time (a collection of transcripts of 26 programmes selected from several hundred). Hodder and Stoughton, 2009.
Five revised signed entries for the 3rd ed. of the Concise Oxford Dictionary of Politics (ed. I McLean and A. McMillan): Plato; Aristotle; Greek Political Thought; Socrates; the Sophists. Oxford University Press, 2008.
‘Plato on war’ in Maieusis, a Festschrift in honour of Myles Burnyeat, edited by D. Scott . Oxford University Press, 2007.
‘Plato and psychic harmony: a recipe for mental health or mental sickness?’ in Philosophical Inquiry; vol. XXIX no. 5 (a special issue dedicated to the relation between ancient philosophy and contemporary bioethics), edited by Ron Polansky and Tony Chu, 2007.
‘Female imagery in Plato’ in Plato’s Symposium: Issues in Interpretation and Reception; edited by J. Lesher, D. Nails and F. Sheffield. Center for Hellenic Studies, Trustees for Harvard University Press, 2006.
Plato and the Hero: Courage, Manliness and the Impersonal Good, Cambridge University Press, 2000.
Entries on 'Antiphon', 'Callicles', 'Thrasymachus' and the 'Nomos/Physis debate' for the Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Routledge, 1998.
'Commentary on "Aristotle's Function Argument and the Concept of Mental Illness"', Philosophy, Psychiatry, & Psychology; 5, 1998, pp. 209–213
Entries on 'Plato', 'Aristotle', 'Greek Political Theory', 'Socrates' and the 'Sophists' for The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Politics, Oxford University Press, 1996.
Hobbs, Angie (7 February 2019). Plato's Republic. illus. Angelo Rinaldi. London: Ladybird Books. ISBN 978-0-7181-8852-8.
References
^ a b c d "HOBBS, Prof. Angela Hunter". Who's Who 2016. Oxford University Press. November 2015. Retrieved 14 June 2016.
^ a b "CURRICULUM VITAE". angiehobbs.com. Retrieved 14 June 2016.
^ Desert Island Discs' BBC Radio 4
External links
Homepage
Guardian article Angela Hobbs's new job is to promote public understanding of philosophy. Can she do for her subject what Dawkins did for his?
"Philosophy for the Masses - A conversation with Angie Hobbs", Ideas Roadshow, 2013
Angie Hobbs at IMDb
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Germany
Belgium
United States
Netherlands
Other
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She is a specialist in Ancient Greek philosophy with a particular interest in ethics, political theory, and moral psychology.In April 2012, the University of Sheffield announced Hobbs' appointment as Professor of the Public Understanding of Philosophy, the first such chair in the UK. Hobbs is now preparing a translation of Plato's Symposium, with a commentary, for Oxford University Press.She contributes to TV and radio programmes. These contributions include BBC Two's Timewatch special \"Atlantis: The Evidence\", the National Geographic Channel's \"Finding Atlantis\", the Radio 4 programme In Our Time hosted by Melvyn Bragg, Radio 3 Night Waves and the BBC World Services The Forum.On 1 February 2015, Hobbs was the castaway on Desert Island Discs on BBC Radio 4.[3]","title":"Academic career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Symposium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symposium_(Plato)"},{"link_name":"Christopher J. 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Brill: Leiden, 2010.\nSigned entries on ‘Virtue, Philosophical Conceptions of’ and ‘Virtue, Popular Conceptions of’ for The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece and Rome (Oxford University Press), 2010.\n‘Socrates’ in Melvyn Bragg (ed.) In Our Time (a collection of transcripts of 26 programmes selected from several hundred). Hodder and Stoughton, 2009.\nFive revised signed entries for the 3rd ed. of the Concise Oxford Dictionary of Politics (ed. I McLean and A. McMillan): Plato; Aristotle; Greek Political Thought; Socrates; the Sophists. Oxford University Press, 2008.\n‘Plato on war’ in Maieusis, a Festschrift in honour of Myles Burnyeat, edited by D. Scott . Oxford University Press, 2007.\n‘Plato and psychic harmony: a recipe for mental health or mental sickness?’ in Philosophical Inquiry; vol. XXIX no. 5 (a special issue dedicated to the relation between ancient philosophy and contemporary bioethics), edited by Ron Polansky and Tony Chu, 2007.\n‘Female imagery in Plato’ in Plato’s Symposium: Issues in Interpretation and Reception; edited by J. Lesher, D. Nails and F. Sheffield. Center for Hellenic Studies, Trustees for Harvard University Press, 2006.\nPlato and the Hero: Courage, Manliness and the Impersonal Good, Cambridge University Press, 2000.\nEntries on 'Antiphon', 'Callicles', 'Thrasymachus' and the 'Nomos/Physis debate' for the Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Routledge, 1998.\n'Commentary on \"Aristotle's Function Argument and the Concept of Mental Illness\"', Philosophy, Psychiatry, & Psychology; 5, 1998, pp. 209–213\nEntries on 'Plato', 'Aristotle', 'Greek Political Theory', 'Socrates' and the 'Sophists' for The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Politics, Oxford University Press, 1996.\nHobbs, Angie (7 February 2019). Plato's Republic. illus. Angelo Rinaldi. London: Ladybird Books. ISBN 978-0-7181-8852-8.","title":"Selected works"}] | [{"image_text":"Angie Hobbs, Professor of the Public Understanding in 2017","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Angie_Hobbs%2C_Professor_of_Philosophy%2C_University_of_Sheffield.jpg/220px-Angie_Hobbs%2C_Professor_of_Philosophy%2C_University_of_Sheffield.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"Hobbs, Angie (7 February 2019). Plato's Republic. illus. Angelo Rinaldi. London: Ladybird Books. ISBN 978-0-7181-8852-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladybird_Books","url_text":"Ladybird Books"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7181-8852-8","url_text":"978-0-7181-8852-8"}]},{"reference":"\"HOBBS, Prof. Angela Hunter\". Who's Who 2016. Oxford University Press. November 2015. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aviem_Sella | Aviem Sella | ["1 Biography","2 Military career and espionage","3 Business career","4 Pardon","5 References"] | Israeli spy and businessman
Aviem Sella (Hebrew: אביאם סלע, born January 7, 1946) is an Israeli businessman and former commander in the Israeli Air Force. In 1987, he was charged in absentia on three counts of espionage for recruiting Jonathan Pollard, who served a 30-year sentence for spying on the United States for Israel. U.S. President Donald Trump pardoned Sella during the morning of January 20, 2021, before Trump left office later in the day.
Biography
Aviem Sella was born in Haifa during the Mandatory Palestine era.
He studied at the Hebrew Reali School, and was drafted into the Israel Defense Forces in 1963. Sella is married to Yehudit, a lawyer, and has three children. He completed his PhD at Tel Aviv University's Faculty of Management and earned a degree in economics from the Hebrew University of Jerusalem.
Military career and espionage
He served in the Israeli Air Force as a fighter pilot. In 1967, he fought in the Six-Day War with 109 Squadron. He was one of the first Israeli pilots to fly F-4 Phantom jets. He fought in the War of Attrition of 1967-1970, participating in Operation Priha (January–April 1970) and Operation Rimon 20 (July 1970). The outbreak of the Yom Kippur War in 1973 found Sella in the United States studying at a professional course; he returned to Israel and fought in the war as deputy commander of 69 Squadron. In total, he shot down five enemy aircraft during his service.
Between 1976 and 1979 he commanded 201 Squadron, and between 1980 and 1983, he served as the Air Force's Director of Operations. He commanded Operation Opera, the air strike against the Iraqi Osirak nuclear reactor in 1981, and was a commanding officer in Operation Mole Cricket 19 during the 1982 Lebanon War.
After serving in the 1982 Lebanon War, Sella took a sabbatical to the United States to study, and earned an MA in computer science at New York University. While pursuing a PhD, Sella recruited Jonathan Pollard to spy for Israel. Pollard was arrested in 1985 and pleaded guilty to espionage charges in 1987. Sella fled the United States and returned to Israel immediately after Pollard's arrest.
Pollard's Israeli handlers were granted immunity from prosecution in the United States in exchange for cooperation after Pollard's arrest. Sella's role, however, was unknown at the time and the Israelis were not forthcoming about his involvement. For this reason, Sella was not given immunity by the U.S. when his role was uncovered. Israel then refused to extradite Sella for questioning. In March 1987 a Federal grand jury indicted Sella on three counts of espionage which carried a potential maximum sentence of life imprisonment and a $500,000 fine. Israel was not required to extradite him under the US-Israel extradition treaty, as the treaty does not cover cases of espionage.
On March 3, 1987, when Sella was given command of Tel Nof Airbase, the U.S. Congress reacted by threatening to cut aid to Israel. U.S. officials in Israel were instructed to have no contact with Sella or with the airbase so long as he commanded it. Israel refused to relieve him of his duties, creating tensions. Sella then resigned on March 30, to defuse US-Israel tensions, and was subsequently appointed an instructor at Israel's National Security College.
U.S. President Donald Trump granted Sella a full pardon on January 20, 2021.
In September 2021, Sella was promoted to brigadier general, at the request of Amikam Norkin, commander of the IAF, with the approval from IDF Chief of Staff Aviv Kochavi, and Minister of Defense, Benny Gantz. He was originally promoted to brigadier general in March 1987, but left the IAF before actually receiving the rank.
Business career
In 1990 he founded "Sibm", an IT company, which acted as a consultant on information systems. In September 2003, he sold his company - which had 40 employees - to Matrix ID Ltd and became director of strategic consulting at Matrix's Security Division. From 2005 to 2006, he served as chairman of the Adam Milo Institute in Jerusalem. He also became a business partner of Alexander Beer, a brewery based in the Emek Hefer Industrial Park.
Pardon
After serving 30 years in prison (1985-2015) and five further years under parole in the United States, Pollard's parole expired on November 20, 2020, and the next month he moved to Israel.
During the morning of January 20, 2021, the last half-day of Donald Trump's U.S. Presidency, the White House announced that Trump had granted a full pardon to Sella. The announcement stated that the State of Israel had requested the pardon and had issued a full and unequivocal apology. The announcement also stated that Prime Minister of Israel Benjamin Netanyahu, Israeli Ambassador to the United States Ron Dermer, United States Ambassador to Israel David Friedman and Miriam Adelson had supported Sella's request for clemency.
References
^ a b c (1) "Trump pardons Israeli officer who enlisted spy Pollard". The Americas. The Washington Post. Associated Press. January 20, 2021. Retrieved January 20, 2021.(2) "Statement from the Press Secretary Regarding Executive Grants of Clemency". whitehouse.gov. January 20, 2021. Archived from the original on January 20, 2021 – via National Archives.(3) Stimson, Brie; Dorman, Sam (January 20, 2021). "Trump pardons Steve Bannon, Lil Wayne, dozens of others; also commutes sentences". Fox News. Archived from the original on January 20, 2021. Retrieved January 20, 2021..(4) Talmazan, Yuliya; Elbaum, Rachel; Mhaidli, Sara. "Full list of Trump's last-minute pardons and commuted sentences". NBC News. Archived from the original on January 20, 2021. Retrieved January 20, 2021..
^ Tal, Shay (June 26, 2008). לא סתם "אחת". Israeli Air Force Magazine (in Hebrew) (181). Israeli Air Force. Retrieved March 7, 2014.
^ Schlein, Lior; Ophir, Noam. "Six Days in June". IAF Magazine (in Hebrew). 145 (June 2002). Retrieved September 10, 2008.
^ U.S. Jurors Indict An Israeli Officer On Spying Counts. Werner, Leslie Maitland (March 4, 1987) New York Times
^ "U.S. JURORS INDICT AN ISRAELI OFFICER ON SPYING COUNTS". The New York Times. March 4, 1987.
^ U.S. Issues ‘No-Contact’ Order With Aviem Sella
^ Shargorodsky, Sergei (March 30, 1987). "Alleged Pollard Recruiter Resigns Post". AP News. Retrieved November 27, 2021.
^ Shipler, David K. (March 12, 1987). "Shultz 'Distressed' By Israel Spy Case". The New York Times.
^ Olive, Ronald J. (2006). Capturing Jonathan Pollard: How One of the Most Notorious Spies in American History Was Brought to Justice. Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-1-59114-652-0.
^ "Israeli in Pollard's Spy Case Named a Military Instructor". The New York Times. April 5, 1987.
^ Ahronheim, Anna; Hoffman, Gil (September 1, 2021). "Jonathan Pollard's former handler gets promoted to brigadier general". The Jerusalem Post. Archived from the original on September 1, 2021. Retrieved November 27, 2021.
^ "Management". Matrix. Archived from the original on December 2, 2018. Retrieved January 20, 2021.
^ "Why Jonathan Pollard spent 30 years in prison". The Times of Israel. August 2, 2015. Retrieved August 8, 2015.
^ Magid, Jacob. "Jonathan Pollard's parole terminated, ex-spy free to travel to Israel". The Times of Israel. Retrieved November 20, 2020.
^ T. O. I. Staff (December 30, 2020). "Jonathan Pollard arrives in Israel, 35 years after his arrest for spying". The Times of Israel. Retrieved December 30, 2020. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hebrew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_language"},{"link_name":"Israeli Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"Jonathan Pollard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Pollard"},{"link_name":"Donald Trump","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pardon-1"}],"text":"Aviem Sella (Hebrew: אביאם סלע, born January 7, 1946) is an Israeli businessman and former commander in the Israeli Air Force. In 1987, he was charged in absentia on three counts of espionage for recruiting Jonathan Pollard, who served a 30-year sentence for spying on the United States for Israel. U.S. President Donald Trump pardoned Sella during the morning of January 20, 2021, before Trump left office later in the day.[1]","title":"Aviem Sella"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Haifa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haifa"},{"link_name":"Mandatory Palestine era","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine"},{"link_name":"Hebrew Reali School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_Reali_School"},{"link_name":"Israel Defense Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel_Defense_Forces"},{"link_name":"Tel Aviv University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tel_Aviv_University"},{"link_name":"Hebrew University of Jerusalem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_University_of_Jerusalem"}],"text":"Aviem Sella was born in Haifa during the Mandatory Palestine era. \nHe studied at the Hebrew Reali School, and was drafted into the Israel Defense Forces in 1963. Sella is married to Yehudit, a lawyer, and has three children. He completed his PhD at Tel Aviv University's Faculty of Management and earned a degree in economics from the Hebrew University of Jerusalem.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Israeli Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"Six-Day War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Six-Day_War"},{"link_name":"109 Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/109_Squadron_(Israel)"},{"link_name":"F-4 Phantom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F-4_Phantom"},{"link_name":"War of Attrition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_Attrition"},{"link_name":"Operation Priha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Priha"},{"link_name":"Operation Rimon 20","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Rimon_20"},{"link_name":"Yom Kippur War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yom_Kippur_War"},{"link_name":"professional","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional"},{"link_name":"69 Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/69_Squadron_(Israel)"},{"link_name":"201 Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/201_Squadron_(Israel)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Operation Opera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Opera"},{"link_name":"Osirak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osirak"},{"link_name":"Operation Mole Cricket 19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Mole_Cricket_19"},{"link_name":"1982 Lebanon War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1982_Lebanon_War"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-schlein-3"},{"link_name":"sabbatical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabbatical"},{"link_name":"MA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Arts"},{"link_name":"computer science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_science"},{"link_name":"New York University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_University"},{"link_name":"PhD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_of_Philosophy"},{"link_name":"Jonathan Pollard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Pollard"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Tel Nof Airbase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tel_Nof_Airbase"},{"link_name":"U.S. Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Congress"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"pardon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pardon"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pardon-1"},{"link_name":"brigadier general","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brigadier_general"},{"link_name":"Amikam Norkin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amikam_Norkin"},{"link_name":"IDF Chief of Staff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_of_the_General_Staff_(Israel)"},{"link_name":"Aviv Kochavi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aviv_Kochavi"},{"link_name":"Benny Gantz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benny_Gantz"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"He served in the Israeli Air Force as a fighter pilot. In 1967, he fought in the Six-Day War with 109 Squadron. He was one of the first Israeli pilots to fly F-4 Phantom jets. He fought in the War of Attrition of 1967-1970, participating in Operation Priha (January–April 1970) and Operation Rimon 20 (July 1970). The outbreak of the Yom Kippur War in 1973 found Sella in the United States studying at a professional course; he returned to Israel and fought in the war as deputy commander of 69 Squadron. In total, he shot down five enemy aircraft during his service.Between 1976 and 1979 he commanded 201 Squadron,[2] and between 1980 and 1983, he served as the Air Force's Director of Operations. He commanded Operation Opera, the air strike against the Iraqi Osirak nuclear reactor in 1981, and was a commanding officer in Operation Mole Cricket 19 during the 1982 Lebanon War.[3]After serving in the 1982 Lebanon War, Sella took a sabbatical to the United States to study, and earned an MA in computer science at New York University. While pursuing a PhD, Sella recruited Jonathan Pollard to spy for Israel. Pollard was arrested in 1985 and pleaded guilty to espionage charges in 1987.[4] Sella fled the United States and returned to Israel immediately after Pollard's arrest.Pollard's Israeli handlers were granted immunity from prosecution in the United States in exchange for cooperation after Pollard's arrest. Sella's role, however, was unknown at the time and the Israelis were not forthcoming about his involvement. For this reason, Sella was not given immunity by the U.S. when his role was uncovered. Israel then refused to extradite Sella for questioning. In March 1987 a Federal grand jury indicted Sella on three counts of espionage which carried a potential maximum sentence of life imprisonment and a $500,000 fine.[5] Israel was not required to extradite him under the US-Israel extradition treaty, as the treaty does not cover cases of espionage.[6]On March 3, 1987,[7] when Sella was given command of Tel Nof Airbase, the U.S. Congress reacted by threatening to cut aid to Israel. U.S. officials in Israel were instructed to have no contact with Sella or with the airbase so long as he commanded it.[8] Israel refused to relieve him of his duties, creating tensions. Sella then resigned on March 30, to defuse US-Israel tensions,[9] and was subsequently appointed an instructor at Israel's National Security College.[10]U.S. President Donald Trump granted Sella a full pardon on January 20, 2021.[1]In September 2021, Sella was promoted to brigadier general, at the request of Amikam Norkin, commander of the IAF, with the approval from IDF Chief of Staff Aviv Kochavi, and Minister of Defense, Benny Gantz. He was originally promoted to brigadier general in March 1987, but left the IAF before actually receiving the rank.[11]","title":"Military career and espionage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"brewery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brewery"},{"link_name":"Emek Hefer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emek_Hefer"}],"text":"In 1990 he founded \"Sibm\", an IT company, which acted as a consultant on information systems. In September 2003, he sold his company - which had 40 employees - to Matrix ID Ltd and became director of strategic consulting at Matrix's Security Division.[12] From 2005 to 2006, he served as chairman of the Adam Milo Institute in Jerusalem. He also became a business partner of Alexander Beer, a brewery based in the Emek Hefer Industrial Park.","title":"Business career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35years-15"},{"link_name":"Donald Trump's U.S. Presidency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidency_of_Donald_Trump"},{"link_name":"White House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_House"},{"link_name":"Benjamin Netanyahu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Netanyahu"},{"link_name":"Ron Dermer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_Dermer"},{"link_name":"David Friedman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_M._Friedman"},{"link_name":"Miriam Adelson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miriam_Adelson"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pardon-1"}],"text":"After serving 30 years in prison (1985-2015)[13] and five further years under parole in the United States, Pollard's parole expired on November 20, 2020,[14] and the next month he moved to Israel.[15]During the morning of January 20, 2021, the last half-day of Donald Trump's U.S. Presidency, the White House announced that Trump had granted a full pardon to Sella. The announcement stated that the State of Israel had requested the pardon and had issued a full and unequivocal apology. The announcement also stated that Prime Minister of Israel Benjamin Netanyahu, Israeli Ambassador to the United States Ron Dermer, United States Ambassador to Israel David Friedman and Miriam Adelson had supported Sella's request for clemency.[1]","title":"Pardon"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Trump pardons Israeli officer who enlisted spy Pollard\". The Americas. The Washington Post. Associated Press. January 20, 2021. Retrieved January 20, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/the_americas/trump-pardons-israeli-officer-who-enlisted-spy-pollard/2021/01/20/373d73b2-5b09-11eb-a849-6f9423a75ffd_story.html","url_text":"\"Trump pardons Israeli officer who enlisted spy Pollard\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post","url_text":"The Washington Post"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_Press","url_text":"Associated Press"}]},{"reference":"\"Statement from the Press Secretary Regarding Executive Grants of Clemency\". whitehouse.gov. January 20, 2021. Archived from the original on January 20, 2021 – via National Archives.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210120171920/https://trumpwhitehouse.archives.gov/briefings-statements/statement-press-secretary-regarding-executive-grants-clemency-012021/","url_text":"\"Statement from the Press Secretary Regarding Executive Grants of Clemency\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitehouse.gov","url_text":"whitehouse.gov"},{"url":"https://trumpwhitehouse.archives.gov/briefings-statements/statement-press-secretary-regarding-executive-grants-clemency-012021/","url_text":"the original"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NARA","url_text":"National Archives"}]},{"reference":"Stimson, Brie; Dorman, Sam (January 20, 2021). \"Trump pardons Steve Bannon, Lil Wayne, dozens of others; also commutes sentences\". Fox News. Archived from the original on January 20, 2021. Retrieved January 20, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210120180235/https://www.foxnews.com/politics/trump-pardons-steve-bannon-lil-wayne-dozens-of-others-also-commutes-sentences","url_text":"\"Trump pardons Steve Bannon, Lil Wayne, dozens of others; also commutes sentences\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_News","url_text":"Fox News"},{"url":"https://www.foxnews.com/politics/trump-pardons-steve-bannon-lil-wayne-dozens-of-others-also-commutes-sentences","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Talmazan, Yuliya; Elbaum, Rachel; Mhaidli, Sara. \"Full list of Trump's last-minute pardons and commuted sentences\". NBC News. Archived from the original on January 20, 2021. Retrieved January 20, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210120172319/https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/donald-trump/full-list-trump-s-last-minute-pardons-commuted-sentences-n1254806","url_text":"\"Full list of Trump's last-minute pardons and commuted sentences\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBC_News","url_text":"NBC News"},{"url":"https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/donald-trump/full-list-trump-s-last-minute-pardons-commuted-sentences-n1254806","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Tal, Shay (June 26, 2008). לא סתם \"אחת\". Israeli Air Force Magazine (in Hebrew) (181). Israeli Air Force. Retrieved March 7, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.iaf.org.il/2079-28026-he/IAF.aspx","url_text":"לא סתם \"אחת\""}]},{"reference":"Schlein, Lior; Ophir, Noam. \"Six Days in June\". IAF Magazine (in Hebrew). 145 (June 2002). Retrieved September 10, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.iaf.org.il/Templates/Journal/Journal.In.aspx&lang=HE&lobbyID=50&folderID=621&subfolderID=623&docfolderID=625&docID=19927","url_text":"\"Six Days in June\""}]},{"reference":"\"U.S. JURORS INDICT AN ISRAELI OFFICER ON SPYING COUNTS\". The New York Times. March 4, 1987.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1987/03/04/us/us-jurors-indict-an-israeli-officer-on-spying-counts.html","url_text":"\"U.S. JURORS INDICT AN ISRAELI OFFICER ON SPYING COUNTS\""}]},{"reference":"Shargorodsky, Sergei (March 30, 1987). \"Alleged Pollard Recruiter Resigns Post\". AP News. Retrieved November 27, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://apnews.com/article/86bbfa3878e2e1ff896ac28ccd9a21c2","url_text":"\"Alleged Pollard Recruiter Resigns Post\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_Press","url_text":"AP News"}]},{"reference":"Shipler, David K. (March 12, 1987). \"Shultz 'Distressed' By Israel Spy Case\". The New York Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1987/03/12/world/shultz-distressed-by-israel-spy-case.html","url_text":"\"Shultz 'Distressed' By Israel Spy Case\""}]},{"reference":"Olive, Ronald J. (2006). Capturing Jonathan Pollard: How One of the Most Notorious Spies in American History Was Brought to Justice. Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-1-59114-652-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=wHoAWHUzqCwC","url_text":"Capturing Jonathan Pollard: How One of the Most Notorious Spies in American History Was Brought to Justice"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Institute_Press","url_text":"Naval Institute Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59114-652-0","url_text":"978-1-59114-652-0"}]},{"reference":"\"Israeli in Pollard's Spy Case Named a Military Instructor\". The New York Times. April 5, 1987.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1987/04/05/world/israeli-in-pollard-s-spy-case-named-a-military-instructor.html","url_text":"\"Israeli in Pollard's Spy Case Named a Military Instructor\""}]},{"reference":"Ahronheim, Anna; Hoffman, Gil (September 1, 2021). \"Jonathan Pollard's former handler gets promoted to brigadier general\". The Jerusalem Post. Archived from the original on September 1, 2021. Retrieved November 27, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jpost.com/israel-news/former-handler-of-jonathan-pollard-gets-promoted-to-brigadier-general-678328","url_text":"\"Jonathan Pollard's former handler gets promoted to brigadier general\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Jerusalem_Post","url_text":"The Jerusalem Post"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210901084014/https://www.jpost.com/israel-news/former-handler-of-jonathan-pollard-gets-promoted-to-brigadier-general-678328","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Management\". Matrix. Archived from the original on December 2, 2018. Retrieved January 20, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181202104754/https://www.matrix.co.il/About/Pages/Management.aspx","url_text":"\"Management\""},{"url":"http://www.matrix.co.il/About/Pages/Management.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Why Jonathan Pollard spent 30 years in prison\". The Times of Israel. August 2, 2015. Retrieved August 8, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.timesofisrael.com/why-jonathan-pollard-spent-30-years-in-prison/","url_text":"\"Why Jonathan Pollard spent 30 years in prison\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times_of_Israel","url_text":"The Times of Israel"}]},{"reference":"Magid, Jacob. \"Jonathan Pollard's parole terminated, ex-spy free to travel to Israel\". The Times of Israel. Retrieved November 20, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.timesofisrael.com/jonathan-pollards-parole-terminated-ex-spy-free-to-travel-to-israel/","url_text":"\"Jonathan Pollard's parole terminated, ex-spy free to travel to Israel\""}]},{"reference":"T. O. I. Staff (December 30, 2020). \"Jonathan Pollard arrives in Israel, 35 years after his arrest for spying\". The Times of Israel. Retrieved December 30, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.timesofisrael.com/jonathan-pollard-arrives-in-israel-35-years-after-his-imprisonment-for-spying/","url_text":"\"Jonathan Pollard arrives in Israel, 35 years after his arrest for spying\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/the_americas/trump-pardons-israeli-officer-who-enlisted-spy-pollard/2021/01/20/373d73b2-5b09-11eb-a849-6f9423a75ffd_story.html","external_links_name":"\"Trump pardons Israeli officer who enlisted spy Pollard\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210120171920/https://trumpwhitehouse.archives.gov/briefings-statements/statement-press-secretary-regarding-executive-grants-clemency-012021/","external_links_name":"\"Statement from the Press Secretary Regarding Executive Grants of Clemency\""},{"Link":"https://trumpwhitehouse.archives.gov/briefings-statements/statement-press-secretary-regarding-executive-grants-clemency-012021/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210120180235/https://www.foxnews.com/politics/trump-pardons-steve-bannon-lil-wayne-dozens-of-others-also-commutes-sentences","external_links_name":"\"Trump pardons Steve Bannon, Lil Wayne, dozens of others; also commutes sentences\""},{"Link":"https://www.foxnews.com/politics/trump-pardons-steve-bannon-lil-wayne-dozens-of-others-also-commutes-sentences","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210120172319/https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/donald-trump/full-list-trump-s-last-minute-pardons-commuted-sentences-n1254806","external_links_name":"\"Full list of Trump's last-minute pardons and commuted sentences\""},{"Link":"https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/donald-trump/full-list-trump-s-last-minute-pardons-commuted-sentences-n1254806","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.iaf.org.il/2079-28026-he/IAF.aspx","external_links_name":"לא סתם \"אחת\""},{"Link":"http://www.iaf.org.il/Templates/Journal/Journal.In.aspx&lang=HE&lobbyID=50&folderID=621&subfolderID=623&docfolderID=625&docID=19927","external_links_name":"\"Six Days in June\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1987/03/04/us/us-jurors-indict-an-israeli-officer-on-spying-counts.html?pagewanted=all","external_links_name":"U.S. Jurors Indict An Israeli Officer On Spying Counts."},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1987/03/04/us/us-jurors-indict-an-israeli-officer-on-spying-counts.html","external_links_name":"\"U.S. JURORS INDICT AN ISRAELI OFFICER ON SPYING COUNTS\""},{"Link":"https://apnews.com/article/55804fcd29da865fb96dd6d04af0ee54","external_links_name":"U.S. Issues ‘No-Contact’ Order With Aviem Sella"},{"Link":"https://apnews.com/article/86bbfa3878e2e1ff896ac28ccd9a21c2","external_links_name":"\"Alleged Pollard Recruiter Resigns Post\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1987/03/12/world/shultz-distressed-by-israel-spy-case.html","external_links_name":"\"Shultz 'Distressed' By Israel Spy Case\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=wHoAWHUzqCwC","external_links_name":"Capturing Jonathan Pollard: How One of the Most Notorious Spies in American History Was Brought to Justice"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1987/04/05/world/israeli-in-pollard-s-spy-case-named-a-military-instructor.html","external_links_name":"\"Israeli in Pollard's Spy Case Named a Military Instructor\""},{"Link":"https://www.jpost.com/israel-news/former-handler-of-jonathan-pollard-gets-promoted-to-brigadier-general-678328","external_links_name":"\"Jonathan Pollard's former handler gets promoted to brigadier general\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210901084014/https://www.jpost.com/israel-news/former-handler-of-jonathan-pollard-gets-promoted-to-brigadier-general-678328","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181202104754/https://www.matrix.co.il/About/Pages/Management.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Management\""},{"Link":"http://www.matrix.co.il/About/Pages/Management.aspx","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.timesofisrael.com/why-jonathan-pollard-spent-30-years-in-prison/","external_links_name":"\"Why Jonathan Pollard spent 30 years in prison\""},{"Link":"https://www.timesofisrael.com/jonathan-pollards-parole-terminated-ex-spy-free-to-travel-to-israel/","external_links_name":"\"Jonathan Pollard's parole terminated, ex-spy free to travel to Israel\""},{"Link":"https://www.timesofisrael.com/jonathan-pollard-arrives-in-israel-35-years-after-his-imprisonment-for-spying/","external_links_name":"\"Jonathan Pollard arrives in Israel, 35 years after his arrest for spying\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Sheila | Little Sheila | ["1 Music video","2 Critical reception","3 Formats","4 Personnel","5 Charts","6 References"] | 1985 song by Slade
"Little Sheila"Single by Sladefrom the album Rogues Gallery B-sideLock Up Your Daughters (North America)Time to Rock (Germany)ReleasedApril 1985GenreElectronic rockLength3:56LabelCBS (North America)RCA (Germany)Songwriter(s)
Noddy Holder
Jim Lea
Producer(s)John PunterSlade singles chronology
"Myzsterious Mizster Jones" (1985)
"Little Sheila" (1985)
"Do You Believe in Miracles" (1985)
Audio samplefilehelp
"Little Sheila" is a song by English rock band Slade, released in 1985 as the fourth and final single from the band's twelfth studio album, Rogues Gallery. The song was written by lead vocalist Noddy Holder and bassist Jim Lea, and was produced by John Punter.
In North America, "Little Sheila" was released by CBS as the album's only single. The song received strong airplay in the US, and reached number 13 on the Billboard Top Rock Tracks chart and number 16 on the Radio & Records AOR Tracks chart. "Little Sheila" was also the band's last entry on the Billboard Hot 100, where it reached number 86. In Germany, the song was issued by RCA as the fourth and final single from Rogues Gallery.
Music video
The song's music video was directed by Nick Morris and produced by Scott Millaney and Fiona O'Mahoney. It achieved breakout rotation on MTV.
The video features the band performing the song as part of a stage play, The Tragedy of Little Sheila, which follows the story of the titular character. The video is broken down into five acts:
Act one – The Dark and Stormy Night
Act two – Alone in Dollar City
Act three – The Decline of Sheila
Act four – A Strange Encounter
Act five – Saved by the Law
Guitarist Dave Hill borrowed his old trademark "Superyob" guitar from Adam and the Ants' guitarist Marco Pirroni for the video.
Critical reception
Upon its release in the US, Nancy Erlich of Billboard commented, "Proto-metallists are still bashing away, raucous and good-natured as ever." The radio programming guide The Friday Morning Quarterback Album Report remarked, "Predictability and consistency typically present themselves in the form of a double-edged sword – thus any new Slade offering required far more intellectualizing than one might initially realize. After much thought and debate, our experts have concluded that when it comes to power pop dynamics Mr. Holder's unique vocal presentation does in fact make the critical difference. We, therefore, unequivocally advocate prompt and thorough rotation for 'Little Sheila'." Creem noted that Slade "can still knock off the catchy rock ditty, playing hooky as usual with 'Little Sheila'".
Formats
7-inch single (North America)
"Little Sheila" – 3:56
"Lock Up Your Daughters" – 3:28
7-inch Single (Germany)
"Little Sheila" – 3:54
"Time to Rock" – 4:08
12-inch Single (Germany)
"Little Sheila" (Extended Version) – 4:31
"Time to Rock" – 4:08
Personnel
Slade
Noddy Holder – lead vocals
Jim Lea – bass, synthesiser, backing vocals
Dave Hill – lead guitar, backing vocals
Don Powell – drums
Production
John Punter – production ("Little Sheila")
Jim Lea – production ("Lock Up Your Daughters", "Time to Rock")
Other
Image Bank – photography on RCA sleeve
Mainartery – sleeve design of RCA sleeve
Charts
Chart (1985)
Peakposition
Canada Top Singles (RPM)
50
US Billboard Hot 100
86
US Top Rock Tracks (Billboard)
13
US AOR Tracks (Radio & Records)
16
References
^ a b "Top Rock Tracks". Billboard. Vol. 97, no. 19. Billboard Publications, Inc. 11 May 1985. p. 18. ISSN 0006-2510.
^ a b "National Airplay: AOR Tracks". Radio & Records. No. 582. Radio & Records, Inc. 3 May 1985. p. 67. ISSN 0277-4860.
^ "Slade - Chart history: Billboard Hot 100". Billboard. Retrieved 25 August 2023.
^ "Video Music: New Video Clips". Billboard. Vol. 97, no. 15. Billboard Publications, Inc. 13 April 1985. p. 24. ISSN 0006-2510.
^ "Video Music: MTV Programming". Billboard. Vol. 97, no. 21. Billboard Publications, Inc. 25 May 1985. p. 34. ISSN 0006-2510.
^ Slaughter, Trevor (September–December 1986). "Slade on Video - Part Two". Slade International Fan Club. Retrieved 25 August 2023 – via sladefanclub.com.
^ Paul Lythe, ed. (July–September 1988). "Your Questions to the Band". Perseverance: Quarterly Newsletter for the Slade International Fan Club. Retrieved 25 August 2023 – via sladefanclub.com.
^ Erlich, Nancy (20 April 1985). "Reviews: Singles". Billboard. Vol. 98, no. 25. Billboard Publications, Inc. p. 73. ISSN 0006-2510.
^ Bill Hard, ed. (29 March 1985). "Hard Choices". The Friday Morning Quarterback Album Report. p. 1.
^ "45s". Creem. Vol. 17, no. 4. September 1985. p. 53. ISSN 0011-1147.
^ Little Sheila (North American 7-inch single label). Slade. CBS Associated Records. 1985. ZS4 04865.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link)
^ Little Sheila (German 7-inch single sleeve notes). Slade. RCA. 1985. PB 40329.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link)
^ Little Sheila (German 12-inch single sleeve notes). Slade. RCA. 1985. PT 40330.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link)
^ "Top RPM Singles: Issue 0524." RPM. Library and Archives Canada. Retrieved 25 August 2023.
^ "Slade Chart History (Hot 100)". Billboard. Retrieved 25 August 2023.
vteSlade
Dave Hill
Don Powell
Noddy Holder
Jim Lea
John Berry
Russell Keefe
Steve Whalley
Steve Makin
Craig Fenney
Trevor Holliday
Dave Glover
Mal McNulty
Studio albums
Beginnings (Ambrose Slade, 1969)
Play It Loud (1970)
Slayed? (1972)
Old New Borrowed and Blue (1974)
Slade in Flame (1974)
Nobody's Fools (1976)
Whatever Happened to Slade (1977)
Return to Base (1979)
We'll Bring the House Down (1981)
Till Deaf Do Us Part (1981)
The Amazing Kamikaze Syndrome (1983)
Keep Your Hands Off My Power Supply (1984)
Rogues Gallery (1985)
Crackers (1985)
You Boyz Make Big Noize (1987)
Live albums
Slade Alive! (1972)
Slade Alive, Vol. 2 (1978)
Slade on Stage (1982)
Compilations
Coz I Luv You (1972)
Sladest (1973)
Slade Smashes! (1980)
Slades Greats (1984)
The Slade Collection 81–87 (1991)
Wall of Hits (1991)
The Slade Collection Vol. 2, 79–87 (1993)
The Genesis of Slade (1996)
Feel the Noize – Greatest Hits (1997)
Get Yer Boots On: The Best of Slade (2004)
The Very Best of Slade (2005)
Slade Alive! – The Live Anthology (2006)
B-Sides (2007)
Rockers (2007)
In for a Penny: Raves & Faves (2007)
Live at the BBC (2009)
Merry Xmas Everybody: Party Hits (2009)
Cum On Feel the Hitz: The Best of Slade (2020)
Box sets
The Slade Box (2006)
When Slade Rocked the World (2015)
Extended plays
Six of the Best
Alive at Reading
Xmas Ear Bender
Singles
"You Better Run" (The N' Betweens)
"Wild Winds Are Blowing"
"Shape of Things to Come"
"Know Who You Are"
"Get Down and Get with It"
"Coz I Luv You"
"Look Wot You Dun"
"Take Me Bak 'Ome"
"Mama Weer All Crazee Now"
"Gudbuy T'Jane"
"Cum On Feel the Noize"
"Skweeze Me, Pleeze Me"
"My Friend Stan"
"Merry Xmas Everybody"
"Everyday"
"When the Lights Are Out"
"The Bangin' Man"
"Far Far Away"
"How Does It Feel"
"Thanks for the Memory (Wham Bam Thank You Mam)"
"In for a Penny"
"Let's Call It Quits"
"Nobody's Fool"
"Gypsy Roadhog"
"Burning in the Heat of Love"
"My Baby Left Me - That's All Right"
"Give Us a Goal"
"Rock 'n' Roll Bolero"
"Ginny, Ginny"
"Sign of the Times"
"Okey Cokey"
"We'll Bring the House Down"
"Wheels Ain't Coming Down"
"Knuckle Sandwich Nancy"
"Lock Up Your Daughters"
"Ruby Red"
"Rock and Roll Preacher (Hallelujah I'm on Fire)"
"(And Now the Waltz) C'est La Vie"
"My Oh My"
"Run Runaway"
"Slam the Hammer Down"
"All Join Hands"
"7 Year Bitch"
"Myzsterious Mizster Jones"
"Little Sheila"
"Do You Believe in Miracles"
"Still the Same"
"That's What Friends Are For"
"You Boyz Make Big Noize"
"Ooh La La in L.A."
"We Won't Give In"
"Let's Dance '88"
"Radio Wall of Sound"
"Universe"
Video
Slade in Flame
Wall of Hits
Related articles
Discography
List of songs recorded by Slade
The Dummies
A Day in the Life of the Dummies
"Shooting Me Down"
Keep On Rockin' (Slade II album)
Therapy (James Whild Lea album)
Authority control databases
MusicBrainz work | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Slade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slade"},{"link_name":"Rogues Gallery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rogues_Gallery_(album)"},{"link_name":"Noddy Holder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noddy_Holder"},{"link_name":"Jim Lea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Lea_(musician)"},{"link_name":"John Punter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Punter"},{"link_name":"CBS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_Music"},{"link_name":"Top Rock Tracks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainstream_Rock_(chart)"},{"link_name":"Radio & Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_%26_Records"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Top_Rock_Tracks-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AOR_Tracks-2"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Hot 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"RCA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RCA_Records"}],"text":"\"Little Sheila\" is a song by English rock band Slade, released in 1985 as the fourth and final single from the band's twelfth studio album, Rogues Gallery. The song was written by lead vocalist Noddy Holder and bassist Jim Lea, and was produced by John Punter.In North America, \"Little Sheila\" was released by CBS as the album's only single. The song received strong airplay in the US, and reached number 13 on the Billboard Top Rock Tracks chart and number 16 on the Radio & Records AOR Tracks chart.[1][2] \"Little Sheila\" was also the band's last entry on the Billboard Hot 100, where it reached number 86.[3] In Germany, the song was issued by RCA as the fourth and final single from Rogues Gallery.","title":"Little Sheila"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nick Morris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Morris"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"MTV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTV"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Dave Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Hill_(guitarist)"},{"link_name":"Adam and the Ants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_and_the_Ants"},{"link_name":"Marco Pirroni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marco_Pirroni"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"The song's music video was directed by Nick Morris and produced by Scott Millaney and Fiona O'Mahoney.[4] It achieved breakout rotation on MTV.[5]The video features the band performing the song as part of a stage play, The Tragedy of Little Sheila, which follows the story of the titular character. The video is broken down into five acts:[6]Act one – The Dark and Stormy Night\nAct two – Alone in Dollar City\nAct three – The Decline of Sheila\nAct four – A Strange Encounter\nAct five – Saved by the LawGuitarist Dave Hill borrowed his old trademark \"Superyob\" guitar from Adam and the Ants' guitarist Marco Pirroni for the video.[7]","title":"Music video"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"The Friday Morning Quarterback Album Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FMQB"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Creem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creem"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"Upon its release in the US, Nancy Erlich of Billboard commented, \"Proto-metallists are still bashing away, raucous and good-natured as ever.\"[8] The radio programming guide The Friday Morning Quarterback Album Report remarked, \"Predictability and consistency typically present themselves in the form of a double-edged sword – thus any new Slade offering required far more intellectualizing than one might initially realize. After much thought and debate, our experts have concluded that when it comes to power pop dynamics Mr. Holder's unique vocal presentation does in fact make the critical difference. We, therefore, unequivocally advocate prompt and thorough rotation for 'Little Sheila'.\"[9] Creem noted that Slade \"can still knock off the catchy rock ditty, playing hooky as usual with 'Little Sheila'\".[10]","title":"Critical reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Lock Up Your Daughters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lock_Up_Your_Daughters_(song)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"7-inch single (North America)[11]\"Little Sheila\" – 3:56\n\"Lock Up Your Daughters\" – 3:287-inch Single (Germany)[12]\"Little Sheila\" – 3:54\n\"Time to Rock\" – 4:0812-inch Single (Germany)[13]\"Little Sheila\" (Extended Version) – 4:31\n\"Time to Rock\" – 4:08","title":"Formats"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Noddy Holder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noddy_Holder"},{"link_name":"Jim Lea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Lea_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Dave Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Hill_(guitarist)"},{"link_name":"Don Powell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Powell"},{"link_name":"John Punter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Punter"}],"text":"SladeNoddy Holder – lead vocals\nJim Lea – bass, synthesiser, backing vocals\nDave Hill – lead guitar, backing vocals\nDon Powell – drumsProductionJohn Punter – production (\"Little Sheila\")\nJim Lea – production (\"Lock Up Your Daughters\", \"Time to Rock\")OtherImage Bank – photography on RCA sleeve\nMainartery – sleeve design of RCA sleeve","title":"Personnel"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Charts"}] | [{}] | null | [{"reference":"\"Top Rock Tracks\". Billboard. Vol. 97, no. 19. Billboard Publications, Inc. 11 May 1985. p. 18. ISSN 0006-2510.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0006-2510","url_text":"0006-2510"}]},{"reference":"\"National Airplay: AOR Tracks\". Radio & Records. No. 582. Radio & Records, Inc. 3 May 1985. p. 67. ISSN 0277-4860.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_%26_Records","url_text":"Radio & Records"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0277-4860","url_text":"0277-4860"}]},{"reference":"\"Slade - Chart history: Billboard Hot 100\". Billboard. Retrieved 25 August 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/slade/","url_text":"\"Slade - Chart history: Billboard Hot 100\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"}]},{"reference":"\"Video Music: New Video Clips\". Billboard. Vol. 97, no. 15. Billboard Publications, Inc. 13 April 1985. p. 24. ISSN 0006-2510.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0006-2510","url_text":"0006-2510"}]},{"reference":"\"Video Music: MTV Programming\". Billboard. Vol. 97, no. 21. Billboard Publications, Inc. 25 May 1985. p. 34. ISSN 0006-2510.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0006-2510","url_text":"0006-2510"}]},{"reference":"Slaughter, Trevor (September–December 1986). \"Slade on Video - Part Two\". Slade International Fan Club. Retrieved 25 August 2023 – via sladefanclub.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sladefanclub.com/1986.html","url_text":"\"Slade on Video - Part Two\""}]},{"reference":"Paul Lythe, ed. (July–September 1988). \"Your Questions to the Band\". Perseverance: Quarterly Newsletter for the Slade International Fan Club. Retrieved 25 August 2023 – via sladefanclub.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sladefanclub.com/1988.html","url_text":"\"Your Questions to the Band\""}]},{"reference":"Erlich, Nancy (20 April 1985). \"Reviews: Singles\". Billboard. Vol. 98, no. 25. Billboard Publications, Inc. p. 73. ISSN 0006-2510.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0006-2510","url_text":"0006-2510"}]},{"reference":"Bill Hard, ed. (29 March 1985). \"Hard Choices\". The Friday Morning Quarterback Album Report. p. 1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FMQB","url_text":"The Friday Morning Quarterback Album Report"}]},{"reference":"\"45s\". Creem. Vol. 17, no. 4. September 1985. p. 53. ISSN 0011-1147.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creem","url_text":"Creem"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0011-1147","url_text":"0011-1147"}]},{"reference":"Little Sheila (North American 7-inch single label). Slade. CBS Associated Records. 1985. ZS4 04865.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slade","url_text":"Slade"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_Music","url_text":"CBS Associated Records"}]},{"reference":"Little Sheila (German 7-inch single sleeve notes). Slade. RCA. 1985. PB 40329.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slade","url_text":"Slade"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RCA_Records","url_text":"RCA"}]},{"reference":"Little Sheila (German 12-inch single sleeve notes). Slade. RCA. 1985. PT 40330.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slade","url_text":"Slade"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RCA_Records","url_text":"RCA"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0006-2510","external_links_name":"0006-2510"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0277-4860","external_links_name":"0277-4860"},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/slade/","external_links_name":"\"Slade - Chart history: Billboard Hot 100\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0006-2510","external_links_name":"0006-2510"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0006-2510","external_links_name":"0006-2510"},{"Link":"http://www.sladefanclub.com/1986.html","external_links_name":"\"Slade on Video - Part Two\""},{"Link":"http://www.sladefanclub.com/1988.html","external_links_name":"\"Your Questions to the Band\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0006-2510","external_links_name":"0006-2510"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0011-1147","external_links_name":"0011-1147"},{"Link":"https://www.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/discover/films-videos-sound-recordings/rpm/Pages/image.aspx?Image=nlc008388.0524&URLjpg=http%3a%2f%2fwww.collectionscanada.gc.ca%2fobj%2f028020%2ff4%2fnlc008388.0524.gif&Ecopy=nlc008388.0524","external_links_name":"Top RPM Singles: Issue 0524"},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/Slade/chart-history/HSI","external_links_name":"\"Slade Chart History (Hot 100)\""},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/work/5ffddba7-4808-4953-aedd-1374dc76e95d","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz work"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_sturgeon | European sea sturgeon | ["1 Description","2 Distribution and habitat","3 Conservation","4 Diet","5 Population","6 Threats","7 References","8 External links"] | Species of fish
European sturgeon
Acipenser sturio
Conservation status
Critically Endangered (IUCN 3.1)
CITES Appendix I (CITES)
Scientific classification
Domain:
Eukaryota
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Chordata
Class:
Actinopterygii
Order:
Acipenseriformes
Family:
Acipenseridae
Genus:
Acipenser
Species:
A. sturio
Binomial name
Acipenser sturioLinnaeus, 1758
Synonyms
List
Acipenser attilus Rafinesque 1820 corrig. Gray 1851
Acipenser latirostris Parnell 1831-37
Acipenser hospitus Krøyer 1852
Acipenser thompsonii Ball 1856
Acipenser sturioides Malm 1861
Acipenser yarrellii Duméril 1867
Acipenser (Huso) milberti Duméril 1870
Acipenser (Huso) fitzingerii Valenciennes ex Duméril 1870
Acipenser (Huso) ducissae Duméril 1870
Acipenser (Huso) nehelae Duméril 1870
Acipenser (Huso) podapos Duméril 1870
Acipenser (Huso) valenciennii Duméril 1870
Acipenser laevissimus Valenciennes ex Duméril 1870
Acipenser europaeus Brusina 1902
Acipenser shipus Güldenstädt 1772 non Lovetzky 1834
Antacea shipa (Güldenstadt 1772)
Antaceus shipus (Güldenstadt 1772)
Shipa shipa (Güldenstädt 1772)
Sturio vulgaris Rafinesque 1810
Acipenser vulgaris (Rafinesque 1810) Billberg 1833
Acipenser atlanticus Rafinesque 1820 corrig.
The European sea sturgeon (Acipenser sturio), also known as the Atlantic sturgeon or common sturgeon, is a species of sturgeon native to Europe. It was formerly abundant, being found in coastal habitats all over Europe. Most specifically, they reach the Black and Baltic Sea. It is anadromous and breeds in rivers. It is currently a critically endangered species. Although the name Baltic sturgeon sometimes has been used, it has now been established that sturgeon of the Baltic region are A. oxyrinchus, a species otherwise restricted to the Atlantic coast of North America.
Description
Head of a European sea sturgeon
Newly-hatched larva
The wedge-shaped head of the European sea sturgeon ends in a long point. There are many sensitive barbels on the facial area. The dorsal fins are located very far back on the body. Five longitudinal lines of large osseous plates are found on the body of the fish. The stomach is yellow and the back is a brownish grey.
This sturgeon can reach 6 m (20 ft) and 400 kg (880 lb) in weight, but a more common length is 1.25 m (4 ft 1 in).They can reach an age of 100 years, and have a late sexual maturity (12 to 14 years for the males and 16 to 18 years for the females).
Distribution and habitat
They are found on the coasts of Europe, except in the northernmost regions and the Baltic region, and have rarely even been known to cross the Atlantic Ocean to the coasts of North America. Like many other sturgeons, they spawn in the rivers inland from the coast. The species can tolerate wide spread salinities and spend most of their lives in saltwater but migrate to spawn in freshwater.
Conservation
Until the first decades of the twentieth century, these fish were locally abundant in Europe and were caught extensively for their caviar, but a sharp decline due to overfishing (which greatly accelerated from the second half of the nineteenth century onwards) led to their disappearance from the vast majority of their former range. They have been a protected species in Europe since 1982. Despite their estimated range of distribution, they have become so rare that they only breed in the Garonne river basin in France. Conservation projects involving this species include reintroductions based on specimens from aquaculture with the first releases in 1995. For example, 87 sturgeons were experimentally released in the Rhine near Nijmegen in 2012 and 2015.
Diet
Like other sturgeons, they eat polychaete worms and crustaceans which they find with their barbels.
Population
Although no specific population estimates are available, the abundance of wild, mature European Sturgeon is estimated to be less than 800 individuals. The last time the species hatched was in the Garonne River in France in 1994, and genetic analysis reveals that the 1994 cohort was formed by only one mating pair. Because the wild population is so small, a captive breeding and stocking program is vital to the species' survival. Although restoration operations, such as artificially bred individual restocking, have been successful in the Gironde estuary and the Elbe River (Germany), recovery for the European sturgeon is a long process that might take 30-50 years. Bycatch in commercial trawls and gillnets, pollution, climate change, and potential competition with other species are dangers to the species. It was estimated there are 20 - 750 mature individuals in wild at the moment of assessment, which was at 2020.
Threats
The European sea sturgeon faces various threats that have historically diminished population sizes and continue to impede the recovery of self-sustaining populations. Bycatch, primarily, has been a significant threat with the potential to counteract conservation efforts. Additionally, several other factors contribute to the challenges faced by this species.
Bycatch emerges as the primary threat to European sea sturgeon populations, having played a crucial role in reducing their numbers in the past. This ongoing threat poses a considerable risk to the recovery of self-sustaining populations, necessitating targeted conservation measures to address the issue and mitigate its impact.
The extraction of gravel in the Garonne River poses a potential threat to European sea sturgeon populations. This activity, along with dam construction, contributes to habitat degradation, impacting the availability of suitable spawning and feeding sites. Preservation of these critical habitats becomes essential for the species' long-term survival and recovery.
Dam construction, pollution, and river regulation further exacerbate the challenges faced by the European sea sturgeon. These anthropogenic factors have led to the loss and degradation of crucial spawning and feeding sites. Additionally, the introduction of alien predators has been identified as a significant impact, hindering the recovery of sturgeon populations, as highlighted by the OSPAR Commission in 2019.
References
^ a b c d e f g h Gessner, J.; Williot, P.; Rochard, E.; Freyhof, J. & Kottelat, M. (2022). "Acipenser sturio". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2022: e.T230A137215851. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2022-1.RLTS.T230A137215851.en. Retrieved 21 March 2023.
^ "Appendices | CITES". cites.org. Retrieved 2022-01-14.
^ Froese, R.; Pauly, D. (2017). "Acipenseridae". FishBase version (02/2017). Retrieved 18 May 2017.
^ "Acipenseridae" (PDF). Deeplyfish- fishes of the world. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 September 2017. Retrieved 18 May 2017.
^ Williot, Patrick; Rochard, Eric; Desse-Berset, Nathalie; Kirschbaum, Frank; Gessner, Jörn, eds. (2011). "Biology and Conservation of the European Sturgeon Acipenser sturio L. 1758". SpringerLink. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-20611-5. ISBN 978-3-642-20610-8.
^ Williot, Patrick; Rochard, Eric; Desse-Berset, Nathalie; Kirschbaum, Frank; Gessner, Jörn, eds. (2011). "Biology and Conservation of the European Sturgeon Acipenser sturio L. 1758". SpringerLink. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-20611-5. ISBN 978-3-642-20610-8.
^ Ludwig, A; Arndt, U; Lippold, S; Benecke, N; Debus, L; King, T. L.; Matsumura, S (2008). "Tracing the first steps of American sturgeon pioneers in Europe". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 8 (1): 221. Bibcode:2008BMCEE...8..221L. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-8-221. PMC 2527320. PMID 18664258.
^ "Protection of common sturgeon: advice for fishermen". gov.uk. January 16, 2017.
^ Brevé, N. W., Vis, H., Houben, B., Breukelaar, A., & Acolas, M. L. (2019). Outmigration pathways of stocked juvenile European sturgeon (Acipenser sturio L., 1758) in the Lower Rhine River, as revealed by telemetry. Journal of Applied Ichthyology, 35(1), 61-68.
^ Brosse, L., Taverny, C., & Lepage, M. (2011). Habitat, movements and feeding of juvenile European sturgeon (Acipenser sturio) in Gironde Estuary. In Biology and Conservation of the European SturgeonAcipenser sturioL. 1758 (pp. 153-163). Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg.
"Acipenser sturio". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 11 March 2006.
Burnie, David, ed. (2001), "European sturgeon", Animal, Dorling Kindersly, p. 481
External links
ARKive - images and movies of the European sea sturgeon(Acipenser sturio)
vteChondrostei
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Actinopterygii
Clade: Actinopteri
Actinopterygii
see Actinopterygii
Chondrostei
see below↓
ChondrosteiChondrostei
†Birgeria?
†Errolichthys?
†Gualolepis?
†Neochallaia
†Bobasatraniiformes?
†Guildayichthyidae?
†Saurichthyiformes?
†Coccolepididae
Barbalepis
Coccolepis
Condorlepis
Iyalepis
Morrolepis
Plesiococcolepis
Sunolepis
Toarcocephalus
Acipenseriformes
†Cylindracanthus?
†Eochondrosteus
†Chondrosteidae
Chondrosteus
Gyrosteus
Strongylosteus
†Peipiaosteidae
Liaosteus
Peipiaosteus
Spherosteus
Stichopterus
Yanosteus
AcipenseroideiPolyodontidae
†Crossopholis
†Paleopsephurus
†Parapsephurus
Polyodon
†Protopsephurus
†Psephurus
†Pugiopsephurus
Acipenseridae
Acipenser
†Anchiacipenser
†Engdahlichthys
Huso
†Priscosturion
†Protoscaphirhynchus
Pseudoscaphirhynchus
Scaphirhynchus
vteRecent sturgeon and paddlefish species
Kingdom Animalia
Phylum Chordata
Subphylum Vertebrata
Superclass Osteichthyes
Subclass Chondrostei
AcipenseridaeAcipenser
Siberian sturgeon (A. baerii)
Shortnose sturgeon (A. brevirostrum)
Dabry's sturgeon (A. dabryanus)
Lake sturgeon (A. fulvescens)
Russian sturgeon (A. gueldenstaedtii)
Green sturgeon (A. medirostris)
Sakhalin sturgeon (A. mikadoi)
Japanese sturgeon (A. multiscutatus)
Adriatic sturgeon (A. naccarii)
Bastard sturgeon (A. nudiventris)
Gulf sturgeon (A. oxyrinchus desotoi)
Atlantic sturgeon (A. oxyrinchus oxyrinchus)
Persian sturgeon (A. persicus)
Sterlet (A. ruthenus)
Amur sturgeon (A. schrenckii)
Chinese sturgeon (A. sinensis)
Starry sturgeon (A. stellatus)
European sea sturgeon (A. sturio)
White sturgeon (A. transmontanus)
Huso
Kaluga (H. dauricus)
Beluga (H. huso)
Pseudo- scaphirhynchus
Syr Darya sturgeon (P. fedtschenkoi)
Dwarf sturgeon (P. hermanni)
Amu Darya sturgeon (P. kaufmanni)
Scaphirhynchus
Pallid sturgeon (S. albus)
Shovelnose sturgeon (S. platorynchus)
Alabama sturgeon (S. suttkusi)
PolyodontidaePolyodon
American paddlefish (P. spathula)
Psephurus
Chinese paddlefish (P. gladius)
Taxon identifiersAcipenser sturio
Wikidata: Q300955
Wikispecies: Acipenser sturio
ADW: Acipenser_sturio
BioLib: 15451
BOLD: 50209
CoL: 9C7Q
CMS: acipenser-sturio
ECOS: 9750
EPPO: ACPNST
EUNIS: 397
Fauna Europaea: 304327
Fauna Europaea (new): 0569a9b6-4450-412d-9710-83cc3f6dde13
FishBase: 2066
GBIF: 2402203
iNaturalist: 93193
IRMNG: 10150075
ITIS: 161072
IUCN: 230
NBN: NBNSYS0000188597
NCBI: 61674
NOAA: european-sturgeon
Observation.org: 2120
OBIS: 126279
Species+: 3464
WoRMS: 126279
ZooBank: 61DDFE0A-5E31-49D6-8E8C-5D6F76368D6C
Authority control databases: National
Germany
Israel
United States | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"sturgeon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sturgeon"},{"link_name":"Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"anadromous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anadromous"},{"link_name":"critically endangered","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critically_endangered"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iucn-1"},{"link_name":"Baltic region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltic_region"},{"link_name":"A. oxyrinchus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_sturgeon"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"The European sea sturgeon (Acipenser sturio), also known as the Atlantic sturgeon or common sturgeon, is a species of sturgeon native to Europe. It was formerly abundant, being found in coastal habitats all over Europe. [5] Most specifically, they reach the Black and Baltic Sea.[6] It is anadromous and breeds in rivers. It is currently a critically endangered species.[1] Although the name Baltic sturgeon sometimes has been used, it has now been established that sturgeon of the Baltic region are A. oxyrinchus, a species otherwise restricted to the Atlantic coast of North America.[7]","title":"European sea sturgeon"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Acipenser_sturio_head.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Common_sturgeon_larva.jpg"},{"link_name":"barbels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbel_(anatomy)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Head of a European sea sturgeonNewly-hatched larvaThe wedge-shaped head of the European sea sturgeon ends in a long point. There are many sensitive barbels on the facial area. The dorsal fins are located very far back on the body. Five longitudinal lines of large osseous plates are found on the body of the fish. The stomach is yellow and the back is a brownish grey.[citation needed]This sturgeon can reach 6 m (20 ft) and 400 kg (880 lb) in weight, but a more common length is 1.25 m (4 ft 1 in).They can reach an age of 100 years, and have a late sexual maturity (12 to 14 years for the males and 16 to 18 years for the females).","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"They are found on the coasts of Europe, except in the northernmost regions and the Baltic region, and have rarely even been known to cross the Atlantic Ocean to the coasts of North America. Like many other sturgeons, they spawn in the rivers inland from the coast.[citation needed] The species can tolerate wide spread salinities and spend most of their lives in saltwater but migrate to spawn in freshwater.","title":"Distribution and habitat"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"caviar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caviar"},{"link_name":"overfishing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overfishing"},{"link_name":"Garonne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garonne"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"reintroductions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reintroduction"},{"link_name":"aquaculture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquaculture"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iucn-1"},{"link_name":"Rhine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhine"},{"link_name":"Nijmegen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nijmegen"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Until the first decades of the twentieth century, these fish were locally abundant in Europe and were caught extensively for their caviar, but a sharp decline due to overfishing (which greatly accelerated from the second half of the nineteenth century onwards) led to their disappearance from the vast majority of their former range. They have been a protected species in Europe since 1982. Despite their estimated range of distribution, they have become so rare that they only breed in the Garonne river basin in France.[8] Conservation projects involving this species include reintroductions based on specimens from aquaculture with the first releases in 1995.[1] For example, 87 sturgeons were experimentally released in the Rhine near Nijmegen in 2012 and 2015.[9]","title":"Conservation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"crustaceans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crustaceans"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"Like other sturgeons, they eat polychaete worms and crustaceans which they find with their barbels.[10]","title":"Diet"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iucn-1"}],"text":"Although no specific population estimates are available, the abundance of wild, mature European Sturgeon is estimated to be less than 800 individuals. The last time the species hatched was in the Garonne River in France in 1994, and genetic analysis reveals that the 1994 cohort was formed by only one mating pair. Because the wild population is so small, a captive breeding and stocking program is vital to the species' survival. Although restoration operations, such as artificially bred individual restocking, have been successful in the Gironde estuary and the Elbe River (Germany), recovery for the European sturgeon is a long process that might take 30-50 years. Bycatch in commercial trawls and gillnets, pollution, climate change, and potential competition with other species are dangers to the species. It was estimated there are 20 - 750 mature individuals in wild at the moment of assessment, which was at 2020. [1]","title":"Population"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iucn-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iucn-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iucn-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iucn-1"}],"text":"The European sea sturgeon faces various threats that have historically diminished population sizes and continue to impede the recovery of self-sustaining populations. Bycatch, primarily, has been a significant threat with the potential to counteract conservation efforts. Additionally, several other factors contribute to the challenges faced by this species.[1]Bycatch emerges as the primary threat to European sea sturgeon populations, having played a crucial role in reducing their numbers in the past. This ongoing threat poses a considerable risk to the recovery of self-sustaining populations, necessitating targeted conservation measures to address the issue and mitigate its impact.[1]The extraction of gravel in the Garonne River poses a potential threat to European sea sturgeon populations. This activity, along with dam construction, contributes to habitat degradation, impacting the availability of suitable spawning and feeding sites. Preservation of these critical habitats becomes essential for the species' long-term survival and recovery.[1]Dam construction, pollution, and river regulation further exacerbate the challenges faced by the European sea sturgeon. These anthropogenic factors have led to the loss and degradation of crucial spawning and feeding sites. Additionally, the introduction of alien predators has been identified as a significant impact, hindering the recovery of sturgeon populations, as highlighted by the OSPAR Commission in 2019.[1]","title":"Threats"}] | [{"image_text":"Head of a European sea sturgeon","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Acipenser_sturio_head.jpg/220px-Acipenser_sturio_head.jpg"},{"image_text":"Newly-hatched larva","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Common_sturgeon_larva.jpg/220px-Common_sturgeon_larva.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"Gessner, J.; Williot, P.; Rochard, E.; Freyhof, J. & Kottelat, M. (2022). \"Acipenser sturio\". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2022: e.T230A137215851. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2022-1.RLTS.T230A137215851.en. Retrieved 21 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/230/137215851","url_text":"\"Acipenser sturio\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCN_Red_List","url_text":"IUCN Red List of Threatened Species"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2022-1.RLTS.T230A137215851.en","url_text":"10.2305/IUCN.UK.2022-1.RLTS.T230A137215851.en"}]},{"reference":"\"Appendices | CITES\". cites.org. Retrieved 2022-01-14.","urls":[{"url":"https://cites.org/eng/app/appendices.php","url_text":"\"Appendices | CITES\""}]},{"reference":"Froese, R.; Pauly, D. (2017). \"Acipenseridae\". FishBase version (02/2017). Retrieved 18 May 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fishbase.se/Summary/FamilySummary.php?ID=32","url_text":"\"Acipenseridae\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FishBase","url_text":"FishBase"}]},{"reference":"\"Acipenseridae\" (PDF). Deeplyfish- fishes of the world. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 September 2017. Retrieved 18 May 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170918155220/http://deeplyfish.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/Family-Acipenseridae-PDF.pdf","url_text":"\"Acipenseridae\""},{"url":"http://deeplyfish.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/Family-Acipenseridae-PDF.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Williot, Patrick; Rochard, Eric; Desse-Berset, Nathalie; Kirschbaum, Frank; Gessner, Jörn, eds. (2011). \"Biology and Conservation of the European Sturgeon Acipenser sturio L. 1758\". SpringerLink. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-20611-5. ISBN 978-3-642-20610-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-20611-5","url_text":"\"Biology and Conservation of the European Sturgeon Acipenser sturio L. 1758\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-642-20611-5","url_text":"10.1007/978-3-642-20611-5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-642-20610-8","url_text":"978-3-642-20610-8"}]},{"reference":"Williot, Patrick; Rochard, Eric; Desse-Berset, Nathalie; Kirschbaum, Frank; Gessner, Jörn, eds. (2011). \"Biology and Conservation of the European Sturgeon Acipenser sturio L. 1758\". SpringerLink. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-20611-5. ISBN 978-3-642-20610-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-20611-5","url_text":"\"Biology and Conservation of the European Sturgeon Acipenser sturio L. 1758\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-642-20611-5","url_text":"10.1007/978-3-642-20611-5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-642-20610-8","url_text":"978-3-642-20610-8"}]},{"reference":"Ludwig, A; Arndt, U; Lippold, S; Benecke, N; Debus, L; King, T. L.; Matsumura, S (2008). \"Tracing the first steps of American sturgeon pioneers in Europe\". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 8 (1): 221. Bibcode:2008BMCEE...8..221L. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-8-221. PMC 2527320. PMID 18664258.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2527320","url_text":"\"Tracing the first steps of American sturgeon pioneers in Europe\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008BMCEE...8..221L","url_text":"2008BMCEE...8..221L"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1186%2F1471-2148-8-221","url_text":"10.1186/1471-2148-8-221"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2527320","url_text":"2527320"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18664258","url_text":"18664258"}]},{"reference":"\"Protection of common sturgeon: advice for fishermen\". gov.uk. January 16, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gov.uk/guidance/protection-of-common-sturgeon-advice-for-fishermen","url_text":"\"Protection of common sturgeon: advice for fishermen\""}]},{"reference":"\"Acipenser sturio\". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 11 March 2006.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=161072","url_text":"\"Acipenser sturio\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System","url_text":"Integrated Taxonomic Information System"}]},{"reference":"Burnie, David, ed. (2001), \"European sturgeon\", Animal, Dorling Kindersly, p. 481","urls":[]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/230/137215851","external_links_name":"\"Acipenser sturio\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2022-1.RLTS.T230A137215851.en","external_links_name":"10.2305/IUCN.UK.2022-1.RLTS.T230A137215851.en"},{"Link":"https://cites.org/eng/app/appendices.php","external_links_name":"\"Appendices | CITES\""},{"Link":"http://www.fishbase.se/Summary/FamilySummary.php?ID=32","external_links_name":"\"Acipenseridae\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170918155220/http://deeplyfish.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/Family-Acipenseridae-PDF.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Acipenseridae\""},{"Link":"http://deeplyfish.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/Family-Acipenseridae-PDF.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-20611-5","external_links_name":"\"Biology and Conservation of the European Sturgeon Acipenser sturio L. 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States"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_State_Route_283 | List of primary state highways in Virginia shorter than one mile | ["1 SR 34","2 SR 73","3 SR 79","4 SR 93","5 SR 98","6 SR 109","7 SR 112","8 SR 124","9 SR 132Y","10 SR 140","11 SR 146","12 SR 148","13 SR 162","14 SR 167","15 SR 181","16 SR 188","17 SR 196","18 SR 209","19 SR 212","20 SR 233","20.1 Major intersections","21 SR 246","22 SR 270","23 SR 283","24 SR 290","25 SR 292","26 SR 296","27 SR 298","28 SR 299","29 SR 300","30 SR 304","31 SR 306","32 SR 349","33 SR 359","34 SR 380","35 SR 404","36 SR 405","37 SR 409","38 References","39 External links"] | Route map:
The following is a list of primary state highways in Virginia shorter than one mile (1.6 km) in length. For a list of such highways serving Virginia state institutions, see State highways serving Virginia state institutions.
SR 34
State Route 34Route informationMaintained by VDOTLength0.54 mi (870 m)LocationCountryUnited StatesStateVirginia
Highway system
Virginia Routes
Interstate
US
Primary
Secondary
Byways
History
HOT lanes
← SR 33→ SR 35
View west at the east end of SR 34 at US 360 in South Boston
State Route 34 is the designation for Hodges Street, which runs 0.54 miles (870 m) from SR 129 east to US 360 within the town of South Boston.
SR 73
For the former State Route 73, see State Route 73 (Virginia 1933-1948). For the proposed Interstate Highway, see Interstate 73 (Virginia).
Main article: Parham Road
State Route 73Route informationMaintained by VDOTLength0.78 mi (1,260 m)LocationCountryUnited StatesStateVirginia
Highway system
Virginia Routes
Interstate
US
Primary
Secondary
Byways
History
HOT lanes
← SR 72→ SR 74
View east along SR 73 near Chamberlayne
State Route 73 is the designation for the portion of Parham Road between US 1 and I-95 near the Chamberlayne area of Henrico. Parham Road is a four-lane divided highway that passes along the west and north side of Richmond from SR 150 near the James River to US 301 just south of I-295. SR 73 was planned and built as a simple trumpet connection between I-95 and US 1; the number was assigned in 1958. The road was completed in 1962; the extension of Parham Road east from I-95 opened in 1978.
SR 79
State Route 79Route informationMaintained by VDOTLength0.23 mi (370 m)LocationCountryUnited StatesStateVirginia
Highway system
Virginia Routes
Interstate
US
Primary
Secondary
Byways
History
HOT lanes
← SR 78→ SR 80
Sign for SR 79 along SR 55 in Linden
State Route 79 is the designation for Apple Mountain Road, a 0.23-mile (370 m) connector between SR 55 and a diamond interchange with I-66 in Linden.
SR 93
State Route 93Route informationMaintained by VDOTLength0.92 mi (1,480 m)LocationCountryUnited StatesStateVirginia
Highway system
Virginia Routes
Interstate
US
Primary
Secondary
Byways
History
HOT lanes
← SR 92→ SR 94
View south at the north end of SR 93 at US 58 in Mouth of Wilson
State Route 93 is the designation for the 0.92-mile (1,480 m) portion of Wilson Highway between US 58 near Mouth of Wilson and the North Carolina state line. The state highway crosses the New River just south of US 58 and continues south as North Carolina Highway 93.
SR 98
State Route 98Route informationMaintained by VDOTLength0.50 mi (800 m)LocationCountryUnited StatesStateVirginia
Highway system
Virginia Routes
Interstate
US
Primary
Secondary
Byways
History
HOT lanes
← SR 97→ SR 99
View south at the north end of SR 98 at US 52/SR 42 in Bland
State Route 98 is the designation for the 0.50-mile (800 m) portion of Main Street south of US 52 and SR 42 in Bland. Main Street continues south as SR 605.
SR 109
State Route 109Route informationMaintained by VDOTLength0.91 mi (1,460 m)LocationCountryUnited StatesStateVirginia
Highway system
Virginia Routes
Interstate
US
Primary
Secondary
Byways
History
HOT lanes
← SR 108→ SR 110
View north at the south end of SR 109 at US 460 in Petersburg
State Route 109 is the designation for Hickory Hill Road, which runs 0.91 miles (1,460 m) from US 460 east to an extrance to Fort Gregg-Adams within the city of Petersburg.
SR 112
State Route 112Route informationMaintained by VDOTLength0.65 mi (1,050 m)LocationCountryUnited StatesStateVirginia
Highway system
Virginia Routes
Interstate
US
Primary
Secondary
Byways
History
HOT lanes
← SR 111→ SR 113
View south at the north end of SR 112 at I-81 in Salem
State Route 112 is the designation for the 0.65-mile (1,050 m) section of Wildwood Road from US 11 and US 460 in the city of Salem north to Skyview Road just north of the four-lane divided highway's interchange with I-81 north of the city limits in Roanoke County.
SR 124
State Route 124Route informationMaintained by VDOT and NPSLength0.87 mi (1,400 m)LocationCountryUnited StatesStateVirginia
Highway system
Virginia Routes
Interstate
US
Primary
Secondary
Byways
History
HOT lanes
← SR 123→ SR 125
State Route 124 is the designation for the 0.17-mile (900 ft; 270 m) state-maintained segment of Spout Run Parkway between US 29 and Lorcom Lane in Arlington. The highway continues south as Kirkwood Road to the Virginia Square neighborhood of Arlington. Spout Run Parkway continues east as a National Park Service highway parallel to the eponymous tributary of the Potomac River to a partial interchange with the George Washington Memorial Parkway.
SR 124 just east of US 29 in Woodmont
Major intersections
The entire route is in Arlington County.
LocationmikmDestinationsNotes
Woodmont0.000.00 US 29 (Lee Highway) to I-66 – Falls Church, Fairfax, WashingtonWestern terminus
Maywood0.170.27Lorcom LaneTransition from state to NPS maintenance
Rosslyn0.871.40George Washington Parkway south – Key Bridge, WashingtonInterchange; eastern terminus
1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi
SR 132Y
State Route 132YRoute informationMaintained by VDOTLength0.29 mi (470 m)LocationCountryUnited StatesStateVirginia
Highway system
Virginia Routes
Interstate
US
Primary
Secondary
Byways
History
HOT lanes
← SR 132→ SR 133
View north along SR 132Y at Colonial Parkway in Williamsburg
State Route 132Y is a 0.29-mile (470 m) spur in Williamsburg. It begins at a directional intersection with SR 132 just west of the Colonial Williamsburg Visitors Center. From there it continues to its end at another directional intersection with the Colonial Parkway.
SR 140
State Route 140Route informationMaintained by VDOTLength0.38 mi (610 m)Existed1960–presentLocationCountryUnited StatesStateVirginia
Highway system
Virginia Routes
Interstate
US
Primary
Secondary
Byways
History
HOT lanes
← SR 139→ SR 141
View south along SR 140 at SR 372 in Abingdon
State Route 140 is the designation for the 0.38-mile (610 m) state-maintained segment of Jonesboro Road from I-81 north to US 11/US 19 in Abingdon. SR 140 was added to the state highway system in 1960 as a connection between the Interstate and the U.S. Highways.
SR 146
State Route 146Route informationMaintained by VDOTLength0.86 mi (1,380 m)LocationCountryUnited StatesStateVirginia
Highway system
Virginia Routes
Interstate
US
Primary
Secondary
Byways
History
HOT lanes
← SR 145→ SR 147
The west end of SR 146 at SR 76 in Richmond
State Route 146 is the designation for the 0.86-mile (1,380 m) freeway connection between SR 76 (Powhite Parkway) in the direction of Chesterfield County and SR 195 (Downtown Expressway) toward Downtown Richmond in the city of Richmond. The freeway forms the southeast side of the wye between SR 76, SR 195, and I-195 west of downtown Richmond. SR 146 has an interchange with Maplewood Avenue next to City Stadium.
SR 148
State Route 148Route informationMaintained by VDOTLength0.87 mi (1,400 m)LocationCountryUnited StatesStateVirginia
Highway system
Virginia Routes
Interstate
US
Primary
Secondary
Byways
History
HOT lanes
← SR 147→ SR 149
SR 148 east of I-77 in Fancy Gap
State Route 148 is the designation for the 0.87-mile (1,400 m) section of Chances Creek Road from I-77 east to US 52 near Fancy Gap. Via US 52, SR 148 connects I-77 with the Blue Ridge Parkway. The parkway has an interchange with US 52 in the hamlet of Fancy Gap, also the name of the mountain pass where US 52 summits the Blue Ridge Mountains.
SR 162
State Route 162Route informationMaintained by VDOTLength0.17 mi (270 m)LocationCountryUnited StatesStateVirginia
Highway system
Virginia Routes
Interstate
US
Primary
Secondary
Byways
History
HOT lanes
← SR 161→ SR 163
View east along SR 162 between Parkway Drive and SR 143 near Williamsburg
State Route 162 is the designation for the 0.17-mile (900 ft; 270 m) section of Second Street between the east city limit of Williamsburg and SR 143 in York County.
SR 167
State Route 167Route informationMaintained by VDOTLocationCountryUnited StatesStateVirginia
Highway system
Virginia Routes
Interstate
US
Primary
Secondary
Byways
History
HOT lanes
← SR 166→ SR 168
The north end of SR 167 at US 11 and I-81 in Botetourt County
Virginia State Route 167 (SR 167) is a state highway in Botetourt County, Virginia, in the United States. Known as Gateway Crossing, the road was completed in December 2016 as part of a project to ease congestion around the intersection of Interstate 81 (I-81), U.S. Route 220 Alternate (US 220 Alt.) and US 11 in southern Botetourt County.
SR 181
State Route 181Route informationMaintained by VDOTLength0.95 mi (1,530 m)LocationCountryUnited StatesStateVirginia
Highway system
Virginia Routes
Interstate
US
Primary
Secondary
Byways
History
HOT lanes
← SR 180→ SR 182
View west along SR 181 at US 13 near Belle Haven in Accomack County
State Route 181 is the designation for portions of Main Street and King Street in and near Belle Haven, Accomack County. The state highway begins at an indeterminate point in the town; the highway continues north as SR 609. Just north of Main Street's intersection with SR 178, which heads west as Shields Bridge Road and south as Belle Haven Road, SR 181 turns east onto King Street, which the highway follows to its eastern terminus at US 13.
SR 188
State Route 188Route informationMaintained by VDOTLength0.91 mi (1,460 m)LocationCountryUnited StatesStateVirginia
Highway system
Virginia Routes
Interstate
US
Primary
Secondary
Byways
History
HOT lanes
← SR 187→ SR 189
View south along SR 188 in Clifton Forge
State Route 188 runs 0.91 miles (1,460 m) through the city streets of Clifton Forge. The state highway begins at the intersection of westbound Main Street and eastbound Ridgeway Street, a one-way pair that carries US 60 Business and US 220 Business in the downtown area. SR 188 heads west on Main Street and turns north onto McCormick Boulevard. McCormick Boulevard is one-way northbound until Church Street; southbound SR 188 follows Church Street east and Commercial Street south to Main Street. SR 188 continues north on McCormick Boulevard to Lafayette Street, which the state highway follows one block west. The state highway turns north on Rose Avenue, west on Tremont Street, and north on Sioux Avenue to its northern terminus just south of the road's underpass of I-64, US 60, and US 220.
SR 196
"VA-196" redirects here. For the military unit, see VA-196 (U.S. Navy).
State Route 196Route informationMaintained by VDOTLength0.96 mi (1,540 m)LocationCountryUnited StatesStateVirginia
Highway system
Virginia Routes
Interstate
US
Primary
Secondary
Byways
History
HOT lanes
← SR 195→ SR 197
View west along SR 196 in Chesapeake
State Route 196 is the designation for the 0.96-mile (1,540 m) portion of Canal Drive from Military Highway, which carries US 13 and US 460, north to US 17 near the Deep Creek area of the city of Chesapeake.
SR 209
State Route 209Route informationMaintained by VDOTLength0.88 mi (1,420 m)LocationCountryUnited StatesStateVirginia
Highway system
Virginia Routes
Interstate
US
Primary
Secondary
Byways
History
HOT lanes
← SR 208→ SR 210
View west from the new eastern terminus of SR 209 at Rock Hill Road west of Herndon. The route was realigned at the end of 2016. The only signage indicating route number are the small white rectangular signs in this picture.
State Route 209 (SR 209) is the mostly unsigned designation for Innovation Avenue, which from 1990 to 2015 ran 0.88 miles (1,420 m) from an intersection with SR 28 (originally a signalized intersection, then from 2007 to 2015 a right-in/right-out interchange with northbound SR 28) east to the Center for Innovative Technology (CIT) on the eastern edge of Loudoun County near Herndon. At the east end of SR 209, at the line between Loudoun and Fairfax Counties, Innovation Avenue continued east and north as SR 847 to SR 605 (Rock Hill Road). In Fall 2011, construction began on expansion of the SR 28 interchange to a full interchange. In January 2016, the entire route (including the SR 28 interchange) was closed in order to complete the full trumpet interchange and to realign the entire highway to access the CIT on its north side, instead of the south. The project was completed in early 2017.
For the former State Route numbered 209, see Virginia State Route 209 (1928-1933).
SR 212
State Route 212Route informationMaintained by VDOTLength0.87 mi (1,400 m)LocationCountryUnited StatesStateVirginia
Highway system
Virginia Routes
Interstate
US
Primary
Secondary
Byways
History
HOT lanes
← SR 211→ SR 213
View north from the south end of SR 212 at SR 3 Bus. in Chatham Heights
State Route 212 is the designation for Chatham Heights Road, which runs 0.87 miles (1,400 m) from SR 3 Business north to SR 218 in the community of Chatham Heights just east of Fredericksburg. The entire route is part of U.S. Bicycle Route 1.
SR 233
State Route 233Route informationMaintained by VDOTLength0.36 mi (580 m)LocationCountryUnited StatesStateVirginia
Highway system
Virginia Routes
Interstate
US
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HOT lanes
← SR 232→ SR 234
View east from the west end of SR 233 at US 1 in Crystal City in Arlington County
State Route 233 is the designation for the Airport Viaduct, a 0.36-mile (580 m) highway that runs east from a trumpet interchange with US 1 east to an entrance to Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport in the Crystal City section of Arlington. The state highway is entirely elevated from US 1 to its eastern terminus between CSX's RF&P Subdivision and the George Washington Memorial Parkway.
Major intersections
The entire route is in Arlington County. All exits are unnumbered.
LocationmikmDestinationsNotes
Crystal City0.000.00 US 1 to I-395 / I-66 west – Alexandria, Crystal City, WashingtonTrumpet interchange; western terminus
0.100.16Crystal DriveWestbound exit only
Reagan National Airport0.360.58George Washington Parkway southEastbound entrance only
0.360.58 Ronald Reagan Washington National AirportEastern terminus; access roads continue east
1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi
SR 246
State Route 246Route informationMaintained by VDOTLength0.76 mi (1,220 m)LocationCountryUnited StatesStateVirginia
Highway system
Virginia Routes
Interstate
US
Primary
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History
HOT lanes
← SR 245→ SR 247
View west along SR 246 at Stonehurst Street in Chesapeake
State Route 246 is the designation for a 0.76-mile (1,220 m) section of Liberty Street in the South Norfolk section of the city of Chesapeake. The state highway starts at Poindexter Street, which carries US 460 and SR 166 south from the intersection; the two other highways head west on Liberty Street before turning north onto 22nd Street. SR 246's eastern terminus is at Campostella Road at the road's junction with SR 168.
SR 270
State Route 270Route informationMaintained by VDOTLength0.26 mi (420 m)LocationCountryUnited StatesStateVirginia
Highway system
Virginia Routes
Interstate
US
Primary
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HOT lanes
← SR 269→ SR 271
View north along SR 270 in St. Paul
State Route 270 is the designation for the 0.26-mile (420 m) portion of 4th Street between US 58 Alternate and SR 63 in the town of St. Paul.
SR 283
State Route 283Route informationMaintained by VDOTLength0.36 mi (580 m)LocationCountryUnited StatesStateVirginia
Highway system
Virginia Routes
Interstate
US
Primary
Secondary
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History
HOT lanes
← SR 280→ SR 285
View west along unsigned SR 283 and US 58 Alt. Bus. in Norton
State Route 283 is the designation for a 0.36-mile (580 m) portion of the Trail of the Lonesome Pine in the city of Norton. The state highway begins at Park Avenue, which heads west and north as US 23 Business and US 58 Alternate Business. SR 283's eastern terminus is at an interchange with US 23 and US 58 Alternate. The entire road is also part of U.S. Route 58 Alternate Business.
SR 290
State Route 290Route informationMaintained by VDOTLength0.61 mi (980 m)LocationCountryUnited StatesStateVirginia
Highway system
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Interstate
US
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HOT lanes
← SR 288→ SR 292
View west along SR 290 in Dayton
State Route 290 is the designation for College Street in the town of Dayton. The state highway, which has a length of 0.61 miles (980 m) between the east and north town limits of Dayton, also follows a small piece of Huffman Drive and has a short concurrency with SR 42 Business.
SR 292
State Route 292Route informationMaintained by VDOTLength0.39 mi (630 m)LocationCountryUnited StatesStateVirginia
Highway system
Virginia Routes
Interstate
US
Primary
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History
HOT lanes
← SR 290→ SR 293
View east from the west end of SR 292 at I-81 in Mount Jackson
State Route 292 is the designation for Conicville Road, a 0.39-mile (630 m) connector between I-81 and US 11 in Mount Jackson.
SR 296
State Route 296Route informationMaintained by VDOTLength0.39 mi (630 m)LocationCountryUnited StatesStateVirginia
Highway system
Virginia Routes
Interstate
US
Primary
Secondary
Byways
History
HOT lanes
← I-295→ SR 298
View northwest along SR 296 at 10th Street in West Point
State Route 296 is the designation for the cumulative 0.39-mile (630 m) portions of Kirby Street and 10th Street from SR 30 and SR 33 (14th Street) south and east to SR 298 (Lee Street) in the town of West Point.
SR 298
State Route 298Route informationMaintained by VDOTLength0.75 mi (1,210 m)LocationCountryUnited StatesStateVirginia
Highway system
Virginia Routes
Interstate
US
Primary
Secondary
Byways
History
HOT lanes
← SR 296→ SR 299
View southeast along SR 298 at 9th Street in West Point
State Route 298 is the designation for the cumulative 0.75-mile (1,210 m) portions of 5th Street and Lee Street from a dead end at the Pamunkey River east and north to SR 33 (14th Street) in the town of West Point.
SR 299
State Route 299Route informationMaintained by VDOTLength0.79 mi (1,270 m)LocationCountryUnited StatesStateVirginia
Highway system
Virginia Routes
Interstate
US
Primary
Secondary
Byways
History
HOT lanes
← SR 298→ SR 300
View south from the north end of SR 299 at US 29 southwest of Culpeper
State Route 299 is the designation for the 0.79-mile (1,270 m) section of Madison Road between US 15 and US 29 southwest of the town of Culpeper. Madison Road continues east into the town as US 29 Business.
SR 300
State Route 300Route informationMaintained by VDOTLength0.64 mi (1,030 m)LocationCountryUnited StatesStateVirginia
Highway system
Virginia Routes
Interstate
US
Primary
Secondary
Byways
History
HOT lanes
← SR 299→ US 301
View south along SR 300 at US 60 in Powhatan
State Route 300 is a 0.64-mile (1,030 m) state highway in Powhatan. The state highway begins at SR 13 next to the Powhatan County courthouse. SR 300 heads east on Courthouse Tavern Lane, turns south onto Tilman Road, then turns east onto Scottsville Road to its eastern terminus at US 60. A wye route of SR 300, SR 300Y, runs 0.04 miles (210 ft; 64 m) along Tilman Road from Marion Harland Lane north to Scottsville Road on the southeast side of the courthouse property.
SR 304
State Route 304Route informationMaintained by VDOTLength0.71 mi (1,140 m)LocationCountryUnited StatesStateVirginia
Highway system
Virginia Routes
Interstate
US
Primary
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History
HOT lanes
← SR 303→ SR 305
East end of SR 304 at US 360 in South Boston
State Route 304 is the designation for Seymour Drive, which runs 0.71 miles (1,140 m) from US 501 east to US 360 north of and parallel to the Dan River within the town of South Boston.
SR 306
State Route 306Route informationMaintained by VDOTLength0.88 mi (1,420 m)LocationCountryUnited StatesStateVirginia
Highway system
Virginia Routes
Interstate
US
Primary
Secondary
Byways
History
HOT lanes
← SR 305→ SR 307
View east along SR 306 in Newport News
State Route 306 is the designation for the 0.88-mile (1,420 m) segment of Harpersville Road from US 60 east to US 17 and SR 143 within the city of Newport News.
SR 349
State Route 349Route informationMaintained by VDOTLength0.12 mi (190 m)LocationCountryUnited StatesStateVirginia
Highway system
Virginia Routes
Interstate
US
Primary
Secondary
Byways
History
HOT lanes
← SR 348→ SR 350
View north along SR 349 at US 501 in Halifax
State Route 349 is the designation for Edmunds Boulevard, a 0.12-mile (630 ft; 190 m) L-shaped highway that passes closely follows the west and south sides of the Halifax County Courthouse in the town of Halifax. The north and east sides of the courthouse are flanked by SR 360 and US 501, respectively.
SR 359
State Route 359Route informationMaintained by VDOTLength0.34 mi (550 m)Touristroutes Virginia BywayLocationCountryUnited StatesStateVirginia
Highway system
Virginia Routes
Interstate
US
Primary
Secondary
Byways
History
HOT lanes
← SR 358→ US 360
SR 359 southbound at SR 31 in Jamestown
State Route 359 is the designation for Jamestown Festival Parkway, a 0.34-mile (550 m) connector between Colonial Parkway and SR 31 near the site of the Jamestown settlement. The road was taken over by the state in 1959.
SR 380
State Route 380Route informationMaintained by VDOTLength0.8 mi (1,300 m)LocationCountryUnited StatesStateVirginia
Highway system
Virginia Routes
Interstate
US
Primary
Secondary
Byways
History
HOT lanes
← SR 379→ I-381
View south at the north end of SR 380 at SR 156 in Currituck Farms
State Route 380 is the designation for Elko Tract Road, a 0.34-mile-long (550 m) connector between Technology Boulevard and SR 156 in eastern Henrico County near Sandston. The route runs on the site of the Elko Tract, a former ghost town and World War II decoy city now being converted to an industrial park.
SR 404
State Route 404Route informationMaintained by VDOTLength0.53 mi (850 m)LocationCountryUnited StatesStateVirginia
Highway system
Virginia Routes
Interstate
US
Primary
Secondary
Byways
History
HOT lanes
← SR 403→ SR 405
View east along SR 404 in Norfolk
State Route 404 is the designation for the 0.53-mile (850 m) segment of Princess Anne Road between SR 168 (Tidewater Drive) and SR 166 (Park Avenue) near the downtown area of Norfolk. Princess Anne Road continues west as a city street through the Ghent neighborhood and east as SR 166.
SR 405
State Route 405Route informationMaintained by VDOTLength0.64 mi (1,030 m)LocationCountryUnited StatesStateVirginia
Highway system
Virginia Routes
Interstate
US
Primary
Secondary
Byways
History
HOT lanes
← SR 404→ SR 406
View south along SR 405 in Norfolk
State Route 405 is the designation for the 0.64-mile (1,030 m) segment of Ballentine Boulevard between I-264 and US 58 east of the downtown area of Norfolk.
SR 409
For the former State Route 409, see State Route 409 (Virginia 1981-2001).
State Route 409Route informationMaintained by VDOTLength0.2 mi (320 m)LocationCountryUnited StatesStateVirginiaCountiesNew Kent County
Highway system
Virginia Routes
Interstate
US
Primary
Secondary
Byways
History
HOT lanes
← SR 407→ SR 412
View south along SR 409 at US 60 at the Eastern Region, Virginia Forestry Service near Providence Forge
State Route 409 is the designation for the 0.2-mile (320 m) segment of G.W. King Boulevard from US 60 Pocahontas Trail to Eastern Region, Virginia Forestry Service near Providence Forge in New Kent County.
References
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu "2010 Traffic Data". Virginia Department of Transportation. 2010. Archived from the original on December 3, 2011. Retrieved December 24, 2011.
Accomack County (PDF)
Alleghany County and City of Covington (PDF)
Arlington County and City of Alexandria (PDF)
Bland County (PDF)
Carroll County and City of Galax (PDF)
Culpeper County (PDF)
Dinwiddie County and City of Petersburg (PDF)
Grayson County (PDF)
Halifax County (PDF)
Henrico County (PDFRddd)
James City County and City of Williamsburg (PDF)
King William County (PDF)
Loudoun County (PDF)
City of Norfolk, City of Portsmouth, and City of Chesapeake (PDF)
Powhatan County (PDF)
Roanoke County, City of Roanoke, and City of Salem (PDF)
Rockingham County and City of Harrisonburg (PDF)
Shenandoah County (PDF)
Stafford County (PDF)
Warren County (PDF)
City of Newport News (PDF)
Washington County and City of Bristol (PDF)
Wise County and City of Norton (PDF)
York County and City of Poquoson (PDF)
^ Google (June 28, 2011). "Virginia State Route 34" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved June 28, 2011.
^ Google (June 18, 2011). "Virginia State Route 73" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved June 18, 2011.
^ State Highway Commission of Virginia (August 28, 1958). "Minutes of Meeting" (PDF) (Report). Richmond: Commonwealth of Virginia. p. 64.
^ National Bridge Inventory
^ Google (June 9, 2011). "Virginia State Route 79" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved June 9, 2011.
^ Google (June 18, 2011). "Virginia State Route 93" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved June 18, 2011.
^ Google (June 18, 2011). "Virginia State Route 98" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved June 18, 2011.
^ Google (June 28, 2011). "Virginia State Route 109" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved June 28, 2011.
^ Google (June 30, 2011). "Virginia State Route 112" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved June 30, 2011.
^ a b c Google (October 8, 2016). "State Route 124" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved October 8, 2016.
^ Google (November 2, 2011). "Virginia State Route 132Y" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved November 2, 2011.
^ Google (December 24, 2011). "Virginia State Route 140" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved December 24, 2011.
^ State Highway Commission of Virginia (August 18, 1960). "Minutes of Meeting" (PDF) (Report). Richmond: Commonwealth of Virginia. p. 36.
^ Google (June 18, 2011). "Virginia State Route 146" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved June 18, 2011.
^ Google (June 18, 2011). "Virginia State Route 148" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved June 18, 2011.
^ Google (June 18, 2011). "Virginia State Route 162" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved June 18, 2011.
^ Ward, Jen (December 12, 2016). "Opening of New Connector Road to Precede Major Detour at I-81's Exit 150 on December 18" (Press release). Virginia Department of Transportation. SAL 50. Retrieved June 7, 2018.
^ Google (June 15, 2011). "Virginia State Route 181" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved June 15, 2011.
^ Google (June 18, 2011). "Virginia State Route 188" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved June 18, 2011.
^ Google (June 15, 2011). "Virginia State Route 196" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved June 15, 2011.
^ Google (June 18, 2011). "Virginia State Route 209" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved June 18, 2011.
^ "Interchange near Dulles still a work in progress". The Washington Post. May 13, 2014.
^ "Innovation Avenue Phases 2 and 3". Route 28 Public/Private Partnership. Retrieved January 10, 2016.
^ "Traffic Update". Route 28 Corridor Improvements. Route 28 Public/Private Partnership. Retrieved January 10, 2016.
^ Google (June 30, 2011). "Virginia State Route 212" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved June 30, 2011.
^ a b Google (October 8, 2016). "State Route 233" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved October 8, 2016.
^ Google (June 15, 2011). "Virginia State Route 246" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved June 15, 2011.
^ Google (June 30, 2011). "Virginia State Route 270" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved June 30, 2011.
^ Google (June 30, 2011). "Virginia State Route 283" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved June 30, 2011.
^ Google (June 30, 2011). "Virginia State Route 290" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved June 30, 2011.
^ Google (June 30, 2011). "Virginia State Route 292" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved June 30, 2011.
^ Google (June 15, 2011). "Virginia State Route 296" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved June 15, 2011.
^ Google (June 15, 2011). "Virginia State Route 298" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved June 15, 2011.
^ Google (June 18, 2011). "Virginia State Route 299" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved June 18, 2011.
^ Google (June 28, 2011). "Virginia State Route 300" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved June 28, 2011.
^ Google (June 28, 2011). "Virginia State Route 300Y" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved June 28, 2011.
^ Google (June 28, 2011). "Virginia State Route 304" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved June 28, 2011.
^ Google (June 30, 2011). "Virginia State Route 306" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved June 30, 2011.
^ Google (June 28, 2011). "Virginia State Route 349" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved June 28, 2011.
^ Google (June 18, 2011). "Virginia State Route 359" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved June 18, 2011.
^ State Highway Commission of Virginia (January 8, 1959). "Minutes of Meeting" (PDF) (Report). Richmond: Commonwealth of Virginia. p. 19.
^ a b Google (May 24, 2014). "Virginia State Route 380" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved May 24, 2014.
^ "Online Transportation Information Map". Virginia Department of Transportation. Retrieved May 24, 2014.
^ Google (June 12, 2011). "Virginia State Route 404" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved June 12, 2011.
^ Google (June 12, 2011). "Virginia State Route 405" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved June 12, 2011.
^ Google (September 18, 2014). "Virginia State Route 409" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved September 18, 2014.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to State highways in Virginia.
KML file (edit • help)
Template:Attached KML/List of primary state highways in Virginia shorter than one mileKML is from Wikidata | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"State highways serving Virginia state institutions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_highways_serving_Virginia_state_institutions"}],"text":"The following is a list of primary state highways in Virginia shorter than one mile (1.6 km) in length. For a list of such highways serving Virginia state institutions, see State highways serving Virginia state institutions.","title":"List of primary state highways in Virginia shorter than one mile"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2017-06-26_12_31_31_View_west_along_Virginia_State_Route_34_(Hodges_Street)_at_U.S._Route_360_(John_Randolph_Boulevard)_in_South_Boston,_Halifax_County,_Virginia.jpg"},{"link_name":"South Boston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Boston,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"SR 129","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_State_Route_129"},{"link_name":"US 360","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_360"},{"link_name":"South Boston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Boston,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VDOT_Traffic_Data-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Google_Maps_VA_34-2"}],"text":"View west at the east end of SR 34 at US 360 in South BostonState Route 34 is the designation for Hodges Street, which runs 0.54 miles (870 m) from SR 129 east to US 360 within the town of South Boston.[1][2]","title":"SR 34"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"State Route 73 (Virginia 1933-1948)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Route_73_(Virginia_1933-1948)"},{"link_name":"Interstate 73 (Virginia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_73_(Virginia)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2017-07-07_13_17_21_View_east_along_Virginia_State_Route_73_(Parham_Road)_at_Aberdeen_Street_in_Glen_Allen,_Henrico_County,_Virginia.jpg"},{"link_name":"Chamberlayne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamberlayne,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Parham Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parham_Road"},{"link_name":"US 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_1_in_Virginia"},{"link_name":"I-95","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_95_in_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Chamberlayne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamberlayne,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Henrico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henrico,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Richmond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richmond,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"SR 150","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_State_Route_150"},{"link_name":"James River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_River"},{"link_name":"US 301","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_301_in_Virginia"},{"link_name":"I-295","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_295_(Virginia)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VDOT_Traffic_Data-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Google_Maps_VA_73-3"},{"link_name":"trumpet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet_interchange"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"For the former State Route 73, see State Route 73 (Virginia 1933-1948). For the proposed Interstate Highway, see Interstate 73 (Virginia).View east along SR 73 near ChamberlayneState Route 73 is the designation for the portion of Parham Road between US 1 and I-95 near the Chamberlayne area of Henrico. Parham Road is a four-lane divided highway that passes along the west and north side of Richmond from SR 150 near the James River to US 301 just south of I-295.[1][3] SR 73 was planned and built as a simple trumpet connection between I-95 and US 1; the number was assigned in 1958.[4] The road was completed in 1962; the extension of Parham Road east from I-95 opened in 1978.[5]","title":"SR 73"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2016-09-12_18_28_47_View_north_along_Virginia_State_Route_79_(Apple_Mountain_Road)_at_Virginia_State_Route_55_(John_Marshall_Highway)_in_Linden,_Warren_County,_Virginia.jpg"},{"link_name":"Linden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linden,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"SR 55","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_State_Route_55"},{"link_name":"I-66","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_66"},{"link_name":"Linden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linden,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VDOT_Traffic_Data-1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Google_Maps_VA_79-6"}],"text":"Sign for SR 79 along SR 55 in LindenState Route 79 is the designation for Apple Mountain Road, a 0.23-mile (370 m) connector between SR 55 and a diamond interchange with I-66 in Linden.[1][6]","title":"SR 79"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2017-06-25_18_16_38_View_south_along_Virginia_State_Route_93_(County_Line_Road)_at_its_bridge_over_New_River,_just_south_of_U.S._Route_58_(Wilson_Highway)_in_Mouth_of_Wilson,_Grayson_County,_Virginia.jpg"},{"link_name":"Mouth of Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouth_of_Wilson,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"US 58","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_58"},{"link_name":"Mouth of Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouth_of_Wilson,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"New River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_River_(Virginia)"},{"link_name":"North Carolina Highway 93","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Carolina_Highway_93"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VDOT_Traffic_Data-1"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Google_Maps_VA_93-7"}],"text":"View south at the north end of SR 93 at US 58 in Mouth of WilsonState Route 93 is the designation for the 0.92-mile (1,480 m) portion of Wilson Highway between US 58 near Mouth of Wilson and the North Carolina state line. The state highway crosses the New River just south of US 58 and continues south as North Carolina Highway 93.[1][7]","title":"SR 93"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2017-06-11_16_05_49_View_south_along_Virginia_State_Route_98_(Main_Street)_at_U.S._Route_52_and_Virginia_State_Route_42_in_Bland,_Bland_County,_Virginia.jpg"},{"link_name":"Bland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bland,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"US 52","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_52_in_Virginia"},{"link_name":"SR 42","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_State_Route_42"},{"link_name":"Bland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bland,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"SR 605","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_State_Route_605_(Bland_County)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VDOT_Traffic_Data-1"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Google_Maps_VA_98-8"}],"text":"View south at the north end of SR 98 at US 52/SR 42 in BlandState Route 98 is the designation for the 0.50-mile (800 m) portion of Main Street south of US 52 and SR 42 in Bland. Main Street continues south as SR 605.[1][8]","title":"SR 98"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2017-07-13_17_42_41_View_north_along_Virginia_State_Route_109_(Hickory_Hill_Road)_at_U.S._Route_460_Business_(County_Drive)_in_Petersburg,_Virginia.jpg"},{"link_name":"Petersburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petersburg,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"US 460","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_460_in_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Fort Gregg-Adams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Gregg-Adams"},{"link_name":"Petersburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petersburg,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VDOT_Traffic_Data-1"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Google_Maps_VA_109-9"}],"text":"View north at the south end of SR 109 at US 460 in PetersburgState Route 109 is the designation for Hickory Hill Road, which runs 0.91 miles (1,460 m) from US 460 east to an extrance to Fort Gregg-Adams within the city of Petersburg.[1][9]","title":"SR 109"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2017-06-13_13_00_13_View_south_along_Virginia_State_Route_112_(Wildwood_Road)_at_Interstate_81_in_Salem,_Virginia.jpg"},{"link_name":"Salem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salem,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"US 11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_11_in_Virginia"},{"link_name":"US 460","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_460_in_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Salem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salem,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"I-81","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_81_in_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Roanoke County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roanoke_County,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VDOT_Traffic_Data-1"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Google_Maps_VA_112-10"}],"text":"View south at the north end of SR 112 at I-81 in SalemState Route 112 is the designation for the 0.65-mile (1,050 m) section of Wildwood Road from US 11 and US 460 in the city of Salem north to Skyview Road just north of the four-lane divided highway's interchange with I-81 north of the city limits in Roanoke County.[1][10]","title":"SR 112"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"US 29","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_29_in_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Arlington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arlington,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Virginia Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Square,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"National Park Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Park_Service"},{"link_name":"the eponymous tributary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spout_Run"},{"link_name":"Potomac River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potomac_River"},{"link_name":"George Washington Memorial Parkway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington_Memorial_Parkway"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VDOT_Traffic_Data-1"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Google_Maps_VA_124-11"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2019-10-23_15_30_49_View_east_along_Virginia_State_Route_124_(Spout_Run_Parkway)_just_east_of_U.S._Route_29_(Lee_Highway)_in_Arlington_County,_Virginia.jpg"},{"link_name":"Woodmont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodmont,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Arlington County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arlington_County,_Virginia"}],"text":"State Route 124 is the designation for the 0.17-mile (900 ft; 270 m) state-maintained segment of Spout Run Parkway between US 29 and Lorcom Lane in Arlington. The highway continues south as Kirkwood Road to the Virginia Square neighborhood of Arlington. Spout Run Parkway continues east as a National Park Service highway parallel to the eponymous tributary of the Potomac River to a partial interchange with the George Washington Memorial Parkway.[1][11]SR 124 just east of US 29 in WoodmontMajor intersectionsThe entire route is in Arlington County.","title":"SR 124"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2017-07-05_18_47_00_View_north_along_Virginia_State_Route_132Y_(Visitor_Center_Drive)_at_the_junction_with_the_Colonial_Parkway_in_Williamsburg,_Virginia.jpg"},{"link_name":"Williamsburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Williamsburg,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Williamsburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Williamsburg,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"SR 132","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_State_Route_132"},{"link_name":"Colonial Williamsburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonial_Williamsburg"},{"link_name":"Colonial Parkway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonial_Parkway"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VDOT_Traffic_Data-1"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Google_Maps_VA_132Y-12"}],"text":"View north along SR 132Y at Colonial Parkway in WilliamsburgState Route 132Y is a 0.29-mile (470 m) spur in Williamsburg. It begins at a directional intersection with SR 132 just west of the Colonial Williamsburg Visitors Center. From there it continues to its end at another directional intersection with the Colonial Parkway.[1][12]","title":"SR 132Y"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2017-06-12_08_14_28_View_south_along_Virginia_State_Route_140_(Old_Jonesboro_Road)_at_Virginia_State_Route_372_(Virginia_Highland_Community_College_Drive)_in_Abingdon,_Washington_County,_Virginia.jpg"},{"link_name":"Abingdon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abingdon,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"I-81","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_81_in_Virginia"},{"link_name":"US 11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_11_in_Virginia"},{"link_name":"US 19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_19_in_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Abingdon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abingdon,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VDOT_Traffic_Data-1"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Google_Maps_VA_140-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"View south along SR 140 at SR 372 in AbingdonState Route 140 is the designation for the 0.38-mile (610 m) state-maintained segment of Jonesboro Road from I-81 north to US 11/US 19 in Abingdon.[1][13] SR 140 was added to the state highway system in 1960 as a connection between the Interstate and the U.S. Highways.[14]","title":"SR 140"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2017-07-07_14_31_22_View_east_along_Virginia_State_Route_146_at_Virginia_State_Route_76_(Powhite_Parkway)_in_Richmond,_Virginia.jpg"},{"link_name":"Richmond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richmond,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"SR 76","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_State_Route_76"},{"link_name":"Chesterfield County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chesterfield_County,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"SR 195","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_State_Route_195"},{"link_name":"Downtown Richmond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downtown_Richmond,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Richmond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richmond,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"I-195","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_195_(Virginia)"},{"link_name":"City Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_Stadium_(Richmond)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VDOT_Traffic_Data-1"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Google_Maps_VA_146-15"}],"text":"The west end of SR 146 at SR 76 in RichmondState Route 146 is the designation for the 0.86-mile (1,380 m) freeway connection between SR 76 (Powhite Parkway) in the direction of Chesterfield County and SR 195 (Downtown Expressway) toward Downtown Richmond in the city of Richmond. The freeway forms the southeast side of the wye between SR 76, SR 195, and I-195 west of downtown Richmond. SR 146 has an interchange with Maplewood Avenue next to City Stadium.[1][15]","title":"SR 146"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2017-06-25_19_46_28_View_east_along_Virginia_State_Route_148_(Chances_Creek_Road)_just_east_of_Interstate_77_in_Fancy_Gap,_Carroll_County,_Virginia.jpg"},{"link_name":"Fancy Gap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fancy_Gap,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"I-77","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_77_in_Virginia"},{"link_name":"US 52","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_52_in_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Fancy Gap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fancy_Gap,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Blue Ridge Parkway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Ridge_Parkway"},{"link_name":"mountain pass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain_pass"},{"link_name":"Blue Ridge Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Ridge_Mountains"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VDOT_Traffic_Data-1"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Google_Maps_VA_148-16"}],"text":"SR 148 east of I-77 in Fancy GapState Route 148 is the designation for the 0.87-mile (1,400 m) section of Chances Creek Road from I-77 east to US 52 near Fancy Gap. Via US 52, SR 148 connects I-77 with the Blue Ridge Parkway. The parkway has an interchange with US 52 in the hamlet of Fancy Gap, also the name of the mountain pass where US 52 summits the Blue Ridge Mountains.[1][16]","title":"SR 148"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2017-07-05_14_33_38_View_east_along_Virginia_State_Route_162_(Second_Street)_between_Parkway_Drive_and_Virginia_State_Route_143_(Merrimac_Trail)_in_Middletowne_Farms,_York_County,_Virginia.jpg"},{"link_name":"Williamsburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Williamsburg,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Williamsburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Williamsburg,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"SR 143","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_State_Route_143"},{"link_name":"York County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/York_County,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VDOT_Traffic_Data-1"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Google_Maps_VA_162-17"}],"text":"View east along SR 162 between Parkway Drive and SR 143 near WilliamsburgState Route 162 is the designation for the 0.17-mile (900 ft; 270 m) section of Second Street between the east city limit of Williamsburg and SR 143 in York County.[1][17]","title":"SR 162"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2018-06-05_08_44_22_View_north_along_U.S._Route_11_(Lee_Highway)_at_Virginia_State_Route_167_(Gateway_Crossing)_in_southern_Botetourt_County,_Virginia.jpg"},{"link_name":"Botetourt County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botetourt_County,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"state highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_highway"},{"link_name":"Botetourt County, Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botetourt_County,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Interstate 81","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_81_in_Virginia"},{"link_name":"U.S. Route 220 Alternate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_220_Alternate_(Roanoke,_Virginia)"},{"link_name":"US 11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_11_in_Virginia"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"text":"The north end of SR 167 at US 11 and I-81 in Botetourt CountyVirginia State Route 167 (SR 167) is a state highway in Botetourt County, Virginia, in the United States. Known as Gateway Crossing, the road was completed in December 2016 as part of a project to ease congestion around the intersection of Interstate 81 (I-81), U.S. Route 220 Alternate (US 220 Alt.) and US 11 in southern Botetourt County.[18]","title":"SR 167"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2017-07-12_10_03_16_View_west_along_Virginia_State_Route_181_(King_Street)_at_U.S._Route_13_(Lankford_Highway)_in_Belle_Haven_Station,_Accomack_County,_Virginia.jpg"},{"link_name":"Belle Haven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belle_Haven,_Accomack_County,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Accomack County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accomack_County,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Belle Haven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belle_Haven,_Accomack_County,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Accomack County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accomack_County,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"SR 178","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_State_Route_178"},{"link_name":"US 13","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_13_in_Virginia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VDOT_Traffic_Data-1"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Google_Maps_VA_181-19"}],"text":"View west along SR 181 at US 13 near Belle Haven in Accomack CountyState Route 181 is the designation for portions of Main Street and King Street in and near Belle Haven, Accomack County. The state highway begins at an indeterminate point in the town; the highway continues north as SR 609. Just north of Main Street's intersection with SR 178, which heads west as Shields Bridge Road and south as Belle Haven Road, SR 181 turns east onto King Street, which the highway follows to its eastern terminus at US 13.[1][19]","title":"SR 181"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2017-07-21_11_09_16_View_south_along_Virginia_State_Route_188_(Lafayette_Street)_at_McCormick_Boulevard_in_Clifton_Forge,_Alleghany_County,_Virginia.jpg"},{"link_name":"Clifton Forge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clifton_Forge,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Clifton Forge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clifton_Forge,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"one-way pair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One-way_pair"},{"link_name":"US 60 Business","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_60_Business_(Clifton_Forge,_Virginia)"},{"link_name":"US 220 Business","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_220_Business_(Clifton_Forge,_Virginia)"},{"link_name":"I-64","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_64_in_Virginia"},{"link_name":"US 60","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_60_in_Virginia"},{"link_name":"US 220","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_220_in_Virginia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VDOT_Traffic_Data-1"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Google_Maps_VA_188-20"}],"text":"View south along SR 188 in Clifton ForgeState Route 188 runs 0.91 miles (1,460 m) through the city streets of Clifton Forge. The state highway begins at the intersection of westbound Main Street and eastbound Ridgeway Street, a one-way pair that carries US 60 Business and US 220 Business in the downtown area. SR 188 heads west on Main Street and turns north onto McCormick Boulevard. McCormick Boulevard is one-way northbound until Church Street; southbound SR 188 follows Church Street east and Commercial Street south to Main Street. SR 188 continues north on McCormick Boulevard to Lafayette Street, which the state highway follows one block west. The state highway turns north on Rose Avenue, west on Tremont Street, and north on Sioux Avenue to its northern terminus just south of the road's underpass of I-64, US 60, and US 220.[1][20]","title":"SR 188"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"VA-196 (U.S. Navy)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VA-196_(U.S._Navy)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2017-07-13_14_25_56_View_west_along_Virginia_State_Route_196_(Canal_Drive)_at_Broadmoor_Avenue_in_Chesapeake,_Virginia.jpg"},{"link_name":"Chesapeake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chesapeake,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Military Highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_Highway"},{"link_name":"US 13","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_13_in_Virginia"},{"link_name":"US 460","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_460_in_Virginia"},{"link_name":"US 17","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_17_in_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Deep Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_Creek,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Chesapeake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chesapeake,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VDOT_Traffic_Data-1"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Google_Maps_VA_196-21"}],"text":"\"VA-196\" redirects here. For the military unit, see VA-196 (U.S. Navy).View west along SR 196 in ChesapeakeState Route 196 is the designation for the 0.96-mile (1,540 m) portion of Canal Drive from Military Highway, which carries US 13 and US 460, north to US 17 near the Deep Creek area of the city of Chesapeake.[1][21]","title":"SR 196"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2017-06-01_07_34_05_View_west_at_the_east_end_of_Virginia_State_Route_209_(Innovation_Avenue)_at_Rock_Hill_Road,_just_west_of_Herndon_in_Fairfax_County,_Virginia.jpg"},{"link_name":"Herndon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herndon,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"unsigned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unsigned_highway"},{"link_name":"SR 28","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_State_Route_28"},{"link_name":"right-in/right-out","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right-in/right-out"},{"link_name":"Loudoun County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loudoun_County,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Herndon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herndon,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VDOT_Traffic_Data-1"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Google_Maps_VA_209-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-innovation_2014-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28_traffic_update-25"},{"link_name":"Virginia State Route 209 (1928-1933)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_State_Route_209_(1928-1933)"}],"text":"View west from the new eastern terminus of SR 209 at Rock Hill Road west of Herndon. The route was realigned at the end of 2016. The only signage indicating route number are the small white rectangular signs in this picture.State Route 209 (SR 209) is the mostly unsigned designation for Innovation Avenue, which from 1990 to 2015 ran 0.88 miles (1,420 m) from an intersection with SR 28 (originally a signalized intersection, then from 2007 to 2015 a right-in/right-out interchange with northbound SR 28) east to the Center for Innovative Technology (CIT) on the eastern edge of Loudoun County near Herndon.[1][22] At the east end of SR 209, at the line between Loudoun and Fairfax Counties, Innovation Avenue continued east and north as SR 847 to SR 605 (Rock Hill Road). In Fall 2011, construction began on expansion of the SR 28 interchange to a full interchange.[23] In January 2016, the entire route (including the SR 28 interchange) was closed in order to complete the full trumpet interchange and to realign the entire highway to access the CIT on its north side, instead of the south. The project was completed in early 2017.[24][25]For the former State Route numbered 209, see Virginia State Route 209 (1928-1933).","title":"SR 209"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2019-10-29_13_05_32_View_north_along_Virginia_State_Route_212_(Chatham_Heights_Road)_at_Virginia_State_Route_3_Business_(Kings_Highway)_in_Chatham_Heights,_Stafford_County,_Virginia.jpg"},{"link_name":"Chatham Heights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chatham_Heights,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"SR 3 Business","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_State_Route_3_Business_(Fredericksburg)"},{"link_name":"SR 218","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_State_Route_218"},{"link_name":"Chatham Heights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chatham_Heights,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Fredericksburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fredericksburg,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VDOT_Traffic_Data-1"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Google_Maps_VA_212-26"},{"link_name":"U.S. Bicycle Route 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Bicycle_Route_1"}],"text":"View north from the south end of SR 212 at SR 3 Bus. in Chatham HeightsState Route 212 is the designation for Chatham Heights Road, which runs 0.87 miles (1,400 m) from SR 3 Business north to SR 218 in the community of Chatham Heights just east of Fredericksburg.[1][26] The entire route is part of U.S. Bicycle Route 1.","title":"SR 212"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2016-10-09_16_58_27_View_east_along_Virginia_State_Route_233_(Airport_Viaduct)_in_Crystal_City,_Arlington_County,_Virginia.jpg"},{"link_name":"Crystal City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal_City,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Arlington County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arlington_County,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"trumpet interchange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet_interchange"},{"link_name":"US 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_1_in_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Reagan_Washington_National_Airport"},{"link_name":"Crystal City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal_City,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Arlington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arlington,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"CSX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSX_Transportation"},{"link_name":"RF&P Subdivision","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RF%26P_Subdivision"},{"link_name":"George Washington Memorial Parkway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington_Memorial_Parkway"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VDOT_Traffic_Data-1"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Google_Maps_VA_233-27"}],"text":"View east from the west end of SR 233 at US 1 in Crystal City in Arlington CountyState Route 233 is the designation for the Airport Viaduct, a 0.36-mile (580 m) highway that runs east from a trumpet interchange with US 1 east to an entrance to Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport in the Crystal City section of Arlington. The state highway is entirely elevated from US 1 to its eastern terminus between CSX's RF&P Subdivision and the George Washington Memorial Parkway.[1][27]","title":"SR 233"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arlington County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arlington_County,_Virginia"}],"sub_title":"Major intersections","text":"The entire route is in Arlington County. All exits are unnumbered.","title":"SR 233"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2017-07-13_13_12_48_View_west_along_Virginia_State_Route_246_(Liberty_Street)_at_Stonehurst_Street_in_Chesapeake,_Virginia.jpg"},{"link_name":"South Norfolk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Norfolk,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Chesapeake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chesapeake,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"US 460","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_460_in_Virginia"},{"link_name":"SR 166","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_State_Route_166"},{"link_name":"SR 168","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_State_Route_168"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VDOT_Traffic_Data-1"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Google_Maps_VA_246-28"}],"text":"View west along SR 246 at Stonehurst Street in ChesapeakeState Route 246 is the designation for a 0.76-mile (1,220 m) section of Liberty Street in the South Norfolk section of the city of Chesapeake. The state highway starts at Poindexter Street, which carries US 460 and SR 166 south from the intersection; the two other highways head west on Liberty Street before turning north onto 22nd Street. SR 246's eastern terminus is at Campostella Road at the road's junction with SR 168.[1][28]","title":"SR 246"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2017-06-12_09_17_40_View_north_along_Virginia_State_Route_270_(4th_Avenue)_at_Riverside_Drive_in_Saint_Paul,_Wise_County,_Virginia.jpg"},{"link_name":"US 58 Alternate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_58_Alternate"},{"link_name":"SR 63","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_State_Route_63"},{"link_name":"St. Paul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Paul,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VDOT_Traffic_Data-1"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"}],"text":"View north along SR 270 in St. PaulState Route 270 is the designation for the 0.26-mile (420 m) portion of 4th Street between US 58 Alternate and SR 63 in the town of St. Paul.[1][29]","title":"SR 270"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2017-06-12_12_19_45_View_west_along_U.S._Route_58_Alternate_Business_and_Virginia_State_Route_283_(Norton-Coeburn_Road)_at_the_Guest_River_Bridge_in_Norton,_Virginia.jpg"},{"link_name":"Norton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norton,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"US 23 Business","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_23_Business_(Norton,_Virginia)"},{"link_name":"US 58 Alternate Business","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_58_Alternate_Business"},{"link_name":"US 23","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_23_in_Virginia"},{"link_name":"US 58 Alternate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_58_Alternate"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VDOT_Traffic_Data-1"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"}],"text":"View west along unsigned SR 283 and US 58 Alt. Bus. in NortonState Route 283 is the designation for a 0.36-mile (580 m) portion of the Trail of the Lonesome Pine in the city of Norton. The state highway begins at Park Avenue, which heads west and north as US 23 Business and US 58 Alternate Business. SR 283's eastern terminus is at an interchange with US 23 and US 58 Alternate. The entire road is also part of U.S. Route 58 Alternate Business.[1][30]","title":"SR 283"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2016-06-26_14_54_10_View_west_along_Virginia_State_Route_290_(College_Street)_at_Cherry_Lane_in_Dayton,_Rockingham_County,_Virginia.jpg"},{"link_name":"Dayton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dayton,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"SR 42 Business","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_State_Route_42_Business_(Dayton)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VDOT_Traffic_Data-1"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Google_Maps_VA_290-31"}],"text":"View west along SR 290 in DaytonState Route 290 is the designation for College Street in the town of Dayton. The state highway, which has a length of 0.61 miles (980 m) between the east and north town limits of Dayton, also follows a small piece of Huffman Drive and has a short concurrency with SR 42 Business.[1][31]","title":"SR 290"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2016-07-19_12_05_31_View_southeast_along_Virginia_State_Route_292_(Conicville_Road)_just_east_of_Interstate_81_and_just_northwest_of_Mount_Jackson_in_Shenandoah_County,_Virginia.jpg"},{"link_name":"I-81","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_81_in_Virginia"},{"link_name":"US 11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_11_in_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Mount Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Jackson,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VDOT_Traffic_Data-1"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Google_Maps_VA_292-32"}],"text":"View east from the west end of SR 292 at I-81 in Mount JacksonState Route 292 is the designation for Conicville Road, a 0.39-mile (630 m) connector between I-81 and US 11 in Mount Jackson.[1][32]","title":"SR 292"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2017-07-05_12_12_06_View_northwest_along_Virginia_State_Route_296_(Kirby_Street)_at_10th_Street_in_West_Point,_King_William_County,_Virginia.jpg"},{"link_name":"SR 30","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_State_Route_30"},{"link_name":"SR 33","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_State_Route_33"},{"link_name":"SR 298","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_State_Route_298"},{"link_name":"West Point","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Point,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VDOT_Traffic_Data-1"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Google_Maps_VA_296-33"}],"text":"View northwest along SR 296 at 10th Street in West PointState Route 296 is the designation for the cumulative 0.39-mile (630 m) portions of Kirby Street and 10th Street from SR 30 and SR 33 (14th Street) south and east to SR 298 (Lee Street) in the town of West Point.[1][33]","title":"SR 296"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2017-07-05_12_17_53_View_southeast_along_Virginia_State_Route_298_(Lee_Street)_at_9th_Street_in_West_Point,_King_William_County,_Virginia.jpg"},{"link_name":"Pamunkey River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pamunkey_River"},{"link_name":"SR 33","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_State_Route_33"},{"link_name":"West Point","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Point,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VDOT_Traffic_Data-1"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Google_Maps_VA_298-34"}],"text":"View southeast along SR 298 at 9th Street in West PointState Route 298 is the designation for the cumulative 0.75-mile (1,210 m) portions of 5th Street and Lee Street from a dead end at the Pamunkey River east and north to SR 33 (14th Street) in the town of West Point.[1][34]","title":"SR 298"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2019-10-21_12_57_05_View_south_along_Virginia_State_Route_299_(Madison_Road)_at_U.S._Route_29_(James_Monroe_Highway)_just_southwest_of_Culpeper_in_Culpeper_County,_Virginia.jpg"},{"link_name":"Culpeper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culpeper,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"US 15","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_15_in_Virginia"},{"link_name":"US 29","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_29_in_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Culpeper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culpeper,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"US 29 Business","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_29_Business_(Culpeper,_Virginia)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VDOT_Traffic_Data-1"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Google_Maps_VA_299-35"}],"text":"View south from the north end of SR 299 at US 29 southwest of CulpeperState Route 299 is the designation for the 0.79-mile (1,270 m) section of Madison Road between US 15 and US 29 southwest of the town of Culpeper. Madison Road continues east into the town as US 29 Business.[1][35]","title":"SR 299"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2017-07-07_11_23_48_View_south_along_Virginia_State_Route_300_(Scottville_Road)_at_U.S._Route_60_(Anderson_Highway)_in_Powhatan,_Powhatan_County,_Virginia.jpg"},{"link_name":"Powhatan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powhatan,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Powhatan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powhatan,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"SR 13","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_State_Route_13"},{"link_name":"Powhatan County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powhatan_County,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"US 60","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_60_in_Virginia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VDOT_Traffic_Data-1"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Google_Maps_VA_300-36"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VDOT_Traffic_Data-1"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Google_Maps_VA_300Y-37"}],"text":"View south along SR 300 at US 60 in PowhatanState Route 300 is a 0.64-mile (1,030 m) state highway in Powhatan. The state highway begins at SR 13 next to the Powhatan County courthouse. SR 300 heads east on Courthouse Tavern Lane, turns south onto Tilman Road, then turns east onto Scottsville Road to its eastern terminus at US 60.[1][36] A wye route of SR 300, SR 300Y, runs 0.04 miles (210 ft; 64 m) along Tilman Road from Marion Harland Lane north to Scottsville Road on the southeast side of the courthouse property.[1][37]","title":"SR 300"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2017-06-26_13_22_06_View_west_along_Virginia_State_Route_304_(Seymour_Drive)_at_U.S._Route_360_(John_Randolph_Boulevard)_in_South_Boston,_Halifax_County,_Virginia.jpg"},{"link_name":"South Boston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Boston,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"US 501","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_501_in_Virginia"},{"link_name":"US 360","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_360"},{"link_name":"Dan River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_River"},{"link_name":"South Boston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Boston,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VDOT_Traffic_Data-1"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Google_Maps_VA_304-38"}],"text":"East end of SR 304 at US 360 in South BostonState Route 304 is the designation for Seymour Drive, which runs 0.71 miles (1,140 m) from US 501 east to US 360 north of and parallel to the Dan River within the town of South Boston.[1][38]","title":"SR 304"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2017-07-05_17_05_36_View_east_along_Virginia_State_Route_306_(Harpersville_Road)_at_Tyler_Avenue_in_Newport_News,_Virginia.jpg"},{"link_name":"Newport News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newport_News,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"US 60","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_60_in_Virginia"},{"link_name":"US 17","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_17_in_Virginia"},{"link_name":"SR 143","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_State_Route_143"},{"link_name":"Newport News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newport_News,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VDOT_Traffic_Data-1"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Google_Maps_VA_306-39"}],"text":"View east along SR 306 in Newport NewsState Route 306 is the designation for the 0.88-mile (1,420 m) segment of Harpersville Road from US 60 east to US 17 and SR 143 within the city of Newport News.[1][39]","title":"SR 306"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2017-06-26_12_46_38_View_north_along_Virginia_State_Route_349_(Edmunds_Boulevard)_at_U.S._Route_501_(Main_Street)_in_Halifax,_Halifax_County,_Virginia.jpg"},{"link_name":"Halifax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halifax,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Halifax County Courthouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halifax_County_Courthouse_(Virginia)"},{"link_name":"Halifax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halifax,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"SR 360","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_State_Route_360"},{"link_name":"US 501","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_501_in_Virginia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VDOT_Traffic_Data-1"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Google_Maps_VA_349-40"}],"text":"View north along SR 349 at US 501 in HalifaxState Route 349 is the designation for Edmunds Boulevard, a 0.12-mile (630 ft; 190 m) L-shaped highway that passes closely follows the west and south sides of the Halifax County Courthouse in the town of Halifax. The north and east sides of the courthouse are flanked by SR 360 and US 501, respectively.[1][40]","title":"SR 349"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2017-07-05_18_27_51_View_south_along_Virginia_State_Route_359_(Jamestown_Festival_Parkway)_at_Virginia_State_Route_31_(Jamestown_Road)_in_James_City_County,_Virginia.jpg"},{"link_name":"Jamestown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamestown,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Colonial Parkway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonial_Parkway"},{"link_name":"SR 31","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_State_Route_31"},{"link_name":"Jamestown settlement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamestown,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VDOT_Traffic_Data-1"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Google_Maps_VA_359-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"}],"text":"SR 359 southbound at SR 31 in JamestownState Route 359 is the designation for Jamestown Festival Parkway, a 0.34-mile (550 m) connector between Colonial Parkway and SR 31 near the site of the Jamestown settlement.[1][41] The road was taken over by the state in 1959.[42]","title":"SR 359"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2017-07-07_15_34_13_View_south_along_Virginia_State_Route_380_(Elko_Tract_Road)_at_Virginia_State_Route_156_(Elko_Road)_in_Currituck_Farms,_Henrico_County,_Virginia.jpg"},{"link_name":"Currituck Farms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Currituck_Farms,_Virginia&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"SR 156","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_State_Route_156"},{"link_name":"Henrico County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henrico_County,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Sandston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandston,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Google_Maps_VA_380-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VDOTGIS-44"},{"link_name":"Elko Tract","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elko_Tract"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"decoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decoy"}],"text":"View south at the north end of SR 380 at SR 156 in Currituck FarmsState Route 380 is the designation for Elko Tract Road, a 0.34-mile-long (550 m) connector between Technology Boulevard and SR 156 in eastern Henrico County near Sandston.[43][44] The route runs on the site of the Elko Tract, a former ghost town and World War II decoy city now being converted to an industrial park.","title":"SR 380"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2017-07-12_15_48_58_View_east_along_Virginia_State_Route_404_(Princess_Anne_Road)_at_May_Avenue_in_Norfolk,_Virginia.jpg"},{"link_name":"Norfolk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norfolk,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"SR 168","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_State_Route_168"},{"link_name":"SR 166","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_State_Route_166"},{"link_name":"Norfolk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norfolk,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Ghent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghent_(Norfolk)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VDOT_Traffic_Data-1"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Google_Maps_VA_404-45"}],"text":"View east along SR 404 in NorfolkState Route 404 is the designation for the 0.53-mile (850 m) segment of Princess Anne Road between SR 168 (Tidewater Drive) and SR 166 (Park Avenue) near the downtown area of Norfolk. Princess Anne Road continues west as a city street through the Ghent neighborhood and east as SR 166.[1][45]","title":"SR 404"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2017-07-12_15_37_42_View_south_along_Virginia_State_Route_405_(Ballentine_Boulevard)_between_Connector_Avenue_and_Corprew_Avenue_in_Norfolk,_Virginia.jpg"},{"link_name":"Norfolk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norfolk,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"I-264","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_264_(Virginia)"},{"link_name":"US 58","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_58"},{"link_name":"Norfolk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norfolk,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VDOT_Traffic_Data-1"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Google_Maps_VA_405-46"}],"text":"View south along SR 405 in NorfolkState Route 405 is the designation for the 0.64-mile (1,030 m) segment of Ballentine Boulevard between I-264 and US 58 east of the downtown area of Norfolk.[1][46]","title":"SR 405"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"State Route 409 (Virginia 1981-2001)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Route_409_(Virginia_1981-2001)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2017-07-07_16_36_10_View_south_along_Virginia_State_Route_409_(G_W_King_Boulevard)_at_U.S._Route_60_(Pocahontas_Trail)_at_the_New_Kent_Forestry_Center_in_Windsor_Shades,_New_Kent_County,_Virginia.jpg"},{"link_name":"Providence Forge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Providence_Forge,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"US 60","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_60_(VA)"},{"link_name":"Providence Forge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Providence_Forge,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"New Kent County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Kent_County,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VDOT_Traffic_Data-1"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Google_Maps_VA_409-47"}],"text":"For the former State Route 409, see State Route 409 (Virginia 1981-2001).View south along SR 409 at US 60 at the Eastern Region, Virginia Forestry Service near Providence ForgeState Route 409 is the designation for the 0.2-mile (320 m) segment of G.W. King Boulevard from US 60 Pocahontas Trail to Eastern Region, Virginia Forestry Service near Providence Forge in New Kent County.[1][47]","title":"SR 409"}] | [{"image_text":"View west at the east end of SR 34 at US 360 in South Boston","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/2017-06-26_12_31_31_View_west_along_Virginia_State_Route_34_%28Hodges_Street%29_at_U.S._Route_360_%28John_Randolph_Boulevard%29_in_South_Boston%2C_Halifax_County%2C_Virginia.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg"},{"image_text":"View east along SR 73 near Chamberlayne","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/2017-07-07_13_17_21_View_east_along_Virginia_State_Route_73_%28Parham_Road%29_at_Aberdeen_Street_in_Glen_Allen%2C_Henrico_County%2C_Virginia.jpg/220px-2017-07-07_13_17_21_View_east_along_Virginia_State_Route_73_%28Parham_Road%29_at_Aberdeen_Street_in_Glen_Allen%2C_Henrico_County%2C_Virginia.jpg"},{"image_text":"Sign for SR 79 along SR 55 in Linden","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/2016-09-12_18_28_47_View_north_along_Virginia_State_Route_79_%28Apple_Mountain_Road%29_at_Virginia_State_Route_55_%28John_Marshall_Highway%29_in_Linden%2C_Warren_County%2C_Virginia.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg"},{"image_text":"View south at the north end of SR 93 at US 58 in Mouth of Wilson","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/2017-06-25_18_16_38_View_south_along_Virginia_State_Route_93_%28County_Line_Road%29_at_its_bridge_over_New_River%2C_just_south_of_U.S._Route_58_%28Wilson_Highway%29_in_Mouth_of_Wilson%2C_Grayson_County%2C_Virginia.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg"},{"image_text":"View south at the north end of SR 98 at US 52/SR 42 in Bland","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/2017-06-11_16_05_49_View_south_along_Virginia_State_Route_98_%28Main_Street%29_at_U.S._Route_52_and_Virginia_State_Route_42_in_Bland%2C_Bland_County%2C_Virginia.jpg/220px-2017-06-11_16_05_49_View_south_along_Virginia_State_Route_98_%28Main_Street%29_at_U.S._Route_52_and_Virginia_State_Route_42_in_Bland%2C_Bland_County%2C_Virginia.jpg"},{"image_text":"View north at the south end of SR 109 at US 460 in Petersburg","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/2017-07-13_17_42_41_View_north_along_Virginia_State_Route_109_%28Hickory_Hill_Road%29_at_U.S._Route_460_Business_%28County_Drive%29_in_Petersburg%2C_Virginia.jpg/220px-2017-07-13_17_42_41_View_north_along_Virginia_State_Route_109_%28Hickory_Hill_Road%29_at_U.S._Route_460_Business_%28County_Drive%29_in_Petersburg%2C_Virginia.jpg"},{"image_text":"View south at the north end of SR 112 at I-81 in Salem","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/2017-06-13_13_00_13_View_south_along_Virginia_State_Route_112_%28Wildwood_Road%29_at_Interstate_81_in_Salem%2C_Virginia.jpg/220px-2017-06-13_13_00_13_View_south_along_Virginia_State_Route_112_%28Wildwood_Road%29_at_Interstate_81_in_Salem%2C_Virginia.jpg"},{"image_text":"SR 124 just east of US 29 in Woodmont","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/2019-10-23_15_30_49_View_east_along_Virginia_State_Route_124_%28Spout_Run_Parkway%29_just_east_of_U.S._Route_29_%28Lee_Highway%29_in_Arlington_County%2C_Virginia.jpg/220px-2019-10-23_15_30_49_View_east_along_Virginia_State_Route_124_%28Spout_Run_Parkway%29_just_east_of_U.S._Route_29_%28Lee_Highway%29_in_Arlington_County%2C_Virginia.jpg"},{"image_text":"View north along SR 132Y at Colonial Parkway in Williamsburg","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/2017-07-05_18_47_00_View_north_along_Virginia_State_Route_132Y_%28Visitor_Center_Drive%29_at_the_junction_with_the_Colonial_Parkway_in_Williamsburg%2C_Virginia.jpg/220px-2017-07-05_18_47_00_View_north_along_Virginia_State_Route_132Y_%28Visitor_Center_Drive%29_at_the_junction_with_the_Colonial_Parkway_in_Williamsburg%2C_Virginia.jpg"},{"image_text":"View south along SR 140 at SR 372 in Abingdon","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/2017-06-12_08_14_28_View_south_along_Virginia_State_Route_140_%28Old_Jonesboro_Road%29_at_Virginia_State_Route_372_%28Virginia_Highland_Community_College_Drive%29_in_Abingdon%2C_Washington_County%2C_Virginia.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg"},{"image_text":"The west end of SR 146 at SR 76 in Richmond","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/2017-07-07_14_31_22_View_east_along_Virginia_State_Route_146_at_Virginia_State_Route_76_%28Powhite_Parkway%29_in_Richmond%2C_Virginia.jpg/220px-2017-07-07_14_31_22_View_east_along_Virginia_State_Route_146_at_Virginia_State_Route_76_%28Powhite_Parkway%29_in_Richmond%2C_Virginia.jpg"},{"image_text":"SR 148 east of I-77 in Fancy Gap","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/2017-06-25_19_46_28_View_east_along_Virginia_State_Route_148_%28Chances_Creek_Road%29_just_east_of_Interstate_77_in_Fancy_Gap%2C_Carroll_County%2C_Virginia.jpg/220px-2017-06-25_19_46_28_View_east_along_Virginia_State_Route_148_%28Chances_Creek_Road%29_just_east_of_Interstate_77_in_Fancy_Gap%2C_Carroll_County%2C_Virginia.jpg"},{"image_text":"View east along SR 162 between Parkway Drive and SR 143 near Williamsburg","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/2017-07-05_14_33_38_View_east_along_Virginia_State_Route_162_%28Second_Street%29_between_Parkway_Drive_and_Virginia_State_Route_143_%28Merrimac_Trail%29_in_Middletowne_Farms%2C_York_County%2C_Virginia.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg"},{"image_text":"The north end of SR 167 at US 11 and I-81 in Botetourt County","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/2018-06-05_08_44_22_View_north_along_U.S._Route_11_%28Lee_Highway%29_at_Virginia_State_Route_167_%28Gateway_Crossing%29_in_southern_Botetourt_County%2C_Virginia.jpg/220px-2018-06-05_08_44_22_View_north_along_U.S._Route_11_%28Lee_Highway%29_at_Virginia_State_Route_167_%28Gateway_Crossing%29_in_southern_Botetourt_County%2C_Virginia.jpg"},{"image_text":"View west along SR 181 at US 13 near Belle Haven in Accomack County","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/2017-07-12_10_03_16_View_west_along_Virginia_State_Route_181_%28King_Street%29_at_U.S._Route_13_%28Lankford_Highway%29_in_Belle_Haven_Station%2C_Accomack_County%2C_Virginia.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg"},{"image_text":"View south along SR 188 in Clifton Forge","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/2017-07-21_11_09_16_View_south_along_Virginia_State_Route_188_%28Lafayette_Street%29_at_McCormick_Boulevard_in_Clifton_Forge%2C_Alleghany_County%2C_Virginia.jpg/220px-2017-07-21_11_09_16_View_south_along_Virginia_State_Route_188_%28Lafayette_Street%29_at_McCormick_Boulevard_in_Clifton_Forge%2C_Alleghany_County%2C_Virginia.jpg"},{"image_text":"View west along SR 196 in Chesapeake","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/2017-07-13_14_25_56_View_west_along_Virginia_State_Route_196_%28Canal_Drive%29_at_Broadmoor_Avenue_in_Chesapeake%2C_Virginia.jpg/220px-2017-07-13_14_25_56_View_west_along_Virginia_State_Route_196_%28Canal_Drive%29_at_Broadmoor_Avenue_in_Chesapeake%2C_Virginia.jpg"},{"image_text":"View west from the new eastern terminus of SR 209 at Rock Hill Road west of Herndon. The route was realigned at the end of 2016. The only signage indicating route number are the small white rectangular signs in this picture.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/2017-06-01_07_34_05_View_west_at_the_east_end_of_Virginia_State_Route_209_%28Innovation_Avenue%29_at_Rock_Hill_Road%2C_just_west_of_Herndon_in_Fairfax_County%2C_Virginia.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg"},{"image_text":"View north from the south end of SR 212 at SR 3 Bus. in Chatham Heights","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/2019-10-29_13_05_32_View_north_along_Virginia_State_Route_212_%28Chatham_Heights_Road%29_at_Virginia_State_Route_3_Business_%28Kings_Highway%29_in_Chatham_Heights%2C_Stafford_County%2C_Virginia.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg"},{"image_text":"View east from the west end of SR 233 at US 1 in Crystal City in Arlington County","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/2016-10-09_16_58_27_View_east_along_Virginia_State_Route_233_%28Airport_Viaduct%29_in_Crystal_City%2C_Arlington_County%2C_Virginia.jpg/220px-2016-10-09_16_58_27_View_east_along_Virginia_State_Route_233_%28Airport_Viaduct%29_in_Crystal_City%2C_Arlington_County%2C_Virginia.jpg"},{"image_text":"View west along SR 246 at Stonehurst Street in Chesapeake","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/2017-07-13_13_12_48_View_west_along_Virginia_State_Route_246_%28Liberty_Street%29_at_Stonehurst_Street_in_Chesapeake%2C_Virginia.jpg/220px-2017-07-13_13_12_48_View_west_along_Virginia_State_Route_246_%28Liberty_Street%29_at_Stonehurst_Street_in_Chesapeake%2C_Virginia.jpg"},{"image_text":"View north along SR 270 in St. Paul","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/2017-06-12_09_17_40_View_north_along_Virginia_State_Route_270_%284th_Avenue%29_at_Riverside_Drive_in_Saint_Paul%2C_Wise_County%2C_Virginia.jpg/220px-2017-06-12_09_17_40_View_north_along_Virginia_State_Route_270_%284th_Avenue%29_at_Riverside_Drive_in_Saint_Paul%2C_Wise_County%2C_Virginia.jpg"},{"image_text":"View west along unsigned SR 283 and US 58 Alt. Bus. in Norton","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/2017-06-12_12_19_45_View_west_along_U.S._Route_58_Alternate_Business_and_Virginia_State_Route_283_%28Norton-Coeburn_Road%29_at_the_Guest_River_Bridge_in_Norton%2C_Virginia.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg"},{"image_text":"View west along SR 290 in Dayton","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/2016-06-26_14_54_10_View_west_along_Virginia_State_Route_290_%28College_Street%29_at_Cherry_Lane_in_Dayton%2C_Rockingham_County%2C_Virginia.jpg/220px-2016-06-26_14_54_10_View_west_along_Virginia_State_Route_290_%28College_Street%29_at_Cherry_Lane_in_Dayton%2C_Rockingham_County%2C_Virginia.jpg"},{"image_text":"View east from the west end of SR 292 at I-81 in Mount Jackson","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/2016-07-19_12_05_31_View_southeast_along_Virginia_State_Route_292_%28Conicville_Road%29_just_east_of_Interstate_81_and_just_northwest_of_Mount_Jackson_in_Shenandoah_County%2C_Virginia.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg"},{"image_text":"View northwest along SR 296 at 10th Street in West Point","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/2017-07-05_12_12_06_View_northwest_along_Virginia_State_Route_296_%28Kirby_Street%29_at_10th_Street_in_West_Point%2C_King_William_County%2C_Virginia.jpg/220px-2017-07-05_12_12_06_View_northwest_along_Virginia_State_Route_296_%28Kirby_Street%29_at_10th_Street_in_West_Point%2C_King_William_County%2C_Virginia.jpg"},{"image_text":"View southeast along SR 298 at 9th Street in West Point","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/2017-07-05_12_17_53_View_southeast_along_Virginia_State_Route_298_%28Lee_Street%29_at_9th_Street_in_West_Point%2C_King_William_County%2C_Virginia.jpg/220px-2017-07-05_12_17_53_View_southeast_along_Virginia_State_Route_298_%28Lee_Street%29_at_9th_Street_in_West_Point%2C_King_William_County%2C_Virginia.jpg"},{"image_text":"View south from the north end of SR 299 at US 29 southwest of Culpeper","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/2019-10-21_12_57_05_View_south_along_Virginia_State_Route_299_%28Madison_Road%29_at_U.S._Route_29_%28James_Monroe_Highway%29_just_southwest_of_Culpeper_in_Culpeper_County%2C_Virginia.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg"},{"image_text":"View south along SR 300 at US 60 in Powhatan","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/2017-07-07_11_23_48_View_south_along_Virginia_State_Route_300_%28Scottville_Road%29_at_U.S._Route_60_%28Anderson_Highway%29_in_Powhatan%2C_Powhatan_County%2C_Virginia.jpg/220px-2017-07-07_11_23_48_View_south_along_Virginia_State_Route_300_%28Scottville_Road%29_at_U.S._Route_60_%28Anderson_Highway%29_in_Powhatan%2C_Powhatan_County%2C_Virginia.jpg"},{"image_text":"East end of SR 304 at US 360 in South Boston","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/2017-06-26_13_22_06_View_west_along_Virginia_State_Route_304_%28Seymour_Drive%29_at_U.S._Route_360_%28John_Randolph_Boulevard%29_in_South_Boston%2C_Halifax_County%2C_Virginia.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg"},{"image_text":"View east along SR 306 in Newport News","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/2017-07-05_17_05_36_View_east_along_Virginia_State_Route_306_%28Harpersville_Road%29_at_Tyler_Avenue_in_Newport_News%2C_Virginia.jpg/220px-2017-07-05_17_05_36_View_east_along_Virginia_State_Route_306_%28Harpersville_Road%29_at_Tyler_Avenue_in_Newport_News%2C_Virginia.jpg"},{"image_text":"View north along SR 349 at US 501 in Halifax","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/2017-06-26_12_46_38_View_north_along_Virginia_State_Route_349_%28Edmunds_Boulevard%29_at_U.S._Route_501_%28Main_Street%29_in_Halifax%2C_Halifax_County%2C_Virginia.jpg/220px-2017-06-26_12_46_38_View_north_along_Virginia_State_Route_349_%28Edmunds_Boulevard%29_at_U.S._Route_501_%28Main_Street%29_in_Halifax%2C_Halifax_County%2C_Virginia.jpg"},{"image_text":"SR 359 southbound at SR 31 in Jamestown","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/2017-07-05_18_27_51_View_south_along_Virginia_State_Route_359_%28Jamestown_Festival_Parkway%29_at_Virginia_State_Route_31_%28Jamestown_Road%29_in_James_City_County%2C_Virginia.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg"},{"image_text":"View south at the north end of SR 380 at SR 156 in Currituck Farms","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/2017-07-07_15_34_13_View_south_along_Virginia_State_Route_380_%28Elko_Tract_Road%29_at_Virginia_State_Route_156_%28Elko_Road%29_in_Currituck_Farms%2C_Henrico_County%2C_Virginia.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg"},{"image_text":"View east along SR 404 in Norfolk","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/2017-07-12_15_48_58_View_east_along_Virginia_State_Route_404_%28Princess_Anne_Road%29_at_May_Avenue_in_Norfolk%2C_Virginia.jpg/220px-2017-07-12_15_48_58_View_east_along_Virginia_State_Route_404_%28Princess_Anne_Road%29_at_May_Avenue_in_Norfolk%2C_Virginia.jpg"},{"image_text":"View south along SR 405 in Norfolk","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/2017-07-12_15_37_42_View_south_along_Virginia_State_Route_405_%28Ballentine_Boulevard%29_between_Connector_Avenue_and_Corprew_Avenue_in_Norfolk%2C_Virginia.jpg/220px-2017-07-12_15_37_42_View_south_along_Virginia_State_Route_405_%28Ballentine_Boulevard%29_between_Connector_Avenue_and_Corprew_Avenue_in_Norfolk%2C_Virginia.jpg"},{"image_text":"View south along SR 409 at US 60 at the Eastern Region, Virginia Forestry Service near Providence Forge","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/2017-07-07_16_36_10_View_south_along_Virginia_State_Route_409_%28G_W_King_Boulevard%29_at_U.S._Route_60_%28Pocahontas_Trail%29_at_the_New_Kent_Forestry_Center_in_Windsor_Shades%2C_New_Kent_County%2C_Virginia.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"2010 Traffic Data\". Virginia Department of Transportation. 2010. Archived from the original on December 3, 2011. Retrieved December 24, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111203213923/http://www.virginiadot.org/info/2010_traffic_data_by_jurisdiction.asp","url_text":"\"2010 Traffic Data\""},{"url":"http://www.virginiadot.org/info/2010_traffic_data_by_jurisdiction.asp","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Google (June 28, 2011). \"Virginia State Route 34\" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved June 28, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google","url_text":"Google"},{"url":"https://maps.google.com/maps?saddr=N+Main+St&daddr=Hodges+St&hl=en&ll=36.704864,-78.893766&spn=0.016274,0.038581&sll=36.708201,-78.882437&sspn=0.016273,0.038581&geocode=FRsSMAId_BlM-w%3BFegSMAIdUEBM-w&mra=ls&t=h&z=15","url_text":"\"Virginia State Route 34\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Maps","url_text":"Google Maps"}]},{"reference":"Google (June 18, 2011). \"Virginia State Route 73\" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved June 18, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://maps.google.com/maps?f=d&source=s_d&saddr=US-1+N%2FBrook+Rd&daddr=E+Parham+Rd&hl=en&geocode=FRJEPgIdbhFi-w%3BFdxSPgIdgUNi-w&mra=ls&sll=37.637614,-77.447936&sspn=0.000625,0.001206&ie=UTF8&ll=37.637021,-77.452691&spn=0.007069,0.01929&t=h&z=16","url_text":"\"Virginia State Route 73\""}]},{"reference":"State Highway Commission of Virginia (August 28, 1958). \"Minutes of Meeting\" (PDF) (Report). Richmond: Commonwealth of Virginia. p. 64.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ctb.virginia.gov/meetings/minutes_pdf/CTB-08-1958-01.pdf","url_text":"\"Minutes of Meeting\""}]},{"reference":"Google (June 9, 2011). \"Virginia State Route 79\" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved June 9, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://maps.google.com/maps?f=d&source=s_d&saddr=VA-55+E%2FJohn+Marshall+Hwy&daddr=VA-79+N%2FApple+Mountain+Rd&hl=en&geocode=FbrEUQIdskpY-w%3BFWLRUQIdBE5Y-w&mra=ls&sll=38.916648,-78.098996&sspn=0.00753,0.01929&ie=UTF8&ll=38.915463,-78.100884&spn=0.00753,0.01929&t=h&z=16","url_text":"\"Virginia State Route 79\""}]},{"reference":"Google (June 18, 2011). \"Virginia State Route 93\" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved June 18, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://maps.google.com/maps?f=d&source=s_d&saddr=VA-93+N%2FCounty+Line+Rd&daddr=VA-93+S%2FCounty+Line+Rd&hl=en&geocode=FUAXLgIdnlgn-w%3BFUJCLgIdODwn-w&mra=ls&sll=36.580764,-81.311188&sspn=0.015542,0.038581&ie=UTF8&ll=36.58066,-81.311102&spn=0.031085,0.077162&t=h&z=14","url_text":"\"Virginia State Route 93\""}]},{"reference":"Google (June 18, 2011). \"Virginia State Route 98\" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved June 18, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://maps.google.com/maps?f=d&source=s_d&saddr=VA-98+S%2FMain+St%2FState+Route+605&daddr=Main+St%2FState+Route+605&hl=en&geocode=FW4iNgIdnEMq-w%3BFfAJNgIdJlcq-w&mra=ls&sll=37.09601,-81.111591&sspn=0.000965,0.002411&ie=UTF8&ll=37.099071,-81.113777&spn=0.015437,0.038581&t=h&z=15","url_text":"\"Virginia State Route 98\""}]},{"reference":"Google (June 28, 2011). \"Virginia State Route 109\" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved June 28, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://maps.google.com/maps?saddr=Hickory+Hill+Rd&daddr=Hickory+Hill+Rd%2FMahone+Ave&hl=en&ll=37.219154,-77.360358&spn=0.016165,0.038581&sll=37.222161,-77.353795&sspn=0.00101,0.002411&geocode=FWDeNwIdSHdj-w%3BFSX4NwIdA69j-w&mra=ls&t=h&z=15","url_text":"\"Virginia State Route 109\""}]},{"reference":"Google (June 30, 2011). \"Virginia State Route 112\" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved June 30, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://maps.google.com/maps?saddr=W+Main+St&daddr=State+Route+619%2FWildwood+Rd&hl=en&ll=37.291467,-80.098057&spn=0.016149,0.038581&sll=37.292321,-80.096726&sspn=0.008074,0.01929&geocode=FSj3OAIdANo5-w%3BFX4UOQId_L85-w&mra=ls&t=h&z=15","url_text":"\"Virginia State Route 112\""}]},{"reference":"Google (October 8, 2016). \"State Route 124\" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved October 8, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://goo.gl/maps/cXWeNv9YAiR2","url_text":"\"State Route 124\""}]},{"reference":"Google (November 2, 2011). \"Virginia State Route 132Y\" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved November 2, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://maps.google.com/maps?saddr=State+Route+132Y%2FVisitor+Center+Dr&daddr=State+Route+132Y%2FVisitor+Center+Dr&hl=en&ll=37.279175,-76.700149&spn=0.026703,0.038581&sll=37.276341,-76.698668&sspn=0.013352,0.01929&geocode=FbXOOAIdHK1t-w%3BFbbcOAIdDJ9t-w&vpsrc=6&mra=ls&t=h&z=15","url_text":"\"Virginia State Route 132Y\""}]},{"reference":"Google (December 24, 2011). \"Virginia State Route 140\" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved December 24, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://maps.google.com/maps?saddr=Co+Rd+647%2FOld+Jonesboro+Rd&daddr=Old+Jonesboro+Rd&hl=en&ll=36.696331,-82.01045&spn=0.008379,0.01929&sll=36.691892,-82.009957&sspn=0.008379,0.01929&geocode=FdzmLwIdf5gc-w%3BFUT7LwId7KQc-w&vpsrc=0&mra=ls&t=h&z=16","url_text":"\"Virginia State Route 140\""}]},{"reference":"State Highway Commission of Virginia (August 18, 1960). \"Minutes of Meeting\" (PDF) (Report). Richmond: Commonwealth of Virginia. p. 36.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ctb.virginia.gov/meetings/minutes_pdf/CTB-08-1960-01.pdf","url_text":"\"Minutes of Meeting\""}]},{"reference":"Google (June 18, 2011). \"Virginia State Route 146\" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved June 18, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://maps.google.com/maps?f=d&source=s_d&saddr=VA-146+E&daddr=VA-146+E&hl=en&geocode=Fc3gPAIdeZdh-w%3BFcL1PAId_rxh-w&mra=ls&sll=37.546517,-77.485671&sspn=0.007673,0.01929&ie=UTF8&ll=37.546959,-77.485499&spn=0.015346,0.038581&t=h&z=15","url_text":"\"Virginia State Route 146\""}]},{"reference":"Google (June 18, 2011). \"Virginia State Route 148\" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved June 18, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://maps.google.com/maps?f=d&source=s_d&saddr=VA-148+E%2FChances+Creek+Rd&daddr=U.S.+52+N&hl=en&geocode=FbSXLwIdJHQw-w%3BFa6sLwId6Kow-w&mra=ls&sll=36.671999,-80.704536&sspn=0.015524,0.038581&ie=UTF8&ll=36.676129,-80.703592&spn=0.031046,0.077162&t=h&z=14","url_text":"\"Virginia State Route 148\""}]},{"reference":"Google (June 18, 2011). \"Virginia State Route 162\" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved June 18, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://maps.google.com/maps?f=d&source=s_d&saddr=VA-162+S%2F2nd+St&daddr=VA-162+S%2F2nd+St&hl=en&geocode=FeK-OAId0utt-w%3BFVy5OAIdZPZt-w&mra=ls&sll=37.27255,-76.682789&sspn=0.007701,0.01929&ie=UTF8&ll=37.272601,-76.680923&spn=0.007701,0.01929&t=h&z=16","url_text":"\"Virginia State Route 162\""}]},{"reference":"Ward, Jen (December 12, 2016). \"Opening of New Connector Road to Precede Major Detour at I-81's Exit 150 on December 18\" (Press release). Virginia Department of Transportation. SAL 50. Retrieved June 7, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.virginiadot.org/newsroom/salem/2016/opening_of_new_connector109763.asp","url_text":"\"Opening of New Connector Road to Precede Major Detour at I-81's Exit 150 on December 18\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Virginia Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Google (June 15, 2011). \"Virginia State Route 181\" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved June 15, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://maps.google.com/maps?f=d&source=s_d&saddr=Belle+Haven+Rd%2FMain+St%2FState+Route+609&daddr=VA-181+E%2FKing+St&hl=en&geocode=FRcQPQIdsBZ7-w%3BFePzPAIdEj17-w&mra=ls&sll=37.555465,-75.819429&sspn=0.003836,0.009645&ie=UTF8&ll=37.552607,-75.81502&spn=0.030689,0.077162&t=h&z=14","url_text":"\"Virginia State Route 181\""}]},{"reference":"Google (June 18, 2011). \"Virginia State Route 188\" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved June 18, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://maps.google.com/maps?f=d&source=s_d&saddr=Unknown+road&daddr=Unknown+road&hl=en&geocode=FcueUgIdiodi-w%3BFU-GUgIdDKxi-w&mra=ls&sll=38.965298,-77.421663&sspn=0.007591,0.01929&ie=UTF8&ll=38.965449,-77.424946&spn=0.015049,0.038581&t=h&z=15","url_text":"\"Virginia State Route 188\""}]},{"reference":"Google (June 15, 2011). \"Virginia State Route 196\" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved June 15, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://maps.google.com/maps?f=d&source=s_d&saddr=Canal+Dr&daddr=Canal+Dr&hl=en&geocode=FX4cMQIdpWFz-w%3BFRFKMQIdqj9z-w&mra=ls&sll=36.778767,-76.323009&sspn=0.015502,0.038581&ie=UTF8&ll=36.778011,-76.335068&spn=0.031005,0.077162&t=h&z=14","url_text":"\"Virginia State Route 196\""}]},{"reference":"Google (June 18, 2011). \"Virginia State Route 209\" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved June 18, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://maps.google.com/maps?f=d&source=s_d&saddr=Unknown+road&daddr=Unknown+road&hl=en&geocode=FcueUgIdiodi-w%3BFU-GUgIdDKxi-w&mra=ls&sll=38.965298,-77.421663&sspn=0.007591,0.01929&ie=UTF8&ll=38.965449,-77.424946&spn=0.015049,0.038581&t=h&z=15","url_text":"\"Virginia State Route 209\""}]},{"reference":"\"Interchange near Dulles still a work in progress\". The Washington Post. May 13, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/dr-gridlock/wp/2014/05/13/interchange-near-dulles-still-a-work-in-progress","url_text":"\"Interchange near Dulles still a work in progress\""}]},{"reference":"\"Innovation Avenue Phases 2 and 3\". Route 28 Public/Private Partnership. Retrieved January 10, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://28freeway.com/project-map/21-innovation.html","url_text":"\"Innovation Avenue Phases 2 and 3\""}]},{"reference":"\"Traffic Update\". Route 28 Corridor Improvements. Route 28 Public/Private Partnership. Retrieved January 10, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://28freeway.com/trafficupdate.html","url_text":"\"Traffic Update\""}]},{"reference":"Google (June 30, 2011). \"Virginia State Route 212\" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved June 30, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://maps.google.com/maps?saddr=Kings+Hwy&daddr=Chatham+Heights+Rd&hl=en&ll=38.310683,-77.450609&spn=0.031856,0.077162&sll=38.314269,-77.448592&sspn=0.007964,0.01929&geocode=FeZ-SAIdQili-w%3BFRGnSAIdBTBi-w&mra=ls&t=h&z=14","url_text":"\"Virginia State Route 212\""}]},{"reference":"Google (October 8, 2016). \"State Route 233\" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved October 8, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://goo.gl/maps/4vn75cP6e3E2","url_text":"\"State Route 233\""}]},{"reference":"Google (June 15, 2011). \"Virginia State Route 246\" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved June 15, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://maps.google.com/maps?f=d&source=s_d&saddr=Poindexter+St&daddr=Liberty+St&hl=en&geocode=Fe7TMQIdni50-w%3BFb7CMQIdtlx0-w&mra=ls&sll=36.816689,-76.267691&sspn=0.007747,0.01929&ie=UTF8&ll=36.815813,-76.265888&spn=0.015495,0.038581&t=h&z=15","url_text":"\"Virginia State Route 246\""}]},{"reference":"Google (June 30, 2011). \"Virginia State Route 270\" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved June 30, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://maps.google.com/maps?saddr=4th+Ave&daddr=4th+Ave&hl=en&ll=36.90435,-82.31133&spn=0.008116,0.01929&sll=36.903492,-82.311491&sspn=0.004058,0.009645&geocode=FTIWMwIdTAUY-w%3BFe4kMwIdXgkY-w&mra=ls&t=h&z=16","url_text":"\"Virginia State Route 270\""}]},{"reference":"Google (June 30, 2011). \"Virginia State Route 283\" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved June 30, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://maps.google.com/maps?saddr=Park+Ave+NE%2FUS-23+BUS+N&daddr=Norton+Coeburn+Rd&hl=en&ll=36.937853,-82.616844&spn=0.016225,0.038581&sll=36.93883,-82.616994&sspn=0.008112,0.01929&geocode=Fb6dMwIdoFET-w%3BFRijMwIdKWoT-w&mra=ls&t=h&z=15","url_text":"\"Virginia State Route 283\""}]},{"reference":"Google (June 30, 2011). \"Virginia State Route 290\" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved June 30, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://maps.google.com/maps?saddr=VA-290+W%2FVA-701+N%2FW+Mosby+Rd&daddr=College+St&hl=en&ll=38.416224,-78.937819&spn=0.007952,0.01929&sll=38.414602,-78.935856&sspn=0.003976,0.009645&geocode=FRcjSgIdS4hL-w%3BFVk7SgIdEYBL-w&mra=ls&t=h&z=16","url_text":"\"Virginia State Route 290\""}]},{"reference":"Google (June 30, 2011). \"Virginia State Route 292\" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved June 30, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://maps.google.com/maps?saddr=VA-292+E%2FConicville+Rd%2FMt+Jackson+Rd%2FState+Route+703&daddr=Conicville+Rd%2FState+Route+T-703&hl=en&ll=38.761111,-78.632026&spn=0.015828,0.038581&sll=38.76158,-78.63591&sspn=0.007914,0.01929&geocode=FdZ4TwId6h9Q-w%3BFXRsTwIdUDdQ-w&mra=ls&t=h&z=15","url_text":"\"Virginia State Route 292\""}]},{"reference":"Google (June 15, 2011). \"Virginia State Route 296\" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved June 15, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://maps.google.com/maps?f=d&source=s_d&saddr=14th+St&daddr=10th+St&hl=en&geocode=FfTCPAId6hxs-w%3BFRC7PAIdRi5s-w&mra=ls&sll=37.533314,-76.796365&sspn=0.015348,0.038581&ie=UTF8&ll=37.534998,-76.798575&spn=0.007674,0.01929&t=h&z=16","url_text":"\"Virginia State Route 296\""}]},{"reference":"Google (June 15, 2011). \"Virginia State Route 298\" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved June 15, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://maps.google.com/maps?f=d&source=s_d&saddr=5th+St&daddr=Lee+St&hl=en&geocode=FaSmPAId9CVs-w%3BFVDGPAIdhChs-w&mra=ls&sll=37.544884,-76.800914&sspn=0.015346,0.038581&ie=UTF8&ll=37.533314,-76.796365&spn=0.015348,0.038581&t=h&z=15","url_text":"\"Virginia State Route 298\""}]},{"reference":"Google (June 18, 2011). \"Virginia State Route 299\" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved June 18, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://maps.google.com/maps?f=d&source=s_d&saddr=US-15+N%2FJames+Madison+Hwy&daddr=VA-299+N%2FMadison+Rd&hl=en&geocode=FbaOSgIdkH9Z-w%3BFZq5SgIdNnVZ-w&mra=ls&sll=38.442279,-78.020847&sspn=0.007647,0.01929&ie=UTF8&ll=38.446195,-78.02207&spn=0.030317,0.077162&t=h&z=14","url_text":"\"Virginia State Route 299\""}]},{"reference":"Google (June 28, 2011). \"Virginia State Route 300\" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved June 28, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://maps.google.com/maps?saddr=VA-300+N%2FCourthouse+Tavern+Ln&daddr=VA-300+N%2FScottville+Rd&hl=en&ll=37.543659,-77.914267&spn=0.008047,0.01929&sll=37.543395,-77.918966&sspn=0.004024,0.009645&geocode=FcrYPAId1Axb-w%3BFT7mPAId9zFb-w&mra=ls&t=h&z=16","url_text":"\"Virginia State Route 300\""}]},{"reference":"Google (June 28, 2011). \"Virginia State Route 300Y\" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved June 28, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://maps.google.com/maps?saddr=State+Route+1004%2FTilman+Rd&daddr=State+Route+1004%2FTilman+Rd&hl=en&ll=37.541532,-77.917469&spn=0.002012,0.004823&sll=37.541107,-77.917818&sspn=0.002012,0.004823&geocode=FYLVPAIdABNb-w%3BFbLXPAIdxBJb-w&mra=ls&t=h&z=18","url_text":"\"Virginia State Route 300Y\""}]},{"reference":"Google (June 28, 2011). \"Virginia State Route 304\" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved June 28, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://maps.google.com/maps?saddr=Seymour+Dr&daddr=Seymour+Dr&hl=en&ll=36.69683,-78.894646&spn=0.008138,0.01929&sll=36.698361,-78.897028&sspn=0.008138,0.01929&geocode=FS7wLwIdxhBM-w%3BFcT1LwId0EJM-w&mra=ls&t=h&z=16","url_text":"\"Virginia State Route 304\""}]},{"reference":"Google (June 30, 2011). \"Virginia State Route 306\" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved June 30, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://maps.google.com/maps?saddr=Warwick+Blvd&daddr=Harpersville+Rd&hl=en&ll=37.054424,-76.470551&spn=0.0162,0.038581&sll=37.059938,-76.463599&sspn=0.016199,0.038581&geocode=FWpUNQIdyhRx-w%3BFa96NQIdDDlx-w&mra=ls&t=h&z=15","url_text":"\"Virginia State Route 306\""}]},{"reference":"Google (June 28, 2011). \"Virginia State Route 349\" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved June 28, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://maps.google.com/maps?saddr=Edmunds+Blvd&daddr=Edmunds+Blvd&hl=en&ll=36.765756,-78.929332&spn=0.004065,0.009645&sll=36.765507,-78.929434&sspn=0.002033,0.004823&geocode=FSQCMQIdzKFL-w%3BFVj-MAId-KNL-w&mra=ls&t=h&z=17","url_text":"\"Virginia State Route 349\""}]},{"reference":"Google (June 18, 2011). \"Virginia State Route 359\" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved June 18, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://maps.google.com/maps?f=d&source=s_d&saddr=Unknown+road&daddr=Unknown+road&hl=en&geocode=FSL-NwIdWGNs-w%3BFeYMOAIdgGNs-w&mra=ls&sll=37.226621,-76.78216&sspn=0.007706,0.01929&ie=UTF8&ll=37.225869,-76.782117&spn=0.007706,0.01929&t=h&z=16","url_text":"\"Virginia State Route 359\""}]},{"reference":"State Highway Commission of Virginia (January 8, 1959). \"Minutes of Meeting\" (PDF) (Report). Richmond: Commonwealth of Virginia. p. 19.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ctb.virginia.gov/meetings/minutes_pdf/CTB-01-1959-01.pdf","url_text":"\"Minutes of Meeting\""}]},{"reference":"Google (May 24, 2014). \"Virginia State Route 380\" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved May 24, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://maps.google.com/maps?saddr=VA-380&daddr=VA-380&hl=en&sll=37.497866,-77.241988&sspn=0.014641,0.027874&geocode=FQgaPAIdzVNl-w%3BFQw-PAIdBXBl-w&mra=prev&t=m&z=16","url_text":"\"Virginia State Route 380\""}]},{"reference":"\"Online Transportation Information Map\". Virginia Department of Transportation. Retrieved May 24, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.virginiadot.org/info/prOTIM.asp","url_text":"\"Online Transportation Information Map\""}]},{"reference":"Google (June 12, 2011). \"Virginia State Route 404\" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved June 12, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://maps.google.com/maps?f=d&source=s_d&saddr=E+Princess+Anne+Rd&daddr=E+Princess+Anne+Rd&hl=en&geocode=FdJiMgIdCCl0-w%3BFVpYMgIdQEt0-w&mra=ls&sll=36.854591,-76.26754&sspn=0.007743,0.01929&ie=UTF8&ll=36.855175,-76.269021&spn=0.015487,0.038581&t=h&z=15","url_text":"\"Virginia State Route 404\""}]},{"reference":"Google (June 12, 2011). \"Virginia State Route 405\" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved June 12, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://maps.google.com/maps?f=d&source=s_d&saddr=Ballentine+Blvd&daddr=Ballentine+Blvd&hl=en&geocode=FTY2MgIdUnp0-w%3BFaRUMgId3It0-w&mra=ls&sll=36.853956,-76.250632&sspn=0.007744,0.01929&ie=UTF8&ll=36.849028,-76.250267&spn=0.015488,0.038581&t=h&z=15","url_text":"\"Virginia State Route 405\""}]},{"reference":"Google (September 18, 2014). \"Virginia State Route 409\" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved September 18, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.google.com/maps/dir/37.4289427,-76.9936142/37.4311362,-76.9934338/@37.4298601,-76.9946222,379m/data=!3m2!1e3!4b1!4m4!4m3!1m0!1m0!3e0?hl=en","url_text":"\"Virginia State Route 409\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111203213923/http://www.virginiadot.org/info/2010_traffic_data_by_jurisdiction.asp","external_links_name":"\"2010 Traffic Data\""},{"Link":"http://www.virginiadot.org/info/2010_traffic_data_by_jurisdiction.asp","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.virginiadot.org/info/resources/2010/AADT_001_Accomack_2010.pdf","external_links_name":"Accomack County"},{"Link":"http://www.virginiadot.org/info/resources/2010/AADT_003_Alleghany_2010.pdf","external_links_name":"Alleghany County and City of Covington"},{"Link":"http://www.virginiadot.org/info/resources/2010/AADT_000_Arlington_2010.pdf","external_links_name":"Arlington County and City of 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Heslop-Harrison | George Heslop-Harrison | ["1 Life","2 Family","3 Publications","4 References"] | British entomologist
Dr George Heslop-Harrison FRSE (1911 – 3 June 1964) was a British entomologist. He was Head of the Department of Agricultural Zoology at Newcastle University. He specialised in crops and the insects which fed upon them.
Life
He was born in 1911 the son of John William Heslop-Harrison and his wife, Christian Watson Henderson. His younger brother was Jack Heslop-Harrison. George studied at Durham University graduating BSc in 1932. He received a doctorate (PhD) in 1934.
In 1934/35 he accompanied his father on trips to the Scottish islands including Canna, Raasay and Eigg. It is not clear if he also accompanied him on the controversial trip to Rum, which escalated into a scandal in the botanical world, when his father claimed evidence of various grass species, evidencing that the island had escaped the Ice Age.
In 1936 he became Director of Plant Pathology and Entomology in Iraq.
In the Second World War he was conscripted and at first was in service in Egypt. However, through connections he was transferred to India where he obtained the very odd rank of Captain Entomologist. After the war he returned to Britain as a Lecturer in Agricultural Zoology at Newcastle and was in this role for the rest of his life.
In 1947 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. His proposers were Alfred Hobson, Robert Wheldon, his father John William Heslop-Harrison and Meirion Thomas. Durham University awarded him a further honorary doctorate (DSc) in 1961.
He died on 3 June 1964 aged 53.
Family
He was married to Dorothy.
Publications
Natural History on the Isle of Raasay (1938)
References
^ The Entomologists Record and Journal of Variation, vol 55 (1946)
^ Biographical Index of Former Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 1783–2002 (PDF). The Royal Society of Edinburgh. July 2006. ISBN 0-902-198-84-X. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 January 2013. Retrieved 16 September 2016.
^ "George Heslop-Harrison".
This article about a British entomologist is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"FRSE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FRSE"}],"text":"Dr George Heslop-Harrison FRSE (1911 – 3 June 1964) was a British entomologist. He was Head of the Department of Agricultural Zoology at Newcastle University. He specialised in crops and the insects which fed upon them.","title":"George Heslop-Harrison"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John William Heslop-Harrison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_William_Heslop-Harrison"},{"link_name":"Jack Heslop-Harrison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Heslop-Harrison"},{"link_name":"Durham University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durham_University"},{"link_name":"Canna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canna,_Scotland"},{"link_name":"Raasay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raasay"},{"link_name":"Eigg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eigg"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Iraq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq"},{"link_name":"Second World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_World_War"},{"link_name":"Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"Royal Society of Edinburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Society_of_Edinburgh"},{"link_name":"Alfred Hobson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Hobson&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Robert Wheldon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robert_Wheldon&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"John William Heslop-Harrison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_William_Heslop-Harrison"},{"link_name":"Meirion Thomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meirion_Thomas"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"He was born in 1911 the son of John William Heslop-Harrison and his wife, Christian Watson Henderson. His younger brother was Jack Heslop-Harrison. George studied at Durham University graduating BSc in 1932. He received a doctorate (PhD) in 1934.In 1934/35 he accompanied his father on trips to the Scottish islands including Canna, Raasay and Eigg. It is not clear if he also accompanied him on the controversial trip to Rum, which escalated into a scandal in the botanical world, when his father claimed evidence of various grass species, evidencing that the island had escaped the Ice Age.[1]In 1936 he became Director of Plant Pathology and Entomology in Iraq.In the Second World War he was conscripted and at first was in service in Egypt. However, through connections he was transferred to India where he obtained the very odd rank of Captain Entomologist. After the war he returned to Britain as a Lecturer in Agricultural Zoology at Newcastle and was in this role for the rest of his life.In 1947 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. His proposers were Alfred Hobson, Robert Wheldon, his father John William Heslop-Harrison and Meirion Thomas. Durham University awarded him a further honorary doctorate (DSc) in 1961.[2]He died on 3 June 1964 aged 53.","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"He was married to Dorothy.[3]","title":"Family"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Natural History on the Isle of Raasay (1938)","title":"Publications"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Biographical Index of Former Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 1783–2002 (PDF). The Royal Society of Edinburgh. July 2006. ISBN 0-902-198-84-X. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 January 2013. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corneal_ectatic_disorders | Corneal ectatic disorders | ["1 Types","2 Diagnosis","3 Treatment","4 References","5 External links"] | Corneal ectatic disorders or corneal ectasia are a group of uncommon, noninflammatory, eye disorders characterised by bilateral thinning of the central, paracentral, or peripheral cornea.
Types
Keratoconus, a progressive, noninflammatory, bilateral, asymmetric disease, characterized by paraxial stromal thinning and weakening that leads to corneal surface distortion.
Keratoglobus, a rare noninflammatory corneal thinning disorder, characterised by generalised thinning and globular protrusion of the cornea.
Pellucid marginal degeneration, a bilateral, noninflammatory disorder, characterized by a peripheral band of thinning of the inferior cornea.
Posterior keratoconus, a rare condition, usually congenital, which causes a nonprogressive thinning of the inner surface of the cornea, while the curvature of the anterior surface remains normal. Usually only a single eye is affected.
Post-LASIK ectasia, a complication of LASIK eye surgery.
Terrien's marginal degeneration, a painless, noninflammatory, unilateral or asymmetrically bilateral, slowly progressive thinning of the peripheral corneal stroma.
Diagnosis
Usually diagnosed clinically by several clinical tests. Although some investigations might needed for confirming the diagnosis and to differentiate different types of corneal ectatic diseases.
Corneal topography
Corneal tomography
Treatment
Treatment options include contact lenses and intrastromal corneal ring segments for correcting refractive errors caused by irregular corneal surface, corneal collagen cross-linking to strengthen a weak and ectatic cornea, or corneal transplant for advanced cases.
References
^ "Corneal ectatic disorders (keratoconus and pellucid marginal degeneration)". AAO ONE Network. American Academy of Ophthalmology.
^ Weissman, Barry A; Yeung, Karen K (2019-05-30). "Keratoconus". Medscape.
^ Wallang, B S; Das, S (28 June 2013). "Keratoglobus". Eye. 27 (9): 1004–1012. doi:10.1038/eye.2013.130. PMC 3772364. PMID 23807384.
^ Rasheed, Karim; Rabinowitz, Yaron (2018-12-24). "Pellucid Marginal Degeneration". Medscape.
^ "Ectasia After LASIK". American Academy of Ophthalmology.
^ "Terrien marginal degeneration". American Academy of Ophthalmology.
^ Marsack, Jason D.; Parker, Katrina E.; Applegate, Raymond A. (December 2008). "Performance of Wavefront-Guided Soft Lenses in Three Keratoconus Subjects". Optometry and Vision Science. 85 (12): E1172–E1178. doi:10.1097/OPX.0b013e31818e8eaa. PMC 2614306. PMID 19050464.
^ Marsack, JD; Parker, KE; Niu, Y; Pesudovs, K; Applegate, RA (November 2007). "On-eye performance of custom wavefront-guided soft contact lenses in a habitual soft lens-wearing keratoconic patient". Journal of Refractive Surgery. 23 (9): 960–4. doi:10.3928/1081-597x-20071101-18. PMID 18041254.
^ Avni-Zauberman, N; Rootman, DS (November 2014). "Cross-linking and intracorneal ring segments--review of the literature". Eye & Contact Lens. 40 (6): 365–70. doi:10.1097/icl.0000000000000091. PMID 25320956. S2CID 38858189.
External links
International Journal of Keratoconus and Ectatic Corneal Diseases
vteDiseases of the human eyeAdnexaEyelidInflammation
Stye
Chalazion
Blepharitis
Meibomian gland dysfunction
Entropion
Ectropion
Lagophthalmos
Blepharochalasis
Ptosis
Blepharophimosis
Xanthelasma
Ankyloblepharon
Eyelash
Trichiasis
Madarosis
Distichiasis
Trichomegaly
Lacrimal apparatus
Dacryoadenitis
Epiphora
Dacryocystitis
Xerophthalmia
Orbit
Exophthalmos
Enophthalmos
Orbital cellulitis
Orbital lymphoma
Periorbital cellulitis
Conjunctiva
Chemosis
Conjunctivitis
allergic
Pterygium
Pseudopterygium
Pinguecula
Subconjunctival hemorrhage
GlobeFibrous tunicSclera
Scleritis
Episcleritis
Cornea
Keratitis
herpetic
acanthamoebic
fungal
Exposure
Photokeratitis
Corneal ulcer
Thygeson's superficial punctate keratopathy
Corneal dystrophy
Fuchs'
Meesmann
Corneal ectasia
Keratoconus
Pellucid marginal degeneration
Keratoglobus
Terrien's marginal degeneration
Post-LASIK ectasia
Keratoconjunctivitis
sicca
Corneal opacity
Corneal neovascularization
Kayser–Fleischer ring
Haab's striae
Arcus senilis
Band keratopathy
Vascular tunicIrisCiliary body
Uveitis
Intermediate uveitis
Hyphema
Rubeosis iridis
Persistent pupillary membrane
Iridodialysis
Synechia
Choroid
Choroideremia
Choroiditis
Chorioretinitis
Focal choroidal excavation
Polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy
Lens
Cataract
Congenital cataract
Childhood cataract
Aphakia
Ectopia lentis
Retina
Retinitis
Chorioretinitis
Cytomegalovirus retinitis
Retinal detachment
Posterior vitreous detachment
Retinoschisis
Ocular ischemic syndrome / Central retinal vein occlusion
Central retinal artery occlusion
Branch retinal artery occlusion
Retinopathy
diabetic
hypertensive
Purtscher's
of prematurity
Bietti's crystalline dystrophy
Coats' disease
Sickle cell
photic
Macular degeneration
Retinitis pigmentosa
Retinal haemorrhage
Central serous retinopathy
Macular edema
Epiretinal membrane (Macular pucker)
Vitelliform macular dystrophy
Leber's congenital amaurosis
Birdshot chorioretinopathy
Other
Glaucoma / Ocular hypertension / Primary juvenile glaucoma
Floater
Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy
Ocular hypotony
Red eye
Globe rupture
Keratomycosis
Phthisis bulbi
Persistent fetal vasculature
Persistent tunica vasculosa lentis
Familial exudative vitreoretinopathy
Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease
PathwaysOptic nerveOptic disc
Optic neuritis
optic papillitis
Papilledema
Foster Kennedy syndrome
Optic atrophy
Optic disc drusen
Optic neuropathy
Ischemic
anterior (AION)
posterior (PION)
Kjer's
Leber's hereditary
Toxic and nutritional
StrabismusExtraocular musclesBinocular visionAccommodationParalytic strabismus
Ophthalmoparesis
Chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia
Kearns–Sayre syndrome
palsies
Oculomotor (III)
Fourth-nerve (IV)
Sixth-nerve (VI)
Other strabismus
Esotropia / Exotropia
Hypertropia
Heterophoria
Esophoria
Exophoria
Cyclotropia
Brown's syndrome
Duane syndrome
Other binocular
Conjugate gaze palsy
Convergence insufficiency
Internuclear ophthalmoplegia
One and a half syndrome
Refraction
Refractive error
Hyperopia
Myopia
Astigmatism
Anisometropia / Aniseikonia
Presbyopia
Vision disordersBlindness
Amblyopia
Leber's congenital amaurosis
Diplopia
Scotoma
Color blindness
Achromatopsia
Dichromacy
Monochromacy
Nyctalopia
Oguchi disease
Blindness / Vision loss / Visual impairment
Anopsia
Hemianopsia
binasal
bitemporal
homonymous
Quadrantanopia
subjective
Asthenopia
Hemeralopia
Photophobia
Scintillating scotoma
Pupil
Anisocoria
Argyll Robertson pupil
Marcus Gunn pupil
Adie syndrome
Miosis
Mydriasis
Cycloplegia
Parinaud's syndrome
Other
Nystagmus
Childhood blindness
Infections
Trachoma
Onchocerciasis | [{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Corneal ectatic disorders"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Keratoconus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keratoconus"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WeissmanMedscape-2"},{"link_name":"Keratoglobus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keratoglobus"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Pellucid marginal degeneration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pellucid_marginal_degeneration"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Post-LASIK ectasia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-LASIK_ectasia"},{"link_name":"LASIK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LASIK"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Terrien's marginal degeneration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrien%27s_marginal_degeneration"},{"link_name":"corneal stroma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corneal_stroma"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aaoone-6"}],"text":"Keratoconus, a progressive, noninflammatory, bilateral, asymmetric disease, characterized by paraxial stromal thinning and weakening that leads to corneal surface distortion.[2]\nKeratoglobus, a rare noninflammatory corneal thinning disorder, characterised by generalised thinning and globular protrusion of the cornea.[3]\nPellucid marginal degeneration, a bilateral, noninflammatory disorder, characterized by a peripheral band of thinning of the inferior cornea.[4]\nPosterior keratoconus, a rare condition, usually congenital, which causes a nonprogressive thinning of the inner surface of the cornea, while the curvature of the anterior surface remains normal. 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Although some investigations might needed for confirming the diagnosis and to differentiate different types of corneal ectatic diseases.[citation needed]Corneal topography\nCorneal tomography","title":"Diagnosis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"contact lenses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contact_lenses"},{"link_name":"intrastromal corneal ring segments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intrastromal_corneal_ring_segments"},{"link_name":"refractive errors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refractive_errors"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"corneal collagen cross-linking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corneal_collagen_cross-linking"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"corneal transplant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corneal_transplant"}],"text":"Treatment options include contact lenses and intrastromal corneal ring segments for correcting refractive errors caused by irregular corneal surface,[7][8] corneal collagen cross-linking to strengthen a weak and ectatic cornea,[9] or corneal transplant for advanced cases.","title":"Treatment"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Corneal ectatic disorders (keratoconus and pellucid marginal degeneration)\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekiti_people | Ekiti people | ["1 Dialect","2 Geography","3 Local administration and population","4 History","4.1 The Atolagbe school","4.2 The Falegan school","5 Genetics","6 Recent events","7 References"] | Sub-group of the Yorubas of West Africa
Ethnic group
Ekiti peopleTerritorial expanse of The Ekiti Yorubas.Total population~ 4,175,608 (2011-'16)Regions with significant populationsEkiti State - 3,270,798 (2016)
Ondo State - 775,420 • Akure North: 151,930 • Akure South: 418,570 • Ifedore: 204,920
Kwara State - 129,390 • Ekiti: 63,200 • Oke Ero: 66,190ReligionPrimarily: ChristianityAlso: Islam • Yoruba religionRelated ethnic groupsÌjẹ̀shà, Ifẹ̀, Ìgbómìnà, Àkókó, Yàgbà, Ondó,
Other Yoruba people
Part of a series onYorùbá people
Art
Architecture
Culture
Language
Music
Mythology
Subgroups
Ana (Ifɛ̀)
Kétu
Ànàgó-Kúrá
Ṣábẹ̀ẹ́
Àkókó
Àwórì
Ẹ̀gbá
Èkìtì
Ìbàràpá
Ìbọ̀lọ́
Ìdàáṣà (Ìdàáshà)
Ìgbómìnà
Ifẹ̀
Ìjẹ̀bú
Ìjẹ̀ṣà
Ìkálẹ̀
Ìlàjẹ
Ìshà (Ìṣà)
Mọkọ́lé
Ọ̀họ̀rí (Ìjẹ)
Okun
Òǹkò (Òkè-Ògùn)
Ọ̀ghọ̀
Ọ̀wọ́rọ̀
Òwu
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vte
The Ekiti people are one of the largest historical subgroups of the larger Yoruba people of West Africa, located in Nigeria. They are classified as a Central Yoruba group, alongside the Ijesha, Igbomina, Yagba and Ifes. Ekiti State is populated exclusively by Ekiti people; however, it is but a segment of the historic territorial domain of Ekiti-speaking groups, which historically included towns in Ondo State such as Akure (the current capital and largest city of Ondo State), Ilara-Mokin, Ijare, and Igbara-oke. Ogbagi, Irun, Ese, Oyin, Igasi, Afin and Eriti in the Akoko region, as well as some towns in Kwara State, are also culturally Ekiti, although belong in other states today.
The name Ekiti is a derivation of an earlier term, Okiti, which means "Hilly" in Yoruba, as characterized by the generally hilly terrain of the areas which the Ekiti inhabit.
Dialect
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The language commonly spoken by the Ekiti people is a distinct Yoruba dialect also named 'Ekiti'. Despite its comparatively large geographical spread, Ekiti remains relatively uniform within the areas where it is spoken. The dialect generally has similarities with Ijesha speech towards the west beyond the Effon ridge, and into Igbomina in the north and northwest around the Ekiti speaking people of Ekan meje and Iloffa towards Omu Aran, both of which still fall within the Central Yoruba Continuum. Towards the northeast, away from the town of Oke ako, Itapaji and Omuo, the dialect gradually fades into the Yagba and Gbedde/Adde Yoruba types respectively.
Geography
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The Ekiti cover an area of 8,557 km², and are culturally bound by the Igbomina to the north and the Ijeshas to the west (the traditional Ekiti-Ijesha cultural boundary being at Ipetu-Ijesha). The Ondos are located to the southwest, the Owos to the southeast, and the Akokos, Yagbas and Ijumus to the northeast.
Ekiti State is generally an upland zone, with elevations being generally above 450m throughout. Around Akure, elevations drop to around 360m. It lies on an area underlain by metamorphic rock, and is generally an undulating country with a characteristic landscape that consists of old plains broken by steep-sided outcrops that may occur singularly or in groups or ridges. Such outcrops can be seen in places at Aramoko, Efon-Alaiye, Ikere-Ekiti, Igbara-odo and Okemesi-Ekiti among others. Rugged hills dot the landscape, notable among which are the Olosunta hills of Ikere-Ekiti in the south, Effon ridge which runs longitudinally around Efon-Alaiye on the western boundary, and Ado Hills in the centre. The topography was perhaps the single strongest reason why the Ekitis never became a single unit politically. The area enjoys a tropical climate with two distinct seasons, these are the rainy season - which lasts from April to October - and the dry season which commences in late November and ends in March. Temperature ranges between 21 °C and 28 °C with high humidity. In the South, the vegetation is primarily Tropical hardwood forest, while a mixed/derived type savannah can be observed in the northern peripheries.
Local administration and population
After 1854, Akure and other Ekiti towns came under the rule of Ibadan and many settlements were destroyed. This lasted until a rebellion in 1876 followed by a prolonged war between the Yoruba states, in which the Ekitis combined forces with the Ijeshas and some Akoko towns as a clan confederation known as the Ekiti Parapo to resist Ibadan rule, led by Chief Fabunmi of Oke-Imesi and Chief Ogedengbe of Ijeshaland.
Towards the end of the 19th century, the British, based on their Lagos Colony, had established a protectorate over the area, although they ruled through "native" administrations. They sought to combine the Ekiti kingdoms of the region into a single administrative unit against resistance by the Ekiti people, who preferred local autonomy. In 1899, Ekiti and Ilesha formed the north-eastern division of the protectorate. In 1915, Ekiti, Owo and Ondo were combined to form the Ondo Province with headquarters at Akure.
In looking at the creation of Native Authorities at Oke-Imo, Ilesa in 1900 by Major Reeve Tucker and the re-organization of North East District in December, 1912; the separation of Ijesa, Ekiti and other areas on 1 January 1913, and the creation of Ekiti Native Authority with its headquarters at Ado-Ekiti, conflicts and agitations for local autonomy had pervaded politics of traditional institutions in Ekitiland. When the British moved their administrative centre for Ekiti District to Ado-Ekiti in 1913 where the Ewi holds sway, the change in political status of Ado-Ekiti spurred a desire in other traditional authorities across Ekitiland to further demand for local autonomies. The heightened struggle did not give credibility to the fact that Ado-Ekiti which was eventually picked was already the official and major administrative capital of Ekitiland since 1 January 1913, nor did it occur to the agitators that it had over time become a second home for all Ekiti people irrespective of their hometown or place of origin. Hence, the struggle for relevance and supremacy which continued to rear its head is worth a fuller study and understanding is required if lasting solutions are to be found.
In a similar vein, when the British mooted the idea of recognizing a paramount ruler for Ekitiland; as it did in Ijebu and Egbaland where the Awujale and the Alake became paramount rulers; its agents faced resistance from Ekiti Obas who opposed the mode of listing and role of traditional rulers at Oke-Imo meetings. The attempt by the British colonists to impose a sole native authority in Ekitiland in pursuit of their indirect rule policy failed because of the rejection of the supremacy theory among Ekiti Obas. Every attempt to further centralize traditional political authorities under the Ewi of Ado-Ekiti with Ado-Ekiti as the capital of Ekitiland, despite the ingenuity of its experimentation, was also resisted. The creation of colonial territories - which transformed into modern states after the various colonial interests left Africa - resulted in the division of existing traditional communities. Ondo Province later became part of Western State. In 1976, the old Ondo State was formed and in 1996, Ekiti State was split off from the modern Ondo State, which has Akure as its capital.
History
Yoruba bowl from the Ekiti cultural area
Ekiti State was created on 1 October 1996 alongside five other states by the Head of State and Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces of the Federal Republic of Nigeria, General Sani Abacha, GCON in a nation-wide broadcast to mark the 36th Independence anniversary of Nigeria. The State, carved out of Ondo State, covers the former twelve local government areas that made up the Ekiti Zone of old Ondo State.
Ekiti as a nation within the Yoruba ethnicity has her progenitor in Oduduwa, as do most of the other major sub-ethnic divisions in Yorubaland. However, unlike the more centralized kingdoms and city-states to the West, the Ekitis traditionally lived in smaller, less politically centralized kingdoms that were largely independent of one another, although they traded amongst themselves and their ruling families often contracted dynastic marriages.
The boundary of modern Ekitiland was shifted several times within a spate of 23 years without regard for the existing practice for identifying traditional boundaries in the African traditional society. Some of the major Ekiti settlements affected by the shift in boundaries for political and administrative purposes are as follows:
Ekiti settlements transferred to Northern Nigeria in the colonial era.
Otun (Awtun) Kingdom - Otun, Ekan, Aaye Ekan, Iloffa, Eruku, Idofin Archived 2018-01-17 at the Wayback Machine, Ilale, Erinmope, Ipetu, Orota, Ola.
Obbo (Obo) Kingdom (which consist of Obbo-ile and Obbo-Aiyegunle)- Osi, Ora Aiyetoro, Ejiu.
Omuo-Ekiti and its neighbors - Omuo, Oyin, Iro, Afin, parts of Egbe oba Kingdom.
Eka Community - Erinmope Ekiti, Aare Opin, Isolo Opin, Isare Opin, Osi, Ikerin Opin, Oke Opin, Epe Opin, Owaatun Opin, Etan, Obbo-Ayegunle, Obbo-Ile, Eruku, Ajuba, Isapa, Ejiu and others.
Ekiti settlements transferred to the Ondo and Owo regions under colonial Nigeria.
Akure - Akure Kingdom, Iju, Itaogbolu, Igbara Oke, Ijare, Ilara-Mokin, Ibule etc.
Akoko West - Irun, Ogbagi, Ese, Eriti.
Ekiti used to exist as sixteen principal kingdoms. Each had a senior Oba superintending over its territory. There was never a centralized single political unit among the Ekiti people. Even though the Oore of Otun Ekiti - a town to the north of the Ekiti cultural area - was considered the most senior of the Ekiti kings from the advent of the British occupation of Ekitiland to the later end of Nigeria's colonial rule, the senior Ekiti Obas of Akure (Deji), Ado (Ewi) and Ikere (Ogoga) presided over the largest towns, and Akure was the Ekiti town with the closest links to Benin.
The Atolagbe school
The view of a section of Ekiti historians (such as Atolagbe) is that the pre-eminence of the Oore as the most senior Yoruba and Ekiti Oba was linked to the fact that the Oore signed the 1886 peace treaty which the British coordinated with the Alaafin of Oyo and the Owa Obokun of Ijeshaland, among others. The Oba of Benin was also made to enter into a treaty with the Alaafin of Oyo. Under this treaty, Ekiti, Ondo and Edo were considered part of his traditional areas of influence and would be free of Oyo territorial incursions, while the Alaafin of Oyo would have the Western and Northern Yoruba territories, including parts of the non-Yoruba speaking neighbours like the Nupe, Ibariba and Aja in Dahomey (now the Republic of Benin). Samuel Rowe, the Governor of the Gold Coast Colony, documented some useful hints concerning the pre-eminence of the Oore of Otun on May 29, 1883, when he wrote:
"Ekiti Parapo is a name given to the confederation of "Efon tribes". There are said to be 132 kings among them. The principal of these kings is one Oray (Oore)".
Due to a controversy between the Northern Government and the administration of Major Reeves Tucker, the territories of Otun, Obo, Ishan, Aiyede and Ikole were carved out of the South and then merged with the territories of Northern Nigeria. Subsequently, and following the readjustment of the boundary between the Ekiti (Southern) and Kabba (Northern) divisions in 1909, Ishan, Aiyede and Ikole returned to the Ekiti division while Otun, Obo and others remained in the North, under Ilorin division. In the period of the Oore's absence in Ekitiland, the idea of an Ekiti council of Obas died away. There was no meeting of the council held throughout the period due to a lack of acceptable leadership among all the Obas. Leadership naturally fell to the Ewi of Ado, who in fact represented the Ekiti Obas at the conference of Yoruba Obas held at Ibadan in 1939. Following the return of Otun town to the Ekiti Division in 1936, the council of Ekiti Obas was re-introduced in the form of the Pelupelu (whose name was derived from "Pe Olu" i.e. "The calling of Lords") and the Oore was again made the president. In the biography of H.R.H. Oba Aladesanmi, an Ewi of Ado Ekiti, the Oba said:
"I am in the third position in the Ekiti Division Council of Traditional Rulers which has the Ajero of Ijero Ekiti as the second. The senior one, Oore of Otun, had his district transferred to Ilorin Emirate Council. It was later returned to Ekiti division of Ondo province after much agitation from the people to the government".
The Falegan school
Another school of thought contests the supremacy of the Oore as the most senior Oba in Ekiti for several reasons. First is the fact that the Oore did not possess the largest kingdom in the pre-colonial era. The Ewi of Ado-Ekiti and the Deji of Akure had far larger territories. It is argued that the Oore was more of a mercenary king during the Kiriji war, unlike the principal kings who hardly left their palaces even in the face of war. An example of this is the fact that the Ewi remained in Ado, and only left it when his town relocated temporarily due to the Benin horde's invasion. Atolagbe acknowledged that the Oore was not a prince of the Oduduwa dynasty but was rather a friend or benefactor of his. Hence, he was a native personality that was integrated into the Yoruba culture under the dynastic reign of Oduduwa and his successors. As Oduduwa's children and grandchildren included the Ewi, the Ajero, the Alara and the Elekole, all are therefore direct heirs of Oduduwa. Due to this, the Oore could not be of equal rank with them according to Yoruba customary law. He could not have been the most senior Yoruba king in Ekitiland, even if he was an Ekiti native that survived or a follower of Obatala that was conquered. Furthermore, references to the Oore in the
Ifa oracle only state that the Oore was also an Ifa follower, whereas the same Ifa section mentions that Ado-Ekiti is the home (or abode) of Ifa, which invariably made the Oore an adherent like any other while the Ewi is a custodian of the Ifa religion.
Moreover, the pelupelus which the Oore chaired at the advent of the Kiriji war in Otun had few of the principal Obas in attendance. They did not include the Ewi, the Deji and the Ogoga, to mention a few. The meetings were regarded as being of a lesser importance, except for mobilizing the coalition of warriors and hunters for the Ekiti war of liberation spearheaded by Fabunmi. There are records which state that the pelupelus held before then were often held in Ado-Ekiti under the Ewi, meetings where the Obas never met, because tradition forbade Obas from looking into each other’s eyes in Yorubaland prior to the arrival of the British. The pelupelu where the Oore was recognized by the British as the most senior Oba was an imposition at Oke-Imo in 1900 by Major Tucker, owing to recognition of his heroic contributions to the Kiriji wars and the signing of its 1886 treaty, the age of the Oore at the time of the meeting, a mistake in the itinerary of Tucker's visit to Ekiti upon which he accorded the Oore a higher status and the role the Oore played as the first Ekiti Oba to accept British colonial rule in Ekitiland. Finally, the story of the Oore where he is mentioned as a co-equal friend of Oduduwa has never been accepted in Ife tradition as being true.
According to Babatola, the fact that a school of Yoruba history regarded the Oore as a prince of Ile-Ife, while others referred to him as a follower of Obatala, whom Oduduwa deposed as king upon his arrival at Ife, is enough reason to ask more questions. On the other hand, Falegan insisted that the Oore could not claim any supremacy or superiority that he did not enjoy in Ekitiland prior to colonial rule. He insisted that if the Oore is a son of Oduduwa, his status would depend on where he is ranked on the list of the prominent children of Oduduwa who made spectacular gains in their adventures away from Ile-Ife, particularly those who drifted towards Ekitiland. Otherwise, if the Oore is an Obatala follower who survived as a native entity that Oduduwa met at Ile-Ife and subsequently integrated, he could not promote himself in tradition above the new dynasty of Oduduwa and his sons in Yorubaland.
Falegan, therefore, remarked thus: "How did the Oore become a king, if he was neither a son of Oduduwa nor his lieutenant?"
Babatola similarly reviewed the version of the Oore's history presented by Atolagbe and other Moba historians and submitted thus: "Atolagbe's reconstruction of Moba history and the place he advocated for Oore in Yoruba and Ekiti history to boost the status of Oore in the eyes of all the world as the most senior Ekiti Oba is a grievous injury to Yoruba history. Indeed, it has an element of profoundly damaging conjuncture of tradition and culture in our history that should be redressed to the extent of its fallacies or distortion. Though the damage done is reversible through the harmonization of different traditions of Ekiti people to expose his delicacies of concoction and false claims, Atolagbe attempted most likely to also score a point against Ekiti Obas who opposed Oore’s listing ahead of them at Oke-Imo meetings in finding a medium of restoring Oore pre-eminence that was gained at the close of Kiriji and early years of British colonial rule in Ekitiland."
Genetics
A Y-DNA study conducted by Curtis Lanre Cole-Showers in 2014 revealed that among the Yoruba population with a geographic origin in Ekiti, approximately 4.2% carry the West Eurasian haplogroup R1b, And the East African haplogroup E1b1b. Notably, the predominant genetic marker within the Ekiti population, accounting for approximately 75%, is the E1b1a haplogroup
Recent events
With the creation of the Ekiti Native Authority (Ekiti Division) at Ado-Ekiti in January 1913, and Akure becoming the provincial centre, and correspondingly with its growth in size and status, the pre-eminence of the Oore and the prominence of the Ewi were gradually resolved politically.
Kenyo compiled a list of 104 Ekiti autonomous communities existing in the 1950s with names of their traditional rulers who came from Ile-Ife or Benin and other places to Ekitiland, though some are now located outside Ekiti State. Despite the fact that the number of autonomous communities in Ekitiland was 104 in 1955 (with some of these towns eventually transferred to neighboring Ondo, Kogi and Kwara States), the number of autonomous local communities in present Ekiti state in 2014 has increased to 134 due to official interventions and government proclamations. The latent question to ask here is whether the Ekiti Obas and their communities who later got local autonomy were initially affected by British re-organization of Ekiti towns, or they were subjugated under larger kingdoms or communities for a long period of time before they successfully asserted their autonomy. Another possibility is that other issues resulted in their differences, which in turn caused their demands for separation from the time of British colonial rule until now.
References
^ "Yoruba subgroups". Cambridge.org. Retrieved October 28, 2021.
^ "National Bureau of Statistics | REPORT DETAILS". Archived from the original on 2016-12-20. Retrieved 2016-12-10.
^ "The World Factbook — Central Intelligence Agency". www.cia.gov. Retrieved 2018-06-12.
^ "Akoko Resistance to External Invasion and Domination in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries" (PDF). rsisinternational.org. Retrieved October 30, 2021.
^ "The formation of Yoruba Nation and the challenge of leadership since Pre-Colonial Era, Pg 14". research gate.net. Retrieved October 30, 2021.
^ Johnson, Samuel (1921). The History of the Yorubas. Cambridshire, England: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780511702617.
^ Agboola, C. O. O. (January 1999). "History and Historiography in Precolonial Nigerian Societies: The Case of the Ekiti". History in Africa. 26: 1–10. doi:10.2307/3172134. ISSN 0361-5413. JSTOR 3172134. S2CID 161834491.
^ Jeremy Seymour Eades (1980). The Yoruba today. CUP Archive. p. 9. ISBN 0-521-22656-2.
^ "Ekiti people". Litcaf. 2017-02-02. Retrieved 2017-06-04.
^ Andrew Herman Apter (1992). Black critics & kings: the hermeneutics of power in Yoruba society. University of Chicago Press. p. 166. ISBN 0226023427.
^ "Learn About Ekiti State, Nigeria | People, Local Government and Business Opportunities in Ekiti".
^ "Otun-Ekiti Home Page". Archived from the original on 2017-02-14. Retrieved 2016-10-28.
^ Cole-Showers, Curtis Lanre (2014). "Population Structure and Demographics in Nigerian Populations Utilizing Y-Chromosome Markers" (PDF). University of the Western Cape: 44. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ekiti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekiti_State"},{"link_name":"Yoruba people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoruba_people"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Ijesha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ijesha"},{"link_name":"Igbomina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igbomina"},{"link_name":"Yagba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yagba_West"},{"link_name":"Ifes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ife"},{"link_name":"Ekiti State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekiti_State"},{"link_name":"Ondo State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ondo_State"},{"link_name":"Akure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akure"},{"link_name":"Ondo State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ondo_State"},{"link_name":"Ilara-Mokin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilara-Mokin"},{"link_name":"Ijare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ijare"},{"link_name":"Igbara-oke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igbara-oke"},{"link_name":"Akoko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akoko"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Kwara State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwara_State"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Ethnic groupThe Ekiti people are one of the largest historical subgroups of the larger Yoruba people of West Africa, located in Nigeria.[3] They are classified as a Central Yoruba group, alongside the Ijesha, Igbomina, Yagba and Ifes. 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Ogbagi, Irun, Ese, Oyin, Igasi, Afin and Eriti in the Akoko region,[4] as well as some towns in Kwara State, are also culturally Ekiti, although belong in other states today.[5]The name Ekiti is a derivation of an earlier term, Okiti, which means \"Hilly\" in Yoruba, as characterized by the generally hilly terrain of the areas which the Ekiti inhabit.[6]","title":"Ekiti people"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Yoruba dialect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoruba_language"},{"link_name":"Ijesha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ijesha"},{"link_name":"Effon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effon-Alaiye"},{"link_name":"Igbomina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igbomina"},{"link_name":"Ekan meje","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oke_Ero"},{"link_name":"Omu Aran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irepodun,_Kwara"},{"link_name":"Omuo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omuo"},{"link_name":"Yagba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yagba_West"},{"link_name":"Gbedde/Adde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ijumu"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"The language commonly spoken by the Ekiti people is a distinct Yoruba dialect also named 'Ekiti'. Despite its comparatively large geographical spread, Ekiti remains relatively uniform within the areas where it is spoken. The dialect generally has similarities with Ijesha speech towards the west beyond the Effon ridge, and into Igbomina in the north and northwest around the Ekiti speaking people of Ekan meje and Iloffa towards Omu Aran, both of which still fall within the Central Yoruba Continuum. Towards the northeast, away from the town of Oke ako, Itapaji and Omuo, the dialect gradually fades into the Yagba and Gbedde/Adde Yoruba types respectively.[7]","title":"Dialect"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Igbomina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igbomina"},{"link_name":"Ijeshas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ijesha"},{"link_name":"Ipetu-Ijesha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ipetu-Ijesha"},{"link_name":"Owos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Owo"},{"link_name":"Akokos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akoko_North-East"},{"link_name":"Ijumus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ijumu"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Akure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akure"},{"link_name":"metamorphic rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metamorphic_rock"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Efon-Alaiye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efon-Alaiye"},{"link_name":"Ikere-Ekiti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikere-Ekiti"},{"link_name":"Okemesi-Ekiti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okemesi"},{"link_name":"Tropical hardwood forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_hardwood_hammock"}],"text":"The Ekiti cover an area of 8,557 km², and are culturally bound by the Igbomina to the north and the Ijeshas to the west (the traditional Ekiti-Ijesha cultural boundary being at Ipetu-Ijesha). The Ondos are located to the southwest, the Owos to the southeast, and the Akokos, Yagbas and Ijumus to the northeast.[citation needed]Ekiti State is generally an upland zone, with elevations being generally above 450m throughout. Around Akure, elevations drop to around 360m. It lies on an area underlain by metamorphic rock, and is generally an undulating country with a characteristic landscape that consists of old plains broken by steep-sided outcrops that may occur singularly or in groups or ridges.[citation needed] Such outcrops can be seen in places at Aramoko, Efon-Alaiye, Ikere-Ekiti, Igbara-odo and Okemesi-Ekiti among others. Rugged hills dot the landscape, notable among which are the Olosunta hills of Ikere-Ekiti in the south, Effon ridge which runs longitudinally around Efon-Alaiye on the western boundary, and Ado Hills in the centre. The topography was perhaps the single strongest reason why the Ekitis never became a single unit politically. The area enjoys a tropical climate with two distinct seasons, these are the rainy season - which lasts from April to October - and the dry season which commences in late November and ends in March. Temperature ranges between 21 °C and 28 °C with high humidity. In the South, the vegetation is primarily Tropical hardwood forest, while a mixed/derived type savannah can be observed in the northern peripheries.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Akure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akure"},{"link_name":"Ibadan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibadan"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Oke-Imesi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okemesi"},{"link_name":"Ijeshaland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ijesha"},{"link_name":"Owo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Owo"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Ilesa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilesa"},{"link_name":"Ado-Ekiti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ado_Ekiti"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Ijebu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ijebu_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Egbaland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egba_people"},{"link_name":"Awujale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awujale"},{"link_name":"Alake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alake_of_Egba_(title)"},{"link_name":"when?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items"},{"link_name":"Obas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oba_(ruler)"},{"link_name":"Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa"},{"link_name":"Ondo Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ondo_State"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"After 1854, Akure and other Ekiti towns came under the rule of Ibadan and many settlements were destroyed. This lasted until a rebellion in 1876 followed by a prolonged war between the Yoruba states,[8] in which the Ekitis combined forces with the Ijeshas and some Akoko towns as a clan confederation known as the Ekiti Parapo[9] to resist Ibadan rule, led by Chief Fabunmi of Oke-Imesi and Chief Ogedengbe of Ijeshaland.Towards the end of the 19th century, the British, based on their Lagos Colony, had established a protectorate over the area, although they ruled through \"native\" administrations. They sought to combine the Ekiti kingdoms of the region into a single administrative unit against resistance by the Ekiti people, who preferred local autonomy. In 1899, Ekiti and Ilesha formed the north-eastern division of the protectorate. In 1915, Ekiti, Owo and Ondo were combined to form the Ondo Province with headquarters at Akure.[10]In looking at the creation of Native Authorities at Oke-Imo, Ilesa in 1900 by Major Reeve Tucker and the re-organization of North East District in December, 1912; the separation of Ijesa, Ekiti and other areas on 1 January 1913, and the creation of Ekiti Native Authority with its headquarters at Ado-Ekiti, conflicts and agitations for local autonomy had pervaded politics of traditional institutions in Ekitiland. When the British moved their administrative centre for Ekiti District to Ado-Ekiti in 1913 where the Ewi holds sway, the change in political status of Ado-Ekiti spurred a desire in other traditional authorities across Ekitiland to further demand for local autonomies.[citation needed] The heightened struggle did not give credibility to the fact that Ado-Ekiti which was eventually picked was already the official and major administrative capital of Ekitiland since 1 January 1913, nor did it occur to the agitators that it had over time become a second home for all Ekiti people irrespective of their hometown or place of origin. Hence, the struggle for relevance and supremacy which continued to rear its head is worth a fuller study and understanding is required if lasting solutions are to be found.In a similar vein, when the British mooted the idea of recognizing a paramount ruler for Ekitiland; as it did in Ijebu and Egbaland where the Awujale and the Alake became paramount rulers; its agents faced resistance from Ekiti Obas who opposed the mode of listing and role of traditional rulers at Oke-Imo meetings.[when?] The attempt by the British colonists to impose a sole native authority in Ekitiland in pursuit of their indirect rule policy failed because of the rejection of the supremacy theory among Ekiti Obas. Every attempt to further centralize traditional political authorities under the Ewi of Ado-Ekiti with Ado-Ekiti as the capital of Ekitiland, despite the ingenuity of its experimentation, was also resisted. The creation of colonial territories - which transformed into modern states after the various colonial interests left Africa - resulted in the division of existing traditional communities. Ondo Province later became part of Western State. In 1976, the old Ondo State was formed and in 1996, Ekiti State was split off from the modern Ondo State, which has Akure as its capital.[citation needed]","title":"Local administration and population"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:YorubaBowl.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ekiti State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekiti_State"},{"link_name":"Sani Abacha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sani_Abacha"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Oduduwa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oduduwa"},{"link_name":"Yorubaland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yorubaland"},{"link_name":"dynastic marriages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynastic_marriage"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Idofin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//idofinhistory.com"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20180117230610/http://idofinhistory.com/"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"Ipetu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ipetu-Ijesha"},{"link_name":"Omuo-Ekiti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omuo"},{"link_name":"Omuo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omuo"},{"link_name":"Oyin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oyin-Akoko"},{"link_name":"Egbe oba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egbe"},{"link_name":"Akure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akure"},{"link_name":"Akure Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akure_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Iju","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iju,_Ogun"},{"link_name":"Igbara Oke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igbara-oke"},{"link_name":"Ijare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ijare"},{"link_name":"Ilara-Mokin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilara-Mokin"},{"link_name":"Ibule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibule-Soro"},{"link_name":"Otun Ekiti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moba,_Nigeria"},{"link_name":"Benin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benin_City"}],"text":"Yoruba bowl from the Ekiti cultural areaEkiti State was created on 1 October 1996 alongside five other states by the Head of State and Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces of the Federal Republic of Nigeria, General Sani Abacha, GCON in a nation-wide broadcast to mark the 36th Independence anniversary of Nigeria. The State, carved out of Ondo State, covers the former twelve local government areas that made up the Ekiti Zone of old Ondo State.[11]\nEkiti as a nation within the Yoruba ethnicity has her progenitor in Oduduwa, as do most of the other major sub-ethnic divisions in Yorubaland. However, unlike the more centralized kingdoms and city-states to the West, the Ekitis traditionally lived in smaller, less politically centralized kingdoms that were largely independent of one another, although they traded amongst themselves and their ruling families often contracted dynastic marriages.[citation needed]The boundary of modern Ekitiland was shifted several times within a spate of 23 years without regard for the existing practice for identifying traditional boundaries in the African traditional society.[citation needed] Some of the major Ekiti settlements affected by the shift in boundaries for political and administrative purposes are as follows:Ekiti settlements transferred to Northern Nigeria in the colonial era.Otun (Awtun) Kingdom - Otun, Ekan, Aaye Ekan, Iloffa, Eruku, Idofin Archived 2018-01-17 at the Wayback Machine, Ilale, Erinmope, Ipetu, Orota, Ola.\nObbo (Obo) Kingdom (which consist of Obbo-ile and Obbo-Aiyegunle)- Osi, Ora Aiyetoro, Ejiu.\nOmuo-Ekiti and its neighbors - Omuo, Oyin, Iro, Afin, parts of Egbe oba Kingdom.\nEka Community - Erinmope Ekiti, Aare Opin, Isolo Opin, Isare Opin, Osi, Ikerin Opin, Oke Opin, Epe Opin, Owaatun Opin, Etan, Obbo-Ayegunle, Obbo-Ile, Eruku, Ajuba, Isapa, Ejiu and others.Ekiti settlements transferred to the Ondo and Owo regions under colonial Nigeria.Akure - Akure Kingdom, Iju, Itaogbolu, Igbara Oke, Ijare, Ilara-Mokin, Ibule etc.\nAkoko West - Irun, Ogbagi, Ese, Eriti.Ekiti used to exist as sixteen principal kingdoms. Each had a senior Oba superintending over its territory. There was never a centralized single political unit among the Ekiti people. Even though the Oore of Otun Ekiti - a town to the north of the Ekiti cultural area - was considered the most senior of the Ekiti kings from the advent of the British occupation of Ekitiland to the later end of Nigeria's colonial rule, the senior Ekiti Obas of Akure (Deji), Ado (Ewi) and Ikere (Ogoga) presided over the largest towns, and Akure was the Ekiti town with the closest links to Benin.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Oba of Benin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oba_of_Benin"},{"link_name":"Ekiti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekiti_State"},{"link_name":"Ondo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ondo_State"},{"link_name":"Edo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edo_State"},{"link_name":"Nupe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nupe_people"},{"link_name":"Aja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aja_people"},{"link_name":"Dahomey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dahomey"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Ikole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikole"},{"link_name":"Kabba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabba"},{"link_name":"Ikole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikole"},{"link_name":"Ilorin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilorin"},{"link_name":"council of Obas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Council_of_Traditional_Rulers_and_Chiefs"},{"link_name":"Oba Aladesanmi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Aladesanmi_II"},{"link_name":"Ijero Ekiti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ijero_Ekiti"}],"sub_title":"The Atolagbe school","text":"The view of a section of Ekiti historians (such as Atolagbe) is that the pre-eminence of the Oore as the most senior Yoruba and Ekiti Oba was linked to the fact that the Oore signed the 1886 peace treaty which the British coordinated with the Alaafin of Oyo and the Owa Obokun of Ijeshaland, among others. The Oba of Benin was also made to enter into a treaty with the Alaafin of Oyo. Under this treaty, Ekiti, Ondo and Edo were considered part of his traditional areas of influence and would be free of Oyo territorial incursions, while the Alaafin of Oyo would have the Western and Northern Yoruba territories, including parts of the non-Yoruba speaking neighbours like the Nupe, Ibariba and Aja in Dahomey (now the Republic of Benin).[12] Samuel Rowe, the Governor of the Gold Coast Colony, documented some useful hints concerning the pre-eminence of the Oore of Otun on May 29, 1883, when he wrote:\"Ekiti Parapo is a name given to the confederation of \"Efon tribes\". There are said to be 132 kings among them. The principal of these kings is one Oray (Oore)\".Due to a controversy between the Northern Government and the administration of Major Reeves Tucker, the territories of Otun, Obo, Ishan, Aiyede and Ikole were carved out of the South and then merged with the territories of Northern Nigeria. Subsequently, and following the readjustment of the boundary between the Ekiti (Southern) and Kabba (Northern) divisions in 1909, Ishan, Aiyede and Ikole returned to the Ekiti division while Otun, Obo and others remained in the North, under Ilorin division. In the period of the Oore's absence in Ekitiland, the idea of an Ekiti council of Obas died away. There was no meeting of the council held throughout the period due to a lack of acceptable leadership among all the Obas. Leadership naturally fell to the Ewi of Ado, who in fact represented the Ekiti Obas at the conference of Yoruba Obas held at Ibadan in 1939. Following the return of Otun town to the Ekiti Division in 1936, the council of Ekiti Obas was re-introduced in the form of the Pelupelu (whose name was derived from \"Pe Olu\" i.e. \"The calling of Lords\") and the Oore was again made the president. In the biography of H.R.H. Oba Aladesanmi, an Ewi of Ado Ekiti, the Oba said:\"I am in the third position in the Ekiti Division Council of Traditional Rulers which has the Ajero of Ijero Ekiti as the second. The senior one, Oore of Otun, had his district transferred to Ilorin Emirate Council. It was later returned to Ekiti division of Ondo province after much agitation from the people to the government\".","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Obatala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obatala"},{"link_name":"Ifa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ifa"},{"link_name":"Ife","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ife"},{"link_name":"Moba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moba,_Nigeria"}],"sub_title":"The Falegan school","text":"Another school of thought contests the supremacy of the Oore as the most senior Oba in Ekiti for several reasons. First is the fact that the Oore did not possess the largest kingdom in the pre-colonial era. The Ewi of Ado-Ekiti and the Deji of Akure had far larger territories. It is argued that the Oore was more of a mercenary king during the Kiriji war, unlike the principal kings who hardly left their palaces even in the face of war. An example of this is the fact that the Ewi remained in Ado, and only left it when his town relocated temporarily due to the Benin horde's invasion. Atolagbe acknowledged that the Oore was not a prince of the Oduduwa dynasty but was rather a friend or benefactor of his. Hence, he was a native personality that was integrated into the Yoruba culture under the dynastic reign of Oduduwa and his successors. As Oduduwa's children and grandchildren included the Ewi, the Ajero, the Alara and the Elekole, all are therefore direct heirs of Oduduwa. Due to this, the Oore could not be of equal rank with them according to Yoruba customary law. He could not have been the most senior Yoruba king in Ekitiland, even if he was an Ekiti native that survived or a follower of Obatala that was conquered. Furthermore, references to the Oore in the \nIfa oracle only state that the Oore was also an Ifa follower, whereas the same Ifa section mentions that Ado-Ekiti is the home (or abode) of Ifa, which invariably made the Oore an adherent like any other while the Ewi is a custodian of the Ifa religion.Moreover, the pelupelus which the Oore chaired at the advent of the Kiriji war in Otun had few of the principal Obas in attendance. They did not include the Ewi, the Deji and the Ogoga, to mention a few. The meetings were regarded as being of a lesser importance, except for mobilizing the coalition of warriors and hunters for the Ekiti war of liberation spearheaded by Fabunmi. There are records which state that the pelupelus held before then were often held in Ado-Ekiti under the Ewi, meetings where the Obas never met, because tradition forbade Obas from looking into each other’s eyes in Yorubaland prior to the arrival of the British. The pelupelu where the Oore was recognized by the British as the most senior Oba was an imposition at Oke-Imo in 1900 by Major Tucker, owing to recognition of his heroic contributions to the Kiriji wars and the signing of its 1886 treaty, the age of the Oore at the time of the meeting, a mistake in the itinerary of Tucker's visit to Ekiti upon which he accorded the Oore a higher status and the role the Oore played as the first Ekiti Oba to accept British colonial rule in Ekitiland. Finally, the story of the Oore where he is mentioned as a co-equal friend of Oduduwa has never been accepted in Ife tradition as being true.According to Babatola, the fact that a school of Yoruba history regarded the Oore as a prince of Ile-Ife, while others referred to him as a follower of Obatala, whom Oduduwa deposed as king upon his arrival at Ife, is enough reason to ask more questions. On the other hand, Falegan insisted that the Oore could not claim any supremacy or superiority that he did not enjoy in Ekitiland prior to colonial rule. He insisted that if the Oore is a son of Oduduwa, his status would depend on where he is ranked on the list of the prominent children of Oduduwa who made spectacular gains in their adventures away from Ile-Ife, particularly those who drifted towards Ekitiland. Otherwise, if the Oore is an Obatala follower who survived as a native entity that Oduduwa met at Ile-Ife and subsequently integrated, he could not promote himself in tradition above the new dynasty of Oduduwa and his sons in Yorubaland.Falegan, therefore, remarked thus: \"How did the Oore become a king, if he was neither a son of Oduduwa nor his lieutenant?\"Babatola similarly reviewed the version of the Oore's history presented by Atolagbe and other Moba historians and submitted thus: \"Atolagbe's reconstruction of Moba history and the place he advocated for Oore in Yoruba and Ekiti history to boost the status of Oore in the eyes of all the world as the most senior Ekiti Oba is a grievous injury to Yoruba history. Indeed, it has an element of profoundly damaging conjuncture of tradition and culture in our history that should be redressed to the extent of its fallacies or distortion. Though the damage done is reversible through the harmonization of different traditions of Ekiti people to expose his delicacies of concoction and false claims, Atolagbe attempted most likely to also score a point against Ekiti Obas who opposed Oore’s listing ahead of them at Oke-Imo meetings in finding a medium of restoring Oore pre-eminence that was gained at the close of Kiriji and early years of British colonial rule in Ekitiland.\"","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Y-DNA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y-DNA"},{"link_name":"West Eurasian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Eurasian"},{"link_name":"haplogroup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup"},{"link_name":"R1b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_R1b_(Y-DNA)"},{"link_name":"East African","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_African_Community"},{"link_name":"E1b1b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E1b1b"},{"link_name":"E1b1a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E1b1a"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cole-Showers-13"}],"text":"A Y-DNA study conducted by Curtis Lanre Cole-Showers in 2014 revealed that among the Yoruba population with a geographic origin in Ekiti, approximately 4.2% carry the West Eurasian haplogroup R1b, And the East African haplogroup E1b1b. Notably, the predominant genetic marker within the Ekiti population, accounting for approximately 75%, is the E1b1a haplogroup[13]","title":"Genetics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ado-Ekiti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ado_Ekiti"},{"link_name":"Kogi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kogi_State"},{"link_name":"Kwara States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwara_State"}],"text":"With the creation of the Ekiti Native Authority (Ekiti Division) at Ado-Ekiti in January 1913, and Akure becoming the provincial centre, and correspondingly with its growth in size and status, the pre-eminence of the Oore and the prominence of the Ewi were gradually resolved politically.Kenyo compiled a list of 104 Ekiti autonomous communities existing in the 1950s with names of their traditional rulers who came from Ile-Ife or Benin and other places to Ekitiland, though some are now located outside Ekiti State. Despite the fact that the number of autonomous communities in Ekitiland was 104 in 1955 (with some of these towns eventually transferred to neighboring Ondo, Kogi and Kwara States), the number of autonomous local communities in present Ekiti state in 2014 has increased to 134 due to official interventions and government proclamations. The latent question to ask here is whether the Ekiti Obas and their communities who later got local autonomy were initially affected by British re-organization of Ekiti towns, or they were subjugated under larger kingdoms or communities for a long period of time before they successfully asserted their autonomy. Another possibility is that other issues resulted in their differences, which in turn caused their demands for separation from the time of British colonial rule until now.","title":"Recent events"}] | [{"image_text":"Yoruba bowl from the Ekiti cultural area","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/YorubaBowl.jpg/220px-YorubaBowl.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"Yoruba subgroups\". Cambridge.org. Retrieved October 28, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://static.cambridge.org/binary/version/id/urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20190625044900268-0976:9781107587656:06460fig001_005.png?pub-status=livelanguage=en","url_text":"\"Yoruba subgroups\""}]},{"reference":"\"National Bureau of Statistics | REPORT DETAILS\". Archived from the original on 2016-12-20. Retrieved 2016-12-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161220091655/http://www.nigerianstat.gov.ng/report/475","url_text":"\"National Bureau of Statistics | REPORT DETAILS\""},{"url":"http://www.nigerianstat.gov.ng/report/475","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"The World Factbook — Central Intelligence Agency\". www.cia.gov. Retrieved 2018-06-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/nigeria/","url_text":"\"The World Factbook — Central Intelligence Agency\""}]},{"reference":"\"Akoko Resistance to External Invasion and Domination in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries\" (PDF). rsisinternational.org. Retrieved October 30, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rsisinternational.org/journals/ijriss/Digital-Library/volume-2-issue-11/66-72.pdf","url_text":"\"Akoko Resistance to External Invasion and Domination in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries\""}]},{"reference":"\"The formation of Yoruba Nation and the challenge of leadership since Pre-Colonial Era, Pg 14\". research gate.net. Retrieved October 30, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/338843728","url_text":"\"The formation of Yoruba Nation and the challenge of leadership since Pre-Colonial Era, Pg 14\""}]},{"reference":"Johnson, Samuel (1921). The History of the Yorubas. Cambridshire, England: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780511702617.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780511702617","url_text":"9780511702617"}]},{"reference":"Agboola, C. O. O. (January 1999). \"History and Historiography in Precolonial Nigerian Societies: The Case of the Ekiti\". History in Africa. 26: 1–10. doi:10.2307/3172134. ISSN 0361-5413. JSTOR 3172134. S2CID 161834491.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/history-in-africa/article/abs/history-and-historiography-in-precolonial-nigerian-societies-the-case-of-the-ekiti/12B190AC33FF20D3C4A04D25E9E566E7","url_text":"\"History and Historiography in Precolonial Nigerian Societies: The Case of the Ekiti\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3172134","url_text":"10.2307/3172134"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0361-5413","url_text":"0361-5413"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/3172134","url_text":"3172134"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:161834491","url_text":"161834491"}]},{"reference":"Jeremy Seymour Eades (1980). The Yoruba today. 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University of the Western Cape: 44.","urls":[{"url":"https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/76181634.pdf","url_text":"\"Population Structure and Demographics in Nigerian Populations Utilizing Y-Chromosome Markers\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://idofinhistory.com/","external_links_name":"Idofin"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180117230610/http://idofinhistory.com/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://static.cambridge.org/binary/version/id/urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20190625044900268-0976:9781107587656:06460fig001_005.png?pub-status=livelanguage=en","external_links_name":"\"Yoruba subgroups\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161220091655/http://www.nigerianstat.gov.ng/report/475","external_links_name":"\"National Bureau of Statistics | REPORT DETAILS\""},{"Link":"http://www.nigerianstat.gov.ng/report/475","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/nigeria/","external_links_name":"\"The World Factbook — Central Intelligence Agency\""},{"Link":"https://www.rsisinternational.org/journals/ijriss/Digital-Library/volume-2-issue-11/66-72.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Akoko Resistance to External Invasion and Domination in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries\""},{"Link":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/338843728","external_links_name":"\"The formation of Yoruba Nation and the challenge of leadership since Pre-Colonial Era, Pg 14\""},{"Link":"https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/history-in-africa/article/abs/history-and-historiography-in-precolonial-nigerian-societies-the-case-of-the-ekiti/12B190AC33FF20D3C4A04D25E9E566E7","external_links_name":"\"History and Historiography in Precolonial Nigerian Societies: The Case of the Ekiti\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3172134","external_links_name":"10.2307/3172134"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0361-5413","external_links_name":"0361-5413"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/3172134","external_links_name":"3172134"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:161834491","external_links_name":"161834491"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/yorubatoday0000eade/page/9","external_links_name":"The Yoruba today"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/yorubatoday0000eade/page/9","external_links_name":"9"},{"Link":"https://litcaf.com/ekiti-people/","external_links_name":"\"Ekiti people\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/blackcriticsking00apte/page/166","external_links_name":"Black critics & kings: the hermeneutics of power in Yoruba society"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/blackcriticsking00apte/page/166","external_links_name":"166"},{"Link":"http://www.ngex.com/nigeria/places/states/ekiti.htm","external_links_name":"\"Learn About Ekiti State, Nigeria | People, Local Government and Business Opportunities in Ekiti\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170214224643/http://www.otun.ekiti.com/","external_links_name":"\"Otun-Ekiti Home Page\""},{"Link":"http://www.otun.ekiti.com/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/76181634.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Population Structure and Demographics in Nigerian Populations Utilizing Y-Chromosome Markers\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Trevisan | Bernard Trevisan | ["1 Biography","2 Attributed works","3 Notes","4 Further reading","5 External links"] | This article uses bare URLs, which are uninformative and vulnerable to link rot. Please consider converting them to full citations to ensure the article remains verifiable and maintains a consistent citation style. Several templates and tools are available to assist in formatting, such as reFill (documentation) and Citation bot (documentation). (August 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
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Bernard Trevisan (Bernard of Treviso, Bernardus Trevisanus) was a fictional Italian alchemist who lived from 1406 to 1490. His biography has been composed by editors and commentators of alchemical texts from the 16th century. It is said that he was born into a noble family in Padua and spent his entire life spending his family fortune in search of the Philosopher's stone. The mythical character emerged by a confusion with the alchemist called Bernard of Trier. A recent study founded a chronicle of his death in 1387. He has been identified with Eberhard I von der Mark (1305-1387), a law graduate and clergyman, who became chorbishop of Cologne. He resigned his positions in the Church to marry in 1346 with Maria de Looz-Agimont (ca.1336-1410), whose titles and territories counties were key points in feudal disputes involving Von der Marck family. From 1366 he was closely related to Kuno II von Falkenstein (ca.1320-1388), archbishop of Trier.
Biography
The fictional Bernard Trevisan began his career as an alchemist at the age of fourteen. He had his family's permission, as they also desired to increase their wealth. He first worked with a monk of Cîteaux named Gotfridus Leurier. They attempted for eight years to fashion the Philosopher's stone out of hen eggshells and egg yolk purified in horse manure.
He is believed to have been influential on the work of Gilles de Rais in the 1430s.
He then worked with minerals and natural salts using distillation and crystallization methods borrowed from Jabir ibn Hayyan and Muhammad ibn Zakariya al-Razi. When these failed he turned to vegetable and animal material, finally using human blood and urine. He gradually sold his wealth to buy secrets and hints towards the stone, most often from swindlers. He traveled all over the known world, including the Baltics, Germany, Spain, France, Vienna, Egypt, Palestine, Persia, Greece, Turkey, and Cyprus, to find hints left by past alchemists. His health had been deteriorating, most likely from the fumes he had created with his alchemy. He retired to the Island of Rhodes, still working on the Philosopher's stone until his death in 1490.
Attributed works
In the sixteenth century, several alchemical works were attributed to Bernard. For example, Trevisanus de Chymico miraculo, quod lapidem philosophiae appellant was edited in 1583 by Gerhard Dorn. The Answer of Bernardus Trevisanus, to the Epistle of Thomas of Bononia, and The Prefatory Epistle of Bernard Earl of Tresne, in English, appeared in the 1680 Aurifontina Chymica.
Notes
^ DIDIER KAHN, (2003), “Recherches sur le Livre attribué au prétendu Bernard le Trévisan (fin du XVe siècle)”, en: Chiara Crisciani & Agostino Paravicini Bagliani (eds.) Alchimia e medicina nel Medioevo, SISMEL – Edizioni del Galluzzo, Firenze, pp. 265-336.
^ José Rodríguez Guerrero, (2014-2018), “El Correctorium alchimiae (ca.1352-1362) de Ricardus Anglicus y la versión de Bernardus Magnus de Tréveris”, Azogue, 8, pp. 216-270.
^ "Crucibles Summary CHP 1-4". online.redwoods.cc.ca.us. Archived from the original on 4 October 2006. Retrieved 13 January 2022.
^ A.E. Waite, The Lives of the Alchemystical Philosophers (London, 1888), 126.
^ Roland Villeneuve, Gilles de Rais p128, Editions Denoel 1955
^ Thomas of Bononia being described as physician to Charles VIII of France, king at the end of the fifteenth century.
^ https://www.alchemywebsite.com/books/bk280.htm
Further reading
Kibre, Pearl (1970). "Bernard of Trevisan". Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 2. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. pp. 22–23. ISBN 0-684-10114-9.
Jaffe, Bernard (1976). Crucibles: The Story of Chemistry, from ancient alchemy to nuclear fission (4 ed.). New York: Dover Publications Ltd.
Kahn, Didier (2003). "Recherches sur le ‘Livre’ attribué au prétendu Bernard le Trévisan (fin du XVe siècle)", in "Alchimia e medicina nel Medioevo", Micrologus Library IX.
Gallina, Furio (2015). "Miti e storie di alchimisti tra il medioevo e l'età contemporanea", Resana: mp/edizioni.
José Rodríguez Guerrero, (2014-2018), “El Correctorium alchimiae (ca.1352-1362) de Ricardus Anglicus y la versión de Bernardus Magnus de Tréveris”, Azogue, 8, pp. 216–270.
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IdRef | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[ˈtreːvizan]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Italian"},{"link_name":"alchemist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alchemy"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Padua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padua"},{"link_name":"Philosopher's stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosopher%27s_stone"},{"link_name":"Trier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trier"},{"link_name":"Eberhard I von der Mark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eberhard_I_von_der_Mark&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cologne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cologne"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Kuno II von Falkenstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuno_II_von_Falkenstein"}],"text":"Bernard Trevisan [ˈtreːvizan] (Bernard of Treviso, Bernardus Trevisanus) was a fictional Italian alchemist who lived from 1406 to 1490.[1] His biography has been composed by editors and commentators of alchemical texts from the 16th century. It is said that he was born into a noble family in Padua and spent his entire life spending his family fortune in search of the Philosopher's stone. The mythical character emerged by a confusion with the alchemist called Bernard of Trier. A recent study founded a chronicle of his death in 1387. He has been identified with Eberhard I von der Mark (1305-1387), a law graduate and clergyman, who became chorbishop of Cologne.[2] He resigned his positions in the Church to marry in 1346 with Maria de Looz-Agimont (ca.1336-1410), whose titles and territories counties were key points in feudal disputes involving Von der Marck family. From 1366 he was closely related to Kuno II von Falkenstein (ca.1320-1388), archbishop of Trier.","title":"Bernard Trevisan"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"alchemist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alchemy"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Cîteaux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%AEteaux_Abbey"},{"link_name":"Philosopher's stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosopher%27s_stone"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Gilles de Rais","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilles_de_Rais"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"distillation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distillation"},{"link_name":"crystallization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystallization"},{"link_name":"Jabir ibn Hayyan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jabir_ibn_Hayyan"},{"link_name":"Muhammad ibn Zakariya al-Razi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Zakariya_al-Razi"},{"link_name":"blood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood"},{"link_name":"urine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urine"},{"link_name":"Philosopher's stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosopher%27s_stone"}],"text":"The fictional Bernard Trevisan began his career as an alchemist at the age of fourteen.[3] He had his family's permission, as they also desired to increase their wealth. He first worked with a monk of Cîteaux named Gotfridus Leurier. They attempted for eight years to fashion the Philosopher's stone out of hen eggshells and egg yolk purified in horse manure.[4]He is believed to have been influential on the work of Gilles de Rais in the 1430s.[5]He then worked with minerals and natural salts using distillation and crystallization methods borrowed from Jabir ibn Hayyan and Muhammad ibn Zakariya al-Razi. When these failed he turned to vegetable and animal material, finally using human blood and urine. He gradually sold his wealth to buy secrets and hints towards the stone, most often from swindlers. He traveled all over the known world, including the Baltics, Germany, Spain, France, Vienna, Egypt, Palestine, Persia, Greece, Turkey, and Cyprus, to find hints left by past alchemists. His health had been deteriorating, most likely from the fumes he had created with his alchemy. He retired to the Island of Rhodes, still working on the Philosopher's stone until his death in 1490.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gerhard Dorn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerhard_Dorn"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"In the sixteenth century, several alchemical works were attributed to Bernard. For example, Trevisanus de Chymico miraculo, quod lapidem philosophiae appellant was edited in 1583 by Gerhard Dorn. The Answer of Bernardus Trevisanus, to the Epistle of Thomas of Bononia,[6] and The Prefatory Epistle of Bernard Earl of Tresne, in English, appeared in the 1680 Aurifontina Chymica.[7]","title":"Attributed works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"Azogue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//revistaazogue.com/azogue8.htm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"\"Crucibles Summary CHP 1-4\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20061004084543/http://online.redwoods.cc.ca.us/DEPTS/Science/chem/crucible.htm"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//online.redwoods.cc.ca.us/DEPTS/Science/chem/crucible.htm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"Charles VIII of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_VIII_of_France"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"https://www.alchemywebsite.com/books/bk280.htm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.alchemywebsite.com/books/bk280.htm"}],"text":"^ DIDIER KAHN, (2003), “Recherches sur le Livre attribué au prétendu Bernard le Trévisan (fin du XVe siècle)”, en: Chiara Crisciani & Agostino Paravicini Bagliani (eds.) Alchimia e medicina nel Medioevo, SISMEL – Edizioni del Galluzzo, Firenze, pp. 265-336.\n\n^ José Rodríguez Guerrero, (2014-2018), “El Correctorium alchimiae (ca.1352-1362) de Ricardus Anglicus y la versión de Bernardus Magnus de Tréveris”, Azogue, 8, pp. 216-270.\n\n^ \"Crucibles Summary CHP 1-4\". online.redwoods.cc.ca.us. Archived from the original on 4 October 2006. Retrieved 13 January 2022.\n\n^ A.E. Waite, The Lives of the Alchemystical Philosophers (London, 1888), 126.\n\n^ Roland Villeneuve, Gilles de Rais p128, Editions Denoel 1955\n\n^ Thomas of Bononia being described as physician to Charles VIII of France, king at the end of the fifteenth century.\n\n^ https://www.alchemywebsite.com/books/bk280.htm","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kibre, Pearl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearl_Kibre"},{"link_name":"Dictionary of Scientific Biography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_Scientific_Biography"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-684-10114-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-684-10114-9"},{"link_name":"Azogue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.academia.edu/101773894/El_Correctorium_alchimiae_ca_1352_1362_de_Ricardus_Anglicus_y_la_versi%C3%B3n_de_Bernardus_Magnus_de_Tr%C3%A9veris"}],"text":"Kibre, Pearl (1970). \"Bernard of Trevisan\". Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 2. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. pp. 22–23. ISBN 0-684-10114-9.\nJaffe, Bernard (1976). Crucibles: The Story of Chemistry, from ancient alchemy to nuclear fission (4 ed.). New York: Dover Publications Ltd.\nKahn, Didier (2003). \"Recherches sur le ‘Livre’ attribué au prétendu Bernard le Trévisan (fin du XVe siècle)\", in \"Alchimia e medicina nel Medioevo\", Micrologus Library IX.\nGallina, Furio (2015). \"Miti e storie di alchimisti tra il medioevo e l'età contemporanea\", Resana: mp/edizioni.\nJosé Rodríguez Guerrero, (2014-2018), “El Correctorium alchimiae (ca.1352-1362) de Ricardus Anglicus y la versión de Bernardus Magnus de Tréveris”, Azogue, 8, pp. 216–270.","title":"Further reading"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Crucibles Summary CHP 1-4\". online.redwoods.cc.ca.us. Archived from the original on 4 October 2006. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hideo_Okamoto | Hideo Okamoto | ["1 References"] | Japanese rower
Hideo OkamotoPersonal informationNationalityJapaneseBorn (1948-07-20) 20 July 1948 (age 75)SportSportRowing
Hideo Okamoto (岡本 秀雄, Okamoto Hideo, born 20 July 1948) is a Japanese rower. He competed in the men's single sculls event at the 1972 Summer Olympics.
References
^ Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill; et al. "Hideo Okamoto Olympic Results". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 17 April 2020. Retrieved 18 August 2018.
This biographical article relating to Japanese rowing is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"rower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rowing_(sport)"},{"link_name":"men's single sculls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rowing_at_the_1972_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_single_sculls"},{"link_name":"1972 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1972_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SportsRef-1"}],"text":"Hideo Okamoto (岡本 秀雄, Okamoto Hideo, born 20 July 1948) is a Japanese rower. He competed in the men's single sculls event at the 1972 Summer Olympics.[1]","title":"Hideo Okamoto"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill; et al. \"Hideo Okamoto Olympic Results\". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 17 April 2020. Retrieved 18 August 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Mallon","url_text":"Mallon, Bill"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200417212725/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ok/hideo-okamoto-1.html","url_text":"\"Hideo Okamoto Olympic Results\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_Reference","url_text":"Sports Reference LLC"},{"url":"https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ok/hideo-okamoto-1.html","url_text":"the original"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200417212725/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ok/hideo-okamoto-1.html","external_links_name":"\"Hideo Okamoto Olympic Results\""},{"Link":"https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ok/hideo-okamoto-1.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hideo_Okamoto&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/School_(fish) | Shoaling and schooling | ["1 Overview","2 Social interaction","3 Foraging advantages","4 Reproductive advantages","5 Hydrodynamic efficiency","6 Predator avoidance","7 Predator countermeasures","8 How fish school","9 Describing shoal structure","10 Modelling school behaviour","10.1 Mathematical models","10.2 Evolutionary models","11 Mapping the formation of schools","12 Leadership and decision-making","13 Shoal choice","14 Commercial fishing","15 Further examples","16 See also","17 Notes","18 References","19 Further reading","20 External links"] | In biology, any group of fish that stay together for social reasons
This article is about shoaling and schooling fish. For other uses, see Shoal (disambiguation) and School (disambiguation).
"School of fish" redirects here. For the alternative rock band, see School of Fish.
Shoaling and schoolingThese powder blue tangs are shoaling. They are swimming somewhat independently, but in such a way that they stay connected, forming a social group.These bluestripe snapper are schooling. They are all swimming in the same direction in a coordinated way.
In biology, any group of fish that stay together for social reasons are shoaling, and if the group is swimming in the same direction in a coordinated manner, they are schooling. In common usage, the terms are sometimes used rather loosely. About one quarter of fish species shoal all their lives, and about one half shoal for part of their lives.
Fish derive many benefits from shoaling behaviour including defence against predators (through better predator detection and by diluting the chance of individual capture), enhanced foraging success, and higher success in finding a mate. It is also likely that fish benefit from shoal membership through increased hydrodynamic efficiency.
Fish use many traits to choose shoalmates. Generally they prefer larger shoals, shoalmates of their own species, shoalmates similar in size and appearance to themselves, healthy fish, and kin (when recognized).
The oddity effect posits that any shoal member that stands out in appearance will be preferentially targeted by predators. This may explain why fish prefer to shoal with individuals that resemble themselves. The oddity effect thus tends to homogenize shoals.
Overview
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Underwater video loop of a school of herrings migrating at high speed to their spawning grounds in the Baltic Sea
An aggregation of fish is the general term for any collection of fish that have gathered together in some locality. Fish aggregations can be structured or unstructured. An unstructured aggregation might be a group of mixed species and sizes that have gathered randomly near some local resource, such as food or nesting sites.
If, in addition, the aggregation comes together in an interactive, social way, they may be said to be shoaling. Although shoaling fish can relate to each other in a loose way, with each fish swimming and foraging somewhat independently, they are nonetheless aware of the other members of the group as shown by the way they adjust behaviour such as swimming, so as to remain close to the other fish in the group. Shoaling groups can include fish of disparate sizes and can include mixed-species subgroups.
If the shoal becomes more tightly organised, with the fish synchronising their swimming so they all move at the same speed and in the same direction, then the fish may be said to be schooling. Schooling fish are usually of the same species and the same age/size. Fish schools move with the individual members precisely spaced from each other. The schools undertake complicated manoeuvres, as though the schools have minds of their own.
The intricacies of schooling are far from fully understood, especially the swimming and feeding energetics. Many hypotheses to explain the function of schooling have been suggested, such as better orientation, synchronized hunting, predator confusion and reduced risk of being found. Schooling also has disadvantages, such as excretion buildup in the breathing media and oxygen and food depletion. The way the fish array in the school probably gives energy saving advantages, though this is controversial.
Schools of forage fish often accompany large predator fish. Here a school of jacks accompany a great barracuda.
Fish can be obligate or facultative (optional) shoalers. Obligate shoalers, such as tunas, herrings and anchovy, spend all of their time shoaling or schooling, and become agitated if separated from the group. Facultative shoalers, such as Atlantic cod, saiths and some carangids, shoal only some of the time, perhaps for reproductive purposes.
Shoaling fish can shift into a disciplined and coordinated school, then shift back to an amorphous shoal within seconds. Such shifts are triggered by changes of activity from feeding, resting, travelling or avoiding predators.
When schooling fish stop to feed, they break ranks and become shoals. Shoals are more vulnerable to predator attack. The shape a shoal or school takes depends on the type of fish and what the fish are doing. Schools that are travelling can form long thin lines, or squares or ovals or amoeboid shapes. Fast moving schools usually form a wedge shape, while shoals that are feeding tend to become circular.
Forage fish are small fish which are preyed on by larger predators for food. Predators include other larger fish, seabirds and marine mammals. Typical ocean forage fish are small, filter-feeding fish such as herring, anchovies and menhaden. Forage fish compensate for their small size by forming schools. Some swim in synchronised grids with their mouths open so they can efficiently filter feed on plankton. These schools can become huge, moving along coastlines and migrating across open oceans. The shoals are concentrated food resources for the great marine predators.
A school of fish has many eyes that can scan for food or threats
Pacific sardine school reacting to attention from yellowfin tuna
These sometimes immense gatherings fuel the ocean food web. Most forage fish are pelagic fish, which means they form their schools in open water, and not on or near the bottom (demersal fish). Forage fish are short-lived, and go mostly unnoticed by humans. The predators are keenly focused on the shoals, acutely aware of their numbers and whereabouts, and make migrations themselves, often in schools of their own, that can span thousands of miles to connect with, or stay connected with them.
Herring are among the more spectacular schooling fish. They aggregate together in huge numbers. The largest schools are often formed during migrations by merging with smaller schools. "Chains" of schools one hundred kilometres (60 miles) long have been observed of mullet migrating in the Caspian Sea. Radakov estimated herring schools in the North Atlantic can occupy up to 4.8 cubic kilometres (1.2 cubic miles) with fish densities between 0.5 and 1.0 fish/cubic metre (3⁄8 to 3⁄4 fish per cubic yard), totalling about three billion fish in a single school. These schools move along coastlines and traverse the open oceans. Herring schools in general have very precise arrangements which allow the school to maintain relatively constant cruising speeds. Herrings have excellent hearing, and their schools react very rapidly to a predator. The herrings keep a certain distance from a moving scuba diver or a cruising predator like a killer whale, forming a vacuole which looks like a doughnut from a spotter plane.
Many species of large predatory fish also school, including many highly migratory fish, such as tuna and some oceangoing sharks. Cetaceans such as dolphins, porpoises and whales, operate in organised social groups called pods.
"Shoaling behaviour is generally described as a trade-off between the anti-predator benefits of living in groups and the costs of increased foraging competition." Landa (1998) argues that the cumulative advantages of shoaling, as elaborated below, are strong selective inducements for fish to join shoals. Parrish et al. (2002) argue similarly that schooling is a classic example of emergence, where there are properties that are possessed by the school but not by the individual fish. Emergent properties give an evolutionary advantage to members of the school which non members do not receive.
Social interaction
Support for the social and genetic function of aggregations, especially those formed by fish, can be seen in several aspects of their behaviour. For instance, experiments have shown that individual fish removed from a school will have a higher respiratory rate than those found in the school. This effect has been attributed to stress, and the effect of being with conspecifics therefore appears to be a calming one and a powerful social motivation for remaining in an aggregation. Herring, for instance, will become very agitated if they are isolated from conspecifics. Because of their adaptation to schooling behaviour they are rarely displayed in aquaria. Even with the best facilities aquaria can offer they become fragile and sluggish compared to their quivering energy in wild schools.
Foraging advantages
Some coastal upwellings (red) provide plankton-rich feeding grounds for shoals of forage fish, which in turn attract larger predator fish.
Further information: Forage fish § Hunting copepods
It has also been proposed that swimming in groups enhances foraging success. This ability was demonstrated by Pitcher and others in their study of foraging behaviour in shoaling cyprinids. In this study, the time it took for groups of minnows and goldfish to find a patch of food was quantified. The number of fishes in the groups was varied, and a statistically significant decrease in the amount of time necessary for larger groups to find food was established. Further support for an enhanced foraging capability of schools is seen in the structure of schools of predatory fish. Partridge and others analysed the school structure of Atlantic bluefin tuna from aerial photographs and found that the school assumed a parabolic shape, a fact that was suggestive of cooperative hunting in this species.
"The reason for this is the presence of many eyes searching for the food. Fish in shoals "share" information by monitoring each other's behaviour closely. Feeding behaviour in one fish quickly stimulates food-searching behaviour in others.
Fertile feeding grounds for forage fish are provided by ocean upwellings. Oceanic gyres are large-scale ocean currents caused by the Coriolis effect. Wind-driven surface currents interact with these gyres and the underwater topography, such as seamounts, fishing banks, and the edge of continental shelves, to produce downwellings and upwellings. These can transport nutrients which plankton thrive on. The result can be rich feeding grounds attractive to the plankton feeding forage fish. In turn, the forage fish themselves become a feeding ground for larger predator fish. Most upwellings are coastal, and many of them support some of the most productive fisheries in the world. Regions of notable upwelling include coastal Peru, Chile, Arabian Sea, western South Africa, eastern New Zealand and the California coast.
Copepods, the primary zooplankton, are a major item on the forage fish menu. They are a group of small crustaceans found in ocean and freshwater habitats. Copepods are typically one millimetre (0.04 in) to two millimetres (0.08 in) long, with a teardrop shaped body. Some scientists say they form the largest animal biomass on the planet. Copepods are very alert and evasive. They have large antennae (see photo below left). When they spread their antennae they can sense the pressure wave from an approaching fish and jump with great speed over a few centimeters. If copepod concentrations reach high levels, schooling herrings adopt a method called ram feeding. In the photo below, herring ram feed on a school of copepods. They swim with their mouth wide open and their opercula fully expanded.
This copepod has its antenna spread (click to enlarge). The antenna detects the pressure wave of an approaching fish.
Copepods are a major food source for forage fish like this Atlantic herring.
School of herrings ram-feeding on a school of copepods, with opercula expanded so their red gills are visible
Animation showing how herrings hunting in a synchronised way can capture the very alert and evasive copepod
The fish swim in a grid where the distance between them is the same as the jump length of their prey, as indicated in the animation above right. In the animation, juvenile herring hunt the copepods in this synchronised way. The copepods sense with their antennae the pressure-wave of an approaching herring and react with a fast escape jump. The length of the jump is fairly constant. The fish align themselves in a grid with this characteristic jump length. A copepod can dart about 80 times before it tires. After a jump, it takes it 60 milliseconds to spread its antennae again, and this time delay becomes its undoing, as the almost endless stream of herrings allows a herring to eventually snap the copepod. A single juvenile herring could never catch a large copepod.
Reproductive advantages
Further information: Fish migration
A third proposed benefit of fish groups is that they serve a reproductive function. They provide increased access to potential mates, since finding a mate in a shoal does not take much energy. And for migrating fish that navigate long distances to spawn, it is likely that the navigation of the shoal, with an input from all the shoal members, will be better than that taken by an individual fish.
Migration of Icelandic capelin
Forage fish often make great migrations between their spawning, feeding and nursery grounds. Schools of a particular stock usually travel in a triangle between these grounds. For example, one stock of herrings have their spawning ground in southern Norway, their feeding ground in Iceland, and their nursery ground in northern Norway. Wide triangular journeys such as these may be important because forage fish, when feeding, cannot distinguish their own offspring.
Capelin are a forage fish of the smelt family found in the Atlantic and Arctic oceans. In summer, they graze on dense swarms of plankton at the edge of the ice shelf. Larger capelin also eat krill and other crustaceans. The capelin move inshore in large schools to spawn and migrate in spring and summer to feed in plankton rich areas between Iceland, Greenland, and Jan Mayen. The migration is affected by ocean currents. Around Iceland maturing capelin make large northward feeding migrations in spring and summer. The return migration takes place in September to November. The spawning migration starts north of Iceland in December or January.
Hydrodynamic efficiency
This theory states that groups of fish may save energy when swimming together, much in the way that bicyclists may draft one another in a peloton. Geese flying in a Vee formation are also thought to save energy by flying in the updraft of the wingtip vortex generated by the previous animal in the formation. Increased efficiencies in swimming in groups have been proposed for schools of fish and Antarctic krill.
It would seem reasonable to think that the regular spacing and size uniformity of fish in schools would result in hydrodynamic efficiencies. While early laboratory-based experiments failed to detect hydrodynamic benefits created by the neighbours of a fish in a school, it is thought that efficiency gains do occur in the wild. More recent experiments with groups of fish swimming in flumes support this, with fish reducing their swimming costs by as much as 20% as compared to when the same fish are swimming in isolation. Landa (1998) argued that the leader of a school constantly changes, because while being in the body of a school gives a hydrodynamic advantage, the leader will be the first to the food. More recent work suggests that, after individuals at the front of the school encounter and ingest more food, they then relocate further back within the school due to the locomotor constraints generated during meal digestion.
Predator avoidance
Schooling predator bluefin trevally size up schooling anchovies
Many eyes provide a higher level of vigilance
Schooling response time in face of predator
It is commonly observed that schooling fish are particularly in danger of being eaten if they are separated from the school. Several anti-predator functions of fish schools have been proposed.
One potential method by which fish schools might thwart predators is the "predator confusion effect" proposed and demonstrated by Milinski and Heller (1978). This theory is based on the idea that it becomes difficult for predators to choose individual prey from groups because the many moving targets create a sensory overload of the predator's visual channel. Milinski and Heller's findings have been corroborated both in experiment and computer simulations. "Shoaling fish are the same size and silvery, so it is difficult for a visually oriented predator to pick an individual out of a mass of twisting, flashing fish and then have enough time to grab its prey before it disappears into the shoal."
Schooling behaviour confuses the lateral line organ (LLO) as well as the electrosensory system (ESS) of predators. Fin movements of a single fish act as a point-shaped wave source, emitting a gradient by which predators might localize it. Since fields of many fish will overlap, schooling should obscure this gradient, perhaps mimicking pressure waves of a larger animal, and more likely confuse the lateral line perception. The LLO is essential in the final stages of a predator attack. Electro-receptive animals may localize a field source by using spatial non-uniformities. To produce separate signals, individual prey must be about five body widths apart. If objects are too close together to be distinguished, they will form a blurred image. Based on this it was suggested that schooling may confuse the ESS of predators.
A third potential anti-predator effect of animal aggregations is the "many eyes" hypothesis. This theory states that as the size of the group increases, the task of scanning the environment for predators can be spread out over many individuals. Not only does this mass collaboration presumably provide a higher level of vigilance, it could also allow more time for individual feeding.
A fourth hypothesis for an anti-predatory effect of fish schools is the "encounter dilution" effect. The dilution effect is an elaboration of safety in numbers, and interacts with the confusion effect. A given predator attack will eat a smaller proportion of a large shoal than a small shoal. Hamilton proposed that animals aggregate because of a "selfish" avoidance of a predator and was thus a form of cover-seeking. Another formulation of the theory was given by Turner and Pitcher and was viewed as a combination of detection and attack probabilities. In the detection component of the theory, it was suggested that potential prey might benefit by living together since a predator is less likely to chance upon a single group than a scattered distribution. In the attack component, it was thought that an attacking predator is less likely to eat a particular fish when a greater number of fish are present. In sum, a fish has an advantage if it is in the larger of two groups, assuming that the probability of detection and attack does not increase disproportionately with the size of the group.
Schooling forage fish are subject to constant attacks by predators. An example is the attacks that take place during the African sardine run. The African sardine run is a spectacular migration by millions of silvery sardines along the southern coastline of Africa. In terms of biomass, the sardine run could rival East Africa's great wildebeest migration.
Sardines have a short life-cycle, living only two or three years. Adult sardines, about two years old, mass on the Agulhas Bank where they spawn during spring and summer, releasing tens of thousands of eggs into the water. The adult sardines then make their way in hundreds of shoals towards the sub-tropical waters of the Indian Ocean. A larger shoal might be 7 kilometres (4.3 mi) long, 1.5 kilometres (0.93 mi) wide and 30 metres (98 ft) deep. Huge numbers of sharks, dolphins, tuna, sailfish, Cape fur seals and even killer whales congregate and follow the shoals, creating a feeding frenzy along the coastline.
A big bait ball swirling around a loose kelp stipe
When threatened, sardines (and other forage fish) instinctively group together and create massive bait balls. Bait balls can be up to 20 metres (66 ft) in diameter. They are short lived, seldom lasting longer than 20 minutes.
The fish eggs, left behind at the Agulhas Banks, drift north west with the current into waters off the west coast, where the larvae develop into juvenile fish. When they are old enough, they aggregate into dense shoals and migrate southwards, returning to the Agulhas banks to restart the cycle.
The development of schooling behavior was probably associated with an increased quality of perception, predatory lifestyle and size sorting mechanisms to avoid cannibalism. In filter-feeding ancestors, before vision and the octavolateralis system (OLS) had developed, the risk of predation would have been limited and mainly due to invertebrate predators. Hence, at that time, safety in numbers was probably not a major incentive for gathering in shoals or schools. The development of vision and the OLS would have permitted detection of potential prey. This could have led to an increased potential for cannibalism within the shoal. On the other hand, increased quality of perception would give small individuals a chance to escape or to never join a shoal with larger fish. It has been shown that small fish avoid joining a group with larger fish, although big fish do not avoid joining small conspecifics. This sorting mechanism based on increased quality of perception could have resulted in homogeneity of size of fish in shoals, which would increase the capacity for moving in synchrony.
Predator countermeasures
School of blackfin barracuda lined up in attack mode
Further information: Antipredator adaptations
Predators have devised various countermeasures to undermine the defensive shoaling and schooling manoeuvres of forage fish. The sailfish raises its sail to make it appear much larger so it can herd a school of fish or squid. Swordfish charge at high speed through forage fish schools, slashing with their swords to kill or stun prey. They then turn and return to consume their "catch". Thresher sharks use their long tails to stun shoaling fishes. Before striking, the sharks compact schools of prey by swimming around them and splashing the water with their tails, often in pairs or small groups. Threshers swim in circles to drive schooling prey into a compact mass, before striking them sharply with the upper lobe of its tail to stun them. Spinner sharks charge vertically through the school, spinning on their axis with their mouths open and snapping all around. The shark's momentum at the end of these spiralling runs often carries it into the air.
Sailfish herd with their sails.
Swordfish slash with their swords.
Thresher sharks strike with their tails.
Spinner sharks spin on their long axis.
↑ A team of common bottlenose dolphins cooperate to make schooling fish jump in the air. In this vulnerable position the fish are easy prey for the dolphins.
Some predators, such as dolphins, hunt in groups of their own. One technique employed by many dolphin species is herding, where a pod will control a school of fish while individual members take turns ploughing through and feeding on the more tightly packed school (a formation commonly known as a bait ball). Corralling is a method where fish are chased to shallow water where they are more easily captured. In South Carolina, the Atlantic bottlenose dolphin takes this one step further with what has become known as strand feeding, where the fish are driven onto mud banks and retrieved from there.
Common bottlenose dolphins have been observed using another technique. One dolphin acts as a "driver" and herds a school of fish towards several other dolphins who form a barrier. The driver dolphin slaps its fluke which makes the fish leap into the air. As the fish leap, the driver dolphin moves with the barrier dolphins and catches the fish in the air. This type of cooperative role specialization seems to be more common in marine animals than in terrestrial animals, perhaps because the oceans have more variability in prey diversity, biomass, and predator mobility.
During the sardine run, as many as 18,000 dolphins, behaving like sheepdogs, herd the sardines into bait balls, or corral them in shallow water. Once the bait balls are rounded up, the dolphins and other predators take turns ploughing through them, gorging on the fish as they sweep through. Seabirds also attack them from above, flocks of gannets, cormorants, terns and gulls. Some of these seabirds plummet from heights of 30 metres (100 feet), plunging through the water leaving vapour-like trails, similar to that of fighter planes. Gannets plunge into the water at up to 100 kilometres per hour (60 mph). They have air sacs under their skin in their face and chest which act like bubble-wrap, cushioning the impact with the water.
Subsets of bottlenose dolphin populations in Mauritania are known to engage in interspecific cooperative fishing with human fishermen. The dolphins drive a school of fish towards the shore where humans await with their nets. In the confusion of casting nets, the dolphins catch a large number of fish as well. Intraspecific cooperative foraging techniques have also been observed, and some propose that these behaviours are transmitted through cultural means. Rendell & Whitehead have proposed a structure for the study of culture in cetaceans.
Some whales lunge feed on bait balls. Lunge feeding is an extreme feeding method, in which the whale accelerates from below a bait ball to a high velocity and then opens its mouth to a large gape angle. This generates the water pressure required to expand its mouth and engulf and filter a huge amount of water and fish. Lunge feeding by the huge rorquals is said to be the largest biomechanical event on Earth.
External videos Dolphins herd sardines. Gannets "divebomb" sardines. Cooperative hunting by Sailfish.
A pair of humpback whales, a species of rorqual, lunge feeding
Gannets "divebomb" at high speed
How fish school
A "tornado" of schooling barracudas
Fish schools swim in disciplined phalanxes, with some species, such as herrings, able to stream up and down at impressive speeds, twisting this way and that, and making startling changes in the shape of the school, without collisions. It is as if their motions are choreographed, though they are not. There must be very fast response systems to allow the fish to do this. Young fish practice schooling techniques in pairs, and then in larger groups as their techniques and senses mature. The schooling behaviour develops instinctively and is not learned from older fish. To school the way they do, fish require sensory systems which can respond with great speed to small changes in their position relative to their neighbour. Most schools lose their schooling abilities after dark, and just shoal. This indicates that vision is important to schooling. The importance of vision is also indicated by the behaviour of fish who have been temporarily blinded. Schooling species have eyes on the sides of their heads, which means they can easily see their neighbours. Also, schooling species often have "schooling marks" on their shoulders or the base of their tails, or visually prominent stripes, which provide reference marks when schooling, similar in function to passive markers in artificial motion capture. However fish without these markers will still engage in schooling behaviour, though perhaps not as efficiently.
Other senses are also used. Pheromones or sound may also play a part but supporting evidence has not been found so far. The lateral line is a line running along each side of the fish from the gill covers to the base of the tail. In laboratory experiments the lateral lines of schooling fish have been removed. They swam closer, leading to a theory that the lateral lines provide additional stimuli input when the fish get too close. The lateral-line system is very sensitive to changes in water currents and vibration in the water. It uses receptors called neuromasts, each of which is composed of a group of hair cells. The hairs are surrounded by a protruding jelly-like cupula, typically 0.1 to 0.2 mm long. The hair cells in the lateral line are similar to the hair cells inside the vertebrate inner ear, indicating that the lateral line and the inner ear share a common origin.
Describing shoal structure
Further information: Collective animal behavior
It is difficult to observe and describe the three dimensional structure of real world fish shoals because of the large number of fish involved. Techniques include the use of recent advances in fisheries acoustics.
Parameters defining a fish shoal include:
Shoal size – The number of fish in the shoal. A remote sensing technique has been used near the edge of the continental shelf off the east coast of North America to take images of fish shoals. The shoals – most likely made up of Atlantic herring, scup, hake, and black sea bass – were said to contain "tens of millions" of fish and stretched for "many kilometers".
Density – The density of a fish shoal is the number of fish divided by the volume occupied by the shoal. Density is not necessarily a constant throughout the group. Fish in schools typically have a density of about one fish per cube of body length.
Low density
High density
Low polarity
High polarity
Polarity – The group polarity describes the extent to which the fish are all pointing in the same direction. In order to determine this parameter, the average orientation of all animals in the group is determined. For each animal, the angular difference between its orientation and the group orientation is then found. The group polarity is the average of these differences.
Nearest neighbour distance – The nearest neighbour distance (NND) describes the distance between the centroid of one fish (the focal fish) and the centroid of the fish nearest to the focal fish. This parameter can be found for each fish in an aggregation and then averaged. Care must be taken to account for the fish located at the edge of a fish aggregation, since these fish have no neighbour in one direction. The NND is also related to the packing density. For schooling fish the NND is usually between one-half and one body length.
Nearest neighbour position – In a polar coordinate system, the nearest neighbour position describes the angle and distance of the nearest neighbour to a focal fish.
Packing fraction – The packing fraction is a parameter borrowed from physics to define the organization (or state i.e. solid, liquid, or gas) of 3D fish groups. It is an alternative measure to density. In this parameter, the aggregation is idealized as an ensemble of solid spheres, with each fish at the center of a sphere. The packing fraction is defined as the ratio of the total volume occupied by all individual spheres divided by the global volume of the aggregation. Values range from zero to one, where a small packing fraction represents a dilute system like a gas.
Integrated conditional density – This parameter measures the density at various length scales and therefore describes the homogeneity of density throughout an animal group.
Pair distribution function – This parameter is usually used in physics to characterize the degree of spatial order in a system of particles. It also describes the density, but this measure describes the density at a distance away from a given point. Cavagna et al. found that flocks of starlings exhibited more structure than a gas but less than a liquid.
Modelling school behaviour
Further information: Collective animal behaviour and Swarm intelligence
↑ Diagram illustrating the difference between metric distance and topological distance in reference to fish schools↑ Large schools, like this one, still follow positional evaluation and are regulated by the same density and volume characteristics as smaller schools
Boids simulation – needs Java
Interactive simulation of self-propelled particles – needs Java
Mathematical models
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The observational approach is complemented by the mathematical modelling of schools. The most common mathematical models of schools instruct the individual animals to follow three rules:
Move in the same direction as your neighbour
Remain close to your neighbours
Avoid collisions with your neighbours
An example of such a simulation is the boids program created by Craig Reynolds in 1986. Another is the self-propelled particle model introduced by Vicsek et al. in 1995 Many current models use variations on these rules. For instance, many models implement these three rules through layered zones around each fish.
In the zone of repulsion very close to the fish, the focal fish will seek to distance itself from its neighbours in order to avoid a collision.
In the slightly further away zone of alignment, a focal fish will seek to align its direction of motion with its neighbours.
In the outmost zone of attraction, which extends as far away from the focal fish as it is able to sense, the focal fish will seek to move towards a neighbour.
The shape of these zones will necessarily be affected by the sensory capabilities of the fish. Fish rely on both vision and on hydrodynamic signals relayed through its lateral line. Antarctic krill rely on vision and on hydrodynamic signals relayed through its antennae.
In a masters thesis published in 2008, Moshi Charnell produced schooling behaviour without using the alignment matching component of an individual's behaviour. His model reduces the three basic rules to the following two rules:
Remain close to your neighbours
Avoid collisions with your neighbours
In a paper published in 2009, researchers from Iceland recount their application of an interacting particle model to the capelin stock around Iceland, successfully predicting the spawning migration route for 2008.
Evolutionary models
In order to gain insight into why animals evolve swarming behaviour, scientists have turned to evolutionary models that simulate populations of evolving animals. Typically these studies use a genetic algorithm to simulate evolution over many generations in the model. These studies have investigated a number of hypotheses explaining why animals evolve swarming behaviour, such as the selfish herd theory, the predator confusion effect, the dilution effect, and the many eyes theory.
Mapping the formation of schools
In 2009, building on recent advances in acoustic imaging, a group of MIT researchers observed for "the first time the formation and subsequent migration of a huge shoal of fish." The results provide the first field confirmation of general theories about how large groups behave, from locust swarms to bird flocks.
The researchers imaged spawning Atlantic herring off Georges Bank. They found that the fish come together from deeper water in the evening, shoaling in a disordered way. A chain reaction triggers when the population density reaches a critical value, like an audience wave travelling around a sport stadium. A rapid transition then occurs, and the fish become highly polarised and synchronized in the manner of schooling fish. After the transition, the schools start migrating, extending up to 40 kilometres (25 mi) across the ocean, to shallow parts of the bank. There they spawn during the night. In the morning, the fish school back to deeper water again and then disband. Small groups of leaders were also discovered that significantly influenced much larger groups.
Leadership and decision-making
Fish schools are faced with decisions they must make if they are to remain together. For example, a decision might be which direction to swim when confronted by a predator, which areas to stop and forage, or when and where to migrate.
Quorum sensing can function as a collective decision-making process in any decentralised system. A quorum response has been defined as "a steep increase in the probability of group members performing a given behaviour once a threshold minimum number of their group mates already performing that behaviour is exceeded". A recent investigation showed that small groups of fish used consensus decision-making when deciding which fish model to follow. The fish did this by a simple quorum rule such that individuals watched the decisions of others before making their own decisions. This technique generally resulted in the 'correct' decision but occasionally cascaded into the 'incorrect' decision. In addition, as the group size increased, the fish made more accurate decisions in following the more attractive fish model. Consensus decision-making, a form of collective intelligence, thus effectively uses information from multiple sources to generally reach the correct conclusion. Such behaviour has also been demonstrated in the shoaling behaviour of threespine sticklebacks.
Other open questions of shoaling behaviour include identifying which individuals are responsible for the direction of shoal movement. In the case of migratory movement, most members of a shoal seem to know where they are going. Observations on the foraging behaviour of captive golden shiner (a kind of minnow) found they formed shoals which were led by a small number of experienced individuals who knew when and where food was available. If all golden shiners in a shoal have similar knowledge of food availability, there are a few individuals that still emerge as natural leaders (being at the front more often) and behavioural tests suggest they are naturally bolder. Smaller golden shiners appear more willing than larger ones to be near the front of the shoal, perhaps because they are hungrier. Observations on the common roach have shown that food-deprived individuals tend to be at the front of a shoal, where they obtain more food but where they may also be more vulnerable to ambush predators. Individuals that are wary of predation tend to seek more central positions within shoals.
Shoal choice
Fish, such as these sweepers, usually prefer to join larger schools which contain members of their own species matching their own size
Experimental studies of shoal preference are relatively easy to perform. An aquarium containing a choosing fish is sandwiched between two aquaria containing different shoals, and the choosing fish is assumed to spend more time next to the shoal it prefers. Studies of this kind have identified several factors important for shoal preference.
Fish generally prefer larger shoals. This makes sense, as larger shoal usually provide better protection against predators. Indeed, the preference for larger shoals seems stronger when predators are nearby, or in species that rely more on shoaling than body armour against predation. Larger shoals may also find food faster, though that food would have to be shared amongst more individuals. Competition may mean that hungry individuals might prefer smaller shoals or exhibit a lesser preference for very large shoals, as shown in sticklebacks.
Fish prefer to shoal with their own species. Sometimes, several species may become mingled in one shoal, but when a predator is presented to such shoals, the fish reorganize themselves so that each individual ends up being closer to members of its own species.
Fish tend to prefer shoals made up of individuals that match their own size. This makes sense as predators have an easier time catching individuals that stand out in a shoal. Some fish may even prefer shoals of another species if this means a better match in current body size. As for shoal size however, hunger can affect the preference for similarly sized fish; large fish, for example, might prefer to associate with smaller ones because of the competitive advantage they will gain over these shoalmates. In golden shiner, large satiated fish prefer to associate with other large individuals, but hungry ones prefer smaller shoalmates.
Fish prefer to shoal with individuals with which the choosing fish is already familiar. This has been demonstrated in guppies, threespine stickleback, banded killifish, the surfperch Embiotoca jacksoni, Mexican tetra, and various minnows. A study with the White Cloud Mountain minnow has also found that choosing fish prefer to shoal with individuals that have consumed the same diet as themselves.
Sticklebacks and killifish have been shown to prefer shoals made up of healthy individuals over parasitized ones, on the basis of visual signs of parasitism and abnormal behaviour by the parasitized fish. Zebrafish prefer shoals that consist of well-fed (greater stomach width) fish over food-deprived ones.
Threespine stickleback prefer to join a shoal made up of bold individuals rather than shy ones. Angelfish prefer shoals made up of subordinate rather than dominant individuals. European minnow can discriminate between shoals composed of good versus poor competitors, even in the absence of obvious cues such as differences in aggressiveness, size, or feeding rate; they prefer to associate with the poor competitors. All of this suggests a strategy to obtain food, as bolder individuals should be more likely to find food, while subordinates would offer less competition for the discovered food.
Fish prefer to join shoals that are actively feeding. Golden shiner can also detect the anticipatory activity of shoals that expect to be fed soon, and preferentially join such shoals. Zebrafish also choose shoals that are more active.
Commercial fishing
The schooling behaviour of fish is exploited on an industrial scale by the commercial fishing industry. Huge purse seiner vessels use spotter planes to locate schooling fish, such as tuna, cod, mackerel and forage fish. They can capture huge schools by rapidly encircling them with purse seine nets with the help of fast auxiliary boats and sophisticated sonar, which can track the shape of the shoal.
Further examples
School of blacksmiths being cleaned by parasite eating fish
Blacksmith fish live in loose shoals. They have a symbiotic relationship with the parasite eating senorita fish. When they encounter a shoal of senorita fish, they stop and form a tight ball and hang upside down (pictured), each fish waiting its turn to be cleaned. The senorita fish pick dead tissues and external parasites, like parasitic copecods and isocods, from the skin of other fishes.
Some shoals engage in mobbing behaviour. For example, bluegills form large nesting colonies and sometimes attack snapping turtles. This may function to advertise their presence, drive the predator from the area, or aid in cultural transmission of predator recognition.
Piranha have a reputation as fearless fish that hunt in ferocious packs. However, recent research, which "started off with the premise that they school as a means of cooperative hunting", discovered that they were in fact rather fearful fish, like other fish, which schooled for protection from their predators, such as cormorants, caimans and dolphins. Piranhas are "basically like regular fish with large teeth".
Humboldt squid are large carnivorous marine invertebrates that move in schools of up to 1,200 individuals. They swim at speeds of up to 24 kilometres per hour (15 mph or 13 kn) propelled by water ejected through a siphon and by two triangular fins. Their tentacles bear suckers lined with sharp teeth with which they grasp prey and drag it towards a large, sharp beak. During the day the Humboldt squid behave similar to mesopelagic fish, living at depths of 200 to 700 m (660 to 2,300 ft). Electronic tagging has shown that they also undergo diel vertical migrations which bring them closer to the surface from dusk to dawn. They hunt near the surface at night, taking advantage of the dark to use their keen vision to feed on more plentiful prey. The squid feed primarily on small fish, crustaceans, cephalopods, and copepod, and hunt for their prey in a cooperative fashion, the first observation of such behaviour in invertebrates. The Humboldt squid is also known to quickly devour larger prey when cooperatively hunting in groups. Humboldt squid are known for their speed in feasting on hooked fish, sharks, and squid, even from their own species and shoal, and have been known to attack fishermen and divers.
See also
Schooling bigeye trevally
Allee effect
Antipredator adaptation
Cellular automaton
Krill#Swarming
Lek (mating arena)
Mobile Bay jubilee
Optimal foraging theory
Predator satiation
Schreckstoff
The Blue Planet
The Shoals of Herring
Notes
^ Other collective nouns used for fish include a draught of fish, a drift of fish, or a scale of fish. Collective nouns used for specific fish or marine animal species groups include a grind of blackfish, a troubling of goldfish, glean of herrings, bind or run of salmon, shiver of sharks, fever of stingrays, taint of tilapia, hover of trouts and pod of whales.
^ Shoaling is a special case of aggregating, and schooling is a special case of shoaling. While schooling and shoaling mean different things within biology, they are often treated as synonyms by non-specialists, with speakers of British English tending to use "shoaling" to describe any grouping of fish, while speakers of American English tend to use "schooling" just as loosely.
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Further reading
Bonabeau, E; Dagorn, L (1995). "Possible universality in the size distribution of fish schools" (PDF). Physical Review. 51 (6): R5220–R5223. Bibcode:1995PhRvE..51.5220B. doi:10.1103/physreve.51.r5220. PMID 9963400.
Boinski S and Garber PA (2000) On the Move: How and why Animals Travel in Groups University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-06339-3
Breder, CM (1954). "Equations Descriptive of Fish Schools and Other Animal Aggregations". Ecology. 35 (3): 361–370. doi:10.2307/1930099. JSTOR 1930099.
Childress S (1981) Mechanics of Swimming and Flying Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-28071-6
Camazine S, Deneubourg JL, Franks NR, Sneyd J, Theraulaz G and Bonabeau E (2003) Self-Organization in Biological Systems. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-11624-2 – especially Chapter 11
Evans, SR; Finniea, M; Manica, A (2007). "Shoaling preferences in decapod crustacea". Animal Behaviour. 74 (6): 1691–1696. doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2007.03.017. S2CID 53150496.
Delcourt, J; Poncin, P (2012). "Shoals and schools: back to the heuristic definitions and quantitative references". Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries. 22 (3): 595–619. doi:10.1007/s11160-012-9260-z. S2CID 18306602.
Gautrais, J., Jost, C. & Theraulaz, G. (2008) Key behavioural factors in a self-organised fish school model. Annales Zoologici Fennici 45: 415–428.
Godin, JJ (1997) Behavioural Ecology of Teleost Fishes Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-850503-7
Ghosh S and Ramamoorthy CV (2004) Design for Networked Information Technology Systems Springer. ISBN 978-0-387-95544-5
Hager, MC; Helfman, GS (1991). "Safety in numbers: shoal size choice by minnows under predatory threat". Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology. 29 (4): 271–276. doi:10.1007/BF00163984. S2CID 30901973.
Hemelrijk, CK; Hildenbrandt, H; Reinders, J; Stamhuis, EJ (2010). "Emergence of Oblong School Shape: Models and Empirical Data of Fish" (PDF). Ethology. 116 (11): 1–14. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0310.2010.01818.x.
Hoare, DJ; Krause, J (2003). "Social organisation, shoal structure and information transfer". Fish and Fisheries. 4 (3): 269–279. doi:10.1046/j.1467-2979.2003.00130.x.
Inada Y (2001) "Steering mechanism of fish schools" Complexity International, Vol 8, Paper ID Download
Inagaki, T; Sakamoto, W; Aoki, I (1976). "Studies on the Schooling Behavior of Fish—III Mutual Relationship between Speed and Form in Schooling Behavior". Bulletin of the Japanese Society of Scientific Fisheries. 42 (6): 629–635. doi:10.2331/suisan.42.629.
Kato N and Ayers J (2004) Bio-mechanisms of Swimming and Flying Springer. ISBN 978-4-431-22211-8
Kennedy J, Eberhart, RC and Shi Y (2001) Swarm Intelligence Morgan Kaufmann. ISBN 978-1-55860-595-4
Krause, J (2005) Living in Groups Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-850818-2
Krause, J (2005). "Positioning behaviour in fish shoals: a cost–benefit analysis". Journal of Fish Biology. 43: 309–314. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8649.1993.tb01194.x. Archived from the original on 5 January 2013.
Krause, J; Ruxton, GD; Rubenstein, D (2005). "Is there always an influence of shoal size on predator hunting success?". Journal of Fish Biology. 52 (3): 494–501. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8649.1998.tb02012.x.
Litvak, MK (1993). "Response of shoaling fish to the threat of aerial predation". Environmental Biology of Fishes. 36 (2): 183–192. doi:10.1007/BF00002798. S2CID 30214279.
Lurton X (2003) Underwater Acoustics Springer. ISBN 978-3-540-42967-8
Moyle PB and Van Dyck CM (1995) Fish: An Enthusiast's Guide University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-20165-1
Parrish JK and Hamner WM (1997) Animal Groups in Three Dimensions: How Species Aggregate Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-46024-8
Parrish, JK; Viscido, SV; Grunbaumb, D (2002). "Self-Organized Fish Schools: An Examination of Emergent Properties" (PDF). Biol. Bull. 202 (3): 296–305. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.116.1548. doi:10.2307/1543482. JSTOR 1543482. PMID 12087003. S2CID 377484.
Partridge, BL (1982). "The structure and function of fish schools" (PDF). Scientific American. Vol. 246, no. 6. pp. 114–123. Bibcode:1982SciAm.246f.114P. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0682-114. PMID 7201674. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 July 2011.
Pitcher, TJ (1983). "Heuristic definitions of fish shoaling behavior". Animal Behaviour. 31 (2): 611–613. doi:10.1016/s0003-3472(83)80087-6. S2CID 53195091.
Pitcher TJ and Parish JK (1993) "Functions of shoaling behaviour in teleosts" In: Pitcher TJ (ed) Behaviour of teleost fishes. Chapman and Hall, New York, pp 363–440
Pitcher, TJ; Magurran, AE; Winfield, IJ (1982). "Fish in larger shoals find food faster". Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology. 10 (2): 149–151. doi:10.1007/BF00300175. S2CID 6340986.
Pitcher TJ (2010) "Fish schooling" In: Steele JH, Thorpe SA and Turekian KK (Eds.) Marine Biology, Academic Press, pages 337–349. ISBN 978-0-08-096480-5.
Pryor K and Norris KS (1998) Dolphin Societies: Discoveries and Puzzles University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-21656-3, ISBN 978-0-520-21656-3
Ross DA (2000) The Fisherman's Ocean Stackpole Books. ISBN 978-0-8117-2771-6
Scalabrin, C; Massé, J (1993). "Acoustic detection of the spatial and temporal distribution of fish shoals in the Bay of Biscay". Aquatic Living Resources. 6 (3): 269–283. doi:10.1051/alr:1993027.
Seno, H; Nakai, K (1995). "Mathematical analysis on fish shoaling by a density-dependent diffusion model". Ecological Modelling. 79 (3): 149–157. doi:10.1016/0304-3800(93)E0143-Q.
Simmonds EJ and MacLennan, DN (2005) Fisheries Acoustics Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 978-0-632-05994-2
Suppi R, Fernandez D and Luque E (2003) Fish schools: PDES simulation and real-time 3D animation in Parallel Processing and Applied Mathematics: 5th International Conference, PPAM 2003, Springer. ISBN 978-3-540-21946-0
Vicsek, A; Zafeiris, A (2012). "Collective motion". Physics Reports. 517 (3–4): 71–140. arXiv:1010.5017. Bibcode:2012PhR...517...71V. doi:10.1016/j.physrep.2012.03.004. S2CID 119109873.
White TI (2007) In Defense of Dolphins Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4051-5779-7
Wolf, NG (1985). "Odd fish abandon mixed-species groups when threatened". Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology. 17 (1): 47–52. doi:10.1007/bf00299428. S2CID 11935938.
Wootton, RJ (1998) Ecology of Teleost Fishes Springer. ISBN 978-0-412-64200-5
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Schools of fish.
Collective Animal Behavior website organized around David Sumpter's book (2008) by the same name
STARFLAG project: Description of starling flocking project
Center for Biologically Inspired Design at Georgia Tech
David Sumpter's research website
Iain Couzin's research website
Website of Julia Parrish, an animal aggregation researcher
Pelagic Fisheries Research Program (2002) Current status and new directions for studying schooling and aggregation behavior of pelagic fish
Clover, Charles (2008) Fish can count to four – but no higher Telegraph Media Group.
Herring Migratory Behaviour
Example of schooling simulation
Bhaduri, Aparna (2010) Schooling in Fish OpenStax College. Updated 16 July 2010.
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Glossary of fishery terms | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Shoal (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoal_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"School (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/School_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"School of Fish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/School_of_Fish"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Maldives_Surgeonfish,_Acanthurus_leucosternon.jpg"},{"link_name":"powder blue tangs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acanthurus_leucosternon"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lutjanus_kasmira_school.jpg"},{"link_name":"bluestripe snapper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluestripe_snapper"},{"link_name":"fish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pitcher_365-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pitcher_365-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"foraging","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foraging"},{"link_name":"hydrodynamic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrodynamic"}],"text":"This article is about shoaling and schooling fish. For other uses, see Shoal (disambiguation) and School (disambiguation).\"School of fish\" redirects here. For the alternative rock band, see School of Fish.Shoaling and schoolingThese powder blue tangs are shoaling. They are swimming somewhat independently, but in such a way that they stay connected, forming a social group.These bluestripe snapper are schooling. They are all swimming in the same direction in a coordinated way.In biology, any group of fish that stay together for social reasons are shoaling, and if the group is swimming in the same direction in a coordinated manner, they are schooling.[1] In common usage, the terms are sometimes used rather loosely.[1] About one quarter of fish species shoal all their lives, and about one half shoal for part of their lives.[2]Fish derive many benefits from shoaling behaviour including defence against predators (through better predator detection and by diluting the chance of individual capture), enhanced foraging success, and higher success in finding a mate. It is also likely that fish benefit from shoal membership through increased hydrodynamic efficiency.Fish use many traits to choose shoalmates. Generally they prefer larger shoals, shoalmates of their own species, shoalmates similar in size and appearance to themselves, healthy fish, and kin (when recognized).The oddity effect posits that any shoal member that stands out in appearance will be preferentially targeted by predators. This may explain why fish prefer to shoal with individuals that resemble themselves. The oddity effect thus tends to homogenize shoals.","title":"Shoaling and schooling"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Heringsschwarm.gif"},{"link_name":"herrings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herring"},{"link_name":"Baltic Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltic_Sea"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pitcher_365-1"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pitcher_365-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[b]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Moyle_and_Cech-6"},{"link_name":"synchronized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synchronization"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Great_Barracuda_off_the_Netherland_Antilles.jpg"},{"link_name":"forage fish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forage_fish"},{"link_name":"jacks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bar_jack"},{"link_name":"great barracuda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_barracuda"},{"link_name":"obligate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obligate"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"tunas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuna"},{"link_name":"herrings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herring"},{"link_name":"anchovy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anchovy"},{"link_name":"Atlantic cod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_cod"},{"link_name":"saiths","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollachius_virens"},{"link_name":"carangids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carangid"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Partridge1980-9"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Moyle_and_Cech-6"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Moyle_and_Cech-6"},{"link_name":"Forage fish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forage_fish"},{"link_name":"seabirds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seabird"},{"link_name":"marine mammals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_mammal"},{"link_name":"filter-feeding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filter_feeder"},{"link_name":"herring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herring"},{"link_name":"anchovies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anchovies"},{"link_name":"menhaden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menhaden"},{"link_name":"plankton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plankton"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kils,_1992-10"},{"link_name":"migrating","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish_migration"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:School_jacks_klein.JPG"},{"link_name":"Pacific sardine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_sardine"},{"link_name":"yellowfin tuna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellowfin_tuna"},{"link_name":"ocean food web","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean_food_web"},{"link_name":"pelagic fish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelagic_fish"},{"link_name":"demersal fish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demersal_fish"},{"link_name":"migrations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish_migration"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NCMC-11"},{"link_name":"Herring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herring"},{"link_name":"mullet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mugil"},{"link_name":"Caspian Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caspian_Sea"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"highly migratory fish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highly_migratory_fish"},{"link_name":"tuna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuna"},{"link_name":"sharks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shark"},{"link_name":"Cetaceans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cetacean"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hoare_et_al._2000-14"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Landa-15"},{"link_name":"emergence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergence"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"text":"Underwater video loop of a school of herrings migrating at high speed to their spawning grounds in the Baltic SeaAn aggregation of fish is the general term for any collection of fish that have gathered together in some locality. Fish aggregations can be structured or unstructured. An unstructured aggregation might be a group of mixed species and sizes that have gathered randomly near some local resource, such as food or nesting sites.If, in addition, the aggregation comes together in an interactive, social way, they may be said to be shoaling.[1][a] Although shoaling fish can relate to each other in a loose way, with each fish swimming and foraging somewhat independently, they are nonetheless aware of the other members of the group as shown by the way they adjust behaviour such as swimming, so as to remain close to the other fish in the group. Shoaling groups can include fish of disparate sizes and can include mixed-species subgroups.If the shoal becomes more tightly organised, with the fish synchronising their swimming so they all move at the same speed and in the same direction, then the fish may be said to be schooling.[1][3][b] Schooling fish are usually of the same species and the same age/size. Fish schools move with the individual members precisely spaced from each other. The schools undertake complicated manoeuvres, as though the schools have minds of their own.[4]The intricacies of schooling are far from fully understood, especially the swimming and feeding energetics. Many hypotheses to explain the function of schooling have been suggested, such as better orientation, synchronized hunting, predator confusion and reduced risk of being found. Schooling also has disadvantages, such as excretion buildup in the breathing media and oxygen and food depletion. The way the fish array in the school probably gives energy saving advantages, though this is controversial.[5]Schools of forage fish often accompany large predator fish. Here a school of jacks accompany a great barracuda.Fish can be obligate or facultative (optional) shoalers.[6] Obligate shoalers, such as tunas, herrings and anchovy, spend all of their time shoaling or schooling, and become agitated if separated from the group. Facultative shoalers, such as Atlantic cod, saiths and some carangids, shoal only some of the time, perhaps for reproductive purposes.[7]Shoaling fish can shift into a disciplined and coordinated school, then shift back to an amorphous shoal within seconds. Such shifts are triggered by changes of activity from feeding, resting, travelling or avoiding predators.[4]When schooling fish stop to feed, they break ranks and become shoals. Shoals are more vulnerable to predator attack. The shape a shoal or school takes depends on the type of fish and what the fish are doing. Schools that are travelling can form long thin lines, or squares or ovals or amoeboid shapes. Fast moving schools usually form a wedge shape, while shoals that are feeding tend to become circular.[4]Forage fish are small fish which are preyed on by larger predators for food. Predators include other larger fish, seabirds and marine mammals. Typical ocean forage fish are small, filter-feeding fish such as herring, anchovies and menhaden. Forage fish compensate for their small size by forming schools. Some swim in synchronised grids with their mouths open so they can efficiently filter feed on plankton.[8] These schools can become huge, moving along coastlines and migrating across open oceans. The shoals are concentrated food resources for the great marine predators.A school of fish has many eyes that can scan for food or threatsPacific sardine school reacting to attention from yellowfin tunaThese sometimes immense gatherings fuel the ocean food web. Most forage fish are pelagic fish, which means they form their schools in open water, and not on or near the bottom (demersal fish). Forage fish are short-lived, and go mostly unnoticed by humans. The predators are keenly focused on the shoals, acutely aware of their numbers and whereabouts, and make migrations themselves, often in schools of their own, that can span thousands of miles to connect with, or stay connected with them.[9]Herring are among the more spectacular schooling fish. They aggregate together in huge numbers. The largest schools are often formed during migrations by merging with smaller schools. \"Chains\" of schools one hundred kilometres (60 miles) long have been observed of mullet migrating in the Caspian Sea. Radakov estimated herring schools in the North Atlantic can occupy up to 4.8 cubic kilometres (1.2 cubic miles) with fish densities between 0.5 and 1.0 fish/cubic metre (3⁄8 to 3⁄4 fish per cubic yard), totalling about three billion fish in a single school.[10] These schools move along coastlines and traverse the open oceans. Herring schools in general have very precise arrangements which allow the school to maintain relatively constant cruising speeds. Herrings have excellent hearing, and their schools react very rapidly to a predator. The herrings keep a certain distance from a moving scuba diver or a cruising predator like a killer whale, forming a vacuole which looks like a doughnut from a spotter plane.[11]Many species of large predatory fish also school, including many highly migratory fish, such as tuna and some oceangoing sharks. Cetaceans such as dolphins, porpoises and whales, operate in organised social groups called pods.\"Shoaling behaviour is generally described as a trade-off between the anti-predator benefits of living in groups and the costs of increased foraging competition.\"[12] Landa (1998) argues that the cumulative advantages of shoaling, as elaborated below, are strong selective inducements for fish to join shoals.[13] Parrish et al. (2002) argue similarly that schooling is a classic example of emergence, where there are properties that are possessed by the school but not by the individual fish. Emergent properties give an evolutionary advantage to members of the school which non members do not receive.[14]","title":"Overview"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Partridge1980-9"},{"link_name":"aquaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquarium"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Support for the social and genetic function of aggregations, especially those formed by fish, can be seen in several aspects of their behaviour. For instance, experiments have shown that individual fish removed from a school will have a higher respiratory rate than those found in the school.[15] This effect has been attributed to stress, and the effect of being with conspecifics therefore appears to be a calming one and a powerful social motivation for remaining in an aggregation.[16] Herring, for instance, will become very agitated if they are isolated from conspecifics.[7] Because of their adaptation to schooling behaviour they are rarely displayed in aquaria. Even with the best facilities aquaria can offer they become fragile and sluggish compared to their quivering energy in wild schools.[citation needed]","title":"Social interaction"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Upwelling_image1.jpg"},{"link_name":"upwellings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upwelling"},{"link_name":"forage fish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forage_fish"},{"link_name":"Forage fish § Hunting copepods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forage_fish#Hunting_copepods"},{"link_name":"cyprinids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyprinid"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"minnows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_minnow"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pitcher_1993-21"},{"link_name":"Oceanic gyres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceanic_gyre"},{"link_name":"ocean currents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean_currents"},{"link_name":"Coriolis effect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coriolis_effect"},{"link_name":"seamounts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seamount"},{"link_name":"fishing banks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fishing_bank"},{"link_name":"continental shelves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_shelf"},{"link_name":"upwellings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upwelling"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Peru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru"},{"link_name":"Chile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chile"},{"link_name":"Arabian Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_Sea"},{"link_name":"South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa"},{"link_name":"New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Copepods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copepod"},{"link_name":"zooplankton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zooplankton"},{"link_name":"crustaceans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crustacean"},{"link_name":"freshwater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fresh_water"},{"link_name":"habitats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habitat_(ecology)"},{"link_name":"biomass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomass"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"antennae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antenna_(biology)"},{"link_name":"ram feeding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ram_feeding"},{"link_name":"copepods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copepod"},{"link_name":"opercula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operculum_(fish)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Copepodkils.jpg"},{"link_name":"copepod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copepod"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Herring2.jpg"},{"link_name":"Atlantic herring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_herring"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Herringramkils.jpg"},{"link_name":"opercula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operculum_(fish)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Synchropredation.gif"},{"link_name":"copepods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copepod"},{"link_name":"antennae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antenna_(biology)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kils,_1992-10"}],"text":"Some coastal upwellings (red) provide plankton-rich feeding grounds for shoals of forage fish, which in turn attract larger predator fish.Further information: Forage fish § Hunting copepodsIt has also been proposed that swimming in groups enhances foraging success. This ability was demonstrated by Pitcher and others in their study of foraging behaviour in shoaling cyprinids.[17] In this study, the time it took for groups of minnows and goldfish to find a patch of food was quantified. The number of fishes in the groups was varied, and a statistically significant decrease in the amount of time necessary for larger groups to find food was established. Further support for an enhanced foraging capability of schools is seen in the structure of schools of predatory fish. Partridge and others analysed the school structure of Atlantic bluefin tuna from aerial photographs and found that the school assumed a parabolic shape, a fact that was suggestive of cooperative hunting in this species.[18]\"The reason for this is the presence of many eyes searching for the food. Fish in shoals \"share\" information by monitoring each other's behaviour closely. Feeding behaviour in one fish quickly stimulates food-searching behaviour in others.[19]Fertile feeding grounds for forage fish are provided by ocean upwellings. Oceanic gyres are large-scale ocean currents caused by the Coriolis effect. Wind-driven surface currents interact with these gyres and the underwater topography, such as seamounts, fishing banks, and the edge of continental shelves, to produce downwellings and upwellings.[20] These can transport nutrients which plankton thrive on. The result can be rich feeding grounds attractive to the plankton feeding forage fish. In turn, the forage fish themselves become a feeding ground for larger predator fish. Most upwellings are coastal, and many of them support some of the most productive fisheries in the world. Regions of notable upwelling include coastal Peru, Chile, Arabian Sea, western South Africa, eastern New Zealand and the California coast.[citation needed]Copepods, the primary zooplankton, are a major item on the forage fish menu. They are a group of small crustaceans found in ocean and freshwater habitats. Copepods are typically one millimetre (0.04 in) to two millimetres (0.08 in) long, with a teardrop shaped body. Some scientists say they form the largest animal biomass on the planet.[21] Copepods are very alert and evasive. They have large antennae (see photo below left). When they spread their antennae they can sense the pressure wave from an approaching fish and jump with great speed over a few centimeters. If copepod concentrations reach high levels, schooling herrings adopt a method called ram feeding. In the photo below, herring ram feed on a school of copepods. They swim with their mouth wide open and their opercula fully expanded.[citation needed]This copepod has its antenna spread (click to enlarge). The antenna detects the pressure wave of an approaching fish.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tCopepods are a major food source for forage fish like this Atlantic herring.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSchool of herrings ram-feeding on a school of copepods, with opercula expanded so their red gills are visible\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tAnimation showing how herrings hunting in a synchronised way can capture the very alert and evasive copepodThe fish swim in a grid where the distance between them is the same as the jump length of their prey, as indicated in the animation above right. In the animation, juvenile herring hunt the copepods in this synchronised way. The copepods sense with their antennae the pressure-wave of an approaching herring and react with a fast escape jump. The length of the jump is fairly constant. The fish align themselves in a grid with this characteristic jump length. A copepod can dart about 80 times before it tires. After a jump, it takes it 60 milliseconds to spread its antennae again, and this time delay becomes its undoing, as the almost endless stream of herrings allows a herring to eventually snap the copepod. A single juvenile herring could never catch a large copepod.[8]","title":"Foraging advantages"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fish migration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish_migration"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Moyle_and_Cech-6"},{"link_name":"page needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Capelin-iceland.svg"},{"link_name":"migrations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish_migration"},{"link_name":"Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway"},{"link_name":"Iceland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iceland"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Capelin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capelin"},{"link_name":"smelt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smelt_(fish)"},{"link_name":"Atlantic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean"},{"link_name":"Arctic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arctic_Ocean"},{"link_name":"plankton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plankton"},{"link_name":"krill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krill"},{"link_name":"crustaceans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crustacean"},{"link_name":"Iceland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iceland"},{"link_name":"Greenland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenland"},{"link_name":"Jan Mayen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Mayen"},{"link_name":"ocean currents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean_current"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gj%C3%B8s%C3%A6ter_1998-24"}],"text":"Further information: Fish migrationA third proposed benefit of fish groups is that they serve a reproductive function. They provide increased access to potential mates, since finding a mate in a shoal does not take much energy. And for migrating fish that navigate long distances to spawn, it is likely that the navigation of the shoal, with an input from all the shoal members, will be better than that taken by an individual fish.[4][page needed]Migration of Icelandic capelinForage fish often make great migrations between their spawning, feeding and nursery grounds. Schools of a particular stock usually travel in a triangle between these grounds. For example, one stock of herrings have their spawning ground in southern Norway, their feeding ground in Iceland, and their nursery ground in northern Norway. Wide triangular journeys such as these may be important because forage fish, when feeding, cannot distinguish their own offspring.[citation needed]Capelin are a forage fish of the smelt family found in the Atlantic and Arctic oceans. In summer, they graze on dense swarms of plankton at the edge of the ice shelf. Larger capelin also eat krill and other crustaceans. The capelin move inshore in large schools to spawn and migrate in spring and summer to feed in plankton rich areas between Iceland, Greenland, and Jan Mayen. The migration is affected by ocean currents. Around Iceland maturing capelin make large northward feeding migrations in spring and summer. The return migration takes place in September to November. The spawning migration starts north of Iceland in December or January.[22]","title":"Reproductive advantages"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"draft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drafting_(racing)"},{"link_name":"peloton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peloton"},{"link_name":"wingtip vortex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wingtip_vortices"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Antarctic krill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarctic_krill"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hoare_et_al._2000-14"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pitcher_1993-21"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Landa-15"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"}],"text":"This theory states that groups of fish may save energy when swimming together, much in the way that bicyclists may draft one another in a peloton. Geese flying in a Vee formation are also thought to save energy by flying in the updraft of the wingtip vortex generated by the previous animal in the formation.[23][24] Increased efficiencies in swimming in groups have been proposed for schools of fish and Antarctic krill.[citation needed]It would seem reasonable to think that the regular spacing and size uniformity of fish in schools would result in hydrodynamic efficiencies.[12] While early laboratory-based experiments failed to detect hydrodynamic benefits created by the neighbours of a fish in a school,[19] it is thought that efficiency gains do occur in the wild. More recent experiments with groups of fish swimming in flumes support this, with fish reducing their swimming costs by as much as 20% as compared to when the same fish are swimming in isolation.[25] Landa (1998) argued that the leader of a school constantly changes, because while being in the body of a school gives a hydrodynamic advantage, the leader will be the first to the food.[13] More recent work suggests that, after individuals at the front of the school encounter and ingest more food, they then relocate further back within the school due to the locomotor constraints generated during meal digestion.[26]","title":"Hydrodynamic efficiency"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Moofushi_Kandu_fish.jpg"},{"link_name":"bluefin trevally","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluefin_trevally"},{"link_name":"anchovies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anchovy"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Red_Fish_at_Papah%C4%81naumoku%C4%81kea_(cropped).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Schooling_response_time_in_face_of_predator.png"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Aparna2011-29"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Moyle_and_Cech-6"},{"link_name":"anti-predator functions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antipredator_adaptations"},{"link_name":"predators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predator"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Olson_RS,_Hintze_A,_Dyer_FC,_Knoester_DB,_Adami_C_2013_20130305-35"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Moyle_and_Cech-6"},{"link_name":"lateral line organ (LLO)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lateral_line"},{"link_name":"electrosensory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrosensory"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Larsson2009-36"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Larsson2012-38"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Larsson2009-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Larsson2009-36"},{"link_name":"mass collaboration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_Collaboration"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"safety in numbers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safety_in_numbers"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pitcher_1993-21"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"sardine run","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sardine_run"},{"link_name":"coastline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coastline"},{"link_name":"wildebeest migration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Wildebeest"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"Sardines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sardine"},{"link_name":"Agulhas Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agulhas_Bank"},{"link_name":"Indian Ocean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Ocean"},{"link_name":"Cape fur seals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_fur_seal"},{"link_name":"feeding frenzy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feeding_frenzy"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-baitball-48"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:A_tornado_of_fish.jpg"},{"link_name":"bait ball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bait_ball"},{"link_name":"bait balls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bait_ball"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-baitball-48"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Larsson2012-38"},{"link_name":"octavolateralis system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lateral_line"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Larsson2012-38"}],"text":"Schooling predator bluefin trevally size up schooling anchoviesMany eyes provide a higher level of vigilanceSchooling response time in face of predator[27][28]It is commonly observed that schooling fish are particularly in danger of being eaten if they are separated from the school.[4] Several anti-predator functions of fish schools have been proposed.One potential method by which fish schools might thwart predators is the \"predator confusion effect\" proposed and demonstrated by Milinski and Heller (1978).[29] This theory is based on the idea that it becomes difficult for predators to choose individual prey from groups because the many moving targets create a sensory overload of the predator's visual channel. Milinski and Heller's findings have been corroborated both in experiment[30][31] and computer simulations.[32][33] \"Shoaling fish are the same size and silvery, so it is difficult for a visually oriented predator to pick an individual out of a mass of twisting, flashing fish and then have enough time to grab its prey before it disappears into the shoal.\"[4]Schooling behaviour confuses the lateral line organ (LLO) as well as the electrosensory system (ESS) of predators.[34][35][36] Fin movements of a single fish act as a point-shaped wave source, emitting a gradient by which predators might localize it. Since fields of many fish will overlap, schooling should obscure this gradient, perhaps mimicking pressure waves of a larger animal, and more likely confuse the lateral line perception.[34] The LLO is essential in the final stages of a predator attack.[37] Electro-receptive animals may localize a field source by using spatial non-uniformities. To produce separate signals, individual prey must be about five body widths apart. If objects are too close together to be distinguished, they will form a blurred image.[38] Based on this it was suggested that schooling may confuse the ESS of predators.[34]A third potential anti-predator effect of animal aggregations is the \"many eyes\" hypothesis. This theory states that as the size of the group increases, the task of scanning the environment for predators can be spread out over many individuals. Not only does this mass collaboration presumably provide a higher level of vigilance, it could also allow more time for individual feeding.[39][40]A fourth hypothesis for an anti-predatory effect of fish schools is the \"encounter dilution\" effect. The dilution effect is an elaboration of safety in numbers, and interacts with the confusion effect.[19] A given predator attack will eat a smaller proportion of a large shoal than a small shoal.[41] Hamilton proposed that animals aggregate because of a \"selfish\" avoidance of a predator and was thus a form of cover-seeking.[42] Another formulation of the theory was given by Turner and Pitcher and was viewed as a combination of detection and attack probabilities.[43] In the detection component of the theory, it was suggested that potential prey might benefit by living together since a predator is less likely to chance upon a single group than a scattered distribution. In the attack component, it was thought that an attacking predator is less likely to eat a particular fish when a greater number of fish are present. In sum, a fish has an advantage if it is in the larger of two groups, assuming that the probability of detection and attack does not increase disproportionately with the size of the group.[44]Schooling forage fish are subject to constant attacks by predators. An example is the attacks that take place during the African sardine run. The African sardine run is a spectacular migration by millions of silvery sardines along the southern coastline of Africa. In terms of biomass, the sardine run could rival East Africa's great wildebeest migration.[45] \nSardines have a short life-cycle, living only two or three years. Adult sardines, about two years old, mass on the Agulhas Bank where they spawn during spring and summer, releasing tens of thousands of eggs into the water. The adult sardines then make their way in hundreds of shoals towards the sub-tropical waters of the Indian Ocean. A larger shoal might be 7 kilometres (4.3 mi) long, 1.5 kilometres (0.93 mi) wide and 30 metres (98 ft) deep. Huge numbers of sharks, dolphins, tuna, sailfish, Cape fur seals and even killer whales congregate and follow the shoals, creating a feeding frenzy along the coastline.[46]A big bait ball swirling around a loose kelp stipeWhen threatened, sardines (and other forage fish) instinctively group together and create massive bait balls. Bait balls can be up to 20 metres (66 ft) in diameter. They are short lived, seldom lasting longer than 20 minutes.\nThe fish eggs, left behind at the Agulhas Banks, drift north west with the current into waters off the west coast, where the larvae develop into juvenile fish. When they are old enough, they aggregate into dense shoals and migrate southwards, returning to the Agulhas banks to restart the cycle.[46]The development of schooling behavior was probably associated with an increased quality of perception, predatory lifestyle and size sorting mechanisms to avoid cannibalism.[36] In filter-feeding ancestors, before vision and the octavolateralis system (OLS) had developed, the risk of predation would have been limited and mainly due to invertebrate predators. Hence, at that time, safety in numbers was probably not a major incentive for gathering in shoals or schools. The development of vision and the OLS would have permitted detection of potential prey. This could have led to an increased potential for cannibalism within the shoal. On the other hand, increased quality of perception would give small individuals a chance to escape or to never join a shoal with larger fish. It has been shown that small fish avoid joining a group with larger fish, although big fish do not avoid joining small conspecifics.[47] This sorting mechanism based on increased quality of perception could have resulted in homogeneity of size of fish in shoals, which would increase the capacity for moving in synchrony.[36]","title":"Predator avoidance"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:School_of_blackfin_barracuda_(sphyraena_qenie).JPG"},{"link_name":"blackfin barracuda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackfin_barracuda"},{"link_name":"Antipredator adaptations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antipredator_adaptations"},{"link_name":"sailfish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sailfish"},{"link_name":"Swordfish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swordfish"},{"link_name":"Thresher sharks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thresher_shark"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-seitz-50"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"Spinner sharks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinner_shark"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-compagno-52"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-marinebio-53"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Istiophorus_platypterus.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Xiphias_gladius1.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Alopias_vulpinus.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Carcharhinus_brevipinna.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Barrier_feeding_in_bottlenose_dolphins.jpg"},{"link_name":"common bottlenose dolphins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_bottlenose_dolphin"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gazda2005-54"},{"link_name":"herding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herding"},{"link_name":"bait ball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bait_ball"},{"link_name":"South Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Carolina"},{"link_name":"bottlenose dolphin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bottlenose_dolphin"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"Common bottlenose dolphins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_bottlenose_dolphin"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gazda2005-54"},{"link_name":"marine animals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_animal"},{"link_name":"terrestrial animals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrestrial_animals"},{"link_name":"biomass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomass"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gazda2005-54"},{"link_name":"sardine run","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sardine_run"},{"link_name":"gannets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gannet"},{"link_name":"cormorants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cormorant"},{"link_name":"terns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tern"},{"link_name":"gulls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gull"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-baitball-48"},{"link_name":"Gannets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gannet"},{"link_name":"bubble-wrap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bubble-wrap"},{"link_name":"bottlenose dolphin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bottlenose_dolphin"},{"link_name":"Mauritania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauritania"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rendell_2001-56"},{"link_name":"lunge feed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunge_feed"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"rorquals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rorqual"},{"link_name":"biomechanical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomechanics"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Humpback_lunge_feeding.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Morus_serrator.jpg"}],"text":"School of blackfin barracuda lined up in attack modeFurther information: Antipredator adaptationsPredators have devised various countermeasures to undermine the defensive shoaling and schooling manoeuvres of forage fish. The sailfish raises its sail to make it appear much larger so it can herd a school of fish or squid. Swordfish charge at high speed through forage fish schools, slashing with their swords to kill or stun prey. They then turn and return to consume their \"catch\". Thresher sharks use their long tails to stun shoaling fishes. Before striking, the sharks compact schools of prey by swimming around them and splashing the water with their tails, often in pairs or small groups. Threshers swim in circles to drive schooling prey into a compact mass, before striking them sharply with the upper lobe of its tail to stun them.[48][49] Spinner sharks charge vertically through the school, spinning on their axis with their mouths open and snapping all around. The shark's momentum at the end of these spiralling runs often carries it into the air.[50][51]Sailfish herd with their sails.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSwordfish slash with their swords.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThresher sharks strike with their tails.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSpinner sharks spin on their long axis.↑ A team of common bottlenose dolphins cooperate to make schooling fish jump in the air. In this vulnerable position the fish are easy prey for the dolphins.[52]Some predators, such as dolphins, hunt in groups of their own. One technique employed by many dolphin species is herding, where a pod will control a school of fish while individual members take turns ploughing through and feeding on the more tightly packed school (a formation commonly known as a bait ball). Corralling is a method where fish are chased to shallow water where they are more easily captured. In South Carolina, the Atlantic bottlenose dolphin takes this one step further with what has become known as strand feeding, where the fish are driven onto mud banks and retrieved from there.[53]Common bottlenose dolphins have been observed using another technique. One dolphin acts as a \"driver\" and herds a school of fish towards several other dolphins who form a barrier. The driver dolphin slaps its fluke which makes the fish leap into the air. As the fish leap, the driver dolphin moves with the barrier dolphins and catches the fish in the air.[52] This type of cooperative role specialization seems to be more common in marine animals than in terrestrial animals, perhaps because the oceans have more variability in prey diversity, biomass, and predator mobility.[52]During the sardine run, as many as 18,000 dolphins, behaving like sheepdogs, herd the sardines into bait balls, or corral them in shallow water. Once the bait balls are rounded up, the dolphins and other predators take turns ploughing through them, gorging on the fish as they sweep through. Seabirds also attack them from above, flocks of gannets, cormorants, terns and gulls. Some of these seabirds plummet from heights of 30 metres (100 feet), plunging through the water leaving vapour-like trails, similar to that of fighter planes.[46] Gannets plunge into the water at up to 100 kilometres per hour (60 mph). They have air sacs under their skin in their face and chest which act like bubble-wrap, cushioning the impact with the water.Subsets of bottlenose dolphin populations in Mauritania are known to engage in interspecific cooperative fishing with human fishermen. The dolphins drive a school of fish towards the shore where humans await with their nets. In the confusion of casting nets, the dolphins catch a large number of fish as well. Intraspecific cooperative foraging techniques have also been observed, and some propose that these behaviours are transmitted through cultural means. Rendell & Whitehead have proposed a structure for the study of culture in cetaceans.[54]Some whales lunge feed on bait balls.[55] Lunge feeding is an extreme feeding method, in which the whale accelerates from below a bait ball to a high velocity and then opens its mouth to a large gape angle. This generates the water pressure required to expand its mouth and engulf and filter a huge amount of water and fish. Lunge feeding by the huge rorquals is said to be the largest biomechanical event on Earth.[56]A pair of humpback whales, a species of rorqual, lunge feeding\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tGannets \"divebomb\" at high speed","title":"Predator countermeasures"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Barracuda_Tornado.jpg"},{"link_name":"barracudas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barracuda"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bone-59"},{"link_name":"passive markers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion_capture#Passive_markers"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbcnews-60"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"lateral line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lateral_line"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bone-59"},{"link_name":"neuromasts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuromasts"},{"link_name":"cupula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lateral_line"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Moyle_and_Cech-6"}],"text":"A \"tornado\" of schooling barracudasFish schools swim in disciplined phalanxes, with some species, such as herrings, able to stream up and down at impressive speeds, twisting this way and that, and making startling changes in the shape of the school, without collisions. It is as if their motions are choreographed, though they are not. There must be very fast response systems to allow the fish to do this. Young fish practice schooling techniques in pairs, and then in larger groups as their techniques and senses mature. The schooling behaviour develops instinctively and is not learned from older fish. To school the way they do, fish require sensory systems which can respond with great speed to small changes in their position relative to their neighbour. Most schools lose their schooling abilities after dark, and just shoal. This indicates that vision is important to schooling. The importance of vision is also indicated by the behaviour of fish who have been temporarily blinded. Schooling species have eyes on the sides of their heads, which means they can easily see their neighbours. Also, schooling species often have \"schooling marks\" on their shoulders or the base of their tails, or visually prominent stripes, which provide reference marks when schooling,[57] similar in function to passive markers in artificial motion capture. However fish without these markers will still engage in schooling behaviour,[58] though perhaps not as efficiently.[citation needed]Other senses are also used. Pheromones or sound may also play a part but supporting evidence has not been found so far. The lateral line is a line running along each side of the fish from the gill covers to the base of the tail. In laboratory experiments the lateral lines of schooling fish have been removed. They swam closer, leading to a theory that the lateral lines provide additional stimuli input when the fish get too close.[57] The lateral-line system is very sensitive to changes in water currents and vibration in the water. It uses receptors called neuromasts, each of which is composed of a group of hair cells. The hairs are surrounded by a protruding jelly-like cupula, typically 0.1 to 0.2 mm long. The hair cells in the lateral line are similar to the hair cells inside the vertebrate inner ear, indicating that the lateral line and the inner ear share a common origin.[4]","title":"How fish school"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Collective animal behavior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collective_animal_behavior"},{"link_name":"fisheries acoustics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisheries_acoustics"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sensor-61"},{"link_name":"Shoal size","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_size_measures"},{"link_name":"Atlantic herring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_herring"},{"link_name":"scup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scup"},{"link_name":"hake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hake"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jon_hanson_-_schooling_bannerfish_school_(by-sa).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:School_of_Pterocaesio_chrysozona_in_Papua_New_Guinea_1.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lutjanus_viridis.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sixfinger_threadfin_school.jpg"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Packing fraction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Packing_density"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cavagna-65"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cavagna-65"},{"link_name":"Pair distribution function","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pair_distribution_function"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cavagna-65"}],"text":"Further information: Collective animal behaviorIt is difficult to observe and describe the three dimensional structure of real world fish shoals because of the large number of fish involved. Techniques include the use of recent advances in fisheries acoustics.[59]Parameters defining a fish shoal include:Shoal size – The number of fish in the shoal. A remote sensing technique has been used near the edge of the continental shelf off the east coast of North America to take images of fish shoals. The shoals – most likely made up of Atlantic herring, scup, hake, and black sea bass – were said to contain \"tens of millions\" of fish and stretched for \"many kilometers\".[60]\nDensity – The density of a fish shoal is the number of fish divided by the volume occupied by the shoal. Density is not necessarily a constant throughout the group. Fish in schools typically have a density of about one fish per cube of body length.[61]Low density\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tHigh density\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tLow polarity\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tHigh polarityPolarity – The group polarity describes the extent to which the fish are all pointing in the same direction. In order to determine this parameter, the average orientation of all animals in the group is determined. For each animal, the angular difference between its orientation and the group orientation is then found. The group polarity is the average of these differences.[62]\nNearest neighbour distance – The nearest neighbour distance (NND) describes the distance between the centroid of one fish (the focal fish) and the centroid of the fish nearest to the focal fish. This parameter can be found for each fish in an aggregation and then averaged. Care must be taken to account for the fish located at the edge of a fish aggregation, since these fish have no neighbour in one direction. The NND is also related to the packing density. For schooling fish the NND is usually between one-half and one body length.[citation needed]\nNearest neighbour position – In a polar coordinate system, the nearest neighbour position describes the angle and distance of the nearest neighbour to a focal fish.[citation needed]\nPacking fraction – The packing fraction is a parameter borrowed from physics to define the organization (or state i.e. solid, liquid, or gas) of 3D fish groups. It is an alternative measure to density. In this parameter, the aggregation is idealized as an ensemble of solid spheres, with each fish at the center of a sphere. The packing fraction is defined as the ratio of the total volume occupied by all individual spheres divided by the global volume of the aggregation. Values range from zero to one, where a small packing fraction represents a dilute system like a gas.[63]\nIntegrated conditional density – This parameter measures the density at various length scales and therefore describes the homogeneity of density throughout an animal group.[63]\nPair distribution function – This parameter is usually used in physics to characterize the degree of spatial order in a system of particles. It also describes the density, but this measure describes the density at a distance away from a given point. Cavagna et al. found that flocks of starlings exhibited more structure than a gas but less than a liquid.[63]","title":"Describing shoal structure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Collective animal behaviour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collective_animal_behaviour"},{"link_name":"Swarm intelligence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swarm_intelligence"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Metric_vs_topological_distance_for_animal_aggregations.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Large_fish_school.png"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Aparna2011-29"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg"},{"link_name":"Boids simulation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.red3d.com/cwr/boids/"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg"},{"link_name":"Interactive simulation of self-propelled particles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//phet.colorado.edu/sims/self-driven-particle-model/self-driven-particle-model_en.jar"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"}],"text":"Further information: Collective animal behaviour and Swarm intelligence↑ Diagram illustrating the difference between metric distance and topological distance in reference to fish schools↑ Large schools, like this one, still follow positional evaluation and are regulated by the same density and volume characteristics as smaller schools[27]\n\n Boids simulation – needs Java\n\n Interactive simulation of self-propelled particles[64] – needs Java","title":"Modelling school behaviour"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"boids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boids"},{"link_name":"Craig Reynolds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craig_Reynolds_(computer_graphics)"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"self-propelled particle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-propelled_particle"},{"link_name":"Vicsek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tam%C3%A1s_Vicsek"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Vicsek1995-68"},{"link_name":"lateral line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lateral_line"},{"link_name":"antennae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antenna_(biology)"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"}],"sub_title":"Mathematical models","text":"The observational approach is complemented by the mathematical modelling of schools. The most common mathematical models of schools instruct the individual animals to follow three rules:Move in the same direction as your neighbour\nRemain close to your neighbours\nAvoid collisions with your neighboursAn example of such a simulation is the boids program created by Craig Reynolds in 1986.[65] Another is the self-propelled particle model introduced by Vicsek et al. in 1995[66] Many current models use variations on these rules. For instance, many models implement these three rules through layered zones around each fish.In the zone of repulsion very close to the fish, the focal fish will seek to distance itself from its neighbours in order to avoid a collision.\nIn the slightly further away zone of alignment, a focal fish will seek to align its direction of motion with its neighbours.\nIn the outmost zone of attraction, which extends as far away from the focal fish as it is able to sense, the focal fish will seek to move towards a neighbour.The shape of these zones will necessarily be affected by the sensory capabilities of the fish. Fish rely on both vision and on hydrodynamic signals relayed through its lateral line. Antarctic krill rely on vision and on hydrodynamic signals relayed through its antennae.In a masters thesis published in 2008, Moshi Charnell produced schooling behaviour without using the alignment matching component of an individual's behaviour.[67] His model reduces the three basic rules to the following two rules:Remain close to your neighbours\nAvoid collisions with your neighboursIn a paper published in 2009, researchers from Iceland recount their application of an interacting particle model to the capelin stock around Iceland, successfully predicting the spawning migration route for 2008.[68]","title":"Modelling school behaviour"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"swarming behaviour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swarming_behaviour"},{"link_name":"genetic algorithm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_algorithm"},{"link_name":"evolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution"},{"link_name":"selfish herd theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selfish_herd_theory"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Olson_RS,_Hintze_A,_Dyer_FC,_Knoester_DB,_Adami_C_2013_20130305-35"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-78"}],"sub_title":"Evolutionary models","text":"In order to gain insight into why animals evolve swarming behaviour, scientists have turned to evolutionary models that simulate populations of evolving animals. Typically these studies use a genetic algorithm to simulate evolution over many generations in the model. These studies have investigated a number of hypotheses explaining why animals evolve swarming behaviour, such as the selfish herd theory,[69][70][71][72] the predator confusion effect,[33][73] the dilution effect,[74][75] and the many eyes theory.[76]","title":"Modelling school behaviour"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"acoustic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acoustics"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sensor-61"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-79"},{"link_name":"MIT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Makris-80"},{"link_name":"locust swarms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locust_swarm"},{"link_name":"bird flocks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flocking_(behavior)"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PhysOrg-81"},{"link_name":"spawning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spawn_(biology)"},{"link_name":"Atlantic herring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_herring"},{"link_name":"Georges Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Bank"},{"link_name":"audience wave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audience_wave"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PhysOrg-81"}],"text":"In 2009, building on recent advances in acoustic imaging,[59][77] a group of MIT researchers observed for \"the first time the formation and subsequent migration of a huge shoal of fish.\"[78] The results provide the first field confirmation of general theories about how large groups behave, from locust swarms to bird flocks.[79]The researchers imaged spawning Atlantic herring off Georges Bank. They found that the fish come together from deeper water in the evening, shoaling in a disordered way. A chain reaction triggers when the population density reaches a critical value, like an audience wave travelling around a sport stadium. A rapid transition then occurs, and the fish become highly polarised and synchronized in the manner of schooling fish. After the transition, the schools start migrating, extending up to 40 kilometres (25 mi) across the ocean, to shallow parts of the bank. There they spawn during the night. In the morning, the fish school back to deeper water again and then disband. Small groups of leaders were also discovered that significantly influenced much larger groups.[79]","title":"Mapping the formation of schools"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-82"},{"link_name":"Quorum sensing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quorum_sensing"},{"link_name":"decentralised system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decentralised_system"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ward2012-83"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-84"},{"link_name":"collective intelligence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collective_intelligence"},{"link_name":"threespine sticklebacks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Threespine_stickleback"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ward2012-83"},{"link_name":"migratory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish_migration"},{"link_name":"golden shiner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_shiner"},{"link_name":"minnow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnow"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-85"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-86"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-87"},{"link_name":"common roach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_roach"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-88"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-89"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-90"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-91"}],"text":"Fish schools are faced with decisions they must make if they are to remain together. For example, a decision might be which direction to swim when confronted by a predator, which areas to stop and forage, or when and where to migrate.[80]Quorum sensing can function as a collective decision-making process in any decentralised system. A quorum response has been defined as \"a steep increase in the probability of group members performing a given behaviour once a threshold minimum number of their group mates already performing that behaviour is exceeded\".[81] A recent investigation showed that small groups of fish used consensus decision-making when deciding which fish model to follow. The fish did this by a simple quorum rule such that individuals watched the decisions of others before making their own decisions. This technique generally resulted in the 'correct' decision but occasionally cascaded into the 'incorrect' decision. In addition, as the group size increased, the fish made more accurate decisions in following the more attractive fish model.[82] Consensus decision-making, a form of collective intelligence, thus effectively uses information from multiple sources to generally reach the correct conclusion. Such behaviour has also been demonstrated in the shoaling behaviour of threespine sticklebacks.[81]Other open questions of shoaling behaviour include identifying which individuals are responsible for the direction of shoal movement. In the case of migratory movement, most members of a shoal seem to know where they are going. Observations on the foraging behaviour of captive golden shiner (a kind of minnow) found they formed shoals which were led by a small number of experienced individuals who knew when and where food was available.[83] If all golden shiners in a shoal have similar knowledge of food availability, there are a few individuals that still emerge as natural leaders (being at the front more often) and behavioural tests suggest they are naturally bolder.[84] Smaller golden shiners appear more willing than larger ones to be near the front of the shoal, perhaps because they are hungrier.[85] Observations on the common roach have shown that food-deprived individuals tend to be at the front of a shoal, where they obtain more food[86][87] but where they may also be more vulnerable to ambush predators.[88] Individuals that are wary of predation tend to seek more central positions within shoals.[89]","title":"Leadership and decision-making"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Glass_fish.jpg"},{"link_name":"sweepers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweeper"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-92"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-93"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-94"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-95"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-96"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-97"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-98"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-99"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-100"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-101"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-102"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-103"},{"link_name":"golden shiner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_shiner"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-104"},{"link_name":"guppies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guppy"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-105"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-106"},{"link_name":"threespine stickleback","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Threespine_stickleback"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-107"},{"link_name":"banded killifish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banded_killifish"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-108"},{"link_name":"Embiotoca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embiotoca"},{"link_name":"[107]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-109"},{"link_name":"Mexican tetra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican_tetra"},{"link_name":"[108]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-110"},{"link_name":"[109]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-111"},{"link_name":"[110]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-112"},{"link_name":"White Cloud Mountain minnow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Cloud_Mountain_minnow"},{"link_name":"[111]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-113"},{"link_name":"[112]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-114"},{"link_name":"[113]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-115"},{"link_name":"[114]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-116"},{"link_name":"[115]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-117"},{"link_name":"[116]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-118"},{"link_name":"Threespine stickleback","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Threespine_stickleback"},{"link_name":"[117]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-119"},{"link_name":"Angelfish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pterophyllum"},{"link_name":"[118]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-120"},{"link_name":"European minnow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_minnow"},{"link_name":"[119]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-121"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[120]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-122"},{"link_name":"[121]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-123"},{"link_name":"Golden shiner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_shiner"},{"link_name":"[122]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-124"},{"link_name":"[123]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-125"}],"text":"Fish, such as these sweepers, usually prefer to join larger schools which contain members of their own species matching their own sizeExperimental studies of shoal preference are relatively easy to perform. An aquarium containing a choosing fish is sandwiched between two aquaria containing different shoals, and the choosing fish is assumed to spend more time next to the shoal it prefers. Studies of this kind have identified several factors important for shoal preference.[citation needed]Fish generally prefer larger shoals.[90][91] This makes sense, as larger shoal usually provide better protection against predators. Indeed, the preference for larger shoals seems stronger when predators are nearby,[92][93] or in species that rely more on shoaling than body armour against predation.[94] Larger shoals may also find food faster, though that food would have to be shared amongst more individuals. Competition may mean that hungry individuals might prefer smaller shoals or exhibit a lesser preference for very large shoals, as shown in sticklebacks.[95][96]Fish prefer to shoal with their own species. Sometimes, several species may become mingled in one shoal, but when a predator is presented to such shoals, the fish reorganize themselves so that each individual ends up being closer to members of its own species.[97]Fish tend to prefer shoals made up of individuals that match their own size.[98][99][100] This makes sense as predators have an easier time catching individuals that stand out in a shoal. Some fish may even prefer shoals of another species if this means a better match in current body size.[101] As for shoal size however, hunger can affect the preference for similarly sized fish; large fish, for example, might prefer to associate with smaller ones because of the competitive advantage they will gain over these shoalmates. In golden shiner, large satiated fish prefer to associate with other large individuals, but hungry ones prefer smaller shoalmates.[102]Fish prefer to shoal with individuals with which the choosing fish is already familiar. This has been demonstrated in guppies,[103][104] threespine stickleback,[105] banded killifish,[106] the surfperch Embiotoca jacksoni,[107] Mexican tetra,[108] and various minnows.[109][110] A study with the White Cloud Mountain minnow has also found that choosing fish prefer to shoal with individuals that have consumed the same diet as themselves.[111]Sticklebacks and killifish have been shown to prefer shoals made up of healthy individuals over parasitized ones, on the basis of visual signs of parasitism and abnormal behaviour by the parasitized fish.[112][113][114][115] Zebrafish prefer shoals that consist of well-fed (greater stomach width) fish over food-deprived ones.[116]Threespine stickleback prefer to join a shoal made up of bold individuals rather than shy ones.[117] Angelfish prefer shoals made up of subordinate rather than dominant individuals.[118] European minnow can discriminate between shoals composed of good versus poor competitors, even in the absence of obvious cues such as differences in aggressiveness, size, or feeding rate; they prefer to associate with the poor competitors.[119] All of this suggests a strategy to obtain food, as bolder individuals should be more likely to find food, while subordinates would offer less competition for the discovered food.[citation needed]Fish prefer to join shoals that are actively feeding.[120][121] Golden shiner can also detect the anticipatory activity of shoals that expect to be fed soon, and preferentially join such shoals.[122] Zebrafish also choose shoals that are more active.[123]","title":"Shoal choice"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"commercial fishing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commercial_fishing"},{"link_name":"purse seiner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purse_seiner"},{"link_name":"purse seine nets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purse_seine"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"The schooling behaviour of fish is exploited on an industrial scale by the commercial fishing industry. Huge purse seiner vessels use spotter planes to locate schooling fish, such as tuna, cod, mackerel and forage fish. They can capture huge schools by rapidly encircling them with purse seine nets with the help of fast auxiliary boats and sophisticated sonar, which can track the shape of the shoal.[citation needed]","title":"Commercial fishing"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Blacksmithfish_300.jpg"},{"link_name":"blacksmiths","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromis_punctipinnis"},{"link_name":"Blacksmith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromis_punctipinnis"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"mobbing behaviour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobbing_behaviour"},{"link_name":"bluegills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluegill"},{"link_name":"snapping turtles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_snapping_turtle"},{"link_name":"[124]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dominey-126"},{"link_name":"Piranha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piranha"},{"link_name":"[125]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-127"},{"link_name":"Humboldt squid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humboldt_squid"},{"link_name":"siphon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyponome"},{"link_name":"tentacles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tentacle"},{"link_name":"mesopelagic fish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopelagic_fish"},{"link_name":"diel vertical migrations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diel_vertical_migration"},{"link_name":"[126]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gilly-128"},{"link_name":"fish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish"},{"link_name":"crustaceans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crustaceans"},{"link_name":"cephalopods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cephalopods"},{"link_name":"copepod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copepod"},{"link_name":"[127]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-zimmerman-129"},{"link_name":"[128]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-130"},{"link_name":"[129]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-131"}],"text":"School of blacksmiths being cleaned by parasite eating fishBlacksmith fish live in loose shoals. They have a symbiotic relationship with the parasite eating senorita fish. When they encounter a shoal of senorita fish, they stop and form a tight ball and hang upside down (pictured), each fish waiting its turn to be cleaned. The senorita fish pick dead tissues and external parasites, like parasitic copecods and isocods, from the skin of other fishes.[citation needed]Some shoals engage in mobbing behaviour. For example, bluegills form large nesting colonies and sometimes attack snapping turtles. This may function to advertise their presence, drive the predator from the area, or aid in cultural transmission of predator recognition.[124]Piranha have a reputation as fearless fish that hunt in ferocious packs. However, recent research, which \"started off with the premise that they school as a means of cooperative hunting\", discovered that they were in fact rather fearful fish, like other fish, which schooled for protection from their predators, such as cormorants, caimans and dolphins. Piranhas are \"basically like regular fish with large teeth\".[125]Humboldt squid are large carnivorous marine invertebrates that move in schools of up to 1,200 individuals. They swim at speeds of up to 24 kilometres per hour (15 mph or 13 kn) propelled by water ejected through a siphon and by two triangular fins. Their tentacles bear suckers lined with sharp teeth with which they grasp prey and drag it towards a large, sharp beak. During the day the Humboldt squid behave similar to mesopelagic fish, living at depths of 200 to 700 m (660 to 2,300 ft). Electronic tagging has shown that they also undergo diel vertical migrations which bring them closer to the surface from dusk to dawn.[126] They hunt near the surface at night, taking advantage of the dark to use their keen vision to feed on more plentiful prey. The squid feed primarily on small fish, crustaceans, cephalopods, and copepod, and hunt for their prey in a cooperative fashion, the first observation of such behaviour in invertebrates.[127] The Humboldt squid is also known to quickly devour larger prey when cooperatively hunting in groups. Humboldt squid are known for their speed in feasting on hooked fish, sharks, and squid, even from their own species and shoal,[128] and have been known to attack fishermen and divers.[129]","title":"Further examples"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"synonyms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synonym"},{"link_name":"British English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_English"},{"link_name":"American English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_English"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pitcher_365-1"}],"text":"^ Other collective nouns used for fish include a draught of fish, a drift of fish, or a scale of fish. Collective nouns used for specific fish or marine animal species groups include a grind of blackfish, a troubling of goldfish, glean of herrings, bind or run of salmon, shiver of sharks, fever of stingrays, taint of tilapia, hover of trouts and pod of whales.[citation needed]\n\n^ Shoaling is a special case of aggregating, and schooling is a special case of shoaling. While schooling and shoaling mean different things within biology, they are often treated as synonyms by non-specialists, with speakers of British English tending to use \"shoaling\" to describe any grouping of fish, while speakers of American English tend to use \"schooling\" just as loosely.[1]","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Possible universality in the size distribution of fish 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animation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=VA-YU9xcDf4C&pg=PA505"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-3-540-21946-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-540-21946-0"},{"link_name":"arXiv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1010.5017","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//arxiv.org/abs/1010.5017"},{"link_name":"Bibcode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2012PhR...517...71V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012PhR...517...71V"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1016/j.physrep.2012.03.004","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.physrep.2012.03.004"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"119109873","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:119109873"},{"link_name":"In Defense of Dolphins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=X53qu2C0xA8C&pg=PA128"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-4051-5779-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-5779-7"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1007/bf00299428","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1007%2Fbf00299428"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"11935938","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:11935938"},{"link_name":"Ecology of Teleost Fishes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=uYOOfHPJSgEC&pg=PA188"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-412-64200-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-412-64200-5"}],"text":"Bonabeau, E; Dagorn, L (1995). \"Possible universality in the size distribution of fish schools\" (PDF). Physical Review. 51 (6): R5220–R5223. Bibcode:1995PhRvE..51.5220B. doi:10.1103/physreve.51.r5220. PMID 9963400.\nBoinski S and Garber PA (2000) On the Move: How and why Animals Travel in Groups University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-06339-3\nBreder, CM (1954). \"Equations Descriptive of Fish Schools and Other Animal Aggregations\". Ecology. 35 (3): 361–370. doi:10.2307/1930099. JSTOR 1930099.\nChildress S (1981) Mechanics of Swimming and Flying Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-28071-6\nCamazine S, Deneubourg JL, Franks NR, Sneyd J, Theraulaz G and Bonabeau E (2003) Self-Organization in Biological Systems. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-11624-2 – especially Chapter 11\nEvans, SR; Finniea, M; Manica, A (2007). \"Shoaling preferences in decapod crustacea\". Animal Behaviour. 74 (6): 1691–1696. doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2007.03.017. S2CID 53150496.\nDelcourt, J; Poncin, P (2012). \"Shoals and schools: back to the heuristic definitions and quantitative references\". Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries. 22 (3): 595–619. doi:10.1007/s11160-012-9260-z. S2CID 18306602.\nGautrais, J., Jost, C. & Theraulaz, G. (2008) Key behavioural factors in a self-organised fish school model. Annales Zoologici Fennici 45: 415–428.\nGodin, JJ (1997) Behavioural Ecology of Teleost Fishes Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-850503-7\nGhosh S and Ramamoorthy CV (2004) Design for Networked Information Technology Systems Springer. ISBN 978-0-387-95544-5\nHager, MC; Helfman, GS (1991). \"Safety in numbers: shoal size choice by minnows under predatory threat\". Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology. 29 (4): 271–276. doi:10.1007/BF00163984. S2CID 30901973.\nHemelrijk, CK; Hildenbrandt, H; Reinders, J; Stamhuis, EJ (2010). \"Emergence of Oblong School Shape: Models and Empirical Data of Fish\" (PDF). Ethology. 116 (11): 1–14. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0310.2010.01818.x.\nHoare, DJ; Krause, J (2003). \"Social organisation, shoal structure and information transfer\". Fish and Fisheries. 4 (3): 269–279. doi:10.1046/j.1467-2979.2003.00130.x.\nInada Y (2001) \"Steering mechanism of fish schools\" Complexity International, Vol 8, Paper ID Download\nInagaki, T; Sakamoto, W; Aoki, I (1976). \"Studies on the Schooling Behavior of Fish—III Mutual Relationship between Speed and Form in Schooling Behavior\". Bulletin of the Japanese Society of Scientific Fisheries. 42 (6): 629–635. doi:10.2331/suisan.42.629.\nKato N and Ayers J (2004) Bio-mechanisms of Swimming and Flying Springer. ISBN 978-4-431-22211-8\nKennedy J, Eberhart, RC and Shi Y (2001) Swarm Intelligence Morgan Kaufmann. ISBN 978-1-55860-595-4\nKrause, J (2005) Living in Groups Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-850818-2\nKrause, J (2005). \"Positioning behaviour in fish shoals: a cost–benefit analysis\". Journal of Fish Biology. 43: 309–314. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8649.1993.tb01194.x. 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ISBN 978-3-540-21946-0\nVicsek, A; Zafeiris, A (2012). \"Collective motion\". Physics Reports. 517 (3–4): 71–140. arXiv:1010.5017. Bibcode:2012PhR...517...71V. doi:10.1016/j.physrep.2012.03.004. S2CID 119109873.\nWhite TI (2007) In Defense of Dolphins Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4051-5779-7\nWolf, NG (1985). \"Odd fish abandon mixed-species groups when threatened\". Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology. 17 (1): 47–52. doi:10.1007/bf00299428. S2CID 11935938.\nWootton, RJ (1998) Ecology of Teleost Fishes Springer. ISBN 978-0-412-64200-5","title":"Further reading"}] | [{"image_text":"Underwater video loop of a school of herrings migrating at high speed to their spawning grounds in the Baltic Sea","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Heringsschwarm.gif/220px-Heringsschwarm.gif"},{"image_text":"Schools of forage fish often accompany large predator fish. Here a school of jacks accompany a great barracuda.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Great_Barracuda_off_the_Netherland_Antilles.jpg/220px-Great_Barracuda_off_the_Netherland_Antilles.jpg"},{"image_text":"A school of fish has many eyes that can scan for food or threats","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/School_jacks_klein.JPG/220px-School_jacks_klein.JPG"},{"image_text":"Pacific sardine school reacting to attention from yellowfin tuna"},{"image_text":"Some coastal upwellings (red) provide plankton-rich feeding grounds for shoals of forage fish, which in turn attract larger predator fish.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Upwelling_image1.jpg/300px-Upwelling_image1.jpg"},{"image_text":"Migration of Icelandic capelin","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Capelin-iceland.svg/220px-Capelin-iceland.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Schooling predator bluefin trevally size up schooling anchovies","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Moofushi_Kandu_fish.jpg/300px-Moofushi_Kandu_fish.jpg"},{"image_text":"Many eyes provide a higher level of vigilance","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Red_Fish_at_Papah%C4%81naumoku%C4%81kea_%28cropped%29.jpg/300px-Red_Fish_at_Papah%C4%81naumoku%C4%81kea_%28cropped%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Schooling response time in face of predator[27][28]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Schooling_response_time_in_face_of_predator.png/300px-Schooling_response_time_in_face_of_predator.png"},{"image_text":"A big bait ball swirling around a loose kelp stipe","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/A_tornado_of_fish.jpg/300px-A_tornado_of_fish.jpg"},{"image_text":"School of blackfin barracuda lined up in attack mode","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/School_of_blackfin_barracuda_%28sphyraena_qenie%29.JPG/280px-School_of_blackfin_barracuda_%28sphyraena_qenie%29.JPG"},{"image_text":"A \"tornado\" of schooling barracudas","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Barracuda_Tornado.jpg/220px-Barracuda_Tornado.jpg"},{"image_text":"Fish, such as these sweepers, usually prefer to join larger schools which contain members of their own species matching their own size","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Glass_fish.jpg/220px-Glass_fish.jpg"},{"image_text":"School of blacksmiths being cleaned by parasite eating fish","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Blacksmithfish_300.jpg/220px-Blacksmithfish_300.jpg"},{"image_text":"Schooling bigeye trevally"}] | [{"title":"bigeye trevally","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bigeye_trevally"},{"title":"Allee effect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allee_effect"},{"title":"Antipredator adaptation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antipredator_adaptation"},{"title":"Cellular automaton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellular_automaton"},{"title":"Krill#Swarming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krill#Swarming"},{"title":"Lek (mating arena)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lek_(mating_arena)"},{"title":"Mobile Bay jubilee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_Bay_jubilee"},{"title":"Optimal foraging theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optimal_foraging_theory"},{"title":"Predator satiation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predator_satiation"},{"title":"Schreckstoff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schreckstoff"},{"title":"The Blue Planet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Blue_Planet"},{"title":"The Shoals of Herring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Shoals_of_Herring"}] | [{"reference":"Shaw, E (1978). \"Schooling fishes\". 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The Journal of Experimental Biology. 219 (18): 2802–2805. doi:10.1242/jeb.139493. PMC 5047653. PMID 27655821.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5047653","url_text":"\"Shoaling reduces metabolic rate in a gregarious coral reef fish species\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1242%2Fjeb.139493","url_text":"10.1242/jeb.139493"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5047653","url_text":"5047653"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27655821","url_text":"27655821"}]},{"reference":"Abrahams, M.; Colgan, P. (1985). \"Risk of predation, hydrodynamic efficiency, and their influence on school structure\". Environmental Biology of Fishes. 13 (3): 195–202. doi:10.1007/BF00000931. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axmouth_to_Lyme_Regis_Undercliff | Axmouth to Lyme Regis Undercliffs | ["1 References","2 External links"] | Coordinates: 50°42′09″N 3°01′11″W / 50.70250°N 3.01972°W / 50.70250; -3.01972Landslip induced landscape on the English south coast
Axmouth to Lyme Regis UndercliffsSite of Special Scientific InterestChalk cliffs in the undercliffLocation within DevonLocationDevonCoordinates50°42′09″N 3°01′11″W / 50.70250°N 3.01972°W / 50.70250; -3.01972InterestBiological/GeologicalNotification1952Natural England website
The Axmouth to Lyme Regis Undercliffs, also often referred to in the singular as the Undercliff, is a 5-mile (8.0 km) long landscape feature, National Nature Reserve and Site of Special Scientific Interest that connects Seaton and Axmouth with Lyme Regis on the south-west coast of England. Like its namesake on the Isle of Wight, this feature arose as a result of landslips, where a slump of harder strata over softer clay gave rise to irregular landscapes of peaks, gullies and slipped blocks. Because of the resulting difficulty of access and change of land use, the undercliff has become densely vegetated, and has become a rare and unusual habitat for plants and birds.
From west to east, the undercliff forms part of the civil parishes of Axmouth, Combpyne Rousdon and Uplyme, all in the county of Devon. At its eastern end, it also stretches a short way into the town of Lyme Regis, in the county of Dorset. It forms part of the Jurassic Coast World Heritage Site and the South West Coast Path runs through it. The footpath stretches for 7 – 8 miles (13 km) and is not accessible except at each end. It is not permitted to leave the path due to the nature reserve status and the dangerous terrain.
Some of the landslips that created the undercliff took place within historical record. Recorded slips took place in 1775, 1828, 1839 (the Great Slip) and 1840. The 1839 slip was especially well-documented since the geologists William Buckland and William Daniel Conybeare were in the area to survey it. A large tract of land below Bindon Manor and Dowlands Farm slipped, creating the features now called Goat Island and the Chasm. It took with it an area of sown wheatfield which remained sufficiently undamaged for the wheat to be harvested in 1840, when the slip was a popular visitor attraction.
The undercliff was formerly open rough pasture, grazed by sheep and rabbits, including features such as Donkey Green (an area of turf used for picnics and sports), Landslip Cottage (which used to sell teas to visitors), and Chapel Rock (where, according to tradition, Tudor religious dissenters met). However, it became heavily overgrown in the 20th century following the cessation of sheep farming and the decline in rabbits due to myxomatosis, and access is now difficult, the terrain being treacherous due to its unstable cliffs, deep gullies and dense undergrowth.
Sabine Baring-Gould's 1900 novel Winefred, a story of the chalk cliffs is set in the Undercliff area, with the Great Slip as its climax. The undercliff was also one of the settings for the novel The French Lieutenant's Woman and a location for its film adaptation.
References
^ a b GCR Site: 800 Axmouth to Lyme Regis Archived 8 July 2007 at the Wayback Machine, South West Grid for Learning Trust
^ Explorer 116 - Lyme Regis & Bridport (Map). 1:25000. Ordnance Survey. ISBN 978-0-319-24317-6.
^ Conybeare, Buckland. Memoir and Views of Landslips on the Coast of East Devon &c. 1840, John Murray, 1840
^ a b Geological Site – Axmouth to Lyme Regis Undercliffs National Nature Reserve (PDF) Educational Register of Geological Sites, Devon County Council
^ a b The Undercliff: a sketchbook of the Axmouth – Lyme Regis Nature Reserve (foreword by John Fowles), Elaine Franks, Dent & Sons, 1989
^ Rousdon Cliffs: turning back time Archived 26 October 2007 at the Wayback Machine (PDF) Natural England leaflet
External links
The Bindon Landslip of 1839 – Lyme Regis Museum high-resolution scan of the Conybeare & Buckland Memoir and Views of Landslips on the Coast of East Devon &c. 1840
Jurassic Coast information on the Dorset Undercliff
The Axmouth to Lyme Regis Undercliff
Buglife website (more information about soft cliff invertebrates)
R.W. Gallois:Landslide mechanisms in the Axmouth to Lime Regis Undercliffs National Nature Reserve, Devon, UK. (2014) | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"National Nature Reserve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_nature_reserve_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"Site of Special Scientific Interest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Site_of_Special_Scientific_Interest"},{"link_name":"Seaton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seaton,_Devon"},{"link_name":"Axmouth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axmouth"},{"link_name":"Lyme Regis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyme_Regis"},{"link_name":"its namesake on the Isle of Wight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Undercliff_(Isle_of_Wight)"},{"link_name":"slump","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slump_(geology)"},{"link_name":"strata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stratum"},{"link_name":"clay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clay"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gcr800-1"},{"link_name":"civil parishes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_parish"},{"link_name":"Axmouth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axmouth"},{"link_name":"Combpyne Rousdon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combpyne_Rousdon"},{"link_name":"Uplyme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uplyme"},{"link_name":"Devon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devon"},{"link_name":"Lyme Regis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyme_Regis"},{"link_name":"Dorset","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorset"},{"link_name":"Jurassic Coast World Heritage Site","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurassic_Coast"},{"link_name":"South West Coast Path","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_West_Coast_Path"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gcr800-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OSE116-2"},{"link_name":"William Buckland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Buckland"},{"link_name":"William Daniel Conybeare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Daniel_Conybeare"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-geolguide-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-franks-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Tudor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tudor_dynasty"},{"link_name":"dissenters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissenter"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-geolguide-4"},{"link_name":"myxomatosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myxomatosis"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-franks-5"},{"link_name":"Sabine Baring-Gould","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabine_Baring-Gould"},{"link_name":"The French Lieutenant's Woman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_French_Lieutenant%27s_Woman"},{"link_name":"film adaptation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_French_Lieutenant%27s_Woman_(film)"}],"text":"Landslip induced landscape on the English south coastThe Axmouth to Lyme Regis Undercliffs, also often referred to in the singular as the Undercliff, is a 5-mile (8.0 km) long landscape feature, National Nature Reserve and Site of Special Scientific Interest that connects Seaton and Axmouth with Lyme Regis on the south-west coast of England. Like its namesake on the Isle of Wight, this feature arose as a result of landslips, where a slump of harder strata over softer clay gave rise to irregular landscapes of peaks, gullies and slipped blocks. Because of the resulting difficulty of access and change of land use, the undercliff has become densely vegetated, and has become a rare and unusual habitat for plants and birds.[1]From west to east, the undercliff forms part of the civil parishes of Axmouth, Combpyne Rousdon and Uplyme, all in the county of Devon. At its eastern end, it also stretches a short way into the town of Lyme Regis, in the county of Dorset. It forms part of the Jurassic Coast World Heritage Site and the South West Coast Path runs through it. The footpath stretches for 7 – 8 miles (13 km) and is not accessible except at each end. It is not permitted to leave the path due to the nature reserve status and the dangerous terrain.[1][2]Some of the landslips that created the undercliff took place within historical record. Recorded slips took place in 1775, 1828, 1839 (the Great Slip) and 1840. The 1839 slip was especially well-documented since the geologists William Buckland and William Daniel Conybeare were in the area to survey it.[3] A large tract of land below Bindon Manor and Dowlands Farm slipped, creating the features now called Goat Island and the Chasm. It took with it an area of sown wheatfield which remained sufficiently undamaged for the wheat to be harvested in 1840, when the slip was a popular visitor attraction.[4][5]The undercliff was formerly open rough pasture, grazed by sheep and rabbits, including features such as Donkey Green (an area of turf used for picnics and sports), Landslip Cottage (which used to sell teas to visitors),[6] and Chapel Rock (where, according to tradition, Tudor religious dissenters met).[4] However, it became heavily overgrown in the 20th century following the cessation of sheep farming and the decline in rabbits due to myxomatosis, and access is now difficult, the terrain being treacherous due to its unstable cliffs, deep gullies and dense undergrowth.[5]Sabine Baring-Gould's 1900 novel Winefred, a story of the chalk cliffs is set in the Undercliff area, with the Great Slip as its climax. The undercliff was also one of the settings for the novel The French Lieutenant's Woman and a location for its film adaptation.","title":"Axmouth to Lyme Regis Undercliffs"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Explorer 116 - Lyme Regis & Bridport (Map). 1:25000. Ordnance Survey. ISBN 978-0-319-24317-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordnance_Survey","url_text":"Ordnance Survey"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-319-24317-6","url_text":"978-0-319-24317-6"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Axmouth_to_Lyme_Regis_Undercliffs¶ms=50_42_09_N_3_01_11_W_region:GB_scale:25000_type:landmark","external_links_name":"50°42′09″N 3°01′11″W / 50.70250°N 3.01972°W / 50.70250; -3.01972"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Axmouth_to_Lyme_Regis_Undercliffs¶ms=50_42_09_N_3_01_11_W_region:GB_scale:25000_type:landmark","external_links_name":"50°42′09″N 3°01′11″W / 50.70250°N 3.01972°W / 50.70250; -3.01972"},{"Link":"https://designatedsites.naturalengland.org.uk/SiteDetail.aspx?SiteCode=S1003733","external_links_name":"Natural England website"},{"Link":"http://www.swgfl.org.uk/jurassic/conservation%20web%20site/monitoring%20pages/MonitorGCR800%20Axmouth%20to%20Lyme%20Regis.htm","external_links_name":"GCR Site: 800 Axmouth to Lyme Regis"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070708085050/http://www.swgfl.org.uk/jurassic/conservation%20web%20site/monitoring%20pages/MonitorGCR800%20Axmouth%20to%20Lyme%20Regis.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.devon.gov.uk/geo-axmouth-to-lyme-regis-undercliffs.pdf","external_links_name":"Geological Site – Axmouth to Lyme Regis Undercliffs National Nature Reserve"},{"Link":"http://www.english-nature.gov.uk/undercliffs/Rousdon1.pdf","external_links_name":"Rousdon Cliffs: turning back time"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071026183216/http://www.english-nature.gov.uk/undercliffs/Rousdon1.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130809074659/http://lymeregismuseum.co.uk/in-the-museum/the-bindon-landslip-of-1839","external_links_name":"The Bindon Landslip of 1839"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070708085050/http://www.swgfl.org.uk/jurassic/conservation%20web%20site/monitoring%20pages/MonitorGCR800%20Axmouth%20to%20Lyme%20Regis.htm","external_links_name":"Jurassic Coast information on the Dorset Undercliff"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100410025505/http://www.seatonbay.com/adventure/undercliff.html","external_links_name":"The Axmouth to Lyme Regis Undercliff"},{"Link":"https://www.buglife.org.uk/campaigns-and-our-work/habitat-projects/soft-rock-cliffs","external_links_name":"Buglife website"},{"Link":"https://www.academia.edu/11726081/Gallois_R_W_2014_Landslide_mechanisms_in_the_Axmouth_to_Lyme_Regis_Undercliffs_National_Nature_Reserve_Devon_UK","external_links_name":"R.W. Gallois:Landslide mechanisms in the Axmouth to Lime Regis Undercliffs National Nature Reserve, Devon, UK. (2014)"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tait%E2%80%93Kneser_theorem | Tait–Kneser theorem | ["1 References"] | If a smooth plane curve has monotonic curvature, then its osculating circles are nested
The nested osculating circles of an Archimedean spiral. The spiral itself is not shown, but is visible where the circles are more dense.
In differential geometry, the Tait–Kneser theorem states that, if a smooth plane curve has monotonic curvature, then the osculating circles of the curve are disjoint and nested within each other.
The logarithmic spiral or the pictured Archimedean spiral provide examples of curves whose curvature is monotonic for the entire curve. This monotonicity cannot happen for a simple closed curve (by the four-vertex theorem, there are at least four vertices where the curvature reaches an extreme point) but for such curves the theorem can be applied to the arcs of the curves between its vertices.
A logarithmic spiral with some osculating circles. These do not intersect, hence satisfying the Tait–Kneser theorem.
The theorem is named after Peter Tait, who published it in 1896, and Adolf Kneser, who rediscovered it and published it in 1912. Tait's proof follows simply from the properties of the evolute, the curve traced out by the centers of osculating circles.
For curves with monotone curvature, the arc length along the evolute between two centers equals the difference in radii of the corresponding circles.
This arc length must be greater than the straight-line distance between the same two centers, so the two circles have centers closer together than the difference of their radii, from which the theorem follows.
Analogous disjointness theorems can be proved for the family of Taylor polynomials of a given smooth function, and for the osculating conics to a given smooth curve.
References
^ a b c d e Ghys, Étienne; Tabachnikov, Sergei; Timorin, Vladlen (2013), "Osculating curves: around the Tait–Kneser theorem", The Mathematical Intelligencer, 35 (1): 61–66, arXiv:1207.5662, doi:10.1007/s00283-012-9336-6, MR 3041992, S2CID 253808284
^ a b Professor Tait (February 1895), "Note on the Circles of Curvature of a Plane Curve", Proceedings of the Edinburgh Mathematical Society, 14: 26, doi:10.1017/s0013091500031710
^ Kneser, Adolf (1912), "Bemerkungen über die Anzahl der Extreme der Krümmung auf geschlossenen Kurven und über verwandte Fragen in einer nicht-euklidischen Geometrie", Festschrift Heinrich Weber zu seinem siebzigsten Geburtstag am 5. März 1912 gewidmet von Freunden und Schülern; mit dem Bildnis von H. Weber in Heliogravüre und Figuren im Text, Leipzig: B. G. Teubner, pp. 170–180
^ Bor, Gil; Jackman, Connor; Tabachnikov, Serge (2021-08-04). "Variations on the Tait–Kneser Theorem". The Mathematical Intelligencer. 43 (3): 8–14. arXiv:2104.02170. doi:10.1007/s00283-021-10119-0. ISSN 0343-6993. S2CID 16664105. | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Osculating_circles_of_the_Archimedean_spiral.svg"},{"link_name":"osculating circles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osculating_circle"},{"link_name":"Archimedean spiral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archimedean_spiral"},{"link_name":"differential geometry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differential_geometry"},{"link_name":"plane curve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plane_curve"},{"link_name":"osculating circles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osculating_circle"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gtt-1"},{"link_name":"logarithmic spiral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logarithmic_spiral"},{"link_name":"Archimedean spiral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archimedean_spiral"},{"link_name":"simple closed curve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simple_closed_curve"},{"link_name":"four-vertex theorem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four-vertex_theorem"},{"link_name":"vertices","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertex_(curve)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gtt-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Log_spiral_with_osculating_circles.jpg"},{"link_name":"Peter Tait","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Tait_(physicist)"},{"link_name":"Adolf Kneser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Kneser"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gtt-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-t-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-k-3"},{"link_name":"evolute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolute"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gtt-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-t-2"},{"link_name":"Taylor polynomials","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taylor_polynomial"},{"link_name":"osculating conics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osculating_curve"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gtt-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"The nested osculating circles of an Archimedean spiral. The spiral itself is not shown, but is visible where the circles are more dense.In differential geometry, the Tait–Kneser theorem states that, if a smooth plane curve has monotonic curvature, then the osculating circles of the curve are disjoint and nested within each other.[1]\nThe logarithmic spiral or the pictured Archimedean spiral provide examples of curves whose curvature is monotonic for the entire curve. This monotonicity cannot happen for a simple closed curve (by the four-vertex theorem, there are at least four vertices where the curvature reaches an extreme point)[1] but for such curves the theorem can be applied to the arcs of the curves between its vertices.A logarithmic spiral with some osculating circles. These do not intersect, hence satisfying the Tait–Kneser theorem.The theorem is named after Peter Tait, who published it in 1896, and Adolf Kneser, who rediscovered it and published it in 1912.[1][2][3] Tait's proof follows simply from the properties of the evolute, the curve traced out by the centers of osculating circles.\nFor curves with monotone curvature, the arc length along the evolute between two centers equals the difference in radii of the corresponding circles.\nThis arc length must be greater than the straight-line distance between the same two centers, so the two circles have centers closer together than the difference of their radii, from which the theorem follows.[1][2]Analogous disjointness theorems can be proved for the family of Taylor polynomials of a given smooth function, and for the osculating conics to a given smooth curve.[1][4]","title":"Tait–Kneser theorem"}] | [{"image_text":"The nested osculating circles of an Archimedean spiral. The spiral itself is not shown, but is visible where the circles are more dense.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Osculating_circles_of_the_Archimedean_spiral.svg/220px-Osculating_circles_of_the_Archimedean_spiral.svg.png"},{"image_text":"A logarithmic spiral with some osculating circles. These do not intersect, hence satisfying the Tait–Kneser theorem.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Log_spiral_with_osculating_circles.jpg/220px-Log_spiral_with_osculating_circles.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"Ghys, Étienne; Tabachnikov, Sergei; Timorin, Vladlen (2013), \"Osculating curves: around the Tait–Kneser theorem\", The Mathematical Intelligencer, 35 (1): 61–66, arXiv:1207.5662, doi:10.1007/s00283-012-9336-6, MR 3041992, S2CID 253808284","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Ghys","url_text":"Ghys, Étienne"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergei_Tabachnikov","url_text":"Tabachnikov, Sergei"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)","url_text":"arXiv"},{"url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1207.5662","url_text":"1207.5662"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00283-012-9336-6","url_text":"10.1007/s00283-012-9336-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MR_(identifier)","url_text":"MR"},{"url":"https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=3041992","url_text":"3041992"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:253808284","url_text":"253808284"}]},{"reference":"Professor Tait (February 1895), \"Note on the Circles of Curvature of a Plane Curve\", Proceedings of the Edinburgh Mathematical Society, 14: 26, doi:10.1017/s0013091500031710","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Tait_(physicist)","url_text":"Professor Tait"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0013091500031710","url_text":"10.1017/s0013091500031710"}]},{"reference":"Kneser, Adolf (1912), \"Bemerkungen über die Anzahl der Extreme der Krümmung auf geschlossenen Kurven und über verwandte Fragen in einer nicht-euklidischen Geometrie\", Festschrift Heinrich Weber zu seinem siebzigsten Geburtstag am 5. März 1912 gewidmet von Freunden und Schülern; mit dem Bildnis von H. Weber in Heliogravüre und Figuren im Text, Leipzig: B. G. Teubner, pp. 170–180","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Kneser","url_text":"Kneser, Adolf"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/festschriftheinr06webeuoft/page/170","url_text":"\"Bemerkungen über die Anzahl der Extreme der Krümmung auf geschlossenen Kurven und über verwandte Fragen in einer nicht-euklidischen Geometrie\""}]},{"reference":"Bor, Gil; Jackman, Connor; Tabachnikov, Serge (2021-08-04). \"Variations on the Tait–Kneser Theorem\". The Mathematical Intelligencer. 43 (3): 8–14. arXiv:2104.02170. doi:10.1007/s00283-021-10119-0. ISSN 0343-6993. S2CID 16664105.","urls":[{"url":"https://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00283-021-10119-0","url_text":"\"Variations on the Tait–Kneser Theorem\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)","url_text":"arXiv"},{"url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2104.02170","url_text":"2104.02170"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00283-021-10119-0","url_text":"10.1007/s00283-021-10119-0"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0343-6993","url_text":"0343-6993"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:16664105","url_text":"16664105"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1207.5662","external_links_name":"1207.5662"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00283-012-9336-6","external_links_name":"10.1007/s00283-012-9336-6"},{"Link":"https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=3041992","external_links_name":"3041992"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:253808284","external_links_name":"253808284"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0013091500031710","external_links_name":"10.1017/s0013091500031710"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/festschriftheinr06webeuoft/page/170","external_links_name":"\"Bemerkungen über die Anzahl der Extreme der Krümmung auf geschlossenen Kurven und über verwandte Fragen in einer nicht-euklidischen Geometrie\""},{"Link":"https://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00283-021-10119-0","external_links_name":"\"Variations on the Tait–Kneser Theorem\""},{"Link":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2104.02170","external_links_name":"2104.02170"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00283-021-10119-0","external_links_name":"10.1007/s00283-021-10119-0"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0343-6993","external_links_name":"0343-6993"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:16664105","external_links_name":"16664105"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximilien_Vox | Maximilien Vox | ["1 References"] | French cartoonist and writer (1894–1974)
Maximilien VoxBornSamuel Théodore William Monod 16 December 1894 Condé-sur-Noireau Died18 December 1974 (aged 80)Lurs
Maximilien Vox (real name: Samuel William Théodore Monod) was a French writer, cartoonist, illustrator, publisher, journalist, critic art theorist and historian of the French letter and typography.
He was born on 16 December 1894 in Condé-sur-Noireau in Calvados, where his father was a minister, and educated at the Corneille school in Rouen.
In 1914 he published his humorous cartoons in L'Humanité, Floréal and La Guerre Sociale and became editor of Le Mot, the review produced by Paul Iribe. Most of his cartoons were signed Sam Monod or Esmono. Monod adopted a number of aliases before settling on Maximilien Vox. After getting married he went to Paris to learn typography, and in 1926 was awarded the Prix Blumenthal, worth 20,000 Francs, for a series of 24 book covers.
During the Second World War he worked as a department head for the Ministry of Information, whilst at the same time continuing his editorial activities. In 1942 he founded The Union Bibliophile de France, which published artworks.
After the war he concentrated on typography and created in 1949 the professional magazine Characters, which he edited until 1964. He created the VOX-ATypI classification of type characters.
In 1952 he moved to Lurs to live in a house he called Monodière and founded Rencontres internationales de Lure. He died there on 18 December 1974 and was buried in Lurs. He had married Eliane Poulain in 1917 and had five sons.
References
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Maximilien Vox.
^ Thyssens.com Retrieved June 10, 2009
^ Docs.google.com Retrieved June 10, 2009
^ "Maximilien Vox". Retrieved 8 February 2015.
^ "Classification Vox-ATypI". Retrieved 25 August 2009.
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IdRef | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Condé-sur-Noireau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cond%C3%A9-sur-Noireau"},{"link_name":"L'Humanité","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%27Humanit%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Paul Iribe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Iribe"},{"link_name":"Prix Blumenthal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prix_Blumenthal"},{"link_name":"Second World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_World_War"},{"link_name":"VOX-ATypI classification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VOX-ATypI_classification"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Lurs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lurs,_Alpes-de-Haute-Provence"},{"link_name":"Rencontres internationales de Lure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernand_Baudin#Rencontres_internationales_de_Lure"}],"text":"Maximilien Vox (real name: Samuel William Théodore Monod[1]) was a French writer, cartoonist, illustrator, publisher, journalist, critic art theorist and historian of the French letter and typography.[2][3]He was born on 16 December 1894 in Condé-sur-Noireau in Calvados, where his father was a minister, and educated at the Corneille school in Rouen.In 1914 he published his humorous cartoons in L'Humanité, Floréal and La Guerre Sociale and became editor of Le Mot, the review produced by Paul Iribe. Most of his cartoons were signed Sam Monod or Esmono. Monod adopted a number of aliases before settling on Maximilien Vox. After getting married he went to Paris to learn typography, and in 1926 was awarded the Prix Blumenthal, worth 20,000 Francs, for a series of 24 book covers.During the Second World War he worked as a department head for the Ministry of Information, whilst at the same time continuing his editorial activities. In 1942 he founded The Union Bibliophile de France, which published artworks.After the war he concentrated on typography and created in 1949 the professional magazine Characters, which he edited until 1964. He created the VOX-ATypI classification of type characters.[4]In 1952 he moved to Lurs to live in a house he called Monodière and founded Rencontres internationales de Lure. He died there on 18 December 1974 and was buried in Lurs. He had married Eliane Poulain in 1917 and had five sons.","title":"Maximilien Vox"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Maximilien Vox\". Retrieved 8 February 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thyssens.com/03notices-bio/vox_m.php","url_text":"\"Maximilien Vox\""}]},{"reference":"\"Classification Vox-ATypI\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emerald_toucanet | Emerald toucanet | ["1 Taxonomy and systematics","2 Description","3 Distribution and habitat","4 Behavior","4.1 Movement","4.2 Social behavior","4.3 Feeding","4.4 Breeding","4.5 Vocal and non-vocal sounds","5 Status","6 Relationship to humans","6.1 Aviculture","7 References","8 External links"] | Species of bird
Emerald toucanet
Emerald toucanet (nominate group)
Conservation status
Least Concern (IUCN 3.1)
Scientific classification
Domain:
Eukaryota
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Chordata
Class:
Aves
Order:
Piciformes
Family:
Ramphastidae
Genus:
Aulacorhynchus
Species:
A. prasinus
Binomial name
Aulacorhynchus prasinus(Gould, 1833)
Subspecies
See text
Synonyms
Pteroglossus prasinus
The emerald toucanet (Aulacorhynchus prasinus) is a species of near-passerine bird in the toucan family Ramphastidae. It is found from Mexico to Nicaragua.
Taxonomy and systematics
The emerald toucanet was originally described in the genus Pteroglossus. For many years it was treated as having at least 14 subspecies. In 2008 the International Ornithological Committee (IOC) split 10 of those subspecies to create seven new species and retained four of them as subspecies of their current emerald toucanet sensu stricto. BirdLife International's Handbook of the Birds of the World (HBW) concurred. Some of the seven have since been merged resulting in the current (2022) Wagler's toucanet (A. wagleri), blue-throated toucanet (A. caeruleogularis), white-throated toucanet (A. albivitta), and black-throated toucanet ( atrogularis) in addition to the emerald toucanet.
However, the North and South American Classification Committees of the American Ornithological Society and the Clements taxonomy declined to follow them. In 2017 they did split the emerald toucanet into two species, the northern (A. prasinus) and southern (A. albivitta) emerald-toucanets, each with seven subspecies. They treat the IOC's "emerald toucanet" as four subspecies of the northern emerald-toucanet.
Four subspecies of emerald toucanet are recognized by the IOC and HBW:
A. p. warneri - Winker, 2000
The nominate A. p. prasinus - (Gould, 1833)
A. p. virescens - Ridgway, 1912
A. p. volcanius - Dickey & van Rossem, 1930
At Belize Zoo (nominate group)
Emerald Toucanet, near Cinchona, Costa Rica, 17 March 2024.
Description
Like other toucans, the emerald toucanet is brightly marked and has a large bill. Adults are 29 to 37 cm (11 to 15 in) long and weigh about 150 to 240 g (5.3 to 8.5 oz). The sexes are alike in appearance although the female generally is smaller and shorter-billed. Their bill has a black mandible, a yellow maxilla with a black patch near the nares, and a white vertical strip at its base. All subspecies have plumage that is mainly green like that of other members of genus Aulacorhynchus, and is somewhat lighter below than above. The nominate's crown has a bronze tinge and its nape and upper back a yellowy bronze tint. Their eye is dark brown surrounded by even darker bare skin. Their lower face and throat are white. Their flanks are bright yellow-green to green-yellow and their undertail coverts and the underside of the tail are chestnut. The base of their tail's upper surface is green becoming blue towards the end and the tips of the feathers are chestnut. Subspecies A. p. warneri has a yellowish wash on its throat and some yellow on the face. A. p. virescens is slightly smaller than the nominate. It has a yellower face and throat, more yellow on the flanks, and darker chestnut tips on the tail feathers. A. p. volcanius is similar to the nominate but paler overall and slightly smaller. Immatures are grayer than adults and the chestnut of the tail tips is browner and smaller.
Distribution and habitat
The subspecies of emerald toucanet are found thus:
A. p. warneri, Sierra de Los Tuxtlas in southeastern Mexico's Veracruz state
A. p. prasinus, eastern and southeastern Mexico including the Yucatán Peninsula, Belize, and northern Guatemala
A. p. virescens, from southeastern Mexico's Chiapas state south through Guatemala, El Salvador, and Honduras into northern Nicaragua
A. p. volcanius, eastern El Salvador's Volcán San Miguel
The emerald toucanet primarily inhabits humid montane forest but is also found in more open landscapes like secondary forest, shrublands, pastures, and plantations. In elevation it ranges from near sea level to at least 3,000 m (9,800 ft).
Behavior
Movement
The emerald toucanet is non-migratory.
Social behavior
The emerald toucanet is gregarious and frequently gathers in groups of up to about 10.
Feeding
The emerald toucanet forages by gleaning, usually while perched. Its diet is eclectic and includes a wide variety of fruits, invertebrates of many orders, and vertebrate prey such as birds, eggs, lizards, and snakes.
Breeding
The emerald toucanet's breeding season is from March to July. It nests in tree cavities, either natural or those abandoned by woodpeckers. They can be as high as 27 m (89 ft) above the ground. The typical clutch size is three or four but can range from one to five. Both sexes incubate the eggs but the female does so more than the male. The incubation period is 16 days and fledging occurs 42 to 45 days after hatch.
Songs and calls
Listen to emerald toucanet on xeno-canto
Vocal and non-vocal sounds
The emerald toucanet's call is "a nasal, barking Wok!-Wok!-Wok!-Wok!-Wok!-Wok!-Wok!...". It also makes "a growling, throaty wra'a'a'a'a'a'ak".
Status
The IUCN has assessed the emerald toucanet as being of Least Concern. It has a very large range but its population size is not known and is believed to be decreasing. No immeditate threats have been identified. However, it "is vulnerable to habitat destruction".
Relationship to humans
Aviculture
In captivity eating a grape(nominate group)
The emerald toucanet is a popular pet toucan. It is affectionate when hand-fed and loves to play and interact with its owner. Emerald toucanets are as quick to learn tricks as cockatoos. They are active and need a large cage for their size, including perches that they can hop back and forth on. They also require a high-fruit diet, without which they are susceptible to a disease of excessive iron storage that is similar to hemochromatosis in humans.
References
^ a b c BirdLife International (2022). "Emerald Toucanet Aulacorhynchus prasinus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2022: e.T22726170A168664135. Retrieved 19 December 2022.
^ a b c Gill, F.; Donsker, D.; Rasmussen, P., eds. (August 2022). "Jacamars, puffbirds, barbets, toucans, honeyguides". IOC World Bird List. v 12.2. Retrieved December 15, 2022.
^ Gill, F.; Donsker, D., eds. (2008). "Master_IOC_list_v1.6.xls". IOC World Bird List. v 1.6. Retrieved December 17, 2022.
^ Gill, F.; Donsker, D., eds. (October 22, 2016). "Species Updates". IOC World Bird List. v 6.4. Retrieved December 17, 2022.
^ a b HBW and BirdLife International (2022) Handbook of the Birds of the World and BirdLife International digital checklist of the birds of the world. Version 7. Available at: http://datazone.birdlife.org/userfiles/file/Species/Taxonomy/HBW-BirdLife_Checklist_v7_Dec22.zip retrieved December 13, 2022
^ Chesser, R. T., S. M. Billerman, K. J. Burns, C. Cicero, J. L. Dunn, B. E. Hernández-Baños, R. A. Jiménez, A. W. Kratter, N. A. Mason, P. C. Rasmussen, J. V. Remsen, Jr., D. F. Stotz, and K. Winker. 2022. Check-list of North American Birds (online). American Ornithological Society. https://checklist.aou.org/taxa Archived 2020-02-20 at the Wayback Machine
^ Remsen, J. V., Jr., J. I. Areta, E. Bonaccorso, S. Claramunt, A. Jaramillo, D. F. Lane, J. F. Pacheco, M. B. Robbins, F. G. Stiles, and K. J. Zimmer. Version 24 July 2022. A classification of the bird species of South America. American Ornithological Society. https://www.museum.lsu.edu/~Remsen/SACCBaseline.htm retrieved July 24, 2022
^ a b Clements, J. F., T. S. Schulenberg, M. J. Iliff, T. A. Fredericks, J. A. Gerbracht, D. Lepage, S. M. Billerman, B. L. Sullivan, and C. L. Wood. 2022. The eBird/Clements checklist of birds of the world: v2022. Downloaded from https://www.birds.cornell.edu/clementschecklist/download/ retrieved November 10, 2022
^ a b c d e f g h Schulenberg, T. S., A. M. Contreras-González, C. I. Rodríguez-Flores, C. A. Soberanes-González, M. d. C. Arizmendi, and K. Powell (2020). Northern Emerald-Toucanet (Aulacorhynchus prasinus), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (T. S. Schulenberg, Editor). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi.org/10.2173/bow.noremt1.01 retrieved December 16, 2022
^ Fagan, Jesse; Komar, Oliver (2016). Field Guide to Birds of Northern Central America. Peterson Field Guides. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 204. ISBN 978-0-544-37326-6.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Aulacorhynchus prasinus.
Wikispecies has information related to Aulacorhynchus prasinus.
Bibliography of online, ornithological articles which explore the natural history of the Emerald toucanet, Aulacorhynchus prasinus prasinus
Stamps (for Belize, El Salvador, Honduras, Mexico and Nicaragua) at bird-stamps.org
Emerald toucanet photo gallery at VIREO (Drexel University)
vteToucans, toucanets, and aracaris (family: Ramphastidae)Genus
Species
Aulacorhynchus(green toucanets)
Wagler's toucanet
Emerald toucanet
Blue-throated toucanet
White-throated toucanet
Black-throated toucanet
Groove-billed toucanet
Chestnut-tipped toucanet
Tepui toucanet
Crimson-rumped toucanet
Yellow-browed toucanet
Blue-banded toucanet
Pteroglossus(aracaris or araçaris)
Green aracari
Lettered aracari
Red-necked aracari
Ivory-billed aracari
Brown-mandibled aracari
Black-necked aracari
Chestnut-eared aracari
Many-banded aracari
Collared aracari
Stripe-billed aracari
Pale-mandibled aracari
Fiery-billed aracari
Curl-crested aracari
Saffron toucanet
Selenidera(dichromatic toucanets)
Yellow-eared toucanet
Guianan toucanet
Golden-collared toucanet
Tawny-tufted toucanet
Gould's toucanet
Spot-billed toucanet
Andigena(mountain toucans)
Grey-breasted mountain toucan
Plate-billed mountain toucan
Hooded mountain toucan
Black-billed mountain toucan
Ramphastos(true toucans)
Red-breasted toucan
Channel-billed toucan
Citron-throated toucan
Choco toucan
Keel-billed toucan
Toco toucan
White-throated toucan
Yellow-throated toucan
List of toucans
Taxon identifiersAulacorhynchus prasinus
Wikidata: Q179747
Wikispecies: Aulacorhynchus prasinus
ADW: Aulacorhynchus_prasinus
Avibase: B35771C79152F9B3
BioLib: 23220
BirdLife: 22726170
BOLD: 95491
BOW: noremt1
CoL: JR57
eBird: noremt1
GBIF: 5229012
IBC: emerald-toucanet-aulacorhynchus-prasinus
iNaturalist: 18833
IRMNG: 10941802
ITIS: 554277
IUCN: 22726170
NCBI: 57399
Neotropical: noremt1
Observation.org: 70842
Open Tree of Life: 291850
Paleobiology Database: 373615
Xeno-canto: Aulacorhynchus-prasinus | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"near-passerine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Near-passerine"},{"link_name":"bird","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bird"},{"link_name":"Ramphastidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramphastidae"},{"link_name":"Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico"},{"link_name":"Nicaragua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicaragua"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IOC12.2-2"}],"text":"The emerald toucanet (Aulacorhynchus prasinus) is a species of near-passerine bird in the toucan family Ramphastidae. 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For many years it was treated as having at least 14 subspecies. In 2008 the International Ornithological Committee (IOC) split 10 of those subspecies to create seven new species and retained four of them as subspecies of their current emerald toucanet sensu stricto. BirdLife International's Handbook of the Birds of the World (HBW) concurred. Some of the seven have since been merged resulting in the current (2022) Wagler's toucanet (A. wagleri), blue-throated toucanet (A. caeruleogularis), white-throated toucanet (A. albivitta), and black-throated toucanet ( atrogularis) in addition to the emerald toucanet.However, the North and South American Classification Committees of the American Ornithological Society and the Clements taxonomy declined to follow them. In 2017 they did split the emerald toucanet into two species, the northern (A. prasinus) and southern (A. albivitta) emerald-toucanets, each with seven subspecies. They treat the IOC's \"emerald toucanet\" as four subspecies of the northern emerald-toucanet.[3][4][2][5][6][7][8]Four subspecies of emerald toucanet are recognized by the IOC and HBW:[2][5]A. p. warneri - Winker, 2000\nThe nominate A. p. prasinus - (Gould, 1833)\nA. p. virescens - Ridgway, 1912\nA. p. volcanius - Dickey & van Rossem, 1930At Belize Zoo (nominate group)Emerald Toucanet, near Cinchona, Costa Rica, 17 March 2024.","title":"Taxonomy and systematics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"toucans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toucan"},{"link_name":"bill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beak"},{"link_name":"mandible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandible"},{"link_name":"maxilla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxilla"},{"link_name":"nares","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beak#Nares"},{"link_name":"coverts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Covert_feather"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NOET-BOW-9"}],"text":"Like other toucans, the emerald toucanet is brightly marked and has a large bill. 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In elevation it ranges from near sea level to at least 3,000 m (9,800 ft).[9][1]","title":"Distribution and habitat"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Behavior"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NOET-BOW-9"}],"sub_title":"Movement","text":"The emerald toucanet is non-migratory.[9]","title":"Behavior"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NOET-BOW-9"}],"sub_title":"Social behavior","text":"The emerald toucanet is gregarious and frequently gathers in groups of up to about 10.[9]","title":"Behavior"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"orders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_(biology)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NOET-BOW-9"}],"sub_title":"Feeding","text":"The emerald toucanet forages by gleaning, usually while perched. Its diet is eclectic and includes a wide variety of fruits, invertebrates of many orders, and vertebrate prey such as birds, eggs, lizards, and snakes.[9]","title":"Behavior"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NOET-BOW-9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Birds"},{"link_name":"Listen to emerald toucanet on xeno-canto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//xeno-canto.org/species/Aulacorhynchus-prasinus"}],"sub_title":"Breeding","text":"The emerald toucanet's breeding season is from March to July. It nests in tree cavities, either natural or those abandoned by woodpeckers. They can be as high as 27 m (89 ft) above the ground. The typical clutch size is three or four but can range from one to five. Both sexes incubate the eggs but the female does so more than the male. 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IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2022: e.T22726170A168664135. Retrieved 19 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22726170/168664135","url_text":"\"Emerald Toucanet Aulacorhynchus prasinus\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCN_Red_List","url_text":"IUCN Red List of Threatened Species"}]},{"reference":"Gill, F.; Donsker, D.; Rasmussen, P., eds. (August 2022). \"Jacamars, puffbirds, barbets, toucans, honeyguides\". IOC World Bird List. v 12.2. Retrieved December 15, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worldbirdnames.org/bow/jacamars/","url_text":"\"Jacamars, puffbirds, barbets, toucans, honeyguides\""}]},{"reference":"Gill, F.; Donsker, D., eds. (2008). \"Master_IOC_list_v1.6.xls\". IOC World Bird List. v 1.6. Retrieved December 17, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worldbirdnames.org/updates/archives/","url_text":"\"Master_IOC_list_v1.6.xls\""}]},{"reference":"Gill, F.; Donsker, D., eds. (October 22, 2016). \"Species Updates\". IOC World Bird List. v 6.4. Retrieved December 17, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/updates/species-updates/","url_text":"\"Species Updates\""}]},{"reference":"Fagan, Jesse; Komar, Oliver (2016). Field Guide to Birds of Northern Central America. Peterson Field Guides. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 204. ISBN 978-0-544-37326-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-544-37326-6","url_text":"978-0-544-37326-6"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://xeno-canto.org/species/Aulacorhynchus-prasinus","external_links_name":"Listen to emerald toucanet on xeno-canto"},{"Link":"https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22726170/168664135","external_links_name":"\"Emerald Toucanet Aulacorhynchus prasinus\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldbirdnames.org/bow/jacamars/","external_links_name":"\"Jacamars, puffbirds, barbets, toucans, honeyguides\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldbirdnames.org/updates/archives/","external_links_name":"\"Master_IOC_list_v1.6.xls\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/updates/species-updates/","external_links_name":"\"Species Updates\""},{"Link":"http://datazone.birdlife.org/userfiles/file/Species/Taxonomy/HBW-BirdLife_Checklist_v7_Dec22.zip","external_links_name":"http://datazone.birdlife.org/userfiles/file/Species/Taxonomy/HBW-BirdLife_Checklist_v7_Dec22.zip"},{"Link":"https://checklist.aou.org/taxa","external_links_name":"https://checklist.aou.org/taxa"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200220100331/https://checklist.aou.org/taxa","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.museum.lsu.edu/~Remsen/SACCBaseline.htm","external_links_name":"https://www.museum.lsu.edu/~Remsen/SACCBaseline.htm"},{"Link":"https://www.birds.cornell.edu/clementschecklist/download/","external_links_name":"https://www.birds.cornell.edu/clementschecklist/download/"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2173/bow.noremt1.01","external_links_name":"https://doi.org/10.2173/bow.noremt1.01"},{"Link":"http://www.diostede.com/collared_aracari_toucan/natural_history_literature/aulacorhynchus_prasinus_prasinus_emerald_toucanet.html","external_links_name":"Bibliography"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20001101200127/http://www.bird-stamps.org/cspecies/10200100.htm","external_links_name":"Stamps"},{"Link":"http://vireo.acnatsci.org/search.html?Form=Search&SEARCHBY=Common&KEYWORDS=Emerald+Toucanet&showwhat=images&AGE=All&SEX=All&ACT=All&Search=Search&VIEW=All&ORIENTATION=All&RESULTS=24","external_links_name":"Emerald toucanet photo gallery"},{"Link":"https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Aulacorhynchus_prasinus/","external_links_name":"Aulacorhynchus_prasinus"},{"Link":"https://avibase.bsc-eoc.org/species.jsp?avibaseid=B35771C79152F9B3","external_links_name":"B35771C79152F9B3"},{"Link":"https://www.biolib.cz/en/taxon/id23220","external_links_name":"23220"},{"Link":"https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/22726170","external_links_name":"22726170"},{"Link":"http://www.boldsystems.org/index.php/TaxBrowser_TaxonPage?taxid=95491","external_links_name":"95491"},{"Link":"https://birdsoftheworld.org/bow/species/noremt1","external_links_name":"noremt1"},{"Link":"https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/JR57","external_links_name":"JR57"},{"Link":"https://ebird.org/species/noremt1","external_links_name":"noremt1"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/5229012","external_links_name":"5229012"},{"Link":"https://birdsoftheworld.org/bow/species/emerald-toucanet-aulacorhynchus-prasinus","external_links_name":"emerald-toucanet-aulacorhynchus-prasinus"},{"Link":"https://inaturalist.org/taxa/18833","external_links_name":"18833"},{"Link":"https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=10941802","external_links_name":"10941802"},{"Link":"https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=554277","external_links_name":"554277"},{"Link":"https://apiv3.iucnredlist.org/api/v3/taxonredirect/22726170","external_links_name":"22726170"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=57399","external_links_name":"57399"},{"Link":"https://neotropical.birds.cornell.edu/Species-Account/nb/species/noremt1","external_links_name":"noremt1"},{"Link":"https://observation.org/species/70842/","external_links_name":"70842"},{"Link":"https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=291850","external_links_name":"291850"},{"Link":"https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=373615","external_links_name":"373615"},{"Link":"https://xeno-canto.org/species/Aulacorhynchus-prasinus","external_links_name":"Aulacorhynchus-prasinus"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alphonse_the_Magnanimous | Alfonso V of Aragon | ["1 Early life","2 Struggle for Naples","3 Art and administration","4 Later life","5 Marriage and issue","6 Notes","7 References","8 Sources","9 Further reading"] | King of Aragon from 1416 to 1458
For other kings with the same name and regnal number, see Afonso V (disambiguation).
Alfonso VAlfonso as a Knight of the Golden FleeceMiniature from the Southern Netherlands, 1473King of AragonReign2 April 1416 – 27 June 1458PredecessorFerdinand ISuccessorJohn IIKing of NaplesReign2 June 1442 – 27 June 1458PredecessorRenéSuccessorFerdinand IBorn1396Medina del Campo, Kingdom of CastileDied27 June 1458 (aged 61–62)Castel dell'Ovo, Naples, Kingdom of NaplesBurialPoblet MonasterySpouse
Maria of Castile (m. 1415)Issueamong others...Ferdinand I of NaplesHouseTrastámaraFatherFerdinand I of AragonMotherEleanor of AlburquerqueSignature
Alfonso the Magnanimous (Alfons el Magnànim in Catalan) (1396 – 27 June 1458) was King of Aragon and King of Sicily (as Alfonso V) and the ruler of the Crown of Aragon from 1416 and King of Naples (as Alfonso I) from 1442 until his death. He was involved with struggles to the throne of the Kingdom of Naples with Louis III of Anjou, Joanna II of Naples and their supporters, but ultimately failed and lost Naples in 1424. He recaptured it in 1442 and was crowned king of Naples. He had good relations with his vassal, Stjepan Kosača, and his ally, Skanderbeg, providing assistance in their struggles in the Balkans. He led diplomatic contacts with the Ethiopian Empire and was a prominent political figure of the early Renaissance, being a supporter of literature as well as commissioning several constructions for the Castel Nuovo.
Early life
Born at Medina del Campo, he was the son of Ferdinand of Trastámara and Eleanor of Alburquerque. Ferdinand was the brother of King Henry III of Castile, and Alfonso was betrothed to his uncle King Henry's daughter Maria in 1408. In 1412, Ferdinand was selected to succeed to the territories of the Crown of Aragon. Alfonso and Maria's marriage was celebrated in Valencia on 12 June 1415.
King Ferdinand died on 2 April 1416, and Alfonso succeeded him as king of Aragon, Valencia, and Majorca and count of Barcelona. He also claimed the island of Sardinia, though it was then in the possession of Genoa. Alfonso was also in possession of much of Corsica by the 1420s.
Alfonso's marriage with Maria was childless. His mistress Lucrezia d'Alagno served as a de facto queen at the Neapolitan court as well as an inspiring muse. With another mistress, Giraldona Carlino , Alfonso had three children: Ferdinand (1423–1494), Maria (who married Leonello d'Este), and Eleanor (who married Mariano Marzano). With
the last mistress Ippolita, married de'Giudici, Alfonso had one daughther Colia (1430-1473/5) married in 1445 with Emanuele d'Appiano, Lord of Piombino, Count of Holy Roman Empire. The d'Appiano d'Aragona family received, in 1509 the title of Prince of Holy Roman Empire.
Alfonso was the object of diplomatic contacts from the Empire of Ethiopia. In 1428, he received a letter from Yeshaq I of Ethiopia, borne by two dignitaries, which proposed an alliance against the Muslims and would be sealed by a dual marriage that would require Alfonso's brother Peter to bring a group of artisans to Ethiopia where he would marry Yeshaq's daughter. In return, Alfonso sent a party of 13 craftsmen, all of whom perished on the way to Ethiopia. He later sent a letter to Yeshaq's successor Zara Yaqob in 1450, in which he wrote that he would be happy to send artisans to Ethiopia if their safe arrival could be guaranteed, but it probably never reached Zara Yaqob.
Struggle for Naples
Coat of arms in Satyrarum hecatostichon by Francesco Filelfo (1449)
In 1421 the childless Queen Joanna II of Naples adopted and named him as heir to the Kingdom of Naples, and Alfonso went to Naples. Here he hired the condottiero Braccio da Montone with the task of reducing the resistance of his rival claimant, Louis III of Anjou, and his forces led by Muzio Attendolo Sforza. With Pope Martin V supporting Sforza, Alfonso switched his religious allegiance to the Aragonese antipope Benedict XIII. When Sforza abandoned Louis' cause, Alfonso seemed to have all his problems solved; however, his relationship with Joanna suddenly worsened, and in May 1423 he had her lover, Gianni Caracciolo, a powerful figure in the Neapolitan court, arrested.
After an attempt to arrest the queen herself had failed, Joan called on Sforza who defeated the Aragonese militias near Castel Capuano in Naples. Alfonso fled to Castel Nuovo, but the help of a fleet of 22 galleys led by Giovanni da Cardona improved his situation. Sforza and Joanna ransomed Caracciolo and retreated to the fortress of Aversa. Here she repudiated her earlier adoption of Alfonso and, with the backing of Martin V, named Louis III as her heir instead.
The duke of Milan, Filippo Maria Visconti, joined the anti-Aragonese coalition. Alfonso requested support from Braccio da Montone, who was besieging Joanna's troops in L'Aquila, but had to set sail for Spain, where a war had broken out between his brothers and the Kingdom of Castile. On his way towards Barcelona, Alfonso sacked Marseille, a possession of Louis III.
In late 1423 the Genoese fleet of Filippo Maria Visconti moved in the southern Tyrrhenian Sea, rapidly conquering Gaeta, Procida, Castellammare and Sorrento. Naples, which was held by Alfonso's brother, Pedro de Aragon, was besieged in 1424 by the Genoese ships and Joanna's troops, now led by Francesco Sforza, the son of Muzio Sforza (who had met his death at L'Aquila). The city fell in April 1424. Pedro, after a short resistance in Castel Nuovo, fled to Sicily in August. Joanna II and Louis III again took possession of the realm, although the true power was in the hands of Gianni Caracciolo.
An opportunity for Alfonso to reconquer Naples occurred in 1432, when Caracciolo was killed in a conspiracy. Alfonso tried to regain the favour of the queen, but failed, and had to wait for the death of both Louis (at Cosenza in 1434) and Joanna herself (February 1435). In her will, she bequeathed her realm to René of Anjou, Louis III's younger brother. This solution was opposed by the new pope, Eugene IV, who was the feudal overlord of the Kingdom of Naples. The Neapolitans having called in the French, Alfonso decided to intervene and, with the support of several barons of the kingdom, captured Capua and besieged the important sea fortress of Gaeta. His fleet of 25 galleys was met by the Genoese ships sent by Visconti, led by Biagio Assereto. In the Battle of Ponza that ensued, Alfonso was defeated and taken prisoner.
In Milan, Alfonso impressed his captor with his cultured demeanor and persuaded him to let him go by persuading that it was not in Milan's interest to prevent the victory of the Aragonese party in Naples. Helped by a Sicilian fleet, Alfonso recaptured Capua and set his base in Gaeta in February 1436. Meanwhile, papal troops had invaded the Neapolitan kingdom, but Alfonso bribed their commander, Cardinal Giovanni Vitelleschi, and their successes waned.
In the meantime, René had managed to reach Naples on 19 May 1438. Alfonso tried to besiege the city in the following September, but failed. His brother Pedro was killed during the battle. Castel Nuovo, where an Aragonese garrison resisted, fell to the Angevine mercenaries in August 1439. After the death of his condottiero Jacopo Caldora, however, René's fortune started to decline: Alfonso could easily capture Aversa, Salerno, Benevento, Manfredonia and Bitonto. René, whose possession included now only part of the Abruzzi and Naples, obtained 10,000 men from the pope, but the cardinal leading them signed a truce with Alfonso. Giovanni Sforza came with a reduced corps, as troops sent by Eugene IV had halted his father Francesco in the Marche.
Alfonso, provided with the most impressive artillery of the times, again besieged Naples. The siege began on 10 November 1441, ending on 2 June the following year. After the return of René to Provence, Alfonso easily reduced the remaining resistance and made his triumphal entrance in Naples on 26 February 1443, as the monarch of a pacified kingdom.
Alfonso then reunited under his dominion the kingdoms of Naples and Sicily, divided since the Sicilian Vespers. After the personal union, he began to call himself Rex Utriusque Siciliae; this was then used by other kings and his successors who ruled over those territories.
Art and administration
The triumphal arch entrance of Castel Nuovo.Like many Renaissance rulers, Alfonso V was a patron of the arts. He founded the Academy of Naples under Giovanni Pontano, and for his entrance into the city in 1443 had a magnificent triumphal arch added to the main gate of Castel Nuovo. Alfonso V supplied the theme of Renaissance sculptures over the west entrance.
Alfonso was particularly attracted to classical literature. He reportedly brought copies of the works of Livy and Julius Caesar on his campaigns; the poet Antonio Beccadelli even claimed that Alfonso was cured of a disease by the reading of a few pages from Quintus Curtius Rufus' history of Alexander the Great. Although this reputed erudition attracted scholars to his court, Alfonso apparently enjoyed pitting them against each other in spectacles of bawdy Latin rhetoric.
After his conquest of Naples in 1442, Alfonso ruled primarily through his mercenaries and political lackeys. In his Italian kingdom, he maintained the former political and administrative institutions. His holdings in Spain were governed by his wife Maria.
A unified General Chancellorship for the whole Aragonese realm was set up in Naples, although the main functionaries were of Aragonese nationality. Apart from financial, administrative and artistic improvements, his other accomplishments in the Sicilian kingdom include the restoration of the aqueducts, the drainage of marshy areas, and the paving of streets.
Alfonso founded the first university of Sicily, the Siciliae Studium Generale.
Later life
Alfonso was also a powerful and faithful supporter of Skanderbeg, whom he decided to take under his protection as a vassal in 1451, shortly after the latter had scored his second victory against Murad II. In addition to financial assistance, he supplied the Albanian leader with troops, military equipment, and sanctuary for himself and his family if such a need should arise. This was because in 1448, while Skanderbeg was fighting off the Turkish invasions, three military columns, commanded by Demetrio Reres along with his sons Giorgio and Basilio, had been dispatched to help Alfonso V defeat the barons of Naples who had rebelled against him.
He also supported Bosnian duke, Stjepan Vukčić Kosača, who turned to the king for help in his affairs in Bosnia. Alfonso made him "Knight of the Virgin", but did not provide any troops. On 15 February 1444, Stjepan signed a treaty with the king of Aragon and Naples, becoming his vassal in exchange for Alfonso's help against his enemies—Stephen Thomas and Ivaniš Pavlović (1441–1450) of the Pavlović noble family as well as the Republic of Venice. In the same treaty, Stjepan promised to pay Alfonso regular tribute instead of paying the Ottoman sultan as he had done until then.
Alfonso, by formally submitting his reign to the Papacy, obtained the consent of Pope Eugene IV that the Kingdom of Naples would go to his illegitimate son, Ferdinand. He died in Castel dell'Ovo in 1458, while he was planning the conquest of Genoa. At the time, Alfonso was at odds with Pope Callixtus III, who died shortly afterwards. Alfonso's Iberian possessions had been ruled for him by his brother, who succeeded him as John II of Aragon. Sicily and Sardinia were also inherited by John II.
Marriage and issue
Alfonso had been betrothed to Maria of Castile (1401–1458; sister of John II of Castile) in Valladolid in 1408; the marriage was celebrated in Valencia on 12 June 1415. They failed to produce children. Alfonso had been in love with a woman of noble family named Lucrezia d'Alagno, who served as a de facto queen at the Neapolitan court as well as an inspiring muse.
Genealogical records in the Old Occitan Chronicle of Montpellier in Le petit Thalamus de Montpellier indicate that Alphonso's relationship with his mistress, Giraldona Carlino (daughter of Enrique Carlino and his wife, Isabel), produced three children:
His successor in Naples, King Ferdinand I of Naples, (born 1423; reigned 1458–1494).
Maria d'Aragon (1425–1449) (died 1449, aged around 15 or 16). She had married in 1444 Leonello d'Este, deceased 1450.
Leonora d'Aragona, who married c. 1443, Mariano Marzano, Duke of Squillace, Prince of Rossano. Her daughter Francesca married Leonardo III Tocco.
Notes
^ also Alphonso
^ He was King of Valencia (as Alfonso III), Majorca, Sardinia (as Alfonso II) and Sicily (as Alfonso I) and Count of Barcelona (as Alfonso IV).
References
^ Gallinari, Luciano (2019). "The Catalans in Sardinia and the transformation of Sardinians into a political minority in the twelfth to the fifteenth centuries". Journal of Medieval History. 45 (3): 347–359. doi:10.1080/03044181.2019.1612194. S2CID 159420253.
^ a b Widmayer 2006, p. 231.
^ GARRETSON, PETER P. (1993). "A Note on Relations Between Ethiopia and the Kingdom of Aragon in the Fifteenth Century". Rassegna di Studi Etiopici. 37: 37–44. ISSN 0390-0096. JSTOR 41299786.
^ Girma Beshah and Merid Wolde Aregay, The Question of the Union of the Churches in Luso-Ethiopian Relations (1500–1632) (Lisbon: Junta de Investigações do Ultramar and Centro de Estudos Históricos Ultramarinos, 1964), pp.13–4.
^ Girma Beshah and Merid Wolde Aregay, The Question of the Union of the Churches, pp.14.
^ O. G. S. Crawford (editor), Ethiopian Itineraries, circa 1400 – 1524 (Cambridge: the Hakluyt Society, 1958), pp. 12f.
^ a b Armstrong 1964, p. 164.
^ a b c d e f Armstrong 1964, p. 165.
^ Grierson & Travaini 1998, p. 245.
^ a b c d Bisson 1991, p. 144.
^ Gregorovius, Ferdinand (1859). History of the City of Rome in the Middle Ages.
^ "Alfonso V | king of Aragon and Naples | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 28 June 2022.
^ "Naples | History & Points of Interest". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 18 November 2019.
^ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Alphonso s.v. Alphonso V. of Aragon" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 1 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 736.
^ a b Bisson 1991, p. 147.
^ "Alfonso V of Aragon (the Magnanimous) (1396–1458) - Dictionary definition of Alfonso V of Aragon (the Magnanimous) (1396–1458) | Encyclopedia.com: FREE online dictionary". www.encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 30 January 2017.
^ "The Case of the Ruthless Ruler With a Deadly Disease". Medscape. Retrieved 30 March 2021.
^ Ćirković 1964, p. 288: Chapter 6: Učvršćivanje kraljevske vlasti (1422–1454); Part 7: Obnavljanje sistema ravnoteže snaga
^ Spremić 2005, pp. 355–358.
Sources
Armstrong, Edward (1964). "The Papacy and Naples in the Fifteenth Century". In Previte-Orton, C.W.; Brooke, Z.N. (eds.). The Cambridge Medieval History: The Close of the Middle Ages. Vol. VIII. Cambridge at the University Press.
Ćirković, Sima (1964). Историја средњовековне босанске државе (in Serbian). Srpska književna zadruga.
Bisson, T.N. (1991). The Medieval Crown of Aragon. Oxford University Press.
Grierson, Philip; Travaini, Lucia (1998). Medieval European Coinage: Volume 14, South Italy, Sicily, Sardinia. Cambridge University Press.
Widmayer, Jeffrey S. (2006). "The Chronicle of Montpellier H119: Text, Translation and Commentary". In Kooper, Erik (ed.). The Medieval Chronicle IV. Rodopi. ISBN 978-90-420-2088-7.
Spremić, Momčilo (2005). Balkanski vazali kralja Alfonsa Aragonskog . Beograd: Prekinut uspon.
Further reading
O'Callaghan, Joseph F. (1975). A History of Medieval Spain. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. pp. 549–577. ISBN 0-8014-0880-6. OCLC 1272494.
Ryder, Alan (1976). The Kingdom of Naples Under Alfonso the Magnanimous: The Making of a Modern State. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-822535-5. OCLC 2704031.
Ryder, Alan (2003). "Alfonso V, King of Aragon, The Magnanimous". In Gerli, E. Michael (ed.). Medieval Iberia : an encyclopedia. New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-93918-6. OCLC 50404104.
Alfonso V of Aragon House of TrastámaraBorn: 1396 Died: 27 June 1458
Regnal titles
Preceded byFerdinand the Just
King of Aragon, Valencia, Majorca,Sicily, Sardinia and Corsica;Count of Barcelona, Roussillon and Cerdagne 1416–1458
Succeeded byJohn the Great
Preceded byRené
King of Naples 1442–1458
Succeeded byFerdinand I
Spanish royalty
VacantTitle last held byInfante Peter
Duke of Girona 1414–1416
Elevation to a principality
Count of Cervera 1414–1416
Succeeded byPrince Charles
New title
Prince of Girona 1416
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1 also a prince of Majorca
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Infante Philip Prospero (1657-1661)
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Philip IV (1605-1621)
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Infante Diego (1578-1582)
Infante Ferdinand (1571–1578)
Infante Charles (1556-1568)
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Infante Charles (1504-1516)
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Infante Michael of Portugal (1498-1500)
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Infante Alfonso (1416)
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IdRef | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Afonso V (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afonso_V_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Catalan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalan_language"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"King of Aragon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_of_Aragon"},{"link_name":"King of Sicily","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_of_Sicily"},{"link_name":"Crown of Aragon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown_of_Aragon"},{"link_name":"[b]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"King of Naples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_of_Naples"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Naples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples"},{"link_name":"Louis III of Anjou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_III_of_Anjou"},{"link_name":"Joanna II of Naples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joanna_II_of_Naples"},{"link_name":"Naples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naples"},{"link_name":"Stjepan Kosača","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stjepan_Vuk%C4%8Di%C4%87_Kosa%C4%8Da"},{"link_name":"Skanderbeg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skanderbeg"},{"link_name":"Balkans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balkans"},{"link_name":"Ethiopian Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire"},{"link_name":"Renaissance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance"},{"link_name":"Castel Nuovo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castel_Nuovo"}],"text":"For other kings with the same name and regnal number, see Afonso V (disambiguation).Alfonso the Magnanimous (Alfons el Magnànim in Catalan)[a] (1396 – 27 June 1458) was King of Aragon and King of Sicily (as Alfonso V) and the ruler of the Crown of Aragon[b] from 1416 and King of Naples (as Alfonso I) from 1442 until his death. He was involved with struggles to the throne of the Kingdom of Naples with Louis III of Anjou, Joanna II of Naples and their supporters, but ultimately failed and lost Naples in 1424. He recaptured it in 1442 and was crowned king of Naples. He had good relations with his vassal, Stjepan Kosača, and his ally, Skanderbeg, providing assistance in their struggles in the Balkans. He led diplomatic contacts with the Ethiopian Empire and was a prominent political figure of the early Renaissance, being a supporter of literature as well as commissioning several constructions for the Castel Nuovo.","title":"Alfonso V of Aragon"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Medina del Campo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medina_del_Campo"},{"link_name":"Ferdinand of Trastámara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_Aragon"},{"link_name":"Eleanor of Alburquerque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleanor_of_Alburquerque"},{"link_name":"Henry III of Castile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_III_of_Castile"},{"link_name":"Maria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_of_Castile"},{"link_name":"selected","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compromise_of_Caspe"},{"link_name":"Crown of Aragon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown_of_Aragon"},{"link_name":"Valencia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valencia_(city_in_Spain)"},{"link_name":"king of Aragon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_of_Aragon"},{"link_name":"Valencia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_of_Valencia"},{"link_name":"Majorca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_of_Majorca"},{"link_name":"count of Barcelona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Count_of_Barcelona"},{"link_name":"Sardinia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sardinia"},{"link_name":"Genoa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genoa"},{"link_name":"Corsica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corsica"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Lucrezia d'Alagno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucrezia_d%27Alagno"},{"link_name":"muse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muse"},{"link_name":"Giraldona Carlino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Giraldona_Carlino&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"hu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giraldona_Carlino"},{"link_name":"it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gueraldona_Carlino"},{"link_name":"Ferdinand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_Naples"},{"link_name":"Leonello d'Este","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonello_d%27Este"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWidmayer2006231-4"},{"link_name":"Ippolita, married de'Giudici","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ippolita,_married_de%27Giudici&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Yeshaq I of Ethiopia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeshaq_I_of_Ethiopia"},{"link_name":"Muslims","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim"},{"link_name":"Peter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_of_Aragon,_Count_of_Alburquerque"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Zara Yaqob","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zara_Yaqob"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Born at Medina del Campo, he was the son of Ferdinand of Trastámara and Eleanor of Alburquerque. Ferdinand was the brother of King Henry III of Castile, and Alfonso was betrothed to his uncle King Henry's daughter Maria in 1408. In 1412, Ferdinand was selected to succeed to the territories of the Crown of Aragon. Alfonso and Maria's marriage was celebrated in Valencia on 12 June 1415.King Ferdinand died on 2 April 1416, and Alfonso succeeded him as king of Aragon, Valencia, and Majorca and count of Barcelona. He also claimed the island of Sardinia, though it was then in the possession of Genoa. Alfonso was also in possession of much of Corsica by the 1420s.[1]Alfonso's marriage with Maria was childless. His mistress Lucrezia d'Alagno served as a de facto queen at the Neapolitan court as well as an inspiring muse. With another mistress, Giraldona Carlino [hu; it], Alfonso had three children: Ferdinand (1423–1494), Maria (who married Leonello d'Este), and Eleanor (who married Mariano Marzano).[2] With \nthe last mistress Ippolita, married de'Giudici, Alfonso had one daughther Colia (1430-1473/5) married in 1445 with Emanuele d'Appiano, Lord of Piombino, Count of Holy Roman Empire. The d'Appiano d'Aragona family received, in 1509 the title of Prince of Holy Roman Empire.Alfonso was the object of diplomatic contacts from the Empire of Ethiopia. In 1428, he received a letter from Yeshaq I of Ethiopia, borne by two dignitaries, which proposed an alliance against the Muslims and would be sealed by a dual marriage that would require Alfonso's brother Peter to bring a group of artisans to Ethiopia where he would marry Yeshaq's daughter.[3] In return, Alfonso sent a party of 13 craftsmen, all of whom perished on the way to Ethiopia.[4] He later sent a letter to Yeshaq's successor Zara Yaqob in 1450, in which he wrote that he would be happy to send artisans to Ethiopia if their safe arrival could be guaranteed, but it probably never reached Zara Yaqob.[5][6]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Escudo_armas_Alfonso_V_de_Arag%C3%B3n_en_Satyrarum_hecatostichon_cropped.jpg"},{"link_name":"Francesco Filelfo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesco_Filelfo"},{"link_name":"Joanna II of Naples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joanna_II_of_Naples"},{"link_name":"Naples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naples"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArmstrong1964164-9"},{"link_name":"condottiero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condottiero"},{"link_name":"Braccio da Montone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braccio_da_Montone"},{"link_name":"Louis III of Anjou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_III_of_Anjou"},{"link_name":"Muzio Attendolo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muzio_Attendolo"},{"link_name":"Sforza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sforza"},{"link_name":"Martin V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_V"},{"link_name":"antipope Benedict XIII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antipope_Benedict_XIII"},{"link_name":"Gianni Caracciolo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gianni_Caracciolo"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArmstrong1964164-9"},{"link_name":"Castel Capuano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castel_Capuano"},{"link_name":"Castel Nuovo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castel_Nuovo"},{"link_name":"Giovanni da Cardona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_da_Cardona"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArmstrong1964165-10"},{"link_name":"Aversa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aversa"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArmstrong1964165-10"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGriersonTravaini1998245-11"},{"link_name":"Filippo Maria Visconti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filippo_Maria_Visconti"},{"link_name":"L'Aquila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%27Aquila"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Castile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Castile"},{"link_name":"Marseille","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marseille"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArmstrong1964165-10"},{"link_name":"Tyrrhenian Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyrrhenian_Sea"},{"link_name":"Gaeta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaeta"},{"link_name":"Procida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Procida"},{"link_name":"Castellammare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castellammare_di_Stabia"},{"link_name":"Sorrento","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorrento"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArmstrong1964165-10"},{"link_name":"Francesco Sforza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesco_Sforza"},{"link_name":"Sicily","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicily"},{"link_name":"Gianni Caracciolo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gianni_Caracciolo"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArmstrong1964165-10"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArmstrong1964165-10"},{"link_name":"René of Anjou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_of_Anjou"},{"link_name":"Eugene IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugene_IV"},{"link_name":"Capua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capua"},{"link_name":"Biagio Assereto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biagio_Assereto"},{"link_name":"Battle of Ponza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Ponza_(1435)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBisson1991144-12"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBisson1991144-12"},{"link_name":"Giovanni Vitelleschi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Vitelleschi"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBisson1991144-12"},{"link_name":"Jacopo Caldora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacopo_Caldora"},{"link_name":"Aversa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aversa"},{"link_name":"Salerno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salerno"},{"link_name":"Benevento","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benevento"},{"link_name":"Manfredonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manfredonia"},{"link_name":"Bitonto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitonto"},{"link_name":"Abruzzi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abruzzi"},{"link_name":"Marche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marche"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBisson1991144-12"},{"link_name":"Naples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples"},{"link_name":"Sicily","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily"},{"link_name":"Sicilian Vespers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_Vespers"}],"text":"Coat of arms in Satyrarum hecatostichon by Francesco Filelfo (1449)In 1421 the childless Queen Joanna II of Naples adopted and named him as heir to the Kingdom of Naples, and Alfonso went to Naples.[7] Here he hired the condottiero Braccio da Montone with the task of reducing the resistance of his rival claimant, Louis III of Anjou, and his forces led by Muzio Attendolo Sforza. With Pope Martin V supporting Sforza, Alfonso switched his religious allegiance to the Aragonese antipope Benedict XIII. When Sforza abandoned Louis' cause, Alfonso seemed to have all his problems solved; however, his relationship with Joanna suddenly worsened, and in May 1423 he had her lover, Gianni Caracciolo, a powerful figure in the Neapolitan court, arrested.[7]After an attempt to arrest the queen herself had failed, Joan called on Sforza who defeated the Aragonese militias near Castel Capuano in Naples. Alfonso fled to Castel Nuovo, but the help of a fleet of 22 galleys led by Giovanni da Cardona improved his situation.[8] Sforza and Joanna ransomed Caracciolo and retreated to the fortress of Aversa.[8] Here she repudiated her earlier adoption of Alfonso and, with the backing of Martin V, named Louis III as her heir instead.[9]The duke of Milan, Filippo Maria Visconti, joined the anti-Aragonese coalition. Alfonso requested support from Braccio da Montone, who was besieging Joanna's troops in L'Aquila, but had to set sail for Spain, where a war had broken out between his brothers and the Kingdom of Castile. On his way towards Barcelona, Alfonso sacked Marseille, a possession of Louis III.[8]In late 1423 the Genoese fleet of Filippo Maria Visconti moved in the southern Tyrrhenian Sea, rapidly conquering Gaeta, Procida, Castellammare and Sorrento. Naples, which was held by Alfonso's brother, Pedro de Aragon,[8] was besieged in 1424 by the Genoese ships and Joanna's troops, now led by Francesco Sforza, the son of Muzio Sforza (who had met his death at L'Aquila). The city fell in April 1424. Pedro, after a short resistance in Castel Nuovo, fled to Sicily in August. Joanna II and Louis III again took possession of the realm, although the true power was in the hands of Gianni Caracciolo.[8]An opportunity for Alfonso to reconquer Naples occurred in 1432, when Caracciolo was killed in a conspiracy.[8] Alfonso tried to regain the favour of the queen, but failed, and had to wait for the death of both Louis (at Cosenza in 1434) and Joanna herself (February 1435). In her will, she bequeathed her realm to René of Anjou, Louis III's younger brother. This solution was opposed by the new pope, Eugene IV, who was the feudal overlord of the Kingdom of Naples. The Neapolitans having called in the French, Alfonso decided to intervene and, with the support of several barons of the kingdom, captured Capua and besieged the important sea fortress of Gaeta. His fleet of 25 galleys was met by the Genoese ships sent by Visconti, led by Biagio Assereto. In the Battle of Ponza that ensued, Alfonso was defeated and taken prisoner.[10]In Milan, Alfonso impressed his captor with his cultured demeanor and persuaded him to let him go by persuading that it was not in Milan's interest to prevent the victory of the Aragonese party in Naples.[10] Helped by a Sicilian fleet, Alfonso recaptured Capua and set his base in Gaeta in February 1436. Meanwhile, papal troops had invaded the Neapolitan kingdom, but Alfonso bribed their commander, Cardinal Giovanni Vitelleschi, and their successes waned.[11]In the meantime, René had managed to reach Naples on 19 May 1438. Alfonso tried to besiege the city in the following September, but failed.[10] His brother Pedro was killed during the battle. Castel Nuovo, where an Aragonese garrison resisted, fell to the Angevine mercenaries in August 1439. After the death of his condottiero Jacopo Caldora, however, René's fortune started to decline: Alfonso could easily capture Aversa, Salerno, Benevento, Manfredonia and Bitonto. René, whose possession included now only part of the Abruzzi and Naples, obtained 10,000 men from the pope, but the cardinal leading them signed a truce with Alfonso. Giovanni Sforza came with a reduced corps, as troops sent by Eugene IV had halted his father Francesco in the Marche.[citation needed]Alfonso, provided with the most impressive artillery of the times, again besieged Naples. The siege began on 10 November 1441, ending on 2 June the following year.[12] After the return of René to Provence, Alfonso easily reduced the remaining resistance and made his triumphal entrance in Naples on 26 February 1443, as the monarch of a pacified kingdom.[10]Alfonso then reunited under his dominion the kingdoms of Naples and Sicily, divided since the Sicilian Vespers. After the personal union, he began to call himself Rex Utriusque Siciliae; this was then used by other kings and his successors who ruled over those territories.","title":"Struggle for Naples"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NapoliMaschioAngioinoIngresso.jpg"},{"link_name":"Naples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naples"},{"link_name":"Giovanni Pontano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Pontano"},{"link_name":"Castel Nuovo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castel_Nuovo"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"classical literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_literature"},{"link_name":"Livy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livy"},{"link_name":"Julius Caesar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Caesar"},{"link_name":"Antonio Beccadelli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Beccadelli_(poet)"},{"link_name":"Quintus Curtius Rufus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quintus_Curtius_Rufus"},{"link_name":"Alexander the Great","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_the_Great"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBisson1991147-17"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Siciliae Studium Generale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Catania"}],"text":"The triumphal arch entrance of Castel Nuovo.Like many Renaissance rulers, Alfonso V was a patron of the arts. He founded the Academy of Naples under Giovanni Pontano, and for his entrance into the city in 1443 had a magnificent triumphal arch added to the main gate of Castel Nuovo.[13] Alfonso V supplied the theme of Renaissance sculptures over the west entrance.Alfonso was particularly attracted to classical literature. He reportedly brought copies of the works of Livy and Julius Caesar on his campaigns; the poet Antonio Beccadelli even claimed that Alfonso was cured of a disease by the reading of a few pages from Quintus Curtius Rufus' history of Alexander the Great. Although this reputed erudition attracted scholars to his court, Alfonso apparently enjoyed pitting them against each other in spectacles of bawdy Latin rhetoric.[14]After his conquest of Naples in 1442, Alfonso ruled primarily through his mercenaries and political lackeys. In his Italian kingdom, he maintained the former political and administrative institutions. His holdings in Spain were governed by his wife Maria.[15]A unified General Chancellorship for the whole Aragonese realm was set up in Naples, although the main functionaries were of Aragonese nationality. Apart from financial, administrative and artistic improvements, his other accomplishments in the Sicilian kingdom include the restoration of the aqueducts, the drainage of marshy areas, and the paving of streets.[16]Alfonso founded the first university of Sicily, the Siciliae Studium Generale.","title":"Art and administration"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Skanderbeg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skanderbeg"},{"link_name":"Murad II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murad_II"},{"link_name":"Albanian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albanians"},{"link_name":"Demetrio Reres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demetrio_Reres"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Bosnian duke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Duke_of_Bosnia"},{"link_name":"Stjepan Vukčić Kosača","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stjepan_Vuk%C4%8Di%C4%87_Kosa%C4%8Da"},{"link_name":"Bosnia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bosnia"},{"link_name":"Knight of the Virgin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Blessed_Virgin_Mary"},{"link_name":"Stephen Thomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Thomas_of_Bosnia"},{"link_name":"Ivaniš Pavlović","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivani%C5%A1_Pavlovi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Pavlović","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavlovi%C4%87_noble_family"},{"link_name":"Republic of Venice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Venice"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%C4%86irkovi%C4%871964288-20"},{"link_name":"Ottoman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpremi%C4%872005355%E2%80%93358-21"},{"link_name":"Pope Eugene IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Eugene_IV"},{"link_name":"Castel dell'Ovo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castel_dell%27Ovo"},{"link_name":"Genoa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genoa"},{"link_name":"Pope Callixtus III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Callixtus_III"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"John II of Aragon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_II_of_Aragon"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBisson1991147-17"},{"link_name":"Sardinia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sardinia"}],"text":"Alfonso was also a powerful and faithful supporter of Skanderbeg, whom he decided to take under his protection as a vassal in 1451, shortly after the latter had scored his second victory against Murad II. In addition to financial assistance, he supplied the Albanian leader with troops, military equipment, and sanctuary for himself and his family if such a need should arise. This was because in 1448, while Skanderbeg was fighting off the Turkish invasions, three military columns, commanded by Demetrio Reres along with his sons Giorgio and Basilio, had been dispatched to help Alfonso V defeat the barons of Naples who had rebelled against him.[17]He also supported Bosnian duke, Stjepan Vukčić Kosača, who turned to the king for help in his affairs in Bosnia. Alfonso made him \"Knight of the Virgin\", but did not provide any troops. On 15 February 1444, Stjepan signed a treaty with the king of Aragon and Naples, becoming his vassal in exchange for Alfonso's help against his enemies—Stephen Thomas and Ivaniš Pavlović (1441–1450) of the Pavlović noble family as well as the Republic of Venice.[18] In the same treaty, Stjepan promised to pay Alfonso regular tribute instead of paying the Ottoman sultan as he had done until then.[19]Alfonso, by formally submitting his reign to the Papacy, obtained the consent of Pope Eugene IV that the Kingdom of Naples would go to his illegitimate son, Ferdinand. He died in Castel dell'Ovo in 1458, while he was planning the conquest of Genoa. At the time, Alfonso was at odds with Pope Callixtus III, who died shortly afterwards.[citation needed] Alfonso's Iberian possessions had been ruled for him by his brother, who succeeded him as John II of Aragon.[15] Sicily and Sardinia were also inherited by John II.","title":"Later life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Maria of Castile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_of_Castile"},{"link_name":"John II of Castile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_II_of_Castile"},{"link_name":"Valladolid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valladolid"},{"link_name":"Valencia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valencia_(city_in_Spain)"},{"link_name":"Lucrezia d'Alagno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucrezia_d%27Alagno"},{"link_name":"muse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muse"},{"link_name":"Old Occitan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occitan_language"},{"link_name":"Chronicle of Montpellier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronique_romane"},{"link_name":"Giraldona Carlino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Giraldona_Carlino&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWidmayer2006231-4"},{"link_name":"Ferdinand I of Naples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_Naples"},{"link_name":"Maria d'Aragon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maria_d%27Aragon_(1425-1449)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_d%27Aragona_(1425-1449)"},{"link_name":"Leonello d'Este","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonello_d%27Este,_margrave_of_Ferrara"},{"link_name":"Leonora d'Aragona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Leonora_d%27Aragona&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Leonardo III Tocco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_III_Tocco"}],"text":"Alfonso had been betrothed to Maria of Castile (1401–1458; sister of John II of Castile) in Valladolid in 1408; the marriage was celebrated in Valencia on 12 June 1415. They failed to produce children. Alfonso had been in love with a woman of noble family named Lucrezia d'Alagno, who served as a de facto queen at the Neapolitan court as well as an inspiring muse.Genealogical records in the Old Occitan Chronicle of Montpellier in Le petit Thalamus de Montpellier indicate that Alphonso's relationship with his mistress, Giraldona Carlino (daughter of Enrique Carlino and his wife, Isabel), produced three children:[2]His successor in Naples, King Ferdinand I of Naples, (born 1423; reigned 1458–1494).\nMaria d'Aragon [it] (1425–1449) (died 1449, aged around 15 or 16). She had married in 1444 Leonello d'Este, deceased 1450.\nLeonora d'Aragona, who married c. 1443, Mariano Marzano, Duke of Squillace, Prince of Rossano. Her daughter Francesca married Leonardo III Tocco.","title":"Marriage and issue"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"Valencia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_of_Valencia"},{"link_name":"Majorca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Majorca"},{"link_name":"Sardinia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia_(1324%E2%80%931720)"},{"link_name":"Sicily","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily"},{"link_name":"Count of Barcelona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Count_of_Barcelona"}],"text":"^ also Alphonso\n\n^ He was King of Valencia (as Alfonso III), Majorca, Sardinia (as Alfonso II) and Sicily (as Alfonso I) and Count of Barcelona (as Alfonso IV).","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ćirković, Sima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sima_%C4%86irkovi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Историја средњовековне босанске државе","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=A2nrswEACAAJ"},{"link_name":"The Medieval Chronicle IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=aLUGdr4-0j4C"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-90-420-2088-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-420-2088-7"},{"link_name":"Spremić, Momčilo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mom%C4%8Dilo_Spremi%C4%87"}],"text":"Armstrong, Edward (1964). \"The Papacy and Naples in the Fifteenth Century\". In Previte-Orton, C.W.; Brooke, Z.N. (eds.). The Cambridge Medieval History: The Close of the Middle Ages. Vol. VIII. Cambridge at the University Press.\nĆirković, Sima (1964). Историја средњовековне босанске државе [History of the medieval Bosnian state] (in Serbian). Srpska književna zadruga.\nBisson, T.N. (1991). The Medieval Crown of Aragon. Oxford University Press.\nGrierson, Philip; Travaini, Lucia (1998). Medieval European Coinage: Volume 14, South Italy, Sicily, Sardinia. Cambridge University Press.\nWidmayer, Jeffrey S. (2006). \"The Chronicle of Montpellier H119: Text, Translation and Commentary\". In Kooper, Erik (ed.). The Medieval Chronicle IV. Rodopi. ISBN 978-90-420-2088-7.\nSpremić, Momčilo (2005). Balkanski vazali kralja Alfonsa Aragonskog [Balkan vassals of King Alfonso of Aragon]. Beograd: Prekinut uspon.","title":"Sources"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"A History of Medieval Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/1272494"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-8014-0880-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8014-0880-6"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1272494","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/1272494"},{"link_name":"The Kingdom of Naples Under Alfonso the Magnanimous: The Making of a Modern State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/kingdomofnaplesu0000ryde/page/n7/mode/2up"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-19-822535-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-822535-5"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2704031","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/2704031"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-415-93918-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-93918-6"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"50404104","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/50404104"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Infantes_of_Aragon"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Infantes_of_Aragon"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Infantes_of_Aragon"},{"link_name":"Infantes of Aragon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infante"},{"link_name":"Sancho I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sancho_Ram%C3%ADrez"},{"link_name":"Peter I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_I_of_Aragon_and_Pamplona"},{"link_name":"Alfonso I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfonso_the_Battler"},{"link_name":"Ramiro II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramiro_II_of_Aragon"},{"link_name":"Alfonso II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfonso_II_of_Aragon"},{"link_name":"Ramon Berenguer III, Count of Provence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramon_Berenguer_III,_Count_of_Provence"},{"link_name":"Sancho, Count of Provence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sancho,_Count_of_Provence"},{"link_name":"Peter II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_II_of_Aragon"},{"link_name":"Alfonso II, Count of Provence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfonso_II,_Count_of_Provence"},{"link_name":"James I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_I_of_Aragon"},{"link_name":"Peter III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_III_of_Aragon"},{"link_name":"James II of Majorca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_II_of_Majorca"},{"link_name":"Sancho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sancho_of_Aragon_(archbishop_of_Toledo)"},{"link_name":"Alfonso III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfonso_III_of_Aragon"},{"link_name":"James II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_II_of_Aragon"},{"link_name":"Frederick III of Sicily","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_III_of_Sicily"},{"link_name":"Sancho of Majorca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sancho_of_Majorca"},{"link_name":"Ferdinand, Viscount of Aumelas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_of_Majorca"},{"link_name":"Alfonso IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfonso_IV_of_Aragon"},{"link_name":"Peter II of Sicily","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_II_of_Sicily"},{"link_name":"Manfred, Duke of Athens and Neopatria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manfred,_Duke_of_Athens"},{"link_name":"William II, Duke of Athens and Neopatria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_II,_Duke_of_Athens"},{"link_name":"John, Duke of Randazzo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John,_Duke_of_Randazzo"},{"link_name":"James III of Majorca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_III_of_Majorca"},{"link_name":"Peter IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_IV_of_Aragon"},{"link_name":"James I, Count of Urgell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_I,_Count_of_Urgell"},{"link_name":"Louis of Sicily","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis,_King_of_Sicily"},{"link_name":"Frederick IV of Sicily","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_the_Simple"},{"link_name":"Frederick I, Duke of Athens and Neopatria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_I,_Duke_of_Athens"},{"link_name":"James IV of Majorca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_IV_of_Majorca"},{"link_name":"John I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_I_of_Aragon"},{"link_name":"Martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_of_Aragon"},{"link_name":"Peter II, Count of Urgell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_II,_Count_of_Urgell"},{"link_name":"Martin I of Sicily","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_I_of_Sicily"},{"link_name":"James II, Count of Urgell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_II,_Count_of_Urgell"},{"link_name":"Peter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_of_Aragon_(heir_of_Sicily)"},{"link_name":"Martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_of_Aragon_(heir_of_Sicily)"},{"link_name":"Alfonso V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"John II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_II_of_Aragon"},{"link_name":"Henry, Duke of Villena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry,_Duke_of_Villena"},{"link_name":"Peter, Count of Alburquerque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_of_Aragon,_Count_of_Alburquerque"},{"link_name":"Charles, Prince of Viana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles,_Prince_of_Viana"},{"link_name":"Ferdinand II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_II_of_Aragon"},{"link_name":"John, Prince of Asturias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John,_Prince_of_Asturias"},{"link_name":"Charles I of Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor"},{"link_name":"Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Princes_of_Girona"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Princes_of_Girona"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Princes_of_Girona"},{"link_name":"Princes and Princesses of Girona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_of_Girona"},{"link_name":"Infanta Leonor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonor,_Princess_of_Asturias"},{"link_name":"Infante Felipe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felipe_VI_of_Spain"},{"link_name":"Infante Alfonso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfonso,_Prince_of_Asturias_(1907%E2%80%931938)"},{"link_name":"Infante Charles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_II_of_Spain"},{"link_name":"Infante Philip Prospero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Prospero,_Prince_of_Asturias"},{"link_name":"Infante Balthasar Charles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balthasar_Charles,_Prince_of_Asturias"},{"link_name":"Philip IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_IV_of_Spain"},{"link_name":"Infante Philip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_III_of_Spain"},{"link_name":"Infante Diego","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diego,_Prince_of_Asturias"},{"link_name":"Infante Ferdinand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand,_Prince_of_Asturias"},{"link_name":"Infante Charles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos,_Prince_of_Asturias"},{"link_name":"Philip II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain"},{"link_name":"Infante Charles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor"},{"link_name":"Infanta Joanna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joanna_of_Castile"},{"link_name":"Infante John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John,_Prince_of_Girona"},{"link_name":"Infanta Joanna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joanna_of_Castile"},{"link_name":"Infante Michael of Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miguel_da_Paz,_Prince_of_Portugal"},{"link_name":"Infante John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John,_Prince_of_Asturias"},{"link_name":"Infante Ferdinand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_II_of_Aragon"},{"link_name":"Infante Charles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles,_Prince_of_Viana"},{"link_name":"Infante Alfonso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Aragonese_monarchs"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Aragonese_monarchs"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Aragonese_monarchs"},{"link_name":"Monarchs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Aragonese_monarchs"},{"link_name":"Aragon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aragon"},{"link_name":"House of Jiménez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim%C3%A9nez_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Ramiro I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramiro_I_of_Aragon"},{"link_name":"Sancho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sancho_Ram%C3%ADrez"},{"link_name":"Peter I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_I_of_Aragon_and_Pamplona"},{"link_name":"Alfonso I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfonso_the_Battler"},{"link_name":"Ramiro II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramiro_II_of_Aragon"},{"link_name":"Petronilla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petronilla_of_Aragon"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Royal_arms_of_Aragon_(Crowned).svg"},{"link_name":"House of Barcelona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Barcelona"},{"link_name":"Alfonso II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfonso_II_of_Aragon"},{"link_name":"Peter II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_II_of_Aragon"},{"link_name":"James I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_I_of_Aragon"},{"link_name":"Peter III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_III_of_Aragon"},{"link_name":"Alfonso III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfonso_III_of_Aragon"},{"link_name":"James II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_II_of_Aragon"},{"link_name":"Alfonso IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfonso_IV_of_Aragon"},{"link_name":"Peter IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_IV_of_Aragon"},{"link_name":"John I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_I_of_Aragon"},{"link_name":"Martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_of_Aragon"},{"link_name":"House of Trastámara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Trast%C3%A1mara"},{"link_name":"Ferdinand I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_Aragon"},{"link_name":"Alfonso V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"John II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_II_of_Aragon"},{"link_name":"Ferdinand II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_II_of_Aragon"},{"link_name":"Joanna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joanna_of_Castile"},{"link_name":"House of Habsburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Habsburg"},{"link_name":"Charles I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor"},{"link_name":"Philip I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain"},{"link_name":"Philip II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_III_of_Spain"},{"link_name":"Philip III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_IV_of_Spain"},{"link_name":"Charles II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_II_of_Spain"},{"link_name":"Charles III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_VI,_Holy_Roman_Emperor"},{"link_name":"House of Bourbon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Bourbon"},{"link_name":"Philip 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(1975). A History of Medieval Spain. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. pp. 549–577. ISBN 0-8014-0880-6. OCLC 1272494.\nRyder, Alan (1976). The Kingdom of Naples Under Alfonso the Magnanimous: The Making of a Modern State. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-822535-5. OCLC 2704031.\nRyder, Alan (2003). \"Alfonso V, King of Aragon, The Magnanimous\". In Gerli, E. Michael (ed.). Medieval Iberia : an encyclopedia. New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-93918-6. 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Journal of Medieval History. 45 (3): 347–359. doi:10.1080/03044181.2019.1612194. S2CID 159420253.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03044181.2019.1612194","url_text":"\"The Catalans in Sardinia and the transformation of Sardinians into a political minority in the twelfth to the fifteenth centuries\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F03044181.2019.1612194","url_text":"10.1080/03044181.2019.1612194"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:159420253","url_text":"159420253"}]},{"reference":"GARRETSON, PETER P. (1993). \"A Note on Relations Between Ethiopia and the Kingdom of Aragon in the Fifteenth Century\". Rassegna di Studi Etiopici. 37: 37–44. ISSN 0390-0096. JSTOR 41299786.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/41299786","url_text":"\"A Note on Relations Between Ethiopia and the Kingdom of Aragon in the Fifteenth Century\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0390-0096","url_text":"0390-0096"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/41299786","url_text":"41299786"}]},{"reference":"Gregorovius, Ferdinand (1859). History of the City of Rome in the Middle Ages.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Alfonso V | king of Aragon and Naples | Britannica\". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 28 June 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.britannica.com/biography/Alfonso-V-king-of-Aragon-and-Naples","url_text":"\"Alfonso V | king of Aragon and Naples | Britannica\""}]},{"reference":"\"Naples | History & Points of Interest\". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 18 November 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.britannica.com/place/Naples-Italy","url_text":"\"Naples | History & Points of Interest\""}]},{"reference":"Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). \"Alphonso s.v. Alphonso V. of Aragon\" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 1 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 736.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm","url_text":"Chisholm, Hugh"},{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Alphonso","url_text":"\"Alphonso s.v. Alphonso V. of Aragon\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition","url_text":"Encyclopædia Britannica"}]},{"reference":"\"Alfonso V of Aragon (the Magnanimous) (1396–1458) - Dictionary definition of Alfonso V of Aragon (the Magnanimous) (1396–1458) | Encyclopedia.com: FREE online dictionary\". www.encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 30 January 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.encyclopedia.com/arts/arts-construction-medicine-science-and-technology-magazines/alfonso-v-aragon-magnanimous-1396-1458","url_text":"\"Alfonso V of Aragon (the Magnanimous) (1396–1458) - Dictionary definition of Alfonso V of Aragon (the Magnanimous) (1396–1458) | Encyclopedia.com: FREE online dictionary\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Case of the Ruthless Ruler With a Deadly Disease\". Medscape. Retrieved 30 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/573905","url_text":"\"The Case of the Ruthless Ruler With a Deadly Disease\""}]},{"reference":"Armstrong, Edward (1964). \"The Papacy and Naples in the Fifteenth Century\". In Previte-Orton, C.W.; Brooke, Z.N. (eds.). The Cambridge Medieval History: The Close of the Middle Ages. Vol. VIII. Cambridge at the University Press.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Ćirković, Sima (1964). Историја средњовековне босанске државе [History of the medieval Bosnian state] (in Serbian). Srpska književna zadruga.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sima_%C4%86irkovi%C4%87","url_text":"Ćirković, Sima"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=A2nrswEACAAJ","url_text":"Историја средњовековне босанске државе"}]},{"reference":"Bisson, T.N. (1991). The Medieval Crown of Aragon. Oxford University Press.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Grierson, Philip; Travaini, Lucia (1998). Medieval European Coinage: Volume 14, South Italy, Sicily, Sardinia. Cambridge University Press.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Widmayer, Jeffrey S. (2006). \"The Chronicle of Montpellier H119: Text, Translation and Commentary\". In Kooper, Erik (ed.). The Medieval Chronicle IV. Rodopi. ISBN 978-90-420-2088-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=aLUGdr4-0j4C","url_text":"The Medieval Chronicle IV"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-420-2088-7","url_text":"978-90-420-2088-7"}]},{"reference":"Spremić, Momčilo (2005). Balkanski vazali kralja Alfonsa Aragonskog [Balkan vassals of King Alfonso of Aragon]. Beograd: Prekinut uspon.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mom%C4%8Dilo_Spremi%C4%87","url_text":"Spremić, Momčilo"}]},{"reference":"O'Callaghan, Joseph F. (1975). A History of Medieval Spain. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. pp. 549–577. ISBN 0-8014-0880-6. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_1977 | Eurovision Song Contest 1977 | ["1 Location","2 Participating countries","2.1 Returning artists","3 Format","4 Contest overview","4.1 Spokespersons","5 Detailed voting results","5.1 12 points","6 Broadcasts","7 See also","8 Notes","9 References","10 External links"] | International song competition
Eurovision Song Contest 1977DatesFinal7 May 1977HostVenueWembley Conference CentreLondon, United KingdomPresenter(s)Angela RipponMusical directorRonnie HazlehurstDirected byStewart MorrisExecutive supervisorClifford BrownExecutive producerBill CottonHost broadcasterBritish Broadcasting Corporation (BBC)Websiteeurovision.tv/event/london-1977 ParticipantsNumber of entries18Debuting countriesNoneReturning countries SwedenNon-returning countries Yugoslavia
Participation map
VoteVoting systemEach country awarded 12, 10, 8-1 points to their 10 favourite songsWinning song France"L'Oiseau et l'Enfant"1976 ← Eurovision Song Contest → 1978
The Eurovision Song Contest 1977 was the 22nd edition of the annual Eurovision Song Contest. It took place in London, United Kingdom, following the country's victory at the 1976 contest with the song "Save Your Kisses for Me" by Brotherhood of Man. Organised by the European Broadcasting Union (EBU) and host broadcaster British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC), the contest was held at the Wembley Conference Centre on 7 May 1977, marking the first time the event took place in the month of May since the first contest in 1956. The contest was directed by Stewart Morris and hosted by English journalist Angela Rippon.
Eighteen countries participated in the contest; Sweden returned after its absence from the previous edition, while Yugoslavia decided not to enter.
The winner was France with the song "L'Oiseau et l'Enfant", performed by Marie Myriam, written by Joe Gracy, and composed by Jean-Paul Cara. The United Kingdom, Ireland, Monaco and Greece rounded out the top five. Greece's fifth place finish was their best result up to that point. France' fifth win was also a record at the time, and one that France held onto for six years, until being equalled by Luxembourg in 1983.
Location
Wembley Conference Centre was chosen to host the contest. The venue was the first purpose-built conference centre in the United Kingdom, and opened on 31 January 1977—making it a newly built venue at the time. It was demolished in 2006.
At the night of the contest, 2,000 spectators were present in the audience.
Participating countries
Further information: List of countries in the Eurovision Song Contest
Eurovision Song Contest 1977 – Participation summaries by countryAustriaBelgiumFinlandFranceGermanyGreeceIrelandIsraelItalyLuxembourgMonacoNetherlandsNorwayPortugalSpainSwedenSwitzerlandTunisiaUnited Kingdom
Tunisia was set to participate in the contest and had been drawn to participate in fourth place, but later withdrew. Yugoslavia decided not to enter and would not return to the contest until 1981 due to bad results in the years prior, while Sweden returned to the competition, having missed out the year before. This made for eighteen participating nations.
The language rule was brought back in this contest, four years after it had been dropped in 1973. However Germany and Belgium were allowed to sing in English, because they had already chosen the songs they were going to perform before the rule was reintroduced.
Participants of the Eurovision Song Contest 1977
Country
Broadcaster
Artist
Song
Language
Songwriter(s)
Conductor
Austria
ORF
Schmetterlinge
"Boom Boom Boomerang"
German
Schurli HernstadtE. Lukas ResetaritsWilli ResetaritsHerbert Zöchling-Tampier
Christian Kolonovits
Belgium
BRT
Dream Express
"A Million in One, Two, Three"
English
Luc Smets
Alyn Ainsworth
Finland
YLE
Monica Aspelund
"Lapponia"
Finnish
Monica AspelundAarno Raninen
Ossi Runne
France
TF1
Marie Myriam
"L'Oiseau et l'Enfant"
French
Jean-Paul CaraJoe Garcy
Raymond Donnez
Germany
HR
Silver Convention
"Telegram"
English
Sylvester LevayMichael Kunze
Ronnie Hazlehurst
Greece
ERT
Pascalis, Marianna, Robert and Bessy
"Mathema solfege" (Μάθημα σολφέζ)
Greek
Giorgos HatzinasiosSevi Tiliakou
Giorgos Hatzinasios
Ireland
RTÉ
The Swarbriggs Plus Two
"It's Nice to Be in Love Again"
English
Jimmy SwarbriggTommy Swarbrigg
Noel Kelehan
Israel
IBA
Ilanit
"Ahava Hi Shir Lishnayim" (אהבה היא שיר לשניים)
Hebrew
Edna PelegEldad Shrem
Eldad Shrem
Italy
RAI
Mia Martini
"Libera"
Italian
Luigi AlbertelliSalvatore Fabrizio
Maurizio Fabrizio
Luxembourg
CLT
Anne-Marie B
"Frère Jacques"
French
Guy BéartPierre Cour
Johnny Arthey
Monaco
TMC
Michèle Torr
"Une petite française"
French
Jean AlbertiniPaul de SennevilleOlivier Toussaint
Yvon Rioland
Netherlands
NOS
Heddy Lester
"De mallemolen"
Dutch
Frank AffolterWim Hogenkamp
Harry van Hoof
Norway
NRK
Anita Skorgan
"Casanova"
Norwegian
Dag NordtømmeSvein Strugstad
Carsten Klouman
Portugal
RTP
Os Amigos
"Portugal no coração"
Portuguese
José Carlos Ary dos SantosFernando Tordo
José Calvário
Spain
TVE
Micky
"Enséñame a cantar"
Spanish
Fernando Arbex
Rafael Ibarbia
Sweden
SR
Forbes
"Beatles"
Swedish
Sven-Olof BaggeClaes Bure
Anders Berglund
Switzerland
SRG SSR
Pepe Lienhard Band
"Swiss Lady"
German
Peter Reber
Peter Jacques
United Kingdom
BBC
Lynsey de Paul and Mike Moran
"Rock Bottom"
English
Mike MoranLynsey de Paul
Ronnie Hazlehurst
Returning artists
Artist
Country
Previous year(s)
Michèle Torr
Monaco
1966 (for Luxembourg)
Beatrix Neundlinger and Günter Grosslercher (as part of Schmetterlinge)
Austria
1972 (as part of Milestones)
Patricia Maessen, Bianca Maessen, and Stella Maessen (as part of Dream Express)
Belgium
1970 (for Netherlands as Hearts of Soul)
Ilanit
Israel
1973
Fernando Tordo (as part of Os Amigos)
Portugal
1973
Paulo de Carvalho (as part of Os Amigos)
Portugal
1974
The Swarbriggs
Ireland
1975
Format
The contest was originally planned to be held on 2 April 1977, but because of a strike of the BBC cameramen and its technicians, it got postponed for a month. As a result, this was the first Eurovision Song Contest to be staged in May since the inaugural edition.
Due to strikes by the BBC camera staff, and lack of time to organise the contest, there were no postcards for the viewers in between the songs. However, various shots of the contest's audience were shown, with the various countries' commentators informing the viewers of the upcoming songs. The intended postcards had been devised using footage of the artists in London during a party hosted by the BBC at a London nightclub. When the postcards were seen for the first time by the participant heads of delegation at the Friday dress rehearsal the day before the final, the Norwegian delegation objected to the way their artist was portrayed. However, as it was not possible for the BBC to edit or revise footage, all the postcards had to be dropped from the broadcast. Footage from the party still formed the interval act broadcast prior to the voting sequence.
Contest overview
The following tables reflect the final official scores, verified after the contest transmission. During the voting sequence of the live show, several errors were made in the announcement of the scores, which were then adjusted after the broadcast. Both Greece and France duplicated scores, awarding the same points to multiple countries. From the Greek scores, The UK, Netherlands, Austria and Finland all had 1 point deducted after the contest and from the French scores, Austria, Germany, Israel, Italy and Belgium all had 1 point deducted. None of the adjustments affected the placing of any of the songs.
Results of the Eurovision Song Contest 1977
R/O
Country
Artist
Song
Points
Place
1
Ireland
The Swarbriggs Plus Two
"It's Nice to Be in Love Again"
119
3
2
Monaco
Michèle Torr
"Une petite française"
96
4
3
Netherlands
Heddy Lester
"De mallemolen"
35
12
4
Austria
Schmetterlinge
"Boom Boom Boomerang"
11
17
5
Norway
Anita Skorgan
"Casanova"
18
14
6
Germany
Silver Convention
"Telegram"
55
8
7
Luxembourg
Anne-Marie B
"Frère Jacques"
17
16
8
Portugal
Os Amigos
"Portugal no coração"
18
14
9
United Kingdom
Lynsey de Paul and Mike Moran
"Rock Bottom"
121
2
10
Greece
Pascalis, Marianna, Robert and Bessy
"Mathema solfege"
92
5
11
Israel
Ilanit
"Ahava Hi Shir Lishnayim"
49
11
12
Switzerland
Pepe Lienhard Band
"Swiss Lady"
71
6
13
Sweden
Forbes
"Beatles"
2
18
14
Spain
Micky
"Enséñame a cantar"
52
9
15
Italy
Mia Martini
"Libera"
33
13
16
Finland
Monica Aspelund
"Lapponia"
50
10
17
Belgium
Dream Express
"A Million in One, Two, Three"
69
7
18
France
Marie Myriam
"L'Oiseau et l'Enfant"
136
1
Spokespersons
Each country nominated a spokesperson who was responsible for announcing the votes for their respective country via telephone. Known spokespersons at the 1977 contest are listed below.
Sweden – Sven Lindahl
United Kingdom – Colin Berry
Detailed voting results
Detailed voting results
Total score
Ireland
Monaco
Netherlands
Austria
Norway
Germany
Luxembourg
Portugal
United Kingdom
Greece
Israel
Switzerland
Sweden
Spain
Italy
Finland
Belgium
France
Contestants
Ireland
119
8
1
5
12
5
8
1
12
10
12
8
12
4
8
3
10
Monaco
96
5
8
1
6
1
6
7
12
2
6
10
8
12
5
2
5
Netherlands
35
3
3
1
1
1
7
1
10
8
Austria
11
5
2
3
1
Norway
18
3
2
2
1
5
5
Germany
55
1
1
3
2
2
8
8
8
5
5
5
6
1
Luxembourg
17
2
7
8
Portugal
18
2
2
1
4
3
6
United Kingdom
121
12
7
12
7
10
12
12
8
8
3
2
4
12
12
Greece
92
10
10
4
4
4
6
10
5
3
1
7
12
1
6
6
3
Israel
49
7
7
5
3
5
10
3
6
1
2
Switzerland
71
6
10
10
5
4
4
6
4
4
10
8
Sweden
2
2
Spain
52
6
1
7
7
3
4
3
7
7
7
Italy
33
8
6
3
3
2
2
2
7
Finland
50
12
4
6
8
2
7
5
2
4
Belgium
69
4
12
6
8
4
7
10
5
6
4
3
France
136
10
4
8
7
3
12
10
5
6
7
10
12
6
10
10
12
4
12 points
Below is a summary of all 12 points in the final:
N.
Contestant
Nation(s) giving 12 points
6
United Kingdom
Austria, Belgium, France, Luxembourg, Monaco, Portugal
4
Ireland
Israel, Norway, Sweden, United Kingdom
3
France
Finland, Germany, Switzerland
2
Monaco
Greece, Italy
1
Belgium
Netherlands
Finland
Ireland
Greece
Spain
Broadcasts
Each participating broadcaster was required to relay the contest via its networks. Non-participating EBU member broadcasters were also able to relay the contest as "passive participants". Broadcasters were able to send commentators to provide coverage of the contest in their own native language and to relay information about the artists and songs to their television viewers.
In addition to the participating countries, the contest was also reportedly broadcast in Algeria, Denmark, Iceland, Jordan, Morocco, Tunisia, Turkey and Yugoslavia, in Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Poland, Romania and the Soviet Union via Intervision, and in Hong Kong. Estimates for the global viewership ranged from 300 to 500 million viewers.
Known details on the broadcasts in each country, including the specific broadcasting stations and commentators are shown in the tables below.
Broadcasters and commentators in participating countries
Country
Broadcaster
Channel(s)
Commentator(s)
Ref(s)
Austria
ORF
FS1
Ernst Grissemann
Belgium
BRT
TV1
Luc Appermont
Radio 1
RTB
RTB1
Finland
YLE
TV1
Rinnakkaisohjelma
Matti Paalosmaa
France
TF1
Georges de Caunes
Germany
ARD
Deutsches Fernsehen
Werner Veigel
Ireland
RTÉ
RTÉ
Mike Murphy
RTÉ Radio
Israel
IBA
Israeli Television
Italy
RAI
Rete Uno
Silvio Noto
Luxembourg
CLT
RTL Télé-Luxembourg
Netherlands
NOS
Nederland 2
Ati Dijckmeester
Norway
NRK
NRK Fjernsynet
John Andreassen
NRK
Erik Heyerdahl
Portugal
RTP
I Programa
Spain
TVE
TVE 1
Miguel de los Santos
Sweden
SR
TV1
Ulf Elfving
SR P3
Ursula Richter and Åke Strömmer
Switzerland
SRG SSR
TV DRS
Theodor Haller
TSR
Georges Hardy
TSI
RSR 2
Robert Burnier
RSI 2
United Kingdom
BBC
BBC1
Pete Murray
BBC Radio 1, BBC Radio 2
Terry Wogan
Broadcasters and commentators in non-participating countries
Country
Broadcaster
Channel(s)
Commentator(s)
Ref(s)
Cyprus
CyBC
RIK
Denmark
DR
DR TV
Claus Toksvig
Hong Kong
TVB
TVB Pearl
RTV
RTV-2
Hungary
MTV
MTV2
Iceland
RÚV
Sjónvarpið
Yugoslavia
JRT
TV Beograd 1
TV Ljubljana 1
TV Zagreb 1
See also
OTI Festival 1977
Notes
^ On behalf of the German public broadcasting consortium ARD
^ Delayed broadcast on 28 May 1977 at 20:40 (CET)
^ Deferred broadcast on 8 May at 21:15 (HKT)
^ Deferred broadcast on 8 May at 21:20 (HKT)
^ Delayed broadcast on 19 November 1977 at 21:30 (CET)
^ Delayed broadcast on 20 May 1977 at 21:30 (WET)
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^ "Celebrities and public figures launch Irish campaign to boycott Eurovision 2019 in Israel". Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions. 30 July 2018. Archived from the original on 22 February 2019. Retrieved 22 December 2022.
^ "Radio Today". The Irish Times. Dublin, Ireland. 7 May 1977. p. 17. Retrieved 22 December 2022.
^ "Radio ∗ Televizia" רדיו ∗ טלוויזיה . Maariv (in Hebrew). Tel Aviv, Israel. 7 May 1977. p. 131. Retrieved 10 January 2023 – via National Library of Israel.
^ a b "televisione | Sabato 28 maggio" . Radiocorriere TV (in Italian). Vol. 54, no. 21. 22–28 May 1977. p. 123. Retrieved 26 June 2023.
^ a b "Radio-TV". Tønsbergs Blad (in Norwegian). Tønsberg, Norway. 7 May 1977. p. 31. Retrieved 9 January 2023 – via National Library of Norway.
^ "Televisão – Hoje" . Diário de Lisboa (in Portuguese). 7 May 1977. p. 15. Retrieved 9 January 2023 – via Casa Comum.
^ "Programas de Radio y T.V." . La Vanguardia (in Spanish). Barcelona, Spain. 7 May 1977. p. 52. Retrieved 10 January 2023.
^ HerGar, Paula (28 March 2018). "Todos los comentaristas de la historia de España en Eurovisión (y una única mujer en solitario)" (in Spanish). Los 40. Archived from the original on 26 September 2021. Retrieved 5 January 2023.
^ "Televisione" . Gazzetta Ticinese (in Italian). Lugano, Switzerland. 7 May 1977. p. 11. Retrieved 10 January 2023 – via Sistema bibliotecario ticinese .
^ "Radio – samedi 7 mai" . Radio TV - Je vois tout (in French). Lausanne, Switzerland: Héliographia SA. 5 May 1977. p. 62. Retrieved 10 January 2023.
^ "Eurovision Song Contest 1977 – BBC1". Radio Times. 7 May 1977. Retrieved 9 January 2023 – via BBC Genome Project.
^ "Eurovision Song Contest 1977 – BBC Radio 2". Radio Times. 7 May 1977. Retrieved 9 January 2023 – via BBC Genome Project.
^ "Schedule – BBC Radio 1 – 7 May 1977". Radio Times. 7 May 1977. Retrieved 10 January 2023 – via BBC Genome Project.
^ "Τηλεοραση – Το πλήρες πρόγραμμα" . Charavgi (in Greek). Nicosia, Cyprus. 7 May 1977. p. 4. Retrieved 4 March 2024 – via Press and Information Office .
^ "Fjernsynet – Lørdag 7. maj 1975" (in Danish). DR. Retrieved 7 June 2024.
^ a b c "五月九號 – 日立牌彩色電視 – 星期一" . Overseas Chinese Daily News (in Traditional Chinese). 8 May 1977. p. 5. Retrieved 11 June 2024 – via Internet Archive.
^ a b "TV – szombat november 19" . Rádió- és Televízió-újság (in Hungarian). 14 November 1977. p. 20. Archived from the original on 9 January 2023. Retrieved 9 January 2023 – via MTVA Archívum.
^ a b "Sjónvarp – Föstudagur 20. maí" . Dagblaðið (in Icelandic). Reykjavík, Iceland. 20 May 1977. p. 27. Retrieved 9 January 2023 – via Timarit.is.
^ "Телевизија – Београg – први програм" . Borba (in Serbian). Belgrade, SR Serbia, Yugoslavia. 7 May 1977. p. 16. Retrieved 25 May 2024 – via Pretraživa digitalna biblioteka.
^ "Televizija – sobota 7" (PDF). Glas (in Slovenian). Kranj, SR Slovenia, Yugoslavia. 7 May 1977. p. 12. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 January 2023. Retrieved 9 January 2023.
^ "TV-Program". Slobodna Dalmacija (in Serbo-Croatian). Split, SR Croatia, Yugoslavia. 7 May 1977. p. 32. Retrieved 9 January 2023.
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Category
vteEurovision Song Contest 1977CountriesFinal
Austria
Belgium
Finland
France
Germany
Greece
Ireland
Israel
Italy
Luxembourg
Monaco
Netherlands
Norway
Portugal
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
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Artists
Os Amigos
Monica Aspelund
Anne-Marie B
Dream Express
Forbes
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Mia Martini
Micky
Marie Myriam
Paschalis, Marianna, Robert and Bessy
Lynsey de Paul and Mike Moran
Schmetterlinge
Silver Convention
Anita Skorgan
The Swarbriggs Plus Two
Michèle Torr
Songs
"Ahava Hi Shir Lishnayim"
"Beatles"
"Boom Boom Boomerang"
"Casanova"
"Enséñame a cantar"
"Frère Jacques"
"It's Nice to Be in Love Again"
"Lapponia"
"Libera"
"De mallemolen"
"Mathima solfège"
"A Million in One, Two, Three"
"L'Oiseau et l'Enfant"
"Une petite française"
"Portugal no coração"
"Rock Bottom"
"Swiss Lady"
"Telegram"
Portal: Music | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Eurovision Song Contest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"1976 contest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_1976"},{"link_name":"Save Your Kisses for Me","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Save_Your_Kisses_for_Me"},{"link_name":"Brotherhood of Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brotherhood_of_Man"},{"link_name":"European Broadcasting Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Broadcasting_Union"},{"link_name":"British Broadcasting Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Broadcasting_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Wembley Conference Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wembley_Conference_Centre"},{"link_name":"1956","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_1956"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-O'Connor-1"},{"link_name":"Angela Rippon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angela_Rippon"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden_in_the_Eurovision_Song_Contest"},{"link_name":"Yugoslavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yugoslavia_in_the_Eurovision_Song_Contest"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_in_the_Eurovision_Song_Contest_1977"},{"link_name":"L'Oiseau et l'Enfant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%27Oiseau_et_l%27Enfant"},{"link_name":"Marie Myriam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Myriam"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_in_the_Eurovision_Song_Contest_1977"},{"link_name":"Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ireland_in_the_Eurovision_Song_Contest_1977"},{"link_name":"Monaco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monaco_in_the_Eurovision_Song_Contest_1977"},{"link_name":"Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece_in_the_Eurovision_Song_Contest_1977"},{"link_name":"1983","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_1983"}],"text":"The Eurovision Song Contest 1977 was the 22nd edition of the annual Eurovision Song Contest. It took place in London, United Kingdom, following the country's victory at the 1976 contest with the song \"Save Your Kisses for Me\" by Brotherhood of Man. Organised by the European Broadcasting Union (EBU) and host broadcaster British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC), the contest was held at the Wembley Conference Centre on 7 May 1977, marking the first time the event took place in the month of May since the first contest in 1956.[1] The contest was directed by Stewart Morris and hosted by English journalist Angela Rippon.[2]Eighteen countries participated in the contest; Sweden returned after its absence from the previous edition, while Yugoslavia decided not to enter.The winner was France with the song \"L'Oiseau et l'Enfant\", performed by Marie Myriam, written by Joe Gracy, and composed by Jean-Paul Cara. The United Kingdom, Ireland, Monaco and Greece rounded out the top five. Greece's fifth place finish was their best result up to that point. France' fifth win was also a record at the time, and one that France held onto for six years, until being equalled by Luxembourg in 1983.","title":"Eurovision Song Contest 1977"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wembley Conference Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wembley_Conference_Centre"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"}],"text":"Wembley Conference Centre was chosen to host the contest. The venue was the first purpose-built conference centre in the United Kingdom, and opened on 31 January 1977—making it a newly built venue at the time. It was demolished in 2006.At the night of the contest, 2,000 spectators were present in the audience.[3]","title":"Location"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of countries in the Eurovision Song Contest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_in_the_Eurovision_Song_Contest"},{"link_name":"Tunisia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunisia_in_the_Eurovision_Song_Contest"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-O'Connor-1"},{"link_name":"Yugoslavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yugoslavia_in_the_Eurovision_Song_Contest"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"1973","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_1973"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany_in_the_Eurovision_Song_Contest"},{"link_name":"Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium_in_the_Eurovision_Song_Contest"},{"link_name":"English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language"}],"text":"Further information: List of countries in the Eurovision Song ContestTunisia was set to participate in the contest and had been drawn to participate in fourth place, but later withdrew.[1] Yugoslavia decided not to enter and would not return to the contest until 1981 due to bad results in the years prior,[4] while Sweden returned to the competition, having missed out the year before.[5] This made for eighteen participating nations.The language rule was brought back in this contest, four years after it had been dropped in 1973. However Germany and Belgium were allowed to sing in English, because they had already chosen the songs they were going to perform before the rule was reintroduced.","title":"Participating countries"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Returning artists","title":"Participating countries"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cameramen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameramen"},{"link_name":"technicians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technician"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-O'Connor-1"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"The contest was originally planned to be held on 2 April 1977, but because of a strike of the BBC cameramen and its technicians, it got postponed for a month. As a result, this was the first Eurovision Song Contest to be staged in May since the inaugural edition.[1]Due to strikes by the BBC camera staff, and lack of time to organise the contest, there were no postcards for the viewers in between the songs. However, various shots of the contest's audience were shown, with the various countries' commentators informing the viewers of the upcoming songs. The intended postcards had been devised using footage of the artists in London during a party hosted by the BBC at a London nightclub. When the postcards were seen for the first time by the participant heads of delegation at the Friday dress rehearsal the day before the final, the Norwegian delegation objected to the way their artist was portrayed. However, as it was not possible for the BBC to edit or revise footage, all the postcards had to be dropped from the broadcast. Footage from the party still formed the interval act broadcast prior to the voting sequence.[11]","title":"Format"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The following tables reflect the final official scores, verified after the contest transmission. During the voting sequence of the live show, several errors were made in the announcement of the scores, which were then adjusted after the broadcast. Both Greece and France duplicated scores, awarding the same points to multiple countries. From the Greek scores, The UK, Netherlands, Austria and Finland all had 1 point deducted after the contest and from the French scores, Austria, Germany, Israel, Italy and Belgium all had 1 point deducted. None of the adjustments affected the placing of any of the songs.","title":"Contest overview"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sven Lindahl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sven_Lindahl"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Melfest-14"},{"link_name":"Colin Berry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_Berry"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Roxburgh-7"}],"sub_title":"Spokespersons","text":"Each country nominated a spokesperson who was responsible for announcing the votes for their respective country via telephone. Known spokespersons at the 1977 contest are listed below.Sweden – Sven Lindahl[13]\n United Kingdom – Colin Berry[7]","title":"Contest overview"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Detailed voting results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"12 points","text":"Below is a summary of all 12 points in the final:","title":"Detailed voting results"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Intervision","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Radio_and_Television_Organisation"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Roxburgh-7"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"}],"text":"Each participating broadcaster was required to relay the contest via its networks. Non-participating EBU member broadcasters were also able to relay the contest as \"passive participants\". Broadcasters were able to send commentators to provide coverage of the contest in their own native language and to relay information about the artists and songs to their television viewers.[16]In addition to the participating countries, the contest was also reportedly broadcast in Algeria, Denmark, Iceland, Jordan, Morocco, Tunisia, Turkey and Yugoslavia, in Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Poland, Romania and the Soviet Union via Intervision, and in Hong Kong.[7] Estimates for the global viewership ranged from 300 to 500 million viewers.[17][18][3]Known details on the broadcasts in each country, including the specific broadcasting stations and commentators are shown in the tables below.","title":"Broadcasts"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"ARD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARD_(broadcaster)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-35"},{"link_name":"CET","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_European_Time"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Radiocorriere-34"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-HK_48-0"},{"link_name":"HKT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_Time"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HongKong-47"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-HK2_49-0"},{"link_name":"HKT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_Time"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HongKong-47"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-51"},{"link_name":"CET","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_European_Time"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hungary-50"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-53"},{"link_name":"WET","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_European_Time"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Iceland-52"}],"text":"^ On behalf of the German public broadcasting consortium ARD[10]\n\n^ Delayed broadcast on 28 May 1977 at 20:40 (CET)[33]\n\n^ Deferred broadcast on 8 May at 21:15 (HKT)[45]\n\n^ Deferred broadcast on 8 May at 21:20 (HKT)[45]\n\n^ Delayed broadcast on 19 November 1977 at 21:30 (CET)[46]\n\n^ Delayed broadcast on 20 May 1977 at 21:30 (WET)[47]","title":"Notes"}] | [{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/ESC_1977_Map_2.svg/299px-ESC_1977_Map_2.svg.png"}] | [{"title":"OTI Festival 1977","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OTI_Festival_1977"}] | [{"reference":"O'Connor, John Kennedy (2007). The Eurovision Song Contest: The Official History. UK: Carlton Books. p. 68. ISBN 978-1-84442-994-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlton_Books","url_text":"Carlton Books"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84442-994-3","url_text":"978-1-84442-994-3"}]},{"reference":"\"Les programmes de samedi\". Le Figaro (in French). 7 May 1977. p. 31. ISSN 0182-5852. OCLC 1367314267.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Figaro","url_text":"Le Figaro"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0182-5852","url_text":"0182-5852"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1367314267","url_text":"1367314267"}]},{"reference":"Lemaire, Norbert (10 May 1977). \"Marie Myriam : le Grand Prix de l'Eurovision pour ses 20 ans\". L'Aurore (in French). p. 14. ISSN 0294-8486. OCLC 1367943474.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%27Aurore_(newspaper_founded_1944)","url_text":"L'Aurore"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0294-8486","url_text":"0294-8486"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1367943474","url_text":"1367943474"}]},{"reference":"\"Mi na Evroviziji\" [Us at Eurovision]. ESC Serbia. Retrieved 22 February 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://evrovizija.rs/istorija/mi-na-evroviziji/","url_text":"\"Mi na Evroviziji\""}]},{"reference":"\"London 1977\". Eurovision.tv.","urls":[{"url":"https://eurovision.tv/event/london-1977","url_text":"\"London 1977\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurovision.tv","url_text":"Eurovision.tv"}]},{"reference":"\"Participants of London 1977\". European Broadcasting Union. Archived from the original on 3 February 2023. Retrieved 6 July 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://eurovision.tv/event/london-1977/participants","url_text":"\"Participants of London 1977\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230203104340/https://eurovision.tv/event/london-1977/participants","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Roxburgh, Gordon (2014). Songs for Europe: The United Kingdom at the Eurovision Song Contest. Volume Two: The 1970s. Prestatyn: Telos Publishing. pp. 267–287. ISBN 978-1-84583-093-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telos_Publishing","url_text":"Telos Publishing"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84583-093-9","url_text":"978-1-84583-093-9"}]},{"reference":"\"1977 – 22nd edition\". diggiloo.net. Archived from the original on 22 March 2022. Retrieved 6 July 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.diggiloo.net/?1977","url_text":"\"1977 – 22nd edition\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220322045239/http://www.diggiloo.net/?1977","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Detailed overview: conductors in 1977\". And the conductor is... Retrieved 6 July 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.andtheconductoris.eu/index.htm?https://www.eurovisionartists.nl/conductor/dir150.asp?Type=2&ID=25","url_text":"\"Detailed overview: conductors in 1977\""}]},{"reference":"\"Alle deutschen ESC-Acts und ihre Titel\" [All German ESC acts and their songs]. www.eurovision.de (in German). ARD. Archived from the original on 12 June 2023. Retrieved 12 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.eurovision.de/teilnehmer/vorentscheid386_glossaryPage-25.html","url_text":"\"Alle deutschen ESC-Acts und ihre Titel\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230612084259/https://www.eurovision.de/teilnehmer/vorentscheid386_glossaryPage-25.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Final of London 1977\". European Broadcasting Union. Archived from the original on 11 April 2021. Retrieved 11 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://eurovision.tv/event/london-1977/final","url_text":"\"Final of London 1977\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210411091002/https://eurovision.tv/event/london-1977/final","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Thorsson, Leif; Verhage, Martin (2006). Melodifestivalen genom tiderna : de svenska uttagningarna och internationella finalerna (in Swedish). Stockholm: Premium Publishing. pp. 126–127. ISBN 91-89136-29-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/91-89136-29-2","url_text":"91-89136-29-2"}]},{"reference":"\"Results of the Final of London 1977\". European Broadcasting Union. Archived from the original on 11 April 2021. Retrieved 11 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://eurovision.tv/event/london-1977/final/results","url_text":"\"Results of the Final of London 1977\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210411091003/https://eurovision.tv/event/london-1977/final/results","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Eurovision Song Contest 1977 – Scoreboard\". European Broadcasting Union. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 21 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150924043110/http://www.eurovision.tv/page/history/by-year/contest?event=293#Scoreboard","url_text":"\"Eurovision Song Contest 1977 – Scoreboard\""},{"url":"https://eurovision.tv/page/history/by-year/contest?event=293#Scoreboard","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"The Rules of the Contest\". European Broadcasting Union. 31 October 2018. Archived from the original on 4 October 2022. Retrieved 19 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://eurovision.tv/about/rules","url_text":"\"The Rules of the Contest\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221004011300/https://eurovision.tv/about/rules","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Mogui, Jean-Pierre (9 May 1977). \"Victoire à Wembley\". Le Figaro (in French). p. 30. ISSN 0182-5852. 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Neue Zürcher Zeitung (in German). Zürich, Switzerland. 7 May 1977. p. 47. Retrieved 10 January 2023 – via e-newspaperarchives.ch.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.e-newspaperarchives.ch/?a=d&d=NZZ19770507-01.1.47","url_text":"\"Fernsehen – Samstag\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neue_Z%C3%BCrcher_Zeitung","url_text":"Neue Zürcher Zeitung"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%BCrich","url_text":"Zürich"}]},{"reference":"Halbhuber, Axel (22 May 2015). \"Ein virtueller Disput der ESC-Kommentatoren\". Kurier (in German). Archived from the original on 23 May 2015. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_powers | Great power | ["1 Characteristics","1.1 Power dimensions","1.2 Spatial dimension","1.3 Status dimension","1.4 \"Full-spectrum\" dimension","2 History","2.1 World Wars","2.2 Cold War","2.3 Aftermath of the Cold War","2.4 Emerging powers","3 See also","4 Notes","5 References","6 Further reading","7 External links"] | Nation that has great political, social, and economic influence on a global scale
Great powers are recognized in several international structures, including the United Nations Security Council.
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A great power is a sovereign state that is recognized as having the ability and expertise to exert its influence on a global scale. Great powers characteristically possess military and economic strength, as well as diplomatic and soft power influence, which may cause middle or small powers to consider the great powers' opinions before taking actions of their own. International relations theorists have posited that great power status can be characterized into power capabilities, spatial aspects, and status dimensions.
While some nations are widely considered to be great powers, there is considerable debate on the exact criteria of great power status. Historically, the status of great powers has been formally recognized in organizations such as the Congress of Vienna of 1814–1815 or the United Nations Security Council, of which permanent members are: China, France, Russia, the United Kingdom, and the United States. The United Nations Security Council, NATO Quint, the G7, the BRICs and the Contact Group have all been described as great power concerts.
The term "great power" was first used to represent the most important powers in Europe during the post-Napoleonic era. The "Great Powers" constituted the "Concert of Europe" and claimed the right to joint enforcement of the postwar treaties. The formalization of the division between small powers and great powers came about with the signing of the Treaty of Chaumont in 1814. Since then, the international balance of power has shifted numerous times, most dramatically during World War I and World War II. In literature, alternative terms for great power are often world power or major power.
Characteristics
There are no set or defined characteristics of a great power. These characteristics have often been treated as empirical, self-evident to the assessor. However, this approach has the disadvantage of subjectivity. As a result, there have been attempts to derive some common criteria and to treat these as essential elements of great power status. Danilovic (2002) highlights three central characteristics, which she terms as "power, spatial, and status dimensions," that distinguish major powers from other states. The following section ("Characteristics") is extracted from her discussion of these three dimensions, including all of the citations.
Early writings on the subject tended to judge states by the realist criterion, as expressed by the historian A. J. P. Taylor when he noted that "The test of a great power is the test of strength for war." Later writers have expanded this test, attempting to define power in terms of overall military, economic, and political capacity. Kenneth Waltz, the founder of the neorealist theory of international relations, uses a set of six criteria to determine great power: population and territory, resource endowment, military strength, economic capability, political stability and competence.
John Mearsheimer defines great powers as those that "have sufficient military assets to put up a serious fight in an all-out conventional war against the most powerful state in the world."
Power dimensions
In the mid-19th century, German historian Leopold von Ranke attempted to scientifically document the great powers.
As noted above, for many, power capabilities were the sole criterion. However, even under the more expansive tests, power retains a vital place.
This aspect has received mixed treatment, with some confusion as to the degree of power required. Writers have approached the concept of great power with differing conceptualizations of the world situation, from multi-polarity to overwhelming hegemony. In his essay, 'French Diplomacy in the Postwar Period', the French historian Jean-Baptiste Duroselle spoke of the concept of multi-polarity: "A Great power is one which is capable of preserving its own independence against any other single power."
This differed from earlier writers, notably from Leopold von Ranke, who clearly had a different idea of the world situation. In his essay 'The Great Powers', written in 1833, von Ranke wrote: "If one could establish as a definition of a Great power that it must be able to maintain itself against all others, even when they are united, then Frederick has raised Prussia to that position." These positions have been the subject of criticism.
In 2011, the U.S. had 10 major strengths according to Chinese scholar Peng Yuan, the director of the Institute of American Studies of the China Institutes for Contemporary International Studies.
1. Population, geographic position, and natural resources.
2. Military muscle.
3. High technology and education.
4. Cultural/soft power.
5. Cyber power.
6. Allies, the United States having more than any other state.
7. Geopolitical strength, as embodied in global projection forces.
8. Intelligence capabilities, as demonstrated by the killing of Osama bin Laden.
9. Intellectual power, fed by a plethora of U.S. think tanks and the “revolving door” between research institutions and government.
10. Strategic power, the United States being the world’s only country with a truly global strategy.
However he also noted where the U.S. had recently slipped:
1. Political power, as manifested by the breakdown of bipartisanship.
2. Economic power, as illustrated by the post-2007 slowdown.
3. Financial power, given intractable deficits and rising debt.
4. Social power, as weakened by societal polarization.
5. Institutional power, since the United States can no longer dominate global institutions
Spatial dimension
All states have a geographic scope of interests, actions, or projected power. This is a crucial factor in distinguishing a great power from a regional power; by definition, the scope of a regional power is restricted to its region. It has been suggested that a great power should be possessed of actual influence throughout the scope of the prevailing international system. Arnold J. Toynbee, for example, observes that "Great power may be defined as a political force exerting an effect co-extensive with the widest range of the society in which it operates. The Great powers of 1914 were 'world-powers' because Western society had recently become 'world-wide'."
Other suggestions have been made that a great power should have the capacity to engage in extra-regional affairs and that a great power ought to be possessed of extra-regional interests, two propositions which are often closely connected.
Status dimension
Formal or informal acknowledgment of a nation's great power status has also been a criterion for being a great power. As political scientist George Modelski notes, "The status of Great power is sometimes confused with the condition of being powerful. The office, as it is known, did in fact evolve from the role played by the great military states in earlier periods... But the Great power system institutionalizes the position of the powerful state in a web of rights and obligations."
This approach restricts analysis to the epoch following the Congress of Vienna at which great powers were first formally recognized. In the absence of such a formal act of recognition it has been suggested that great power status can arise by implication by judging the nature of a state's relations with other great powers.
A further option is to examine a state's willingness to act as a great power. As a nation will seldom declare that it is acting as such, this usually entails a retrospective examination of state conduct. As a result, this is of limited use in establishing the nature of contemporary powers, at least not without the exercise of subjective observation.
Other important criteria throughout history are that great powers should have enough influence to be included in discussions of contemporary political and diplomatic questions, and exercise influence on the outcome and resolution. Historically, when major political questions were addressed, several great powers met to discuss them. Before the era of groups like the United Nations, participants of such meetings were not officially named but rather were decided based on their great power status. These were conferences that settled important questions based on major historical events.
"Full-spectrum" dimension
Historian Phillips P. O'Brien, Head of the School of International Relations and Professor of Strategic Studies at the University of St. Andrews, criticizes the concept of a great power, arguing that it is dated, vaguely defined, and inconsistently applied. He states that the term is used to "describe everything from true superpowers such as the United States and China, which wield the full spectrum of economic, technological, and military might, to better-than-average military powers such as Russia, which have nuclear weapons but little else that would be considered indicators of great power. " O'Brien advocates for the concept of a "full-spectrum power", which takes into account "all the fundamentals on which superior military power is built", including economic resources, domestic politics and political systems (which can restrain or expand dimensions of power), technological capabilities, and social and cultural factors (such as a society's willingness to go to war or invest in military development).
History
Further information: List of ancient great powers, List of medieval great powers, List of modern great powers, and International relations (1814–1919)
The Congress of Vienna, an 1819 portrait by Jean-Baptiste Isabey depicting the Congress of Vienna
Various sets of great, or significant, powers have existed throughout history. An early reference to great powers is from the third century, when the Persian prophet Mani described Rome, China, Aksum, and Persia as the four greatest kingdoms of his time. During the Napoleonic wars in Europe, American diplomat James Monroe observed that, "The respect which one power has for another is in exact proportion of the means which they respectively have of injuring each other." The term "great power" first appears at the Congress of Vienna in 1815. The Congress established the Concert of Europe as an attempt to preserve peace after the years of Napoleonic Wars.
Lord Castlereagh, the British foreign secretary, first used the term in its diplomatic context, writing on 13 February 1814: "there is every prospect of the Congress terminating with a general accord and Guarantee between the Great powers of Europe, with a determination to support the arrangement agreed upon, and to turn the general influence and if necessary the general arms against the Power that shall first attempt to disturb the Continental peace."
The Congress of Vienna consisted of five main powers: the Austrian Empire, France, Prussia, Russia, and Great Britain. These five primary participants constituted the original great powers as we know the term today. Other powers, such as Spain, Portugal, and Sweden, which were great powers during the 17th century and the earlier 18th century, were consulted on certain specific issues, but they were not full participants.
After the Congress of Vienna, Great Britain emerged as the pre-eminent global hegemon, due to it being the first nation to industrialize, possessing the largest navy, and the extent of its overseas empire, which ushered in a century of Pax Britannica. The balance of power between the Great Powers became a major influence in European politics, prompting Otto von Bismarck to say "All politics reduces itself to this formula: try to be one of three, as long as the world is governed by the unstable equilibrium of five great powers."
Over time, the relative power of these five nations fluctuated, which by the dawn of the 20th century had served to create an entirely different balance of power. Great Britain and the new German Empire (from 1871), experienced continued economic growth and political power. Others, such as Russia and Austria-Hungary, stagnated. At the same time, other states were emerging and expanding in power, largely through the process of industrialization. These countries seeking to attain great power status were: Italy after the Risorgimento era, Japan during the Meiji era, and the United States after its civil war. By 1900, the balance of world power had changed substantially since the Congress of Vienna. The Eight-Nation Alliance was an alliance of eight nations created in response to the Boxer Rebellion in China. It formed in 1900 and consisted of the five Congress powers plus Italy, Japan, and the United States, representing the great powers at the beginning of the 20th century.
World Wars
The "Big Four" at the Paris Peace Conference of 1919: David Lloyd George, Vittorio Emanuele Orlando, Georges Clemenceau, and Woodrow Wilson
The "Big Three" of Europe at the Yalta Conference: Winston Churchill, Franklin D. Roosevelt, and Joseph Stalin
The Allied leaders of the Asian and Pacific Theatre: Chiang Kai-shek, Franklin D. Roosevelt, and Winston Churchill at the Cairo Conference in 1943
Shifts of international power have most notably occurred through major conflicts. The conclusion of World War I and the resulting treaties of Versailles, St-Germain, Neuilly, Trianon, and Sèvres made Great Britain, France, Italy, Japan, and the United States the chief arbiters of the new world order. The German Empire was defeated, Austria-Hungary was divided into new, less powerful states and the Russian Empire fell to revolution. During the Paris Peace Conference, the "Big Four" – Great Britain, France, Italy, and the United States – controlled the proceedings and outcome of the treaties more than Japan. The Big Four were the architects of the Treaty of Versailles which was signed by Germany; the Treaty of St. Germain, with Austria; the Treaty of Neuilly, with Bulgaria; the Treaty of Trianon, with Hungary; and the Treaty of Sèvres, with the Ottoman Empire. During the decision-making of the Treaty of Versailles, Italy pulled out of the conference because a part of its demands were not met and temporarily left the other three countries as the sole major architects of that treaty, referred to as the "Big Three".
The status of the victorious great powers were recognised by permanent seats at the League of Nations Council, where they acted as a type of executive body directing the Assembly of the League. However, the council began with only four permanent members – Great Britain, France, Italy, and Japan – because the United States, meant to be the fifth permanent member, never joined the League. Germany later joined after the Locarno Treaties, which made it a member of the League of Nations, and later left (and withdrew from the League in 1933); Japan left, and the Soviet Union joined.
When World War II began in 1939, it divided the world into two alliances: the Allies (initially the United Kingdom and France, and Poland, followed in 1941 by the Soviet Union, China, and the United States) and the Axis powers (Germany, Italy, and Japan). During World War II, the U.S., U.K., USSR, and China were referred as a "trusteeship of the powerful" and were recognized as the Allied "Big Four" in Declaration by United Nations in 1942. These four countries were referred as the "Four Policemen" of the Allies and considered as the primary victors of World War II. The importance of France was acknowledged by their inclusion, along with the other four, in the group of countries allotted permanent seats in the United Nations Security Council.
Since the end of the World Wars, the term "great power" has been joined by a number of other power classifications. Foremost among these is the concept of the superpower, used to describe those nations with overwhelming power and influence in the rest of the world. It was first coined in 1944 by William T. R. Fox and according to him, there were three superpowers: Great Britain, the United States, and the Soviet Union. But after World War II Britain lost its superpower status. The term middle power has emerged for those nations which exercise a degree of global influence but are insufficient to be decisive on international affairs. Regional powers are those whose influence is generally confined to their region of the world.
Cold War
The Cold War was a period of geopolitical tension between the United States and the Soviet Union and their respective allies, the Western Bloc and the Eastern Bloc, which began following World War II. The term "cold" is used because there was no large-scale fighting directly between the two superpowers, but they each supported major regional conflicts known as proxy wars. The conflict was based around the ideological and geopolitical struggle for global influence by these two superpowers, following their temporary alliance and victory against Nazi Germany in 1945.
During the Cold War, Japan, France, the United Kingdom and West Germany rebuilt their economies. France and the United Kingdom maintained technologically advanced armed forces with power projection capabilities and maintain large defense budgets to this day. Yet, as the Cold War continued, authorities began to question if France and the United Kingdom could retain their long-held statuses as great powers. China, with the world's largest population, has slowly risen to great power status, with large growth in economic and military power in the post-war period. After 1949, the Republic of China began to lose its recognition as the sole legitimate government of China by the other great powers, in favour of the People's Republic of China. Subsequently, in 1971, it lost its permanent seat at the UN Security Council to the People's Republic of China.
Aftermath of the Cold War
China, France, Russia, the United Kingdom, and the United States are often referred to as great powers by academics due to "their political and economic dominance of the global arena". These five nations are the only states to have permanent seats with veto power on the UN Security Council. They are also the only state entities to have met the conditions to be considered "Nuclear Weapons States" under the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, and maintain military expenditures which are among the largest in the world. However, there is no unanimous agreement among authorities as to the current status of these powers or what precisely defines a great power. For example, sources have at times referred to China, France, Russia and the United Kingdom as middle powers. Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union, its UN Security Council permanent seat was transferred to the Russian Federation in 1991, as its largest successor state. The newly formed Russian Federation emerged on the level of a great power, leaving the United States as the only remaining global superpower (although some support a multipolar world view).
Japan and Germany are great powers too, though due to their large advanced economies (having the third and fourth largest economies respectively) rather than their strategic and hard power capabilities (i.e., the lack of permanent seats and veto power on the UN Security Council or strategic military reach). Germany has been a member together with the five permanent Security Council members in the P5+1 grouping of world powers. Like China, France, Russia, and the United Kingdom; Germany and Japan have also been referred to as middle powers.
In his 2014 publication Great Power Peace and American Primacy, Joshua Baron considers China, France, Russia, Germany, Japan, the United Kingdom and the United States as the current great powers.
Italy has been referred to as a great power by a number of academics and commentators throughout the post WWII era. The American international legal scholar Milena Sterio writes: The great powers are super-sovereign states: an exclusive club of the most powerful states economically, militarily, politically and strategically. These states include veto-wielding members of the United Nations Security Council (United States, United Kingdom, France, China, and Russia), as well as economic powerhouses such as Germany, Italy and Japan. Sterio also cites Italy's status in the Group of Seven (G7) and the nation's influence in regional and international organizations for its status as a great power. Italy has been a member together with the five permanent Security Council members plus Germany in the International Support Group for Lebanon (ISG) grouping of world powers. Some analysts assert that Italy is an "intermittent" or the "Least of the Great Powers", while some others believe Italy is a middle or regional power.
In addition to these contemporary great powers mentioned above, Zbigniew Brzezinski considers India to be a great power. However, there is no collective agreement among observers as to the status of India, for example, a number of academics believe that India is emerging as a great power, while some believe that India remains a middle power.
The United Nations Security Council, NATO Quint, the G7, the BRICs and the Contact Group have all been described as great power concerts.
A 2017 study by the Hague Centre for Strategic Studies qualified China, Europe, India, Japan, Russia and the United States as the current great powers.
Emerging powers
See also: Emerging power
With continuing European integration, the European Union is increasingly being seen as a great power in its own right, with representation at the WTO and at G7 and G-20 summits. This is most notable in areas where the European Union has exclusive competence (i.e. economic affairs). It also reflects a non-traditional conception of Europe's world role as a global "civilian power", exercising collective influence in the functional spheres of trade and diplomacy, as an alternative to military dominance. The European Union is a supranational union and not a sovereign state and does not have its own foreign affairs or defence policies; these remain largely with the member states, which include France, Germany and, before Brexit, the United Kingdom (referred to collectively as the "EU three").
Brazil and India are widely regarded as emerging powers with the potential to be great powers. Political scientist Stephen P. Cohen asserts that India is an emerging power, but highlights that some strategists consider India to be already a great power. Some academics such as Zbigniew Brzezinski and David A. Robinson already regard India as a major or great power.
Former British Ambassador to Brazil, Peter Collecott identifies that Brazil's recognition as a potential great and superpower largely stems from its own national identity and ambition. Professor Kwang Ho Chun feels that Brazil will emerge as a great power with an important position in some spheres of influence. Others suggest India and Brazil may even have the potential to emerge as a superpower.
Permanent membership of the UN Security Council is widely regarded as being a central tenet of great power status in the modern world; Brazil, Germany, India and Japan form the G4 nations which support one another (and have varying degrees of support from the existing permanent members) in becoming permanent members. The G4 is opposed by the Italian-led Uniting for Consensus group. There are however few signs that reform of the Security Council will happen in the near future.
See also
Politics portalWorld portal
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Notes
^ Even though the book The Economics of World War II lists seven great powers at the start of 1939 (Great Britain, Japan, France, Italy, Nazi Germany, the Soviet Union, and the United States), it focuses only on six of them, because France surrendered shortly after the war began.
^ The fall of the Berlin Wall and the breakup of the Soviet Union left the United States as the only remaining superpower in the 1990s.
References
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^ T. V. Paul; James J. Wirtz; Michel Fortmann (2005). "Great+power"&pg=PA59 Balance of Power. United States: State University of New York Press, 2005. pp. 59, 282. ISBN 0791464016. Accordingly, the great powers after the Cold War are Britain, China, France, Germany, Japan, Russia and the United States p. 59
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^ Mearsheimer, John (2001). The Tragedy of Great Power Politics. W. W. Norton. p. 5.
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^ Quoted in Josef Joffe, The Myth of America's Decline: Politics, Economics, and a Half Century of False Prophecies (2014) ch. 7.
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^ MacMillan, Margaret (2003). Paris 1919. Random House Trade. pp. 36, 306, 431. ISBN 0-375-76052-0.
^ Harrison, M (2000) M1 The Economics of World War II: Six Great Powers in International Comparison, Cambridge University Press.
^ Doenecke, Justus D.; Stoler, Mark A. (2005). Debating Franklin D. Roosevelt's foreign policies, 1933–1945. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 0-8476-9416-X.
^ Hoopes, Townsend, and Douglas Brinkley. FDR and the Creation of the U.N. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1997. ISBN 978-0-300-06930-3.
^ Sainsbury, Keith (1986). The Turning Point: Roosevelt, Stalin, Churchill, and Chiang Kai-Shek, 1943: The Moscow, Cairo, and Teheran Conferences. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-215858-1.
^ The Superpowers: The United States, Britain, and the Soviet Union – Their Responsibility for Peace (1944), written by William T.R. Fox
^ Peden, 2012.
^ Sempa, Francis (12 July 2017). Geopolitics: From the Cold War to the 21st Century. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-351-51768-3.
^ Holmes, John. "Middle Power". The Canadian Encyclopedia. Archived from the original on 3 March 2009. Retrieved 20 December 2008.
^ Yasmi Adriansyah, 'Questioning Indonesia's place in the world', Asia Times (20 September 2011): 'Though there are still debates on which countries belong to which category, there is a common understanding that the GP countries are the United States, China, United Kingdom, France, and Russia. Besides their political and economic dominance of the global arena, these countries have a special status in the United Nations Security Council with their permanent seats and veto rights.'
^ "The 15 countries with the highest military expenditure in 2012 (table)". Stockholm International Peace Research Institute. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 April 2013. Retrieved 15 April 2013.
^ Gerald Segal, Does China Matter?, Foreign Affairs (September/October 1999).
^ a b P. Shearman, M. Sussex, European Security After 9/11 (Ashgate, 2004) – According to Shearman and Sussex, both the UK and France were great powers now reduced to middle power status.
^ Neumann, Iver B. (2008). "Russia as a great power, 1815–2007". Journal of International Relations and Development. 11 (2): 128–151 . doi:10.1057/jird.2008.7. As long as Russia's rationality of government deviates from present-day hegemonic neo-liberal models by favouring direct state rule rather than indirect governance, the West will not recognize Russia as a fully-fledged great power.
^ Garnett, Sherman (6 November 1995). "Russia ponders its nuclear options". Washington Times. p. 2. Russia must deal with the rise of other middle powers in Eurasia at a time when it is more of a middle power itself.
^ Kitney, Geoff (25 March 2000). "Putin It To The People". Sydney Morning Herald. p. 41. The Council for Foreign and Defence Policy, which includes senior figures believed to be close to Putin, will soon publish a report saying Russia's superpower days are finished and that the country should settle for being a middle power with a matching defence structure.
^ T.V. Paul; James Wirtz; Michel Fortmann (8 September 2004). Balance of Power: Theory and Practice in the 21st century. Stanford University Press. pp. 59–. ISBN 978-0-8047-5017-2.
^ Worldcrunch.com (28 November 2011). "Europe's Superpower: Germany Is The New Indispensable (And Resented) Nation". Worldcrunch.com. Archived from the original on 29 February 2012. Retrieved 17 November 2013.
^ Winder, Simon (19 November 2011). "Germany: The reluctant superpower". The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on 11 January 2022.
^ Sperling, James (2001). "Neither Hegemony nor Dominance: Reconsidering German Power in Post Cold-War Europe". British Journal of Political Science. 31 (2): 389–425. doi:10.1017/S0007123401000151.
^ Max Otte; Jürgen Greve (2000). A Rising Middle Power?: German Foreign Policy in Transformation, 1989–1999. Germany. p. 324. ISBN 0-312-22653-5.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^ Er LP (2006) Japan's Human Security Rolein Southeast Asia
^ "Merkel as a world star - Germany's place in the world", The Economist (18 November 2006), p. 27: "Germany, says Volker Perthes, director of the German Institute for International and Security Affairs, is now pretty much where it belongs: squarely at the centre. Whether it wants to be or not, the country is a Mittelmacht, or middle power."
^ Susanna Vogt, "Germany and the G20", in Wilhelm Hofmeister, Susanna Vogt, G20: Perceptions and Perspectives for Global Governance (Singapore: 19 October 2011), p. 76, citing Thomas Fues and Julia Leininger (2008): "Germany and the Heiligendamm Process", in Andrew Cooper and Agata Antkiewicz (eds.): Emerging Powers in Global Governance: Lessons from the Heiligendamm Process, Waterloo: Wilfrid Laurier University Press, p. 246: "Germany's motivation for the initiative had been '... driven by a combination of leadership qualities and national interests of a middle power with civilian characteristics'."
^ "Change of Great Powers", in Global Encyclopaedia of Political Geography, by M.A. Chaudhary and Guatam Chaudhary (New Delhi, 2009.), p. 101: "Germany is considered by experts to be an economic power. It is considered as a middle power in Europe by Chancellor Angela Merkel, former President Johannes Rau and leading media of the country."
^ Susanne Gratius, Is Germany still a EU-ropean power?, FRIDE Policy Brief, No. 115 (February 2012), pp. 1–2: "Being the world's fourth largest economic power and the second largest in terms of exports has not led to any greater effort to correct Germany's low profile in foreign policy ... For historic reasons and because of its size, Germany has played a middle-power role in Europe for over 50 years."
^ Baron, Joshua (22 January 2014). Great Power Peace and American Primacy: The Origins and Future of a New International Order. United States: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-1137299482.
^ Canada Among Nations, 2004: Setting Priorities Straight. McGill-Queen's Press – MQUP. 17 January 2005. p. 85. ISBN 0773528369. ("The United States is the sole world's superpower. France, Italy, Germany and the United Kingdom are great powers")
^ a b c Sterio, Milena (2013). The right to self-determination under international law: "selfistans", secession and the rule of the great powers. Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge. p. xii (preface). ISBN 978-0415668187. ("The great powers are super-sovereign states: an exclusive club of the most powerful states economically, militarily, politically and strategically. These states include veto-wielding members of the United Nations Security Council (United States, United Kingdom, France, China, and Russia), as well as economic powerhouses such as Germany, Italy and Japan.")
^ Transforming Military Power since the Cold War: Britain, France, and the United States, 1991–2012. Cambridge University Press. 2013. p. 224. ISBN 978-1107471498. (During the Kosovo War (1998) "...Contact Group consisting of six great powers (the United states, Russia, France, Britain, Germany and Italy).")
^ Why are Pivot States so Pivotal? The Role of Pivot States in Regional and Global Security. Netherlands: The Hague Centre for Strategic Studies. 2014. p. Table on page 10 (Great Power criteria). Archived from the original on 11 October 2016. Retrieved 14 June 2016.
^ Kuper, Stephen. "Clarifying the nation's role strengthens the impact of a National Security Strategy 2019". Archived from the original on 10 December 2021. Retrieved 22 January 2020. Traditionally, great powers have been defined by their global reach and ability to direct the flow of international affairs. There are a number of recognised great powers within the context of contemporary international relations – with Great Britain, France, India and Russia recognised as nuclear-capable great powers, while Germany, Italy and Japan are identified as conventional great powers
^ "Lebanon – Ministerial meeting of the International Support Group (Paris, 08.12.17)".
^ "Big power grouping urges Lebanon to uphold policy on steering clear of war". Reuters. 10 May 2018.
^ "Members of the International Support Group for Lebanon Meet with Prime Minister Designate Saad Hariri" (PDF) (Press release). unmisssions.org. 11 July 2018. Retrieved 7 March 2022.
^ Dimitris Bourantonis; Marios Evriviades, eds. (1997). A United Nations for the twenty-first century: peace, security, and development. Boston: Kluwer Law International. p. 77. ISBN 9041103120. Retrieved 13 June 2016.
^ Italy: 150 years of a small great power, eurasia-rivista.org, 21 December 2010
^ Verbeek, Bertjan; Giacomello, Giampiero (2011). Italy's foreign policy in the twenty-first century: the new assertiveness of an aspiring middle power. Lanham, Md.: Lexington Books. ISBN 978-0-7391-4868-6.
^ "Operation Alba may be considered one of the most important instances in which Italy has acted as a regional power, taking the lead in executing a technically and politically coherent and determined strategy." See Federiga Bindi, Italy and the European Union (Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press, 2011), p. 171.
^ "Italy plays a prominent role in European and global military, cultural and diplomatic affairs. The country's European political, social and economic influence make it a major regional power." See Italy: Justice System and National Police Handbook, Vol. 1 (Washington, D.C.: International Business Publications, 2009), p. 9.
^ a b c Strategic Vision: America & the Crisis of Global Power by Zbigniew Brzezinski, pp. 43–45. Published 2012.
^ Brewster, David (2012). India as an Asia Pacific Power. United States: Routledge. ISBN 978-1136620089.
^ Charalampos Efstathopoulosa, 'Reinterpreting India's Rise through the Middle Power Prism', Asian Journal of Political Science, Vol. 19, Issue 1 (2011), p. 75: 'India's role in the contemporary world order can be optimally asserted by the middle power concept. The concept allows for distinguishing both strengths and weakness of India's globalist agency, shifting the analytical focus beyond material-statistical calculations to theorise behavioural, normative and ideational parameters.'
^ Robert W. Bradnock, India's Foreign Policy since 1971 (The Royal Institute for International Affairs, London: Pinter Publishers, 1990), quoted in Leonard Stone, 'India and the Central Eurasian Space', Journal of Third World Studies, Vol. 24, No. 2, 2007, p. 183: "The U.S. is a superpower whereas India is a middle power. A superpower could accommodate another superpower because the alternative would be equally devastating to both. But the relationship between a superpower and a middle power is of a different kind. The former does not need to accommodate the latter while the latter cannot allow itself to be a satellite of the former."
^ Jan Cartwright, 'India's Regional and International Support for Democracy: Rhetoric or Reality?', Asian Survey, Vol. 49, No. 3 (May/June 2009), p. 424: 'India's democratic rhetoric has also helped it further establish its claim as being a rising "middle power." (A "middle power" is a term that is used in the field of international relations to describe a state that is not a superpower but still wields substantial influence globally. In addition to India, other "middle powers" include, for example, Australia and Canada.)'
^ The Routledge Handbook of Transatlantic Security. Routledge. 2 July 2010. ISBN 978-1136936074. (see section on 'The G6/G7: great power governance')
^ Contemporary Concert Diplomacy: The Seven-Power Summit as an International Concert Archived 6 October 2019 at the Wayback Machine, Professor John Kirton
^ Penttilä, Risto (17 June 2013). The Role of the G8 in International Peace and Security. Routledge. pp. 17–32. ISBN 978-1136053528. (The G8 as a Concert of Great Powers)
^ Tables of Sciences Po and Documentation Francaise: Russia y las grandes potencias Archived 28 October 2019 at the Wayback Machine and
G8 et Chine (2004)
^ Sweijs, T.; De Spiegeleire, S.; de Jong, S.; Oosterveld, W.; Roos, H.; Bekkers, F.; Usanov, A.; de Rave, R.; Jans, K. (2017). Volatility and friction in the age of disintermediation. The Hague Centre for Strategic Studies. p. 43. ISBN 978-94-92102-46-1. Retrieved 29 April 2022. We qualify the following states as great powers: China, Europe, India, Japan, Russia and the United States.
^ Buzan, Barry (2004). The United States and the Great Powers. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Polity Press. p. 70. ISBN 0-7456-3375-7.
^ Veit Bachmann and James D Sidaway, "Zivilmacht Europa: A Critical Geopolitics of the European Union as a Global Power", Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, New Series, Vol. 34, No. 1 (Jan. 2009), pp. 94–109.
^ "India: Emerging Power", by Stephen P. Cohen, p. 60
^ "India's Rise as a Great Power, Part One: Regional and Global Implications". Futuredirections.org.au. 7 July 2011. Archived from the original on 27 November 2013. Retrieved 17 November 2013.
^ Peter Collecott (29 October 2011). "Brazil's Quest for Superpower Status". The Diplomatic Courier. Retrieved 10 August 2014.
^ a b Kwang Ho Chun (2013). The BRICs Superpower Challenge: Foreign and Security Policy Analysis. Ashgate. ISBN 978-1-4094-6869-1. Retrieved 21 September 2015.
^ Robyn Meredith (2007). The Elephant and the Dragon: The Rise of India and China and What it Means for All of Us. W.W Norton and Company. ISBN 978-0-393-33193-6.
^ Sharma, Rajeev (27 September 2015). "India pushes the envelope at G4 Summit: PM Modi tells UNSC to make space for largest democracies". First Post. Retrieved 20 October 2015.
Further reading
Abbenhuis, Maartje. An Age of Neutrals Great Power Politics, 1815–1914 (2014) excerpt
Allison, Graham. "The New Spheres of Influence: Sharing the Globe with Other Great Powers." Foreign Affairs 99 (2020): 30+ online
Bridge, Roy, and Roger Bullen, eds. The Great Powers and the European States System 1814–1914 (2nd ed. 2004) excerpt
Brooks, Stephen G., and William C. Wohlforth. "The rise and fall of the great powers in the twenty-first century: China's rise and the fate of America's global position." International Security 40.3 (2016): 7–53. online
Duroselle, Jean-Baptiste (2004). France and the Nazi Threat: The Collapse of French Diplomacy 1932–1939. Enigma Books. ISBN 1-929631-15-4.
Edelstein, David M. Over the Horizon: Time, Uncertainty, and the Rise of Great Powers (Cornell UP, 2017).
Eloranta, Jari, Eric Golson, Peter Hedberg, and Maria Cristina Moreira, eds. Small and Medium Powers in Global History: Trade, Conflicts, and Neutrality from the Eighteenth to the Twentieth Centuries (Routledge, 2018) 240 pp. online review
Joffe, Josef. The Myth of America's Decline: Politics, Economics, and a Half Century of False Prophecies (2014) online
Joffe, Josef. The Future of the great powers (1998) online
Kassab, Hanna Samir. Grand strategies of weak states and great powers (Springer, 2017).
Kennedy, Paul. The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers (1987) online
Mckay, Derek; H.M. Scott (1983). The Rise of the Great Powers 1648–1815. Pearson. ISBN 978-1317872849.
MacDonald, Paul K.; Parent, Joseph M. (2021). "The Status of Status in World Politics". World Politics. 73 (2): 358–391.
Maass, Matthias. Small states in world politics: The story of small state survival, 1648–2016 (2017).
Michaelis, Meir. "World Power Status or World Dominion? A Survey of the Literature on Hitler's 'Plan of World Dominion' (1937–1970)." Historical Journal 15#2 (1972): 331–60. online.
Ogden, Chris. China and India: Asia's emergent great powers (John Wiley & Sons, 2017).
Newmann, I.B. ed. Regional Great Powers in International Politics (1992)
Schulz, Matthias. "A Balancing Act: Domestic Pressures and International Systemic Constraints in the Foreign Policies of the Great Powers, 1848–1851." German History 21.3 (2003): 319–346.
Mearsheimer, John J. (2001). The Tragedy of Great Power Politics. New York: Norton. ISBN 0393020258.
Neumann, Iver B. "Russia as a great power, 1815–2007." Journal of International Relations and Development 11.2 (2008): 128–151. online
O'Brian, Patrick K. Atlas of World History (2007) Online
Peden, G. C. "Suez and Britain's Decline as a World Power." Historical Journal 55#4 (2012), pp. 1073–1096. online
Pella, John & Erik Ringmar, (2019) History of international relations Online Archived 16 August 2019 at the Wayback Machine
Shifrinson, Joshua R. Itzkowitz. Rising titans, falling giants: how great powers exploit power shifts (Cornell UP, 2018).
Waltz, Kenneth N. (1979). Theory of International Politics. Reading: Addison-Wesley. ISBN 0201083493.
Ward, Steven. Status and the Challenge of Rising Powers (2018) excerpt from book; also online review
Witkopf, Eugene R. (1981). World Politics: Trend and Transformation. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0312892462.
Xuetong, Yan. Leadership and the rise of great powers (Princeton UP, 2019).
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Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:United_Nations_Security_Council.jpg"},{"link_name":"United Nations Security Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Encartab-1"},{"link_name":"sovereign state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovereign_state"},{"link_name":"soft power","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soft_power"},{"link_name":"middle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_power"},{"link_name":"small powers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_power"},{"link_name":"International relations theorists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_relations_theory"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Congress of Vienna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Encartab-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-World_history1-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stakes1-4"},{"link_name":"United Nations Security Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Encartab-1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_world_we_wantb-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Balance1-6"},{"link_name":"NATO Quint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO_Quint"},{"link_name":"G7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G7"},{"link_name":"BRICs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BRIC"},{"link_name":"Contact Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contact_Group"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gaskarth-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-8"},{"link_name":"Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Europe"},{"link_name":"Napoleonic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars"},{"link_name":"Concert of Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concert_of_Europe"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-British_Diplomacy_1813%E2%80%931815-9"},{"link_name":"small powers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_powers"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Chaumont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Chaumont"},{"link_name":"balance of power","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balance_of_power_in_international_relations"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"Great powers are recognized in several international structures, including the United Nations Security Council.[1]A great power is a sovereign state that is recognized as having the ability and expertise to exert its influence on a global scale. Great powers characteristically possess military and economic strength, as well as diplomatic and soft power influence, which may cause middle or small powers to consider the great powers' opinions before taking actions of their own. International relations theorists have posited that great power status can be characterized into power capabilities, spatial aspects, and status dimensions.[2]While some nations are widely considered to be great powers, there is considerable debate on the exact criteria of great power status. Historically, the status of great powers has been formally recognized in organizations such as the Congress of Vienna of 1814–1815[1][3][4] or the United Nations Security Council, of which permanent members are: China, France, Russia, the United Kingdom, and the United States.[1][5][6] The United Nations Security Council, NATO Quint, the G7, the BRICs and the Contact Group have all been described as great power concerts.[7][8]The term \"great power\" was first used to represent the most important powers in Europe during the post-Napoleonic era. The \"Great Powers\" constituted the \"Concert of Europe\" and claimed the right to joint enforcement of the postwar treaties.[9] The formalization of the division between small powers[10] and great powers came about with the signing of the Treaty of Chaumont in 1814. Since then, the international balance of power has shifted numerous times, most dramatically during World War I and World War II. In literature, alternative terms for great power are often world power[11] or major power.[12]","title":"Great power"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"realist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Realism_(international_relations)"},{"link_name":"A. J. P. Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._J._P._Taylor"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Kenneth Waltz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_Waltz"},{"link_name":"neorealist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neorealism_(international_relations)"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"John Mearsheimer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Mearsheimer"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"text":"There are no set or defined characteristics of a great power. These characteristics have often been treated as empirical, self-evident to the assessor.[13] However, this approach has the disadvantage of subjectivity. As a result, there have been attempts to derive some common criteria and to treat these as essential elements of great power status. Danilovic (2002) highlights three central characteristics, which she terms as \"power, spatial, and status dimensions,\" that distinguish major powers from other states. The following section (\"Characteristics\") is extracted from her discussion of these three dimensions, including all of the citations.[14]Early writings on the subject tended to judge states by the realist criterion, as expressed by the historian A. J. P. Taylor when he noted that \"The test of a great power is the test of strength for war.\"[15] Later writers have expanded this test, attempting to define power in terms of overall military, economic, and political capacity.[16] Kenneth Waltz, the founder of the neorealist theory of international relations, uses a set of six criteria to determine great power: population and territory, resource endowment, military strength, economic capability, political stability and competence.[17]John Mearsheimer defines great powers as those that \"have sufficient military assets to put up a serious fight in an all-out conventional war against the most powerful state in the world.\"[18]","title":"Characteristics"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jebens,_Adolf_-_Leopold_von_Ranke_(detail)_-_1875.jpg"},{"link_name":"Leopold von Ranke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopold_von_Ranke"},{"link_name":"hegemony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hegemony"},{"link_name":"Jean-Baptiste Duroselle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Duroselle"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Leopold von Ranke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopold_von_Ranke"},{"link_name":"Frederick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_the_Great"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"clarification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-When_the_Stakes27-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"killing of Osama bin Laden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_of_Osama_bin_Laden"}],"sub_title":"Power dimensions","text":"In the mid-19th century, German historian Leopold von Ranke attempted to scientifically document the great powers.As noted above, for many, power capabilities were the sole criterion. However, even under the more expansive tests, power retains a vital place.This aspect has received mixed treatment, with some confusion as to the degree of power required. Writers have approached the concept of great power with differing conceptualizations of the world situation, from multi-polarity to overwhelming hegemony. In his essay, 'French Diplomacy in the Postwar Period', the French historian Jean-Baptiste Duroselle spoke of the concept of multi-polarity: \"A Great power is one which is capable of preserving its own independence against any other single power.\"[19]This differed from earlier writers, notably from Leopold von Ranke, who clearly had a different idea of the world situation. In his essay 'The Great Powers', written in 1833, von Ranke wrote: \"If one could establish as a definition of a Great power that it must be able to maintain itself against all others, even when they are united, then Frederick has raised Prussia to that position.\"[20] These positions have been the subject of criticism.[clarification needed][21]In 2011, the U.S. had 10 major strengths according to Chinese scholar Peng Yuan, the director of the Institute of American Studies of the China Institutes for Contemporary International Studies.[22]1. Population, geographic position, and natural resources.\n2. Military muscle.\n3. High technology and education.\n4. Cultural/soft power.\n5. Cyber power.\n6. Allies, the United States having more than any other state.\n7. Geopolitical strength, as embodied in global projection forces.\n8. Intelligence capabilities, as demonstrated by the killing of Osama bin Laden.\n9. Intellectual power, fed by a plethora of U.S. think tanks and the “revolving door” between research institutions and government.\n10. Strategic power, the United States being the world’s only country with a truly global strategy.However he also noted where the U.S. had recently slipped:1. Political power, as manifested by the breakdown of bipartisanship.\n2. Economic power, as illustrated by the post-2007 slowdown.\n3. Financial power, given intractable deficits and rising debt.\n4. Social power, as weakened by societal polarization.\n5. Institutional power, since the United States can no longer dominate global institutions","title":"Characteristics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"regional power","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_power"},{"link_name":"Arnold J. Toynbee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold_J._Toynbee"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"}],"sub_title":"Spatial dimension","text":"All states have a geographic scope of interests, actions, or projected power. This is a crucial factor in distinguishing a great power from a regional power; by definition, the scope of a regional power is restricted to its region. It has been suggested that a great power should be possessed of actual influence throughout the scope of the prevailing international system. Arnold J. Toynbee, for example, observes that \"Great power may be defined as a political force exerting an effect co-extensive with the widest range of the society in which it operates. The Great powers of 1914 were 'world-powers' because Western society had recently become 'world-wide'.\"[23]Other suggestions have been made that a great power should have the capacity to engage in extra-regional affairs and that a great power ought to be possessed of extra-regional interests, two propositions which are often closely connected.[24]","title":"Characteristics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"George Modelski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Modelski"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Congress of Vienna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-When_the_Stakes27-21"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Power_in_World_Politics-26"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Power_in_World_Politics-26"}],"sub_title":"Status dimension","text":"Formal or informal acknowledgment of a nation's great power status has also been a criterion for being a great power. As political scientist George Modelski notes, \"The status of Great power is sometimes confused with the condition of being powerful. The office, as it is known, did in fact evolve from the role played by the great military states in earlier periods... But the Great power system institutionalizes the position of the powerful state in a web of rights and obligations.\"[25]This approach restricts analysis to the epoch following the Congress of Vienna at which great powers were first formally recognized.[21] In the absence of such a formal act of recognition it has been suggested that great power status can arise by implication by judging the nature of a state's relations with other great powers.[26]A further option is to examine a state's willingness to act as a great power.[26] As a nation will seldom declare that it is acting as such, this usually entails a retrospective examination of state conduct. As a result, this is of limited use in establishing the nature of contemporary powers, at least not without the exercise of subjective observation.Other important criteria throughout history are that great powers should have enough influence to be included in discussions of contemporary political and diplomatic questions, and exercise influence on the outcome and resolution. Historically, when major political questions were addressed, several great powers met to discuss them. Before the era of groups like the United Nations, participants of such meetings were not officially named but rather were decided based on their great power status. These were conferences that settled important questions based on major historical events.","title":"Characteristics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Phillips P. O'Brien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phillips_P._O%27Brien"},{"link_name":"University of St. Andrews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_St_Andrews"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-27"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-27"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-27"}],"sub_title":"\"Full-spectrum\" dimension","text":"Historian Phillips P. O'Brien, Head of the School of International Relations and Professor of Strategic Studies at the University of St. Andrews, criticizes the concept of a great power, arguing that it is dated, vaguely defined, and inconsistently applied.[27] He states that the term is used to \"describe everything from true superpowers such as the United States and China, which wield the full spectrum of economic, technological, and military might, to better-than-average military powers such as Russia, which have nuclear weapons but little else that would be considered indicators of great power. \"[27] O'Brien advocates for the concept of a \"full-spectrum power\", which takes into account \"all the fundamentals on which superior military power is built\", including economic resources, domestic politics and political systems (which can restrain or expand dimensions of power), technological capabilities, and social and cultural factors (such as a society's willingness to go to war or invest in military development).[27]","title":"Characteristics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of ancient great powers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ancient_great_powers"},{"link_name":"List of medieval great powers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_medieval_great_powers"},{"link_name":"List of modern great powers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_modern_great_powers"},{"link_name":"International relations (1814–1919)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_relations_(1814%E2%80%931919)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Congress_of_Vienna.PNG"},{"link_name":"Jean-Baptiste Isabey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Isabey"},{"link_name":"Congress of Vienna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna"},{"link_name":"Mani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mani_(prophet)"},{"link_name":"Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Empire"},{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Aksum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aksum"},{"link_name":"Persia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sasanian_Empire"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"James Monroe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Monroe"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-When_the_Stakes27-21"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-World_history,_1815-1920b-30"},{"link_name":"Concert of Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concert_of_Europe"},{"link_name":"Napoleonic Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars"},{"link_name":"Lord Castlereagh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Stewart,_Viscount_Castlereagh"},{"link_name":"British foreign secretary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Foreign_and_Commonwealth_Affairs"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-British_Diplomacy_1813%E2%80%931815-9"},{"link_name":"Austrian Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austrian_Empire"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bourbon_Restoration_in_France"},{"link_name":"Prussia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia"},{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Empire"},{"link_name":"Great Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-When_the_Stakes27-21"},{"link_name":"industrialize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrialisation"},{"link_name":"overseas empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Empire"},{"link_name":"Pax Britannica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pax_Britannica"},{"link_name":"balance of power","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balance_of_power_in_international_relations"},{"link_name":"Otto von Bismarck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bartlett1996-31"},{"link_name":"German Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Empire"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy"},{"link_name":"Risorgimento era","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_unification"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_of_Japan"},{"link_name":"Meiji era","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meiji_era"},{"link_name":"its civil war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Eight-Nation Alliance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eight-Nation_Alliance"},{"link_name":"Boxer Rebellion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boxer_Rebellion"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rise_of_Russia1-34"}],"text":"Further information: List of ancient great powers, List of medieval great powers, List of modern great powers, and International relations (1814–1919)The Congress of Vienna, an 1819 portrait by Jean-Baptiste Isabey depicting the Congress of ViennaVarious sets of great, or significant, powers have existed throughout history. An early reference to great powers is from the third century, when the Persian prophet Mani described Rome, China, Aksum, and Persia as the four greatest kingdoms of his time.[28] During the Napoleonic wars in Europe, American diplomat James Monroe observed that, \"The respect which one power has for another is in exact proportion of the means which they respectively have of injuring each other.\"[29] The term \"great power\" first appears at the Congress of Vienna in 1815.[21][30] The Congress established the Concert of Europe as an attempt to preserve peace after the years of Napoleonic Wars.Lord Castlereagh, the British foreign secretary, first used the term in its diplomatic context, writing on 13 February 1814: \"there is every prospect of the Congress terminating with a general accord and Guarantee between the Great powers of Europe, with a determination to support the arrangement agreed upon, and to turn the general influence and if necessary the general arms against the Power that shall first attempt to disturb the Continental peace.\"[9]The Congress of Vienna consisted of five main powers: the Austrian Empire, France, Prussia, Russia, and Great Britain. These five primary participants constituted the original great powers as we know the term today.[21] Other powers, such as Spain, Portugal, and Sweden, which were great powers during the 17th century and the earlier 18th century, were consulted on certain specific issues, but they were not full participants.After the Congress of Vienna, Great Britain emerged as the pre-eminent global hegemon, due to it being the first nation to industrialize, possessing the largest navy, and the extent of its overseas empire, which ushered in a century of Pax Britannica. The balance of power between the Great Powers became a major influence in European politics, prompting Otto von Bismarck to say \"All politics reduces itself to this formula: try to be one of three, as long as the world is governed by the unstable equilibrium of five great powers.\"[31]Over time, the relative power of these five nations fluctuated, which by the dawn of the 20th century had served to create an entirely different balance of power. Great Britain and the new German Empire (from 1871), experienced continued economic growth and political power.[32] Others, such as Russia and Austria-Hungary, stagnated.[33] At the same time, other states were emerging and expanding in power, largely through the process of industrialization. These countries seeking to attain great power status were: Italy after the Risorgimento era, Japan during the Meiji era, and the United States after its civil war. By 1900, the balance of world power had changed substantially since the Congress of Vienna. The Eight-Nation Alliance was an alliance of eight nations created in response to the Boxer Rebellion in China. It formed in 1900 and consisted of the five Congress powers plus Italy, Japan, and the United States, representing the great powers at the beginning of the 20th century.[34]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Big_four.jpg"},{"link_name":"The \"Big Four\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Big_Four_(World_War_I)"},{"link_name":"Paris Peace Conference of 1919","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Peace_Conference,_1919"},{"link_name":"David Lloyd George","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Lloyd_George"},{"link_name":"Vittorio Emanuele Orlando","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vittorio_Emanuele_Orlando"},{"link_name":"Georges Clemenceau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Clemenceau"},{"link_name":"Woodrow Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Yalta_Conference_cropped.jpg"},{"link_name":"The \"Big Three\" of Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Yalta Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yalta_Conference"},{"link_name":"Winston Churchill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winston_Churchill"},{"link_name":"Franklin D. Roosevelt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt"},{"link_name":"Joseph Stalin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Stalin"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cairo_conference.jpg"},{"link_name":"Asian and Pacific Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_War"},{"link_name":"Chiang Kai-shek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek"},{"link_name":"Cairo Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo_Conference_(1943)"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Versailles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles"},{"link_name":"St-Germain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Saint-Germain-en-Laye_(1919)"},{"link_name":"Neuilly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Neuilly"},{"link_name":"Trianon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Trianon"},{"link_name":"Sèvres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_S%C3%A8vres"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"German Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Empire"},{"link_name":"Austria-Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria-Hungary"},{"link_name":"Russian Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Empire"},{"link_name":"revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Revolution_(1917)"},{"link_name":"Paris Peace Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Peace_Conference_(1919)"},{"link_name":"Big Four","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Big_Four_(World_War_I)"},{"link_name":"Ottoman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Versailles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MacMillan1-37"},{"link_name":"League of Nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/League_of_Nations"},{"link_name":"Locarno Treaties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locarno_Treaties"},{"link_name":"1933","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1933_German_referendum"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Allies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"Axis powers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axis_powers"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germany"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Economics1-38"},{"link_name":"[nb 1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Justus-40"},{"link_name":"Big Four","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Four_in_World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Declaration by United Nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Declaration_by_United_Nations"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"Four Policemen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_Policemen"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"United Nations Security Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council"},{"link_name":"William T. R. Fox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_T._R._Fox"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Superpowers1-43"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"middle power","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_power"},{"link_name":"Regional powers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_power"}],"sub_title":"World Wars","text":"The \"Big Four\" at the Paris Peace Conference of 1919: David Lloyd George, Vittorio Emanuele Orlando, Georges Clemenceau, and Woodrow WilsonThe \"Big Three\" of Europe at the Yalta Conference: Winston Churchill, Franklin D. Roosevelt, and Joseph StalinThe Allied leaders of the Asian and Pacific Theatre: Chiang Kai-shek, Franklin D. Roosevelt, and Winston Churchill at the Cairo Conference in 1943Shifts of international power have most notably occurred through major conflicts.[35] The conclusion of World War I and the resulting treaties of Versailles, St-Germain, Neuilly, Trianon, and Sèvres made Great Britain, France, Italy, Japan, and the United States the chief arbiters of the new world order.[36] The German Empire was defeated, Austria-Hungary was divided into new, less powerful states and the Russian Empire fell to revolution. During the Paris Peace Conference, the \"Big Four\" – Great Britain, France, Italy, and the United States – controlled the proceedings and outcome of the treaties more than Japan. The Big Four were the architects of the Treaty of Versailles which was signed by Germany; the Treaty of St. Germain, with Austria; the Treaty of Neuilly, with Bulgaria; the Treaty of Trianon, with Hungary; and the Treaty of Sèvres, with the Ottoman Empire. During the decision-making of the Treaty of Versailles, Italy pulled out of the conference because a part of its demands were not met and temporarily left the other three countries as the sole major architects of that treaty, referred to as the \"Big Three\".[37]The status of the victorious great powers were recognised by permanent seats at the League of Nations Council, where they acted as a type of executive body directing the Assembly of the League. However, the council began with only four permanent members – Great Britain, France, Italy, and Japan – because the United States, meant to be the fifth permanent member, never joined the League. Germany later joined after the Locarno Treaties, which made it a member of the League of Nations, and later left (and withdrew from the League in 1933); Japan left, and the Soviet Union joined.When World War II began in 1939, it divided the world into two alliances: the Allies (initially the United Kingdom and France, and Poland, followed in 1941 by the Soviet Union, China, and the United States) and the Axis powers (Germany, Italy, and Japan).[38][nb 1] During World War II, the U.S., U.K., USSR, and China were referred as a \"trusteeship of the powerful\"[39] and were recognized as the Allied \"Big Four\" in Declaration by United Nations in 1942.[40] These four countries were referred as the \"Four Policemen\" of the Allies and considered as the primary victors of World War II.[41] The importance of France was acknowledged by their inclusion, along with the other four, in the group of countries allotted permanent seats in the United Nations Security Council.Since the end of the World Wars, the term \"great power\" has been joined by a number of other power classifications. Foremost among these is the concept of the superpower, used to describe those nations with overwhelming power and influence in the rest of the world. It was first coined in 1944 by William T. R. Fox[42] and according to him, there were three superpowers: Great Britain, the United States, and the Soviet Union. But after World War II Britain lost its superpower status.[43] The term middle power has emerged for those nations which exercise a degree of global influence but are insufficient to be decisive on international affairs. Regional powers are those whose influence is generally confined to their region of the world.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cold War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_War"},{"link_name":"Western Bloc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Bloc"},{"link_name":"Eastern Bloc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Bloc"},{"link_name":"cold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_war_(general_term)"},{"link_name":"superpowers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superpower"},{"link_name":"proxy wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proxy_war"},{"link_name":"alliance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II"},{"link_name":"victory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allied-occupied_Germany"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"West Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Germany"},{"link_name":"power projection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_projection"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"}],"sub_title":"Cold War","text":"The Cold War was a period of geopolitical tension between the United States and the Soviet Union and their respective allies, the Western Bloc and the Eastern Bloc, which began following World War II. The term \"cold\" is used because there was no large-scale fighting directly between the two superpowers, but they each supported major regional conflicts known as proxy wars. The conflict was based around the ideological and geopolitical struggle for global influence by these two superpowers, following their temporary alliance and victory against Nazi Germany in 1945.[44]During the Cold War, Japan, France, the United Kingdom and West Germany rebuilt their economies. France and the United Kingdom maintained technologically advanced armed forces with power projection capabilities and maintain large defense budgets to this day. Yet, as the Cold War continued, authorities began to question if France and the United Kingdom could retain their long-held statuses as great powers.[45] China, with the world's largest population, has slowly risen to great power status, with large growth in economic and military power in the post-war period. After 1949, the Republic of China began to lose its recognition as the sole legitimate government of China by the other great powers, in favour of the People's Republic of China. Subsequently, in 1971, it lost its permanent seat at the UN Security Council to the People's Republic of China.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"permanent seats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permanent_members_of_the_United_Nations_Security_Council"},{"link_name":"veto power","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_veto_power"},{"link_name":"Nuclear Weapons States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_states_with_nuclear_weapons"},{"link_name":"Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Non-Proliferation_of_Nuclear_Weapons"},{"link_name":"military expenditures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_military_expenditures"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SIPRI-48"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-European_Security_After_9/11-50"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-European_Security_After_9/11-50"},{"link_name":"dissolution of the Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"Russian Federation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Federation"},{"link_name":"successor state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Successor_state"},{"link_name":"[nb 2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"multipolar world view","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polarity_in_international_relations#Multipolarity"},{"link_name":"third and fourth largest economies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)"},{"link_name":"hard power","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_power"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PaulWirtz2004-55"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"P5+1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P5%2B1"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sperling-58"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Otte2000-59"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Er-60"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gratius-64"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Joshua1-65"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Canada_Among_Nationsb-66"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Milena_Steriob-67"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Theo_Farrellb-68"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HCSS2014b-69"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Milena_Steriob-67"},{"link_name":"Group of Seven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_of_Seven"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Milena_Steriob-67"},{"link_name":"Lebanon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanon"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"link_name":"Least of the Great Powers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Least_of_the_Great_Powers"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-78"},{"link_name":"Zbigniew Brzezinski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zbigniew_Brzezinski"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brzezinskiquote-79"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-80"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-82"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-83"},{"link_name":"NATO Quint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO_Quint"},{"link_name":"G7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G7"},{"link_name":"BRICs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BRIC"},{"link_name":"Contact Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contact_Group"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gaskarth-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-8"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Routledge2010-84"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kirton-85"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Risto_Penttil%C3%A4-86"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sciencepo-87"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-88"}],"sub_title":"Aftermath of the Cold War","text":"China, France, Russia, the United Kingdom, and the United States are often referred to as great powers by academics due to \"their political and economic dominance of the global arena\".[46] These five nations are the only states to have permanent seats with veto power on the UN Security Council. They are also the only state entities to have met the conditions to be considered \"Nuclear Weapons States\" under the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, and maintain military expenditures which are among the largest in the world.[47] However, there is no unanimous agreement among authorities as to the current status of these powers or what precisely defines a great power. For example, sources have at times referred to China,[48] France,[49] Russia[50][51][52] and the United Kingdom[49] as middle powers. Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union, its UN Security Council permanent seat was transferred to the Russian Federation in 1991, as its largest successor state. The newly formed Russian Federation emerged on the level of a great power, leaving the United States as the only remaining global superpower[nb 2] (although some support a multipolar world view).Japan and Germany are great powers too, though due to their large advanced economies (having the third and fourth largest economies respectively) rather than their strategic and hard power capabilities (i.e., the lack of permanent seats and veto power on the UN Security Council or strategic military reach).[53][54][55] Germany has been a member together with the five permanent Security Council members in the P5+1 grouping of world powers. Like China, France, Russia, and the United Kingdom; Germany and Japan have also been referred to as middle powers.[56][57][58][59][60][61][62]\nIn his 2014 publication Great Power Peace and American Primacy, Joshua Baron considers China, France, Russia, Germany, Japan, the United Kingdom and the United States as the current great powers.[63]Italy has been referred to as a great power by a number of academics and commentators throughout the post WWII era.[64][65][66][67][68] The American international legal scholar Milena Sterio writes:The great powers are super-sovereign states: an exclusive club of the most powerful states economically, militarily, politically and strategically. These states include veto-wielding members of the United Nations Security Council (United States, United Kingdom, France, China, and Russia), as well as economic powerhouses such as Germany, Italy and Japan.[65]Sterio also cites Italy's status in the Group of Seven (G7) and the nation's influence in regional and international organizations for its status as a great power.[65] Italy has been a member together with the five permanent Security Council members plus Germany in the International Support Group for Lebanon (ISG)[69][70][71] grouping of world powers. Some analysts assert that Italy is an \"intermittent\" or the \"Least of the Great Powers\",[72][73] while some others believe Italy is a middle or regional power.[74][75][76]In addition to these contemporary great powers mentioned above, Zbigniew Brzezinski[77] considers India to be a great power. However, there is no collective agreement among observers as to the status of India, for example, a number of academics believe that India is emerging as a great power,[78] while some believe that India remains a middle power.[79][80][81]The United Nations Security Council, NATO Quint, the G7, the BRICs and the Contact Group have all been described as great power concerts.[7][8][82][83][84][85]A 2017 study by the Hague Centre for Strategic Studies qualified China, Europe, India, Japan, Russia and the United States as the current great powers.[86]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Emerging power","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emerging_power"},{"link_name":"European integration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_integration"},{"link_name":"European Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_United_States_and_the_Great_Powers-89"},{"link_name":"WTO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Organization"},{"link_name":"G7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G7"},{"link_name":"G-20","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G-20_major_economies"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-90"},{"link_name":"supranational union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supranational_union"},{"link_name":"sovereign state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovereign_state"},{"link_name":"member states","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_states_of_the_European_Union"},{"link_name":"Brexit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit"},{"link_name":"EU three","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EU_three"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brzezinskiquote-79"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Encartab-1"},{"link_name":"Stephen P. Cohen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_P._Cohen"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-91"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brzezinskiquote-79"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-92"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Collecott-93"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kwang_Ho_Chun-94"},{"link_name":"emerge as a superpower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potential_superpowers"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-elephantdragon-95"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kwang_Ho_Chun-94"},{"link_name":"G4 nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G4_nations"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-96"},{"link_name":"Uniting for Consensus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniting_for_Consensus"},{"link_name":"reform of the Security Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reform_of_the_United_Nations_Security_Council"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Emerging powers","text":"See also: Emerging powerWith continuing European integration, the European Union is increasingly being seen as a great power in its own right,[87] with representation at the WTO and at G7 and G-20 summits. This is most notable in areas where the European Union has exclusive competence (i.e. economic affairs). It also reflects a non-traditional conception of Europe's world role as a global \"civilian power\", exercising collective influence in the functional spheres of trade and diplomacy, as an alternative to military dominance.[88] The European Union is a supranational union and not a sovereign state and does not have its own foreign affairs or defence policies; these remain largely with the member states, which include France, Germany and, before Brexit, the United Kingdom (referred to collectively as the \"EU three\").[77]Brazil and India are widely regarded as emerging powers with the potential to be great powers.[1] Political scientist Stephen P. Cohen asserts that India is an emerging power, but highlights that some strategists consider India to be already a great power.[89] Some academics such as Zbigniew Brzezinski and David A. Robinson already regard India as a major or great power.[77][90]\nFormer British Ambassador to Brazil, Peter Collecott identifies that Brazil's recognition as a potential great and superpower largely stems from its own national identity and ambition.[91] Professor Kwang Ho Chun feels that Brazil will emerge as a great power with an important position in some spheres of influence.[92] Others suggest India and Brazil may even have the potential to emerge as a superpower.[93][92]Permanent membership of the UN Security Council is widely regarded as being a central tenet of great power status in the modern world; Brazil, Germany, India and Japan form the G4 nations which support one another (and have varying degrees of support from the existing permanent members) in becoming permanent members.[94] The G4 is opposed by the Italian-led Uniting for Consensus group. There are however few signs that reform of the Security Council will happen in the near future.[citation needed]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-39"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-54"},{"link_name":"Berlin Wall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin_Wall"},{"link_name":"Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union"}],"text":"^ Even though the book The Economics of World War II lists seven great powers at the start of 1939 (Great Britain, Japan, France, Italy, Nazi Germany, the Soviet Union, and the United States), it focuses only on six of them, because France surrendered shortly after the war began.[citation needed]\n\n^ The fall of the Berlin Wall and the breakup of the Soviet Union left the United States as the only remaining superpower in the 1990s.","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"excerpt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.amazon.com/Age-Neutrals-Great-Politics-1815-1914/dp/1107037603/"},{"link_name":"online","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/united-states/2020-02-10/new-spheres-influence"},{"link_name":"excerpt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.amazon.com/Powers-European-States-System-1814-1914/dp/0582784581"},{"link_name":"online","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/full/10.1162/ISEC_a_00225"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-929631-15-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-929631-15-4"},{"link_name":"ISBN missing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources"},{"link_name":"online review","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//eh.net/book_reviews/small-and-medium-powers-in-global-history-trade-conflicts-and-neutrality-from-the-eighteenth-to-the-twentieth-centuries/"},{"link_name":"online","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/mythofamericasde0000joff"},{"link_name":"online","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/greatpowers00joff"},{"link_name":"ISBN missing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources"},{"link_name":"The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rise_and_Fall_of_the_Great_Powers"},{"link_name":"online","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/risefallofgreatp00kenn"},{"link_name":"The Rise of the Great Powers 1648–1815","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=OaiQBAAAQBAJ&pg=PR7"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1317872849","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1317872849"},{"link_name":"ISBN missing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources"},{"link_name":"online","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/2638127"},{"link_name":"ISBN missing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources"},{"link_name":"ISBN missing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources"},{"link_name":"Mearsheimer, John J.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_J._Mearsheimer"},{"link_name":"The Tragedy of Great Power Politics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/tragedyofgreatpo00mear"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0393020258","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0393020258"},{"link_name":"online","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//link.springer.com/article/10.1057/jird.2008.7"},{"link_name":"Online","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/atlas-of-world-history/page/n2"},{"link_name":"online","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/23352191"},{"link_name":"Online","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.irhistory.info/%20History%20of%20International%20Relations"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20190816033245/http://www.irhistory.info/%20History%20of%20International%20Relations"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"ISBN missing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources"},{"link_name":"Waltz, Kenneth N.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_Waltz"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0201083493","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0201083493"},{"link_name":"excerpt from book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.amazon.com/Status-Challenge-Rising-Powers-Steven/dp/1316633543/"},{"link_name":"online review","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//risingpowersproject.com/quarterly/status-and-the-challenge-of-rising-powers-by-steven-ward-cambridge-cambridge-university-press-2017-isbn-978-1107182363-pp-x-282-hardback-75-00/"},{"link_name":"St. Martin's Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Martin%27s_Press"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0312892462","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0312892462"},{"link_name":"ISBN missing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources"}],"text":"Abbenhuis, Maartje. An Age of Neutrals Great Power Politics, 1815–1914 (2014) excerpt\nAllison, Graham. \"The New Spheres of Influence: Sharing the Globe with Other Great Powers.\" Foreign Affairs 99 (2020): 30+ online\nBridge, Roy, and Roger Bullen, eds. The Great Powers and the European States System 1814–1914 (2nd ed. 2004) excerpt\nBrooks, Stephen G., and William C. Wohlforth. \"The rise and fall of the great powers in the twenty-first century: China's rise and the fate of America's global position.\" International Security 40.3 (2016): 7–53. online\nDuroselle, Jean-Baptiste (2004). France and the Nazi Threat: The Collapse of French Diplomacy 1932–1939. Enigma Books. ISBN 1-929631-15-4.\nEdelstein, David M. Over the Horizon: Time, Uncertainty, and the Rise of Great Powers (Cornell UP, 2017). [ISBN missing]\nEloranta, Jari, Eric Golson, Peter Hedberg, and Maria Cristina Moreira, eds. Small and Medium Powers in Global History: Trade, Conflicts, and Neutrality from the Eighteenth to the Twentieth Centuries (Routledge, 2018) 240 pp. online review\nJoffe, Josef. The Myth of America's Decline: Politics, Economics, and a Half Century of False Prophecies (2014) online\nJoffe, Josef. The Future of the great powers (1998) online\nKassab, Hanna Samir. Grand strategies of weak states and great powers (Springer, 2017). [ISBN missing]\nKennedy, Paul. The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers (1987) online\nMckay, Derek; H.M. Scott (1983). The Rise of the Great Powers 1648–1815. Pearson. ISBN 978-1317872849.\nMacDonald, Paul K.; Parent, Joseph M. (2021). \"The Status of Status in World Politics\". World Politics. 73 (2): 358–391.\nMaass, Matthias. Small states in world politics: The story of small state survival, 1648–2016 (2017). [ISBN missing]\nMichaelis, Meir. \"World Power Status or World Dominion? A Survey of the Literature on Hitler's 'Plan of World Dominion' (1937–1970).\" Historical Journal 15#2 (1972): 331–60. online.\nOgden, Chris. China and India: Asia's emergent great powers (John Wiley & Sons, 2017). [ISBN missing]\nNewmann, I.B. ed. Regional Great Powers in International Politics (1992) [ISBN missing]\nSchulz, Matthias. \"A Balancing Act: Domestic Pressures and International Systemic Constraints in the Foreign Policies of the Great Powers, 1848–1851.\" German History 21.3 (2003): 319–346.\nMearsheimer, John J. (2001). The Tragedy of Great Power Politics. New York: Norton. ISBN 0393020258.\nNeumann, Iver B. \"Russia as a great power, 1815–2007.\" Journal of International Relations and Development 11.2 (2008): 128–151. online\nO'Brian, Patrick K. Atlas of World History (2007) Online \nPeden, G. C. \"Suez and Britain's Decline as a World Power.\" Historical Journal 55#4 (2012), pp. 1073–1096. online\nPella, John & Erik Ringmar, (2019) History of international relations Online Archived 16 August 2019 at the Wayback Machine\nShifrinson, Joshua R. Itzkowitz. Rising titans, falling giants: how great powers exploit power shifts (Cornell UP, 2018).[ISBN missing]\nWaltz, Kenneth N. (1979). Theory of International Politics. Reading: Addison-Wesley. ISBN 0201083493.\nWard, Steven. Status and the Challenge of Rising Powers (2018) excerpt from book; also online review\nWitkopf, Eugene R. (1981). World Politics: Trend and Transformation. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0312892462.\nXuetong, Yan. Leadership and the rise of great powers (Princeton UP, 2019).[ISBN missing]","title":"Further reading"}] | [{"image_text":"Great powers are recognized in several international structures, including the United Nations Security Council.[1]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/United_Nations_Security_Council.jpg/250px-United_Nations_Security_Council.jpg"},{"image_text":"In the mid-19th century, German historian Leopold von Ranke attempted to scientifically document the great powers.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Jebens%2C_Adolf_-_Leopold_von_Ranke_%28detail%29_-_1875.jpg/220px-Jebens%2C_Adolf_-_Leopold_von_Ranke_%28detail%29_-_1875.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Congress of Vienna, an 1819 portrait by Jean-Baptiste Isabey depicting the Congress of Vienna","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Congress_of_Vienna.PNG/220px-Congress_of_Vienna.PNG"},{"image_text":"The \"Big Four\" at the Paris Peace Conference of 1919: David Lloyd George, Vittorio Emanuele Orlando, Georges Clemenceau, and Woodrow Wilson","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Big_four.jpg/220px-Big_four.jpg"},{"image_text":"The \"Big Three\" of Europe at the Yalta Conference: Winston Churchill, Franklin D. Roosevelt, and Joseph Stalin","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Yalta_Conference_cropped.jpg/220px-Yalta_Conference_cropped.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Allied leaders of the Asian and Pacific Theatre: Chiang Kai-shek, Franklin D. Roosevelt, and Winston Churchill at the Cairo Conference in 1943","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Cairo_conference.jpg/220px-Cairo_conference.jpg"}] | [{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg"},{"title":"Politics portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Politics"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg"},{"title":"World portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:World"},{"title":"Big Four (Western Europe)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Four_(Western_Europe)"},{"title":"Failed state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Failed_state"},{"title":"G8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G8"},{"title":"Indo-Pacific","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Pacific"},{"title":"List of modern great powers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_modern_great_powers"},{"title":"List of medieval great powers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_medieval_great_powers"},{"title":"List of ancient great powers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ancient_great_powers"},{"title":"Power (international relations)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_(international_relations)"},{"title":"Precedence among European monarchies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precedence_among_European_monarchies"},{"title":"International relations (1648–1814)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_relations_(1648%E2%80%931814)"},{"title":"International relations (1814–1919)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_relations_(1814%E2%80%931919)"},{"title":"Superpower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superpower"},{"title":"Diplomatic history of World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diplomatic_history_of_World_War_I"},{"title":"International relations (1919–1939)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_relations_(1919%E2%80%931939)"},{"title":"Diplomatic history of World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diplomatic_history_of_World_War_II"},{"title":"History of United States foreign policy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_United_States_foreign_policy"},{"title":"History of French foreign relations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_French_foreign_relations"},{"title":"History of German foreign policy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_German_foreign_policy"},{"title":"Foreign policy of the Russian Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_Russian_Empire"},{"title":"Foreign relations of the Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_Soviet_Union"},{"title":"Historiography of the British Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historiography_of_the_British_Empire"},{"title":"History of the foreign relations of the United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_foreign_relations_of_the_United_Kingdom"}] | [{"reference":"Peter Howard (2008). \"Great Powers\". Encarta. MSN. Archived from the original on 31 October 2009. Retrieved 20 December 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091031190936/http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761590309/Great_Powers.html","url_text":"\"Great Powers\""},{"url":"https://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761590309/Great_Powers.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Fueter, Eduard (1922). World history, 1815–1930. United States: Harcourt, Brace and Company. pp. 25–28, 36–44. ISBN 1-58477-077-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/worldhistory01fuetgoog","url_text":"World history, 1815–1930"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/worldhistory01fuetgoog/page/n43","url_text":"25"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58477-077-5","url_text":"1-58477-077-5"}]},{"reference":"Louden, Robert (2007). The world we want. United States of America: Oxford University Press US. p. 187. ISBN 978-0195321371.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=WuKmrwgrL9IC&pg=PA187","url_text":"The world we want"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0195321371","url_text":"978-0195321371"}]},{"reference":"T. V. Paul; James J. Wirtz; Michel Fortmann (2005). \"Great+power\"&pg=PA59 Balance of Power. United States: State University of New York Press, 2005. pp. 59, 282. ISBN 0791464016.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=9jy28vBqscQC&dq=","url_text":"\"Great+power\"&pg=PA59 Balance of Power"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0791464016","url_text":"0791464016"}]},{"reference":"Gaskarth, Jamie (11 February 2015). Rising Powers, Global Governance and Global Ethics. Routledge. p. 182. ISBN 978-1317575115.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=CkqhBgAAQBAJ","url_text":"Rising Powers, Global Governance and Global Ethics"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1317575115","url_text":"978-1317575115"}]},{"reference":"Richard Gowan; Bruce D. Jones; Shepard Forman, eds. (2010). Cooperating for peace and security: evolving institutions and arrangements in a context of changing U.S. security policy (1. publ. ed.). Cambridge [U.K.]: Cambridge University Press. p. 236. ISBN 978-0521889476.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=tkwU0OjZBtcC","url_text":"Cooperating for peace and security: evolving institutions and arrangements in a context of changing U.S. security policy"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521889476","url_text":"978-0521889476"}]},{"reference":"\"World power Definition & Meaning | Dictionary.com\".","urls":[{"url":"http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/world%20power?s=t","url_text":"\"World power Definition & Meaning | Dictionary.com\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dictionary – Major power\". reference.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/major+power?s=t","url_text":"\"Dictionary – Major power\""}]},{"reference":"Waltz, Kenneth N (1979). Theory of International Politics. McGraw-Hill. p. 131. ISBN 0-201-08349-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/theoryofinternat00walt","url_text":"Theory of International Politics"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/theoryofinternat00walt/page/131","url_text":"131"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-201-08349-3","url_text":"0-201-08349-3"}]},{"reference":"Danilovic, Vesna (2002). When the Stakes Are High – Deterrence and Conflict among Major Powers. University of Michigan Press. ISBN 978-0-472-11287-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-472-11287-6","url_text":"978-0-472-11287-6"}]},{"reference":"Taylor, Alan JP (1954). The Struggle for Mastery in Europe 1848–1918. Oxford: Clarendon. p. xxiv. ISBN 0-19-881270-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/struggleformaste00ajpt","url_text":"The Struggle for Mastery in Europe 1848–1918"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-881270-1","url_text":"0-19-881270-1"}]},{"reference":"Waltz, Kenneth N. (1993). \"The Emerging Structure of International Politics\" (PDF). International Security. 18 (2): 50. doi:10.2307/2539097. JSTOR 2539097. S2CID 154473957. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 April 2020. Retrieved 22 May 2017 – via International Relations Exam Database.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200406093311/http://www.ir.rochelleterman.com/sites/default/files/Waltz%201993.pdf","url_text":"\"The Emerging Structure of International Politics\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2539097","url_text":"10.2307/2539097"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/2539097","url_text":"2539097"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154473957","url_text":"154473957"},{"url":"http://www.ir.rochelleterman.com/sites/default/files/Waltz%201993.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Mearsheimer, John (2001). The Tragedy of Great Power Politics. W. W. Norton. p. 5.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Toynbee, Arnold J (1926). The World After the Peace Conference. Humphrey Milford and Oxford University Press. p. 4. Retrieved 24 February 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/TheWorldAfterThePeaceConference","url_text":"The World After the Peace Conference"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/TheWorldAfterThePeaceConference/page/n8","url_text":"4"}]},{"reference":"Modelski, George (1972). Principles of World Politics. Free Press. p. 141. ISBN 978-0-02-921440-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-02-921440-4","url_text":"978-0-02-921440-4"}]},{"reference":"O’Brien, Phillips P. (29 June 2023). \"There's No Such Thing as a Great Power\". Foreign Affairs. ISSN 0015-7120. Retrieved 29 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.foreignaffairs.com/ukraine/theres-no-such-thing-great-power","url_text":"\"There's No Such Thing as a Great Power\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0015-7120","url_text":"0015-7120"}]},{"reference":"\"Obelisk points to ancient Ethiopian glory\". 11 April 2005.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/4376627.stm","url_text":"\"Obelisk points to ancient Ethiopian glory\""}]},{"reference":"Fueter, Eduard (1922). World history, 1815–1920. United States of America: Harcourt, Brace and Company. pp. 25–28, 36–44. ISBN 1584770775.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=XeKyv9l-3QEC&q=%22Great+Powers%22+%22Congress+of+Vienna%22&pg=PA25","url_text":"World history, 1815–1920"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1584770775","url_text":"1584770775"}]},{"reference":"Bartlett, C. J. (1996). Peace, War and the European Powers, 1814–1914. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 106. ISBN 9780312161385.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=eVPQWWqHbi8C&pg=PA106","url_text":"Peace, War and the European Powers, 1814–1914"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780312161385","url_text":"9780312161385"}]},{"reference":"\"Multi-polarity vs Bipolarity, Subsidiary hypotheses, Balance of Power\". University of Rochester. Archived from the original (PPT) on 16 June 2007. Retrieved 20 December 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070616093235/http://www.courses.rochester.edu/stone/PSC272/lectures/05-Pro%20Waltz.ppt","url_text":"\"Multi-polarity vs Bipolarity, Subsidiary hypotheses, Balance of Power\""},{"url":"http://www.courses.rochester.edu/stone/PSC272/lectures/05-Pro%20Waltz.ppt","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Tonge, Stephen. \"European History Austria-Hungary 1870–1914\". Retrieved 20 December 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.historyhome.co.uk/europe/aus-hun.htm","url_text":"\"European History Austria-Hungary 1870–1914\""}]},{"reference":"Dallin, David (30 November 2006). The Rise of Russia in Asia. Read Books. ISBN 978-1-4067-2919-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Q5nIUd_mlEcC&pg=PA62","url_text":"The Rise of Russia in Asia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4067-2919-1","url_text":"978-1-4067-2919-1"}]},{"reference":"MacMillan, Margaret (2003). Paris 1919. Random House Trade. pp. 36, 306, 431. ISBN 0-375-76052-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_MacMillan","url_text":"MacMillan, Margaret"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peacemakers:_The_Paris_Peace_Conference_of_1919_and_Its_Attempt_to_End_War","url_text":"Paris 1919"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/parissixmonthsth00macm_414/page/n87","url_text":"36"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-375-76052-0","url_text":"0-375-76052-0"}]},{"reference":"Doenecke, Justus D.; Stoler, Mark A. (2005). Debating Franklin D. Roosevelt's foreign policies, 1933–1945. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 0-8476-9416-X.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=xdMF9rX6mX8C&pg=PA62","url_text":"Debating Franklin D. Roosevelt's foreign policies, 1933–1945"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8476-9416-X","url_text":"0-8476-9416-X"}]},{"reference":"Sainsbury, Keith (1986). The Turning Point: Roosevelt, Stalin, Churchill, and Chiang Kai-Shek, 1943: The Moscow, Cairo, and Teheran Conferences. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-215858-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/turningpoint00keit","url_text":"The Turning Point: Roosevelt, Stalin, Churchill, and Chiang Kai-Shek, 1943: The Moscow, Cairo, and Teheran Conferences"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford","url_text":"Oxford"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press","url_text":"Oxford University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-215858-1","url_text":"978-0-19-215858-1"}]},{"reference":"Sempa, Francis (12 July 2017). Geopolitics: From the Cold War to the 21st Century. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-351-51768-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Px4uDwAAQBAJ","url_text":"Geopolitics: From the Cold War to the 21st Century"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-351-51768-3","url_text":"978-1-351-51768-3"}]},{"reference":"Holmes, John. \"Middle Power\". The Canadian Encyclopedia. Archived from the original on 3 March 2009. Retrieved 20 December 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090303131625/http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/index.cfm?PgNm=TCE&Params=A1ARTA0005274","url_text":"\"Middle Power\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Canadian_Encyclopedia","url_text":"The Canadian Encyclopedia"},{"url":"http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/index.cfm?PgNm=TCE&Params=A1ARTA0005274","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"The 15 countries with the highest military expenditure in 2012 (table)\". Stockholm International Peace Research Institute. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 April 2013. Retrieved 15 April 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130415232842/http://books.sipri.org/product_info?c_product_id=458","url_text":"\"The 15 countries with the highest military expenditure in 2012 (table)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockholm_International_Peace_Research_Institute","url_text":"Stockholm International Peace Research Institute"},{"url":"http://books.sipri.org/product_info?c_product_id=458#","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Neumann, Iver B. (2008). \"Russia as a great power, 1815–2007\". Journal of International Relations and Development. 11 (2): 128–151 [p. 128]. doi:10.1057/jird.2008.7. As long as Russia's rationality of government deviates from present-day hegemonic neo-liberal models by favouring direct state rule rather than indirect governance, the West will not recognize Russia as a fully-fledged great power.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1057%2Fjird.2008.7","url_text":"\"Russia as a great power, 1815–2007\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1057%2Fjird.2008.7","url_text":"10.1057/jird.2008.7"}]},{"reference":"Garnett, Sherman (6 November 1995). \"Russia ponders its nuclear options\". Washington Times. p. 2. Russia must deal with the rise of other middle powers in Eurasia at a time when it is more of a middle power itself.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Times","url_text":"Washington Times"}]},{"reference":"Kitney, Geoff (25 March 2000). \"Putin It To The People\". Sydney Morning Herald. p. 41. The Council for Foreign and Defence Policy, which includes senior figures believed to be close to Putin, will soon publish a report saying Russia's superpower days are finished and that the country should settle for being a middle power with a matching defence structure.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney_Morning_Herald","url_text":"Sydney Morning Herald"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_power","url_text":"middle power"}]},{"reference":"T.V. Paul; James Wirtz; Michel Fortmann (8 September 2004). Balance of Power: Theory and Practice in the 21st century. Stanford University Press. pp. 59–. ISBN 978-0-8047-5017-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=9jy28vBqscQC&pg=PA59","url_text":"Balance of Power: Theory and Practice in the 21st century"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-5017-2","url_text":"978-0-8047-5017-2"}]},{"reference":"Worldcrunch.com (28 November 2011). \"Europe's Superpower: Germany Is The New Indispensable (And Resented) Nation\". Worldcrunch.com. Archived from the original on 29 February 2012. Retrieved 17 November 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120229150611/http://www.worldcrunch.com/europes-superpower-germany-new-indispensable-and-resented-nation/4176","url_text":"\"Europe's Superpower: Germany Is The New Indispensable (And Resented) Nation\""},{"url":"https://www.worldcrunch.com/europes-superpower-germany-new-indispensable-and-resented-nation/4176","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Winder, Simon (19 November 2011). \"Germany: The reluctant superpower\". The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on 11 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/germany/8898945/Germany-The-reluctant-superpower.html","url_text":"\"Germany: The reluctant superpower\""},{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/germany/8898945/Germany-The-reluctant-superpower.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Sperling, James (2001). \"Neither Hegemony nor Dominance: Reconsidering German Power in Post Cold-War Europe\". British Journal of Political Science. 31 (2): 389–425. doi:10.1017/S0007123401000151.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0007123401000151","url_text":"10.1017/S0007123401000151"}]},{"reference":"Max Otte; Jürgen Greve (2000). A Rising Middle Power?: German Foreign Policy in Transformation, 1989–1999. Germany. p. 324. ISBN 0-312-22653-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-312-22653-5","url_text":"0-312-22653-5"}]},{"reference":"Baron, Joshua (22 January 2014). Great Power Peace and American Primacy: The Origins and Future of a New International Order. United States: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-1137299482.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1137299482","url_text":"978-1137299482"}]},{"reference":"Canada Among Nations, 2004: Setting Priorities Straight. McGill-Queen's Press – MQUP. 17 January 2005. p. 85. ISBN 0773528369.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=nTKBdY5HBeUC","url_text":"Canada Among Nations, 2004: Setting Priorities Straight"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0773528369","url_text":"0773528369"}]},{"reference":"Sterio, Milena (2013). The right to self-determination under international law: \"selfistans\", secession and the rule of the great powers. Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge. p. xii (preface). ISBN 978-0415668187.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=-QuI6n_OVMYC","url_text":"The right to self-determination under international law: \"selfistans\", secession and the rule of the great powers"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415668187","url_text":"978-0415668187"}]},{"reference":"Transforming Military Power since the Cold War: Britain, France, and the United States, 1991–2012. Cambridge University Press. 2013. p. 224. ISBN 978-1107471498.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=canqAAAAQBAJ","url_text":"Transforming Military Power since the Cold War: Britain, France, and the United States, 1991–2012"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1107471498","url_text":"978-1107471498"}]},{"reference":"Why are Pivot States so Pivotal? The Role of Pivot States in Regional and Global Security. Netherlands: The Hague Centre for Strategic Studies. 2014. p. Table on page 10 (Great Power criteria). Archived from the original on 11 October 2016. Retrieved 14 June 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161011200310/http://www.hcss.nl/reports/download/150/2483/","url_text":"Why are Pivot States so Pivotal? The Role of Pivot States in Regional and Global Security"},{"url":"http://www.hcss.nl/reports/download/150/2483/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Kuper, Stephen. \"Clarifying the nation's role strengthens the impact of a National Security Strategy 2019\". Archived from the original on 10 December 2021. Retrieved 22 January 2020. Traditionally, great powers have been defined by their global reach and ability to direct the flow of international affairs. There are a number of recognised great powers within the context of contemporary international relations – with Great Britain, France, India and Russia recognised as nuclear-capable great powers, while Germany, Italy and Japan are identified as conventional great powers","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211210044814/https://www.defenceconnect.com.au/key-enablers","url_text":"\"Clarifying the nation's role strengthens the impact of a National Security Strategy 2019\""},{"url":"https://www.defenceconnect.com.au/key-enablers","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Lebanon – Ministerial meeting of the International Support Group (Paris, 08.12.17)\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/en/country-files/lebanon/events/article/lebanon-ministerial-meeting-of-the-international-support-group-paris-08-12-17","url_text":"\"Lebanon – Ministerial meeting of the International Support Group (Paris, 08.12.17)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Big power grouping urges Lebanon to uphold policy on steering clear of war\". Reuters. 10 May 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.reuters.com/article/us-lebanon-election/big-power-grouping-urges-lebanon-to-uphold-policy-on-steering-clear-of-war-idUSKBN1IB2V4","url_text":"\"Big power grouping urges Lebanon to uphold policy on steering clear of war\""}]},{"reference":"\"Members of the International Support Group for Lebanon Meet with Prime Minister Designate Saad Hariri\" (PDF) (Press release). unmisssions.org. 11 July 2018. Retrieved 7 March 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://unscol.unmissions.org/sites/default/files/isg-pm-designate_saad_hariri_11_07_18.pdf","url_text":"\"Members of the International Support Group for Lebanon Meet with Prime Minister Designate Saad Hariri\""}]},{"reference":"Dimitris Bourantonis; Marios Evriviades, eds. (1997). A United Nations for the twenty-first century: peace, security, and development. Boston: Kluwer Law International. p. 77. ISBN 9041103120. Retrieved 13 June 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.google.it/search?tbm=bks&hl=it&q=A+United+Nations+for+the+Twenty-First+Century%3A+Peace%2C+Security%2C+and+Development","url_text":"A United Nations for the twenty-first century: peace, security, and development"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9041103120","url_text":"9041103120"}]},{"reference":"Verbeek, Bertjan; Giacomello, Giampiero (2011). Italy's foreign policy in the twenty-first century: the new assertiveness of an aspiring middle power. Lanham, Md.: Lexington Books. ISBN 978-0-7391-4868-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-4868-6","url_text":"978-0-7391-4868-6"}]},{"reference":"Brewster, David (2012). India as an Asia Pacific Power. United States: Routledge. ISBN 978-1136620089.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1136620089","url_text":"978-1136620089"}]},{"reference":"The Routledge Handbook of Transatlantic Security. Routledge. 2 July 2010. ISBN 978-1136936074.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=swfHBQAAQBAJ","url_text":"The Routledge Handbook of Transatlantic Security"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1136936074","url_text":"978-1136936074"}]},{"reference":"Penttilä, Risto (17 June 2013). The Role of the G8 in International Peace and Security. Routledge. pp. 17–32. ISBN 978-1136053528.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=qaLncAQ1OKIC","url_text":"The Role of the G8 in International Peace and Security"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1136053528","url_text":"978-1136053528"}]},{"reference":"Sweijs, T.; De Spiegeleire, S.; de Jong, S.; Oosterveld, W.; Roos, H.; Bekkers, F.; Usanov, A.; de Rave, R.; Jans, K. (2017). Volatility and friction in the age of disintermediation. The Hague Centre for Strategic Studies. p. 43. ISBN 978-94-92102-46-1. Retrieved 29 April 2022. We qualify the following states as great powers: China, Europe, India, Japan, Russia and the United States.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=1EonDwAAQBAJ","url_text":"Volatility and friction in the age of disintermediation"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-94-92102-46-1","url_text":"978-94-92102-46-1"}]},{"reference":"Buzan, Barry (2004). The United States and the Great Powers. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Polity Press. p. 70. ISBN 0-7456-3375-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7456-3375-7","url_text":"0-7456-3375-7"}]},{"reference":"\"India's Rise as a Great Power, Part One: Regional and Global Implications\". Futuredirections.org.au. 7 July 2011. Archived from the original on 27 November 2013. Retrieved 17 November 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131127053340/http://www.futuredirections.org.au/publications/associate-papers/137-indias-rise-as-a-great-power-part-one-regional-and-global-implications.html","url_text":"\"India's Rise as a Great Power, Part One: Regional and Global Implications\""},{"url":"http://www.futuredirections.org.au/publications/associate-papers/137-indias-rise-as-a-great-power-part-one-regional-and-global-implications.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Peter Collecott (29 October 2011). \"Brazil's Quest for Superpower Status\". The Diplomatic Courier. Retrieved 10 August 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.diplomaticourier.com/2011/10/29/brazil-s-quest-for-superpower-status/","url_text":"\"Brazil's Quest for Superpower Status\""}]},{"reference":"Kwang Ho Chun (2013). The BRICs Superpower Challenge: Foreign and Security Policy Analysis. Ashgate. ISBN 978-1-4094-6869-1. Retrieved 21 September 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=LgDJNAEACAAJ","url_text":"The BRICs Superpower Challenge: Foreign and Security Policy Analysis"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4094-6869-1","url_text":"978-1-4094-6869-1"}]},{"reference":"Robyn Meredith (2007). The Elephant and the Dragon: The Rise of India and China and What it Means for All of Us. W.W Norton and Company. ISBN 978-0-393-33193-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/elephantdragonri00mere","url_text":"The Elephant and the Dragon: The Rise of India and China and What it Means for All of Us"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-33193-6","url_text":"978-0-393-33193-6"}]},{"reference":"Sharma, Rajeev (27 September 2015). \"India pushes the envelope at G4 Summit: PM Modi tells UNSC to make space for largest democracies\". First Post. Retrieved 20 October 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.firstpost.com/world/india-pushes-the-envelope-at-g4-summit-pm-modi-tells-unsc-to-make-space-for-largest-democracies-2446526.html","url_text":"\"India pushes the envelope at G4 Summit: PM Modi tells UNSC to make space for largest democracies\""}]},{"reference":"Duroselle, Jean-Baptiste (2004). France and the Nazi Threat: The Collapse of French Diplomacy 1932–1939. Enigma Books. ISBN 1-929631-15-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-929631-15-4","url_text":"1-929631-15-4"}]},{"reference":"Mckay, Derek; H.M. Scott (1983). The Rise of the Great Powers 1648–1815. Pearson. ISBN 978-1317872849.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=OaiQBAAAQBAJ&pg=PR7","url_text":"The Rise of the Great Powers 1648–1815"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1317872849","url_text":"978-1317872849"}]},{"reference":"Mearsheimer, John J. (2001). The Tragedy of Great Power Politics. New York: Norton. ISBN 0393020258.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_J._Mearsheimer","url_text":"Mearsheimer, John J."},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/tragedyofgreatpo00mear","url_text":"The Tragedy of Great Power Politics"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0393020258","url_text":"0393020258"}]},{"reference":"Waltz, Kenneth N. (1979). Theory of International Politics. Reading: Addison-Wesley. ISBN 0201083493.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_Waltz","url_text":"Waltz, Kenneth N."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0201083493","url_text":"0201083493"}]},{"reference":"Witkopf, Eugene R. (1981). World Politics: Trend and Transformation. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0312892462.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Martin%27s_Press","url_text":"St. Martin's Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0312892462","url_text":"0312892462"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091031190936/http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761590309/Great_Powers.html","external_links_name":"\"Great Powers\""},{"Link":"https://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761590309/Great_Powers.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://link.springer.com/article/10.1057/jird.2008.7","external_links_name":"online"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/worldhistory01fuetgoog","external_links_name":"World history, 1815–1930"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/worldhistory01fuetgoog/page/n43","external_links_name":"25"},{"Link":"http://www.press.umich.edu/titleDetailLookInside.do?id=16953","external_links_name":"(PDF chapter 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tel_Hanaton | Tel Hanaton | ["1 Etymology","2 History","2.1 Biblical period","2.2 Late Bronze Age (Egyptian period)","2.3 Iron Age (Israelite period)","2.4 Early Arab and Crusader periods","2.5 Mamluk period","2.6 Ottoman era","3 See also","4 References","5 Further reading"] | Coordinates: 32°47′08″N 35°15′25″E / 32.78556°N 35.25694°E / 32.78556; 35.25694This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Tel Hanaton" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (March 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Tel Hanatonתל חנתוןTel HanatonShown within IsraelLocation Hanaton, IsraelRegionGalileeCoordinates32°47′08″N 35°15′25″E / 32.78556°N 35.25694°E / 32.78556; 35.25694TypeTellHistoryPeriodsBronze Age, Iron Age, Crusader period, Ottoman periodCulturesCanaanite, Israelite, Crusader, ArabTel Hanaton (Hebrew: תל חנתון; Arabic: تل بدويه, romanized: Tal Badawiye, lit. 'the nomads' tell') is an archaeological tell situated at the western edge of the Beit Netofa Valley, in the western Lower Galilee region of Israel, 2 km south of the Town of Kfar Manda and 1 km northeast of the kibbutz which took its name, Hanaton.
Etymology
During most of the Late Bronze Age, the region of Canaan was under the control of Egypt, either as provinces and city-states ruled by Egyptian Governors; or by vassal Canaanite kings who paid annual homage (tribute) to the ruling Pharaoh. It is possible that the city was named for Pharaoh Amenhotep IV also known by the name Akhenaten, the founder of a brief period of monotheism (Atenism) from the Eighteenth dynasty of Egypt during 1352-1334 BC. The name Hanaton (pronounced Khanaton) and the name Akhenaten have identical consonants, which in the Semitic languages of the period are more significant than vowels, which may vary.
History
Biblical period
Tel Hanaton is associated with the biblical Hanaton, mentioned in The Book of Joshua in the lands apportioned to the Tribe of Zevulun: "Then the border went around it on the north side of Hannathon, and it ended in the Valley of Jiphthah El." (Joshua 19:14)
The tel rises to 75m above the surrounding valley, part of which represents the stratification layers on which the Bronze Age and later settlements were built on a natural outcrop of rock.
Archaeologists believe the settlement dates to the Middle Bronze Age. The site has easy access to water sources; nearby forested areas for wood; limestone hills to quarry for building materials and tools; fertile surrounding arable land for crops and livestock; the presence of clay for pottery in the muddy earth surrounding the tel caused by seasonal flooding; the natural rock outcrop raised above its surroundings for easy fortification. It was also located on the international trade route of the period - a branch of the Via Maris.
Late Bronze Age (Egyptian period)
Tiglath-Pileser III—stela from the walls of his palace (British Museum, London)
The Tel is mentioned as 'Hinnatuna' in the 14th Century BC Amarna Letters of Ancient Egypt, showing the city's importance on a major trade route.
Hinnatuna is referenced in 2 Amarna letters, EA 8, and EA 245 ('EA' stands for 'El Amarna').
In Amarna letter EA 8, king Burna-Buriash of Babylon complains to the Pharaoh about some Babylonian merchants being killed somewhere near the city of 'Hinnatuna of Canaan', and asks him to take measures.
Amarna letter EA 245 is a letter to Pharaoh from Biridiya, a local ruler. It concerns a certain Labayu, who was probably the mayor of Shechem (Šakmu). This Labayu was then in trouble with the Pharaoh, but somehow escaped punishment after being held for a while in Hinnatuna.
Hanaton is mentioned 700 years later in records at Nineveh, the capital of the Neo-Assyrian Empire as one of five Israelite cities totally destroyed by Tiglath-pileser III, King of Assyria, in the campaign of conquest of the northern Kingdom of Israel between 724-722 BC.
The area of the Bronze Age city reached 100 dunams (approx. 25 acres) which attests to the power and wealth of the settlement, most likely achieved due to the large tracts of highly fertile arable land surrounding the tel in the Beit Netofa Valley, together with its position astride a major 'Egypt to Mesopotamia' international trade route for the period.
Iron Age (Israelite period)
Crusader arch at Tel Hanaton
Crusader stairs at Tel Hanaton
Most Bronze Age tels were forced by increasing populations to expand beyond their hilltops during the Iron (Israelite) age, protected by retaining walls built further out encompassing a greater area. In these cases the former Tel forms the acropolis of the expanded city.
Hanaton could not expand in this manner as its immediately surrounding land was subject to months-long flooding following winter rains and drainage technology of the period did not allow for drying up such land.
Restricted in this manner from expansion, the city, whilst never abandoned through to the Roman Period, and unable to expand to the size of Hellenistic period cities, continually declined and was replaced as a major trading and urban centre by nearby Sepphoris which was established on the ridge a few kilometres to the south east.
Early Arab and Crusader periods
During the Early Arab Period, the site became a small agricultural village named Hotsfit, a name which survived into the Crusader Period.
The site shows physical evidence of typical Frankish construction with stone stairwells, large halls and arched ceilings, which may have been part of an 11th-century fortified agricultural settlement together with nearby Sepphoris (also known as Dioceserea). The architecture, whilst having much in common with concurrent strongholds of the Ayyubid period, has distinct Crusader features, such as the arch-free flat-roofed stairwells.
Mamluk period
In the 1330s the region was conquered by the Mamelukes of Egypt, who used the Crusader fort to house their garrison.
Ottoman era
The Arabic name for the tel, Tal Badawiye relates to the Ottoman Period when a Caravanserai named Khan El Badawiye was established atop the tel.
Historical geographer, Victor Guérin, thought that the tel may have been the village Garis mentioned by Josephus in The Jewish War, because of its proximity to Sepphoris.
See also
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tel Hanaton.
Hannathon
Archaeology of Israel
References
^ Graciela Singer (2014), Fortunes and Misfortunes of Messengers and Merchants in the Amarna Letters.
^ Amarna Tablet 244: Letter from Biridiya of Megiddo to Pharaoh. kchanson.com
^ Guérin, V. (1880). Description Géographique Historique et Archéologique de la Palestine (in French). Vol. 1: Galilée, pt. 1. Paris: L'Imprimerie Nationale., p. 494, who wrote: "...Il ne nous reste donc plus maintenant pour y placer Garis ou Garsis que la colline où sont éparses les ruines de Bir el-Bedaouïeh" (Translation: "...We now have nothing left to place Garis or Garsis here except the hill where the ruins of Bir el-Bedouieh are scattered").
Further reading
Hanaton: Interim Report on a Chalcolithic Settlement in the Lower Galilee
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Teutonic Order
Catholicism portal | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hebrew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_language"},{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language"},{"link_name":"romanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic"},{"link_name":"lit.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literal_translation"},{"link_name":"archaeological","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeology"},{"link_name":"tell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tell_(archaeology)"},{"link_name":"Beit Netofa Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beit_Netofa_Valley"},{"link_name":"Lower Galilee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Galilee"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel"},{"link_name":"Kfar Manda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kfar_Manda"},{"link_name":"kibbutz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kibbutz"},{"link_name":"Hanaton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanaton"}],"text":"Tel Hanaton (Hebrew: תל חנתון; Arabic: تل بدويه, romanized: Tal Badawiye, lit. 'the nomads' tell') is an archaeological tell situated at the western edge of the Beit Netofa Valley, in the western Lower Galilee region of Israel, 2 km south of the Town of Kfar Manda and 1 km northeast of the kibbutz which took its name, Hanaton.","title":"Tel Hanaton"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Late Bronze Age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Late_Bronze_Age"},{"link_name":"Canaan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canaan"},{"link_name":"Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt"},{"link_name":"vassal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vassal"},{"link_name":"Pharaoh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharaoh"},{"link_name":"Amenhotep IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amenhotep_IV"},{"link_name":"Akhenaten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akhenaten"},{"link_name":"monotheism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monotheism"},{"link_name":"Atenism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atenism"},{"link_name":"Eighteenth dynasty of Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eighteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt"},{"link_name":"Semitic languages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semitic_languages"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"During most of the Late Bronze Age, the region of Canaan was under the control of Egypt, either as provinces and city-states ruled by Egyptian Governors; or by vassal Canaanite kings who paid annual homage (tribute) to the ruling Pharaoh. It is possible that the city was named for Pharaoh Amenhotep IV also known by the name Akhenaten, the founder of a brief period of monotheism (Atenism) from the Eighteenth dynasty of Egypt during 1352-1334 BC. The name Hanaton (pronounced Khanaton) and the name Akhenaten have identical consonants, which in the Semitic languages of the period are more significant than vowels, which may vary.[citation needed]","title":"Etymology"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hanaton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannathon"},{"link_name":"The Book of Joshua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Book_of_Joshua"},{"link_name":"Tribe of Zevulun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribe_of_Zevulun"},{"link_name":"stratification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stratification_(archeology)"},{"link_name":"Bronze Age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronze_Age"},{"link_name":"Middle Bronze Age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Bronze_Age"},{"link_name":"Via Maris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Via_Maris"}],"sub_title":"Biblical period","text":"Tel Hanaton is associated with the biblical Hanaton, mentioned in The Book of Joshua in the lands apportioned to the Tribe of Zevulun: \"Then the border went around it on the north side of Hannathon, and it ended in the Valley of Jiphthah El.\" (Joshua 19:14)The tel rises to 75m above the surrounding valley, part of which represents the stratification layers on which the Bronze Age and later settlements were built on a natural outcrop of rock.Archaeologists believe the settlement dates to the Middle Bronze Age. The site has easy access to water sources; nearby forested areas for wood; limestone hills to quarry for building materials and tools; fertile surrounding arable land for crops and livestock; the presence of clay for pottery in the muddy earth surrounding the tel caused by seasonal flooding; the natural rock outcrop raised above its surroundings for easy fortification. It was also located on the international trade route of the period - a branch of the Via Maris.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tilglath_pileser_iii.jpg"},{"link_name":"Amarna Letters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amarna_Letters"},{"link_name":"Ancient Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egypt"},{"link_name":"Amarna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amarna"},{"link_name":"Amarna letter EA 8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amarna_letter_EA_8"},{"link_name":"Burna-Buriash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burna-Buriash_II"},{"link_name":"Babylon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babylon"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Amarna letter EA 245","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amarna_letter_EA_245"},{"link_name":"Biridiya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biridiya"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Labayu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labayu"},{"link_name":"Shechem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shechem"},{"link_name":"Nineveh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nineveh"},{"link_name":"Neo-Assyrian Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire"},{"link_name":"Tiglath-pileser III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiglath-pileser_III"},{"link_name":"King of Assyria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_of_Assyria"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Israel_(Samaria)"},{"link_name":"Bronze Age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronze_Age"},{"link_name":"dunams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunams"},{"link_name":"arable land","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arable_land"},{"link_name":"Beit Netofa Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beit_Netofa_Valley"}],"sub_title":"Late Bronze Age (Egyptian period)","text":"Tiglath-Pileser III—stela from the walls of his palace (British Museum, London)The Tel is mentioned as 'Hinnatuna' in the 14th Century BC Amarna Letters of Ancient Egypt, showing the city's importance on a major trade route.Hinnatuna is referenced in 2 Amarna letters, EA 8, and EA 245 ('EA' stands for 'El Amarna').In Amarna letter EA 8, king Burna-Buriash of Babylon complains to the Pharaoh about some Babylonian merchants being killed somewhere near the city of 'Hinnatuna of Canaan', and asks him to take measures.[1]Amarna letter EA 245 is a letter to Pharaoh from Biridiya, a local ruler.[2] It concerns a certain Labayu, who was probably the mayor of Shechem (Šakmu). This Labayu was then in trouble with the Pharaoh, but somehow escaped punishment after being held for a while in Hinnatuna.Hanaton is mentioned 700 years later in records at Nineveh, the capital of the Neo-Assyrian Empire as one of five Israelite cities totally destroyed by Tiglath-pileser III, King of Assyria, in the campaign of conquest of the northern Kingdom of Israel between 724-722 BC.The area of the Bronze Age city reached 100 dunams (approx. 25 acres) which attests to the power and wealth of the settlement, most likely achieved due to the large tracts of highly fertile arable land surrounding the tel in the Beit Netofa Valley, together with its position astride a major 'Egypt to Mesopotamia' international trade route for the period.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hanaton_Crusader_arch_008.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hanaton_Crusader_stairwell_009.jpg"},{"link_name":"Roman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Rome"},{"link_name":"Hellenistic period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellenistic_period"},{"link_name":"Sepphoris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sepphoris"}],"sub_title":"Iron Age (Israelite period)","text":"Crusader arch at Tel HanatonCrusader stairs at Tel HanatonMost Bronze Age tels were forced by increasing populations to expand beyond their hilltops during the Iron (Israelite) age, protected by retaining walls built further out encompassing a greater area. In these cases the former Tel forms the acropolis of the expanded city.\nHanaton could not expand in this manner as its immediately surrounding land was subject to months-long flooding following winter rains and drainage technology of the period did not allow for drying up such land.Restricted in this manner from expansion, the city, whilst never abandoned through to the Roman Period, and unable to expand to the size of Hellenistic period cities, continually declined and was replaced as a major trading and urban centre by nearby Sepphoris which was established on the ridge a few kilometres to the south east.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hotsfit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hotsfit&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Crusader","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crusades"},{"link_name":"Frankish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franks"},{"link_name":"Sepphoris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sepphoris"},{"link_name":"Ayyubid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayyubid"}],"sub_title":"Early Arab and Crusader periods","text":"During the Early Arab Period, the site became a small agricultural village named Hotsfit, a name which survived into the Crusader Period.The site shows physical evidence of typical Frankish construction with stone stairwells, large halls and arched ceilings, which may have been part of an 11th-century fortified agricultural settlement together with nearby Sepphoris (also known as Dioceserea). The architecture, whilst having much in common with concurrent strongholds of the Ayyubid period, has distinct Crusader features, such as the arch-free flat-roofed stairwells.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mamelukes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamelukes"},{"link_name":"garrison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garrison"}],"sub_title":"Mamluk period","text":"In the 1330s the region was conquered by the Mamelukes of Egypt, who used the Crusader fort to house their garrison.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ottoman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Caravanserai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caravanserai"},{"link_name":"Victor Guérin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Gu%C3%A9rin"},{"link_name":"Garis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garis_(Galilee)"},{"link_name":"Josephus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus"},{"link_name":"The Jewish War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Jewish_War"},{"link_name":"Sepphoris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sepphoris"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"sub_title":"Ottoman era","text":"The Arabic name for the tel, Tal Badawiye relates to the Ottoman Period when a Caravanserai named Khan El Badawiye was established atop the tel.Historical geographer, Victor Guérin, thought that the tel may have been the village Garis mentioned by Josephus in The Jewish War, because of its proximity to Sepphoris.[3]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hanaton: Interim Report on a Chalcolithic Settlement in the Lower Galilee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.academia.edu/10174297/Hanaton_Interim_Report_on_a_Neolithic-Chalcolithic_Settlement_in_the_Lower_Galilee"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Crusader_sites"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Crusader_sites"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Crusader_sites"},{"link_name":"Crusader","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crusades"},{"link_name":"sites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Crusader_castles"},{"link_name":"Cyprus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyprus"},{"link_name":"More","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Crusader_castles#Cyprus"},{"link_name":"Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt"},{"link_name":"More","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Crusader_castles#Egypt"},{"link_name":"Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece"},{"link_name":"More","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Crusader_castles#Greece"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel"},{"link_name":"Abu Ghosh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benedictine_monastery_in_Abu_Ghosh"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg"},{"link_name":"Achziv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achziv"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Insignia_Germany_Order_Teutonic.svg"},{"link_name":"Acre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acre,_Israel#Knights'_Halls"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Insignia_Germany_Order_Teutonic.svg"},{"link_name":"Apollonia–Arsuf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollonia%E2%80%93Arsuf"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg"},{"link_name":"Ascalon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascalon"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem"},{"link_name":"Ateret Fortress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Jacob%27s_Ford"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Knights_Templar_Cross.svg"},{"link_name":"Yazur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yazur"},{"link_name":"Bayt 'Itab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayt_%27Itab"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Croix_de_l_Ordre_du_Saint-Sepulcre.svg"},{"link_name":"Bayt Jibrin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayt_Jibrin"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg"},{"link_name":"Beit She'an","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beit_She%27an"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg"},{"link_name":"Belvoir Fortress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belvoir_Castle_(Israel)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg"},{"link_name":"Burgata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burgata"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Knights_Templar_Cross.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg"},{"link_name":"Caesarea Maritima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caesarea_Maritima"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem"},{"link_name":"Cafarlet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cafarlet"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Knights_Templar_Cross.svg"},{"link_name":"Château Pèlerin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_P%C3%A8lerin"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Knights_Templar_Cross.svg"},{"link_name":"Destroit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Destroit"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Knights_Templar_Cross.svg"},{"link_name":"Castle Arnold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Burj,_Ramle"},{"link_name":"Ein Hemed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ein_Hemed"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem"},{"link_name":"Jerusalem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Jerusalem_during_the_Crusader_period"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Croix_de_l_Ordre_du_Saint-Sepulcre.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Knights_Templar_Cross.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lazarus_cross.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Insignia_Germany_Order_Teutonic.svg"},{"link_name":"Haifa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haifa"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem"},{"link_name":"Jaffa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaffa"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem"},{"link_name":"Latrun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latrun"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Knights_Templar_Cross.svg"},{"link_name":"Hunin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunin"},{"link_name":"Mi'ilya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mi%27ilya"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Insignia_Germany_Order_Teutonic.svg"},{"link_name":"Migdal Afek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Migdal_Afek"},{"link_name":"Montfort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montfort_Castle"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Insignia_Germany_Order_Teutonic.svg"},{"link_name":"Qalansawe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qalansawe"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg"},{"link_name":"Qaqun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qaqun"},{"link_name":"Qastal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Qastal,_Jerusalem"},{"link_name":"Qula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qula"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg"},{"link_name":"Safed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safed"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Knights_Templar_Cross.svg"},{"link_name":"Taibe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taibe,_Galilee"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg"},{"link_name":"Tel Afek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tel_Afek"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg"},{"link_name":"Tel Hanaton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Tell es-Safi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tell_es-Safi"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem"},{"link_name":"Tel Tanninim (Torin Selin)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tel_Tanninim"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem"},{"link_name":"Suba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suba,_Jerusalem"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem"},{"link_name":"Tel Yokneam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tel_Yokneam"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Knights_Templar_Cross.svg"},{"link_name":"Yavne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yibna"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem"},{"link_name":"Tiberias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiberias"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem"},{"link_name":"Sepphoris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sepphoris"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem"},{"link_name":"Umm Khalid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umm_Khalid"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem"},{"link_name":"Khirbat Jiddin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khirbat_Jiddin"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Insignia_Germany_Order_Teutonic.svg"},{"link_name":"Jordan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan"},{"link_name":"Ajloun Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajloun_Castle"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Armoiries_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg"},{"link_name":"Kerak Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerak_Castle"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Armoiries_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg"},{"link_name":"Montreal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreal_(castle)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Armoiries_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg"},{"link_name":"Tafilah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tafilah"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Armoiries_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg"},{"link_name":"Vaux Moise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wu%27ayra_Castle"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Armoiries_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg"},{"link_name":"Lebanon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanon"},{"link_name":"Arqa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arqa"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png"},{"link_name":"Batroun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batroun"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png"},{"link_name":"Beaufort Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beaufort_Castle,_Lebanon"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Armoiries_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg"},{"link_name":"Beirut Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beirut_Castle"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Armoiries_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg"},{"link_name":"Belhacem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Belhacem&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Armoiries_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg"},{"link_name":"Byblos Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byblos_Castle"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png"},{"link_name":"Citadel of Tripoli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citadel_of_Tripoli"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png"},{"link_name":"Dubay Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaqra,_Lebanon#Doubay_or_'Qal'at_ad-Dubba"},{"link_name":"Gibelacar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibelacar"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png"},{"link_name":"Coliath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coliath"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg"},{"link_name":"Deir Kifa Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deir_Kifa#Castle"},{"link_name":"Hasbaya Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasbaya#The_Citadel"},{"link_name":"Moinetre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Moinetre&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png"},{"link_name":"Mseilha Fort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mseilha_Fort"},{"link_name":"Nephin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enfeh"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png"},{"link_name":"Saint Louis Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Louis_Castle"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Armoiries_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg"},{"link_name":"Scandelion Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scandelion_Castle"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Armoiries_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg"},{"link_name":"Sidon Sea Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidon_Sea_Castle"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Armoiries_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg"},{"link_name":"Toron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toron"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Armoiries_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg"},{"link_name":"Syria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syria"},{"link_name":"More","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Crusader_castles#Syria"},{"link_name":"Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"More","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Crusader_castles#Turkey"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Jerusalem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png"},{"link_name":"County of Tripoli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_of_Tripoli"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg"},{"link_name":"Knights Hospitaller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knights_Hospitaller"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Croix_de_l_Ordre_du_Saint-Sepulcre.svg"},{"link_name":"Order of the Holy Sepulchre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Knights_Templar_Cross.svg"},{"link_name":"Knights Templar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knights_Templar"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lazarus_cross.svg"},{"link_name":"Order of Saint Lazarus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Saint_Lazarus"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Insignia_Germany_Order_Teutonic.svg"},{"link_name":"Teutonic Order","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teutonic_Order"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg"},{"link_name":"Catholicism portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Catholicism"}],"text":"Hanaton: Interim Report on a Chalcolithic Settlement in the Lower GalileevteCrusader sitesSorted by modern states, with crusader names in parentheses ()Cyprus\nMore\nEgypt\nMore\nGreece\nMore\nIsrael\nAbu Ghosh (Fontenoid) \nAchziv (Casal Imbertia) \nAcre (Saint Jean d'Acre) \nApollonia–Arsuf (Arsur) \nAscalon \nAteret Fortress \nYazur\nBayt 'Itab (Bethaatap) \nBayt Jibrin (Beth Gibelin) \nBeit She'an (Bethsan) \nBelvoir Fortress \nBurgata \nCaesarea Maritima \nCafarlet \nChâteau Pèlerin \nDestroit \nCastle Arnold\nEin Hemed \nJerusalem \nHaifa (Caypha) \nJaffa \nLatrun (Toron) \nHunin (Château Neuf)\nMi'ilya (Castellum Regis) \nMigdal Afek (Mirabel)\nMontfort \nQalansawe (Calanson) \nQaqun (Caco)\nQastal (Beauverium)\nQula \nSafed (Saphet) \nTaibe \nTel Afek \nTel Hanaton\nTell es-Safi (Blanche Garde) \nTel Tanninim (Torin Selin) \nSuba (Belmont) \nTel Yokneam (Caymont) \nYavne (Ibelin) \nTiberias \nSepphoris (La Sephorie) \nUmm Khalid \nKhirbat Jiddin (Judin) \nJordan\nAjloun Castle \nKerak Castle \nMontreal \nTafilah \nVaux Moise \nLebanon\nArqa \nBatroun \nBeaufort Castle \nBeirut Castle \nBelhacem \nByblos Castle \nCitadel of Tripoli \nDubay Castle\nGibelacar \nColiath \nDeir Kifa Castle\nHasbaya Castle\nMoinetre \nMseilha Fort\nNephin \nSaint Louis Castle \nScandelion Castle \nSidon Sea Castle \nToron \nSyria\nMore\nTurkey\nMore\n\nAssociations\n Kingdom of Jerusalem\n County of Tripoli\n Knights Hospitaller\n Order of the Holy Sepulchre\n Knights Templar\n Order of Saint Lazarus\n Teutonic Order\n Catholicism portal","title":"Further reading"}] | [{"image_text":"Tiglath-Pileser III—stela from the walls of his palace (British Museum, London)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Tilglath_pileser_iii.jpg/220px-Tilglath_pileser_iii.jpg"},{"image_text":"Crusader arch at Tel Hanaton","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Hanaton_Crusader_arch_008.jpg/220px-Hanaton_Crusader_arch_008.jpg"},{"image_text":"Crusader stairs at Tel Hanaton","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Hanaton_Crusader_stairwell_009.jpg/150px-Hanaton_Crusader_stairwell_009.jpg"}] | [{"title":"Tel Hanaton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Tel_Hanaton"},{"title":"Hannathon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannathon"},{"title":"Archaeology of Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeology_of_Israel"}] | [{"reference":"Guérin, V. (1880). Description Géographique Historique et Archéologique de la Palestine (in French). Vol. 1: Galilée, pt. 1. Paris: L'Imprimerie Nationale.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Gu%C3%A9rin","url_text":"Guérin, V."},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/descriptiongogr01unkngoog/page/n11","url_text":"Description Géographique Historique et Archéologique de la Palestine"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Tel_Hanaton¶ms=32_47_08_N_35_15_25_E_region:JO-MN_type:landmark","external_links_name":"32°47′08″N 35°15′25″E / 32.78556°N 35.25694°E / 32.78556; 35.25694"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Tel+Hanaton%22","external_links_name":"\"Tel Hanaton\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Tel+Hanaton%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Tel+Hanaton%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Tel+Hanaton%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Tel+Hanaton%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Tel+Hanaton%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Tel_Hanaton¶ms=32_47_08_N_35_15_25_E_region:JO-MN_type:landmark","external_links_name":"32°47′08″N 35°15′25″E / 32.78556°N 35.25694°E / 32.78556; 35.25694"},{"Link":"https://www.academia.edu/7799092/","external_links_name":"Fortunes and Misfortunes of Messengers and Merchants in the Amarna Letters."},{"Link":"https://www.kchanson.com/ANCDOCS/meso/amarna244.html","external_links_name":"Amarna Tablet 244: Letter from Biridiya of Megiddo to Pharaoh."},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/descriptiongogr01unkngoog/page/n11","external_links_name":"Description Géographique Historique et Archéologique de la Palestine"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/descriptiongogr01unkngoog/page/n507/mode/1up","external_links_name":"494"},{"Link":"https://www.academia.edu/10174297/Hanaton_Interim_Report_on_a_Neolithic-Chalcolithic_Settlement_in_the_Lower_Galilee","external_links_name":"Hanaton: Interim Report on a Chalcolithic Settlement in the Lower Galilee"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E.T._Hutchings | E.T. Hutchings | ["1 References"] | American architect
Eusebius Theodore Hutchings (March 19, 1886 - November 30, 1958), commonly known as E. T. Hutchings, was an American architect in Louisville, Kentucky. Hutchings was born in Louisville in 1886. He attended Kentucky State University and Cornell University. He also studied architecture in Hanover, Germany. He was the son of an architect, John Bacon Hutchings (1859–1916), and in 1909, he began practicing as an architect with his father as John Bacon Hutchings & Sons. He served in France during World War I and was responsible for building the Sauvenay Hospital at Sauvenay, France. In 1919, he returned to his architectural practice in Louisville.
A number of their works are listed on the U.S. National Register of Historic Places.
Works include (with attribution):
Harriet Funk House, 9316 Hurstbourne, Jeffersontown, Kentucky (Hutchings, E.T.), NRHP-listed
Lyndon Cottage, Terminus of Hurstbourne Country Club Dr., Louisville, Kentucky (Hutchings, Eusebius Theodore), NRHP-listed
Madrid Building, 545 S. 3rd St., Louisville, Kentucky (Hutchings, E.T.), NRHP-listed
Midlands, 25 Poplar Hill Rd., Louisville, Kentucky (Hutchings E. T.), NRHP-listed
James Thompson House, 1400 Walmut Land, Anchorage, Kentucky (Hutchings, E.T.), NRHP-listed
George Woodard House, 232 W. Poplar St., Elizabethtown, Kentucky (Hutchings, E.T.), NRHP-listed
Numerous works in Glenview Historic District (Louisville, Kentucky), NRHP-listed
Rogers Clark Ballard Memorial School, 4200 Lime Kiln Ln., Louisville, Kentucky (Hutchings, John Bacon), NRHP-listed
One or more works in Cannelton Historic District, roughly bounded by Richardson, Taylor, First, and Madison Sts., Cannelton, Indiana (Hutchings, John Bacon), NRHP-listed
References
^ William Elsey Connelley, Ellis Merton Coulter (1922). History of Kentucky , Volume 3. American Historical Society. p. 164. ISBN 9780598572981.
^ John E. Kleber (2000). The Encyclopedia of Louisville. University Press of Kentucky. p. 411. ISBN 0813121000.
^ "E. T. Hutchings". American Institute of Architects. Archived from the original on 2013-02-23. Retrieved 2012-09-28.
^ a b c d e f g h i "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. July 9, 2010.
^ Mary Jean Kinsman (1983). "Kentucky Historic Resources Inventory: The Midlands". National Park Service. and accompanying photos
This article about a United States architect or architectural firm is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This Louisville-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Louisville, Kentucky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisville,_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"Hanover, Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanover,_Germany"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Sauvenay, France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sauvenay,_France&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"National Register of Historic Places","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nris-4"},{"link_name":"Harriet Funk House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Harriet_Funk_House&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Jeffersontown, Kentucky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeffersontown,_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nris-4"},{"link_name":"Lyndon Cottage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lyndon_Cottage&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Louisville, Kentucky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisville,_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nris-4"},{"link_name":"Madrid Building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Madrid_Building&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Louisville, Kentucky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisville,_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nris-4"},{"link_name":"Midlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midlands_(Louisville,_Kentucky)"},{"link_name":"Louisville, Kentucky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisville,_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nris-4"},{"link_name":"James Thompson House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Thompson_House_(Anchorage,_Kentucky)"},{"link_name":"Anchorage, Kentucky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anchorage,_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nris-4"},{"link_name":"George Woodard House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George_Woodard_House&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Elizabethtown, Kentucky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabethtown,_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nris-4"},{"link_name":"Glenview Historic District (Louisville, Kentucky)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Glenview_Historic_District_(Louisville,_Kentucky)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nrhpdoc_Midlands-5"},{"link_name":"Rogers Clark Ballard Memorial School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rogers_Clark_Ballard_Memorial_School"},{"link_name":"Louisville, Kentucky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisville,_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nris-4"},{"link_name":"Cannelton Historic District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannelton_Historic_District"},{"link_name":"Cannelton, Indiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannelton,_Indiana"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nris-4"}],"text":"Eusebius Theodore Hutchings (March 19, 1886 - November 30, 1958), commonly known as E. T. Hutchings, was an American architect in Louisville, Kentucky. Hutchings was born in Louisville in 1886. He attended Kentucky State University and Cornell University. He also studied architecture in Hanover, Germany. He was the son of an architect, John Bacon Hutchings (1859–1916), and in 1909, he began practicing as an architect with his father as John Bacon Hutchings & Sons. He served in France during World War I and was responsible for building the Sauvenay Hospital at Sauvenay, France. In 1919, he returned to his architectural practice in Louisville.[1][2][3]A number of their works are listed on the U.S. National Register of Historic Places.[4]Works include (with attribution):Harriet Funk House, 9316 Hurstbourne, Jeffersontown, Kentucky (Hutchings, E.T.), NRHP-listed[4]\nLyndon Cottage, Terminus of Hurstbourne Country Club Dr., Louisville, Kentucky (Hutchings, Eusebius Theodore), NRHP-listed[4]\nMadrid Building, 545 S. 3rd St., Louisville, Kentucky (Hutchings, E.T.), NRHP-listed[4]\nMidlands, 25 Poplar Hill Rd., Louisville, Kentucky (Hutchings E. T.), NRHP-listed[4]\nJames Thompson House, 1400 Walmut Land, Anchorage, Kentucky (Hutchings, E.T.), NRHP-listed[4]\nGeorge Woodard House, 232 W. Poplar St., Elizabethtown, Kentucky (Hutchings, E.T.), NRHP-listed[4]\nNumerous works in Glenview Historic District (Louisville, Kentucky), NRHP-listed[5]\nRogers Clark Ballard Memorial School, 4200 Lime Kiln Ln., Louisville, Kentucky (Hutchings, John Bacon), NRHP-listed[4]\nOne or more works in Cannelton Historic District, roughly bounded by Richardson, Taylor, First, and Madison Sts., Cannelton, Indiana (Hutchings, John Bacon), NRHP-listed[4]","title":"E.T. Hutchings"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"William Elsey Connelley, Ellis Merton Coulter (1922). History of Kentucky , Volume 3. American Historical Society. p. 164. ISBN 9780598572981.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=7DMVAAAAYAAJ&q=eusebius+theodore+hutchings","url_text":"History of Kentucky , Volume 3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780598572981","url_text":"9780598572981"}]},{"reference":"John E. 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July 9, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP","url_text":"\"National Register Information System\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places","url_text":"National Register of Historic Places"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Park_Service","url_text":"National Park Service"}]},{"reference":"Mary Jean Kinsman (1983). \"Kentucky Historic Resources Inventory: The Midlands\". National Park Service.","urls":[{"url":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP/GetAsset/NRHP/83002706_text","url_text":"\"Kentucky Historic Resources Inventory: The Midlands\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=7DMVAAAAYAAJ&q=eusebius+theodore+hutchings","external_links_name":"History of Kentucky , Volume 3"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20130223223358/http://communities.aia.org/sites/hdoaa/wiki/Wiki%20Pages/ahd1021241.aspx","external_links_name":"\"E. T. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesse_Root_Grant_(politician) | Jesse Root Grant (politician) | ["1 Biography","2 Political and literary career","3 References"] | American politician, child of Ulysses S. Grant (1858–1934)
Not to be confused with Jesse Root Grant, father of Ulysses S. Grant.
Jesse Root Grant IIPersonal detailsBorn(1858-02-06)February 6, 1858near St. Louis, Missouri, U.S.DiedJune 8, 1934(1934-06-08) (aged 76)Los Altos, California, U.S.Political partyDemocraticRelations
Frederick Tracy Dent (uncle)
Frederick Dent Grant (brother)
Ulysses S. Grant, Jr. (brother)
Ellen Wrenshall Grant (sister)
Julia Dent Grant (niece)
Ulysses S. Grant III (nephew)
Ulysses S. Grant IV (nephew)
ChildrenChapman GrantParent(s)Ulysses S. GrantJulia GrantEducationCornell UniversityColumbia Law School
Jesse Root Grant II (February 6, 1858 – June 8, 1934) was an American politician. He was the youngest son of President Ulysses S. Grant and First Lady Julia Grant. He joined the Democratic Party and sought the party nomination for President, running against William Jennings Bryan in 1908. In 1925, he wrote a biography of his father.
Biography
Jesse Root Grant II was born near St. Louis, Missouri to Ulysses S. Grant and Julia Grant he was named after his grandfather Jesse Root Grant. He studied engineering at Cornell University and also attended Columbia Law School before settling in California. In addition to practicing law, he was involved in several mining ventures as an engineer, stockholder, board of directors member and corporate officer. For several years he managed his brother Ulysses Jr.'s U.S. Grant Hotel in San Diego. In the 1890s, he helped to develop Tia Juana, now Tijuana, Mexico, as a gambling resort.
In 1880, he married Elizabeth Chapman (1858-1945), daughter of William Chapman, one of the founders of the California Academy of Sciences. They had two children: Chapman Grant and Nellie Grant. In 1913, Grant sued for divorce while they were living in Goldfield, Nevada. Mrs. Grant strenuously fought his charges of desertion. She countersued, claiming he had deserted her and refused to support the family. The divorce was followed by the newspapers. When the divorce was finally granted in 1918, Grant married a widow, Lillian Burns Wilkins. American internet celebrity Caroline Calloway is a descendant of Wilkins.
Jesse Grant with his parents, 1872
Grant died in Los Altos, California in 1934 and was buried at the cemetery at the Presidio of San Francisco. He was the last surviving child of Ulysses S. Grant.
Political and literary career
Julia Grant with daughter Nellie, son Jesse, and her father Frederick Dent
Grant joined the Democratic party and was a candidate for the Democratic presidential nomination in 1908, though he was not considered a viable contender. In 1925, he wrote a biography of his father, In the Days of My Father General Grant.
References
^ "Jesse Root Grant II". Genealogy.com. Retrieved July 25, 2014.
^ "Ulysses S. Grant Timeline". National Park Service. Retrieved July 25, 2014.
^ a b "Died". Time magazine. June 18, 1934. Archived from the original on November 25, 2010. Retrieved August 19, 2009. Died. Jesse Root Grant, 76, mining engineer, youngest son of President Ulysses Simpson Grant; in Los Altos. Calif." A Democrat, he unsuccessfully tried to get his party's Presidential nomination against William Jennings Bryan in 1908.
^ "Widow of Ex-President's Son Dies in San Diego at 87". New York Times. March 2, 1945. Retrieved August 19, 2009. Elizabeth Grant, daughter-in-law of Ulysses S. Grant, Union general in the Civil War, ...
^ "Society Affairs". Los Angeles Times. April 18, 1913. Retrieved August 19, 2009. Miss Nell Grant, granddaughter of President Ulysses S. Grant and daughter of Mrs. Jesse Root Grant of San Francisco, is announcing her engagement to Lieut. Com. William Piggott Cronan ...
^ "Jesse R. Grant, Just Divorced, Marries. Youngest Son of Late President, Aged 60, Weds Mrs. Lillian B. Wilkins, Widow, 41. Began Nevada Suit In 1914. Lawyer Announced His Candidacy for Democratic Nomination for Presidency in 1908" (PDF). New York Times. August 27, 1918. Retrieved August 19, 2009. Jesse Root Grant, the youngest son of the late President Ulysses S. Grant, who obtained a Nevada divorce last week, and Mrs. Lillian Burns Wilkins of Inwood, N.Y., were married in this city yesterday afternoon after they had obtained a license from City Clerk Scully.
^ Calloway, Caroline (April 19, 2021). "Caroline Calloway Instagram". Instagram.
vteUlysses S. Grant18th President of the United States (1869–1877)Military career
Grant and the American Civil War
Fort Donelson
Shiloh
Vicksburg
Chattanooga
Overland
Richmond–Petersburg
Appomattox
Court House
Commanding generalship
Presidency
First inauguration
Second inauguration
Scandals
Grantism
Pardons
Cabinet
Judicial appointments
State of the Union addresses
1869
1870
1871
1872
1873
1874
1875
1876
Foreign policy
Treaty of Washington
Alabama Claims
Korean Expedition
Annexation of Santo Domingo
Economic policy
Public Credit Act of 1869
Copyright Act of 1870
Currency Act of 1870
Funding Act of 1870
General Mining Act of 1872
Timber Culture Act
Specie Payment Resumption Act
Desert Land Act
Governmentreforms
Judiciary Act of 1869
U.S. Department of Justice
District of Columbia Organic Act of 1871
Civil Service Commission
Yellowstone National Park Protection Act
Yellowstone National Park
Post Office Act
Electoral Commission Act
Social policy
Reconstruction
Amnesty Act
Native American policy
"Peace Policy"
Modoc War
Great Sioux War
Indian Appropriations Act of 1871
Enforcement Acts
Enforcement Act of 1870
Second Enforcement Act
Ku Klux Klan Act
Naturalization Act of 1870
Comstock Act
Poland Act
Civil Rights Act of 1875
Page Act of 1875
Post-presidency
Bid for a third term
World tour
Books
Personal Memoirs of Ulysses S. Grant
Life
Early life
Birthplace
Boyhood home
Schoolhouse
White Haven home
farm
Ulysses S. Grant Cottage
Galena home
Horsemanship
speeding arrests
Grant's Tomb
Elections
Republican National Convention, 1868
1872
United States presidential election, 1868
1872
Legacy
Bibliography
Memorials
Grant Memorial
Presidential library
Grant Park
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General Grant tree
grove
Grant Cottage State Historic Site
The Peacemakers
U.S. Capitol statue
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U.S. Postage stamps
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$50 bill
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Grant High School
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Cultural depictions
Ulysses S. Grant (2002 documentary)
Grant (2020 miniseries)
Family
Hannah Simpson Grant (mother)
Jesse Root Grant (father)
Julia Grant (wife)
Frederick Dent Grant (son)
Ulysses S. Grant Jr. (son)
Jesse Root Grant II (son)
Nellie Grant (daughter)
Ulysses S. Grant III (grandson)
Chapman Grant (grandson)
Ulysses S. Grant IV (grandson)
Julia Dent Grant (granddaughter)
← Andrew Johnson
Rutherford B. Hayes →
Category
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SNAC | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jesse Root Grant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesse_Root_Grant"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Ulysses S. Grant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant"},{"link_name":"Julia Grant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julia_Grant"},{"link_name":"President","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"William Jennings Bryan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-time-3"}],"text":"Not to be confused with Jesse Root Grant, father of Ulysses S. Grant.Jesse Root Grant II (February 6, 1858 – June 8, 1934)[1][2] was an American politician. He was the youngest son of President Ulysses S. Grant and First Lady Julia Grant. He joined the Democratic Party and sought the party nomination for President, running against William Jennings Bryan in 1908. In 1925, he wrote a biography of his father.[3]","title":"Jesse Root Grant (politician)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"St. Louis, Missouri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"Julia Grant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julia_Grant"},{"link_name":"Jesse Root Grant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesse_Root_Grant"},{"link_name":"Cornell University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornell_University"},{"link_name":"Columbia Law School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_Law_School"},{"link_name":"California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California"},{"link_name":"Ulysses Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant,_Jr."},{"link_name":"U.S. Grant Hotel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Grant_Hotel"},{"link_name":"San Diego","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diego,_California"},{"link_name":"Tijuana, Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tijuana,_Mexico"},{"link_name":"California Academy of Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Academy_of_Sciences"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Chapman Grant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chapman_Grant"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Goldfield, Nevada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goldfield,_Nevada"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Caroline Calloway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caroline_Calloway"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:US_Grant_family_c1872.jpg"},{"link_name":"Los Altos, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Altos,_California"},{"link_name":"Presidio of San Francisco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidio_of_San_Francisco"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-time-3"}],"text":"Jesse Root Grant II was born near St. Louis, Missouri to Ulysses S. Grant and Julia Grant he was named after his grandfather Jesse Root Grant. He studied engineering at Cornell University and also attended Columbia Law School before settling in California. In addition to practicing law, he was involved in several mining ventures as an engineer, stockholder, board of directors member and corporate officer. For several years he managed his brother Ulysses Jr.'s U.S. Grant Hotel in San Diego. In the 1890s, he helped to develop Tia Juana, now Tijuana, Mexico, as a gambling resort.In 1880, he married Elizabeth Chapman (1858-1945), daughter of William Chapman, one of the founders of the California Academy of Sciences.[4] They had two children: Chapman Grant and Nellie Grant.[5] In 1913, Grant sued for divorce while they were living in Goldfield, Nevada. Mrs. Grant strenuously fought his charges of desertion. She countersued, claiming he had deserted her and refused to support the family. The divorce was followed by the newspapers. When the divorce was finally granted in 1918, Grant married a widow, Lillian Burns Wilkins.[6] American internet celebrity Caroline Calloway is a descendant of Wilkins.[7]Jesse Grant with his parents, 1872Grant died in Los Altos, California in 1934 and was buried at the cemetery at the Presidio of San Francisco.[3] He was the last surviving child of Ulysses S. Grant.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Julia_Grant_with_family_-_Brady-Handy.jpg"}],"text":"Julia Grant with daughter Nellie, son Jesse, and her father Frederick DentGrant joined the Democratic party and was a candidate for the Democratic presidential nomination in 1908, though he was not considered a viable contender. In 1925, he wrote a biography of his father, In the Days of My Father General Grant.","title":"Political and literary career"}] | [{"image_text":"Jesse Grant with his parents, 1872","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/US_Grant_family_c1872.jpg/200px-US_Grant_family_c1872.jpg"},{"image_text":"Julia Grant with daughter Nellie, son Jesse, and her father Frederick Dent","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Julia_Grant_with_family_-_Brady-Handy.jpg/250px-Julia_Grant_with_family_-_Brady-Handy.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"Jesse Root Grant II\". Genealogy.com. Retrieved July 25, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://familytreemaker.genealogy.com/users/l/y/n/Chris-Lynch-Poway/WEBSITE-0001/UHP-0015.html","url_text":"\"Jesse Root Grant II\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ulysses S. Grant Timeline\". National Park Service. Retrieved July 25, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nps.gov/ulsg/historyculture/ulysses-s-grant-timeline.htm","url_text":"\"Ulysses S. Grant Timeline\""}]},{"reference":"\"Died\". Time magazine. June 18, 1934. Archived from the original on November 25, 2010. Retrieved August 19, 2009. Died. Jesse Root Grant, 76, mining engineer, youngest son of President Ulysses Simpson Grant; in Los Altos. Calif.\" A Democrat, he unsuccessfully tried to get his party's Presidential nomination against William Jennings Bryan in 1908.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101125070243/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,747519,00.html","url_text":"\"Died\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_magazine","url_text":"Time magazine"},{"url":"http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,747519,00.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Widow of Ex-President's Son Dies in San Diego at 87\". New York Times. March 2, 1945. Retrieved August 19, 2009. Elizabeth Grant, daughter-in-law of Ulysses S. Grant, Union general in the Civil War, ...","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1945/03/02/archives/mrs-jesse-root-grant-widow-of-expresidents-son-dies-in-san-diego-at.html","url_text":"\"Widow of Ex-President's Son Dies in San Diego at 87\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Times","url_text":"New York Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Society Affairs\". Los Angeles Times. April 18, 1913. Retrieved August 19, 2009. Miss Nell Grant, granddaughter of President Ulysses S. Grant and daughter of Mrs. Jesse Root Grant of San Francisco, is announcing her engagement to Lieut. Com. William Piggott Cronan ...","urls":[{"url":"https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/341066022.html?dids=341066022:341066022&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Apr+18%2C+1913&author=&pub=Los+Angeles+Times&desc=SOCIETY+AFFAIRS.&pqatl=google","url_text":"\"Society Affairs\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times","url_text":"Los Angeles Times"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Piggott_Cronan","url_text":"William Piggott Cronan"}]},{"reference":"\"Jesse R. Grant, Just Divorced, Marries. Youngest Son of Late President, Aged 60, Weds Mrs. Lillian B. Wilkins, Widow, 41. Began Nevada Suit In 1914. Lawyer Announced His Candidacy for Democratic Nomination for Presidency in 1908\" (PDF). New York Times. August 27, 1918. Retrieved August 19, 2009. Jesse Root Grant, the youngest son of the late President Ulysses S. Grant, who obtained a Nevada divorce last week, and Mrs. Lillian Burns Wilkins of Inwood, N.Y., were married in this city yesterday afternoon after they had obtained a license from City Clerk Scully.","urls":[{"url":"https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1918/08/27/97021837.pdf","url_text":"\"Jesse R. Grant, Just Divorced, Marries. Youngest Son of Late President, Aged 60, Weds Mrs. Lillian B. Wilkins, Widow, 41. Began Nevada Suit In 1914. Lawyer Announced His Candidacy for Democratic Nomination for Presidency in 1908\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Times","url_text":"New York Times"}]},{"reference":"Calloway, Caroline (April 19, 2021). \"Caroline Calloway Instagram\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_%22Centennial%22_Johnson | Alfred "Centennial" Johnson | ["1 Conception","2 The voyage","3 References","4 External links"] | Alfred "Centennial" JohnsonAlfred "Centennial" Johnson, in 1876BornAlfred Johnsen4 December 1846DenmarkDied1927, age 80 or 81NationalityDanish-AmericanOccupationFishermanKnown forFirst recorded single-handed crossing of the Atlantic Ocean
Alfred "Centennial" Johnson (1846–1927) was a Danish-born fisherman from Gloucester, Massachusetts. In 1876, in a 20-foot (6.1 m) sailing dory, he made the first recorded single-handed crossing of the Atlantic Ocean, landing at Abercastle in west Wales as a celebration of the first centennial of the United States. Local author Rob Morris has also written a book about the crossing called Alfred "Centennial" Johnson.
Johnson's dory, Centennial, is now in the collection of the Cape Ann Museum in Gloucester, Massachusetts. It is frequently displayed alongside Howard Blackburn's sloop Great Republic, a vessel which was also used in a single-handed trans-Atlantic crossing.
Conception
Alfred Johnson (sometimes spelled Johnsen) was born in Denmark on December 4, 1846. He had run away to sea as a teenager, and after working on sailing ships eventually ended up as a fisherman in Gloucester, Massachusetts. One day in 1874, he and some friends were playing cards and discussing the possibility of a single-handed Atlantic crossing, when Johnson declared that not only would such a crossing be possible, but that it could be carried out in an open dory — and that he could do it. When his friends scoffed, Johnson set out to prove them wrong.
Johnson planned to carry out his voyage as a celebration of the first centennial of the United States; his aim was to sail to Liverpool, hoping to make the 3,000-mile journey in under 90 days. He bought a 20-foot (6.1 m) dory, named her Centennial, and prepared and provisioned her for sea. She was fitted out with a centreboard, to improve her sailing qualities, and three watertight compartments which would help her float if capsized, until she could be righted.
The Gloucester (as it was also known in England) with Mr. Johnson at the helm, from the Illustrated Sporting and Dramatic News of 1876
The sailing dory Centennial with Johnson at helm in Gloucester harbor
The voyage
Alfred Johnson plaque
Johnson sailed on the crossing on June 15, 1876. He stopped briefly in Nova Scotia to make some adjustments to his ballast, then set off into the open ocean around June 25. He was sighted by several ships along the way, most of which attempted to rescue him, only to be astonished when he refused. At one time, he received a gift of two bottles of rum from a passing ship.
Johnson managed an average pace of about 70 miles (110 km) a day, quite respectable for such a small boat in the open sea, and survived a major gale which capsized the boat. Against the odds, he finally made landfall at Abercastle, a small port in Wales, on Saturday, August 12. After two days' rest, he finished his voyage by sailing into Liverpool on August 21, 1876, to an enthusiastic reception.
Johnson received some attention for his feat, and his boat was exhibited in Liverpool for several months; he was thereafter known as Alfred "Centennial" Johnson. When asked late in life why he had done it, he said "I made that trip because I was a damned fool, just as they said I was."
Johnson's voyage was the first recorded single-handed crossing of the Atlantic, and perhaps the first major single-handed passage carried out in the spirit of adventure.
References
^ a b Morris, Rob. "Alfred "Centennial" Johnson". Archived from the original on 2008-05-15. Retrieved 2009-11-14.
^ Johnson wanted to prove he could do it alone, by Greg Cook
^ Alfred "Centennial" Johnson, Rob Morris; Y Crofft, 2003. ISBN 0-9547351-0-2
External links
Media related to Centennial aka the Gloucester at Wikimedia Commons
Authority control databases International
FAST
VIAF
WorldCat
National
United States | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Danish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark"},{"link_name":"Gloucester, Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloucester,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"sailing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sailing"},{"link_name":"dory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dory"},{"link_name":"single-handed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single-handed_sailing"},{"link_name":"Atlantic Ocean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean"},{"link_name":"Abercastle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abercastle"},{"link_name":"Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wales"},{"link_name":"centennial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centennial"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rob-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rob-1"},{"link_name":"Cape Ann Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Ann_Museum"},{"link_name":"Gloucester, Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloucester,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"Howard Blackburn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Blackburn"}],"text":"Alfred \"Centennial\" Johnson (1846–1927) was a Danish-born fisherman from Gloucester, Massachusetts. In 1876, in a 20-foot (6.1 m) sailing dory, he made the first recorded single-handed crossing of the Atlantic Ocean, landing at Abercastle in west Wales as a celebration of the first centennial of the United States.[1] Local author Rob Morris has also written a book about the crossing called Alfred \"Centennial\" Johnson.[1]Johnson's dory, Centennial, is now in the collection of the Cape Ann Museum in Gloucester, Massachusetts. It is frequently displayed alongside Howard Blackburn's sloop Great Republic, a vessel which was also used in a single-handed trans-Atlantic crossing.","title":"Alfred \"Centennial\" Johnson"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Denmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark"},{"link_name":"sailing ships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sailing_ship"},{"link_name":"Gloucester, Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloucester,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"dory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dory"},{"link_name":"centennial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centennial"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Liverpool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverpool"},{"link_name":"centreboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centreboard"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Across_the_Atlantic_in_an_Open_Boat,_the_%27Gloucester%27_and_Mr._Johnson_(cropped).jpg"},{"link_name":"Illustrated Sporting and Dramatic News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illustrated_Sporting_and_Dramatic_News"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dory_Centennial,_Capt._Alfred_Johnsen_(Johnson)_(NYPL_b11707512-G90F236_061ZF)_(cropped).jpg"}],"text":"Alfred Johnson (sometimes spelled Johnsen) was born in Denmark on December 4, 1846. He had run away to sea as a teenager, and after working on sailing ships eventually ended up as a fisherman in Gloucester, Massachusetts. One day in 1874, he and some friends were playing cards and discussing the possibility of a single-handed Atlantic crossing, when Johnson declared that not only would such a crossing be possible, but that it could be carried out in an open dory — and that he could do it. When his friends scoffed, Johnson set out to prove them wrong.Johnson planned to carry out his voyage as a celebration of the first centennial of the United States; his aim was to sail to Liverpool, hoping to make the 3,000-mile journey in under 90 days. He bought a 20-foot (6.1 m) dory, named her Centennial, and prepared and provisioned her for sea. She was fitted out with a centreboard, to improve her sailing qualities, and three watertight compartments which would help her float if capsized, until she could be righted.The Gloucester (as it was also known in England) with Mr. Johnson at the helm, from the Illustrated Sporting and Dramatic News of 1876\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe sailing dory Centennial with Johnson at helm in Gloucester harbor","title":"Conception"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Alfred_Johnson_plaque.jpg"},{"link_name":"Nova Scotia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nova_Scotia"},{"link_name":"Abercastle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abercastle"},{"link_name":"Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wales"},{"link_name":"Liverpool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverpool"}],"text":"Alfred Johnson plaqueJohnson sailed on the crossing on June 15, 1876. He stopped briefly in Nova Scotia to make some adjustments to his ballast, then set off into the open ocean around June 25. He was sighted by several ships along the way, most of which attempted to rescue him, only to be astonished when he refused. At one time, he received a gift of two bottles of rum from a passing ship.Johnson managed an average pace of about 70 miles (110 km) a day, quite respectable for such a small boat in the open sea, and survived a major gale which capsized the boat. Against the odds, he finally made landfall at Abercastle, a small port in Wales, on Saturday, August 12. After two days' rest, he finished his voyage by sailing into Liverpool on August 21, 1876, to an enthusiastic reception.Johnson received some attention for his feat, and his boat was exhibited in Liverpool for several months; he was thereafter known as Alfred \"Centennial\" Johnson. When asked late in life why he had done it, he said \"I made that trip because I was a damned fool, just as they said I was.\"Johnson's voyage was the first recorded single-handed crossing of the Atlantic, and perhaps the first major single-handed passage carried out in the spirit of adventure.","title":"The voyage"}] | [{"image_text":"Alfred Johnson plaque","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Alfred_Johnson_plaque.jpg/220px-Alfred_Johnson_plaque.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"Morris, Rob. \"Alfred \"Centennial\" Johnson\". Archived from the original on 2008-05-15. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanmukha | Kartikeya | ["1 Etymology and nomenclature","2 Legends","2.1 Birth","2.2 Early life","2.3 War with asuras","2.4 Family","3 Literature","3.1 Vedic text and epics","3.2 Sanskrit literature","3.3 Tamil literature","3.4 Buddhist","4 Iconography and depictions","5 Theology and historical development","5.1 Other religions","6 Worship","6.1 Practices","6.2 Temples","6.3 Festivals","7 Explanatory notes","8 References","8.1 Citations","8.2 Bibliography","9 External links"] | Hindu god of victory and war
"Muruga" redirects here. For the 2007 film, see Muruga (film).
"Murugan" redirects here. For the people with the name, see Murugan (surname).
For the given names, see Karthikeyan, Karthik, Kartik or, see Karthika (disambiguation).
KartikeyaGod of Victory and WarCommander of the GodsStatue of Kartikeya at Batu Caves, MalaysiaOther namesMurugan, Subrahmanya, Kumara, Skanda, Saravana, Arumugan, Devasenapati, Shanmukha, Kathirvelan, Guha, Swaminatha, Velayuda, VēļAffiliationDeva, SiddharAbodeĀṟupadai veedu (Six Abodes of Murugan) Palani Hills Mount KailashPlanetMangala, MarsMantraOm Saravana Bhava Vetrivel Muruganukku AroharaWeaponVelSymbolRoosterDayTuesdayMountPeacockGenderMaleFestivalsSurasamharam or Kanda ShashtiThaipusamKarthikai DeepamPanguni UthiramVaikasi VisakamKartik PurnimaPersonal informationParentsShiva (father)Parvati (mother)SiblingsGanesha (brother)ConsortDevasena and/or Valli or celibate
Part of the series onKaumaram
DeitiesMurugan (Kartikeya)
Parents
Shiva
Parvati
Brother
Ganesha
Consorts
Devasena
Valli
Symbols
Vel
Cock flag
Peacock
Texts and scriptures
Kanda Shasti Kavasam
Skanda Purana
Tiruppukal
Tirumurukarruppatai
Six sacred abodes
Palani
Pazhamudircholai
Swamimalai
Thiruchendur
Thiruparankundram
Thiruttani
Other temples
Nallur Kandaswamy temple
Batu Caves
Chennimalai
Ghati Subramanya
Kalugasalamoorthy
Kukke Subramanya
Kunnakudi
Maruthamalai
Pachaimalai
Sikkal
Thindalmalai
Viralimalai
Vallakkottai
Vadapalani
Vayalur
Festivals
Chitra Pournami
Kandha Sashti
Karthikai Deepam
Kartika Purnima
Panguni Uthiram
Thaipusam
Vaikasi Visakam
Hinduism portalvte
Kartikeya (Sanskrit: कार्तिकेय, IAST: Kārtikeya), also known as Skanda, Subrahmanya, Shanmukha and Murugan (Tamil: முருகன்), among other names, is the Hindu god of war. He is generally described as the son of Shiva and Parvati and the brother of Ganesha.
Kartikeya has been an important deity in the Indian subcontinent since ancient times. It has been postulated that the Tamil deity of Murugan was syncretized with the Vedic deity of Skanda following the Sangam era. He is regarded as the "God of the Tamil people" and is hailed as the lord of Palani hills, the tutelary deity of the Kurinji region whose cult gained immense popularity. Numerous works in Tamil Sangam literature are devoted to Murugan, such as Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai by Nakkīraṉãr and Tiruppukal by Arunagirinathar. Archaeological evidence from the first century CE and earlier shows an association of his iconography with Agni, the Hindu god of fire, indicating that Kartikeya was a significant deity in early Hinduism.
The iconography of Kartikeya varies significantly. He is typically represented as an ever-youthful man, riding or near an Indian peafowl (named Paravani), and sometimes with an emblem of a rooster on his banner. He wields a spear called the vel, supposedly given to him by his mother Parvati. While most icons represent him with only one head, some have six heads, a reflection of legends surrounding his birth wherein he was fused from six boys or borne of six conceptions. He is described to have aged quickly from childhood, becoming a warrior, leading the army of the devas and credited with destroying rakshasas including Tarakasura and Surapadma. He is regarded as a philosopher who taught the pursuit of an ethical life and the theology of Shaiva Siddhanta.
Kaumaram is the Hindu denomination that primarily venerates Kartikeya. Apart from significant Kaumaram worship and temples in South India, he is worshipped as Mahasena and Kumara in North and East India. He is also worshipped in Sri Lanka, South East Asia (notably in Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand and Indonesia), other countries with significant populations of Tamil origin (including Fiji, Mauritius, South Africa and Canada), Caribbean countries (including Trinidad and Tobago, Guyana and Suriname), and countries with significant Indian migrant populations (including the United States and Australia).
Etymology and nomenclature
The epithet Kartikeya is linked to the circumstances surrounding the deity's birth. According to the Skanda Purana, six divine sparks emerged from Shiva, forming six separate baby boys. These boys were raised by handmaidens known as the Krittikas. Later, Parvati fused them into one, creating the six-headed Kartikeya. Kartikeya means "of the Krittikas" in Sanskrit.
According to Hindu literature, he is known by 108 different names, though other names also exist in common usage. Most common amongst these include Skanda (from skand-, 'to leap or to attack'), Murugan ('handsome'), Kumara ('youthful'), Subrahmanya ('transparent'), Senthil ('victorious'), Vēlaṇ ('wielder of vel'), Swaminatha ('ruler of gods'), Saravaṇabhava ('born amongst the reeds'), Arumugha or Shanmukha ('six faced'), Dhanadapani ('wielder of mace') and Kandha ('cloud').
On ancient coins featuring his images, his name appears inscribed as Kumara, Brahmanya, or Brahmanyadeva. On some ancient Indo-Scythian coins, his name appears in Greek script as Skanda, Kumara, and Vishaka.
Legends
Birth
An eighteenth-century Painting depicting Shiva with his consort Parvati and sons Ganesha and six-headed Kartikeya
Various Indian literary works recount different stories surrounding the birth of Kartikeya. In Valmiki's Ramayana (seventh to fourth century BCE), he is described as the child of deities Rudra and Parvati, with his birth aided by Agni and Ganga. The Shalya Parva and the Anushasana Parva of the third-century BCE Hindu epic Mahabharata narrate the legend of Skanda, presenting him as the son of Maheshvara (Shiva) and Parvati: Shiva and Parvati were disturbed during sex, causing Shiva to inadvertently spill his semen. The semen was then incubated in the Ganges, preserved by the heat of the god Agni, and eventually born as baby Kartikeya.
According to Shiva Purana, asura Tarakasura performed tapas to propitiate the creator god Brahma. Brahma granted him two boons: one, that none shall be his equal in all of the three worlds, and two, that only a son of Shiva could slay him. As Shiva was a yogi and thus unlikely to bear children, Tarakasura was armed with near immortality. In his quest to rule the three worlds, he expelled the devas from Svarga. Indra, the king of devas, devised a scheme to disrupt Shiva’s meditation and beguile him with thoughts of love, so that he could sire an offspring and thusly end Tarakasura's immortality. Shiva was engaged in meditation, and hardly noticed the courtship of Parvati, the daughter of Himavan who sought him as her consort. Indra tasked god of love Kamadeva and his consort Rati to disturb Shiva. Shiva was furious with the act and burnt Kamadeva to ashes. But Shiva's attention then turned towards Parvati, who had performed tapas in order to win his affection, and married her, then conceiving Kartikeya.
Six-headed Kartikeya seated on a peacock, twelfth century CE
According to the seventeeth-century CE text Kanda Puranam (the Tamil rendition of the older Skanda Purana), the asura brothers Surapadma, Simhamukha and Tarakasura performed tapas to Shiva, who granted them with various weapons and a wish wherein they could only be killed by the son of Shiva, which offered them near-immortality. They subsequently oppressed other celestial beings including the devas, and started a reign of tyranny in the three worlds. When the devas pleaded to Shiva for his assistance, he manifested five additional heads on his body, and a divine spark emerged from each of them. Initially, the wind god Vayu carried the sparks, later handing them to the fire god Agni because of the unbearable heat. Agni deposited the sparks in the Ganges river. The water in the Ganges began to evaporate due to the intense heat of the sparks. Ganga took them to Saravana lake, where the sparks developed into six baby boys. The six boys were raised by handmaidens known as the Krittikas and they were later fused into one by Parvati. Thus, the six-headed Kartikeya was born, conceived to answer the devas' pleas for help and deliver them from the asuras.
Kumarasambhava (lit. 'Birth of Kumara') from the fifth-century CE narrates a similar story on his birth wherein Agni carries the semen of Shiva and deposits them in Bhagirathi River (headstream of Ganges). When the Krittikas bathe in the river, they are impregnated and give birth to Kartikeya.
An alternate account of Kartikeya's parentage is narrated in the Vana Parva of the Mahabharata, where he is described as the son of Agni and Svaha. It is narrated that Agni goes to meet the wives of the Saptarshi (seven great sages) and, while none of the wives reciprocates Agni's feelings of love, Svaha is present and attracted to Agni. Svaha takes the form of six of the wives, one by one, and has sex with Agni six times. She is unable to take the form of Arundhati, Vasishtha's wife, because of Arundhati's extraordinary virtuous powers. Svaha deposits the semen of Agni into the reeds of Ganges river, where it develops and is born as the six-headed Skanda.
Early life
Kartikeya wielding a vel, sculpture from Kannauj, eighth century CE
In Kanda Puranam, Kartikeya is portrayed as a child playing in the cosmos. In his childhood, he fiddles with the orbits of planets, stacks the mountains in Kailasha on top of Mount Meru and stops the flow of River Ganges, among other feats. He imprisons Brahma as he could not explain the meaning of Aum. When Shiva asks for the meaning of the mantra, Kartikeya teaches it to his father. According to the Mahabharata, the devas and gods gift him various objects and animals.
As per Kanda Puranam, sage Narada once visited Shiva at Kailasha and presented him with a Gnana palam (fruit of knowledge). This fruit is generally regarded as a mango. Shiva expressed his intention of dividing the fruit between his two sons, Ganesha and Kartikeya, but Narada counseled that the fruit could not be divided. So, it was decided to award the fruit to whomsoever first circled the world thrice. Accepting the challenge, Kartikeya started his journey around the globe atop his peacock mount. However, Ganesha surmised that the world was no more than his parents Shiva and Shakti combined, circumambulated them, and won the fruit. When Kartikeya returned, he was furious to learn that his efforts had been in vain, and felt cheated. He discarded all his material belongings and left Kailasha to take up abode in the Palani Hills as a hermit. According to Fred Clothey, Kartikeya did this out of a felt need to mature from boyhood. According to Kamil Zvelebil, Kartikeya represents the actual fruit of wisdom for his devotees rather than any physical fruit such as a mango or a pomegranate.
War with asuras
A painting depicting Kartikeya facing off Surapadma
Though Kartikeya had powers derived from Shiva, he was innocent and playful. Shiva granted him celestial weapons and the divine spear vel, an embodiment of the power of Shakti (Parvati). On obtaining the vel, Kartikeya was imparted with the knowledge of distinguishing between good and evil. Texts Kanda Puranam and Kumarasambhavam recount a war fought by Kartikeya against the asuras. As Kartikeya was born to save the devas from the tyrnany of the asuras, he was appointed as the commander of the devas and engaged in conflict with the asuras. Shiva granted him an army of 30,000 warriors to assist in the war against the oppressive asura brothers, whom Kartikeya was born to defeat. Kartikeya was assisted by nine warriors, headed by Virabahu, who served as sub-commanders of his army. These nine men were borne by nine lesser clones of Shakti who appeared from her silambu (anklet).
Kartikeya believed that asuras and devas were all descendants of Shiva and that if asuras were to correct their ways, the conflict could be avoided. He sent messengers to communicate as much and to give the asuras a fair warning, which they ignored. Kartikeya killed Tarakasura and his lieutenant Krowchaka with his vel. While Tarakasura was confused at facing Shiva's son, as he thought his war was not with Shiva, Kartikeya felt it necessary to vanquish him, as his vision was occluded by Maya. Zvelebil interprets this episode as the coming of age of Kartikeya.
Kartikeya killed the next brother Simhamukha and faced off with Surapadma in the final battle. Surapadman took a large form with multiple heads, arms and legs trying to intimidate Kartikeya. When Kartikeya threw his vel, Surapadman escaped to the sea and took the form of a large mango tree, which spread across the three worlds. Kartikeya used his vel to split the tree in half, with each half transforming into a peacock and a rooster, respectively. After Surapadman was killed, Kartikeya took the peacock as his vahana and the rooster as his pennant.
Family
Kartikeya with his consorts Devasena and Valli
Indian religious literature describes Kartikeya and Ganesha as sons of Shiva and Parvati. Shavite puranas such as Ganesha Purana, Shiva Purana and Skanda Purana state that Ganesha is the elder of the two. Mahabharata and the Puranas mention various other brothers and sisters of Skanda or Kartikeya.
In the northern and eastern Indian traditions, Kartikeya is generally regarded as a celibate bachelor. In Sanskrit literature, Kartikeya is married to Devasena (lit. 'Army of Devas'; as her husband was 'Devasenapati' lit. 'Commander of army of Devas'). Devasena is described as the daughter of Daksha in the Mahabharata, while Skanda Purana considers her as the daughter of Indra and his wife Shachi. In Tamil literature, he has two consorts: Devayanai (identified with Devasena) and Valli. In Kanda Puranam, Devayanai (lit. 'Divine elephant'; as she was brought up by Airavata, the elephant) is depicted as the daughter of Indra, who was given in marriage to Kartikeya for his help in saving the devas from the asuras. Kartikeya is also said to have married Valli, the daughter of a tribal chief. In Tamil folklore, both Devasena and Valli were daughters of Vishnu in the previous birth. When they reincarnated, Devasena was adopted as the daughter of Indra as a result of her penance and Valli was born on the Earth. However, both were destined to marry the son of Shiva.
Literature
Vedic text and epics
There are references in the ancient Vedas to "Skanda", which can be interpreted to refer to Kartikeya. For example, the term Kumara appears in hymn 5.2 of the Rig Veda. The verses mention a brightly-colored boy hurling weapons, evoking motifs associated with Kartikeya such as his bright glowing skin and his possession of divine weapons including the vel. These motifs are also found in other Vedic texts, such as in sections 6.1-3 of the Shatapatha Brahmana: while Kumara is one of the names used to mention Kartikeya, the mythology in the earlier Vedic texts is different. In these, Agni is described as Kumara, whose mother is Ushas (goddess Dawn) and whose father is Purusha. Section 10.1 of the Taittiriya Aranyaka mentions Sanmukha (six faced one), while the Baudhayana Dharmasutra mentions a householder's rite of passage that involves prayers to Skanda (Kartikeya) and his brother Ganapati (Ganesha) together. Chapter 7 of the Chandogya Upanishad (eighth to sixth century BCE) equates Sanat-Kumara (eternal son) and Skanda, as he teaches the sage Narada to discover his own Atman (soul, self) as a means to ultimate knowledge, true peace, and liberation. The earliest clear evidence of Kartikeya's importance emerges in the Hindu epics, such as the Ramayana and the Mahabharata, where his story is recited.
Sanskrit literature
Mentions of Skanda are found in the works of Pāṇini (fifth century BCE), in Patanjali's Mahabhasya and Kautilya's Arthashastra (third to second century BCE). Kalidasa's epic poem Kumarasambhava from the fifth-century CE features the life and story of Kartikeya. Kartikeya forms the main theme of Skanda Purana, the largest Mahapurana, a genre of eighteen Hindu religious texts. The text contains over 81,000 verses, and is part of Shaivite literature. While the text is named after Skanda (Kartikeya), he does not feature either more or less prominently in the text than in other Shiva-related Puranas. The text has been an important historical record and influence on the Hindu traditions related to war-god Skanda. The earliest text titled Skanda Purana likely existed by the sixth century CE, but the Skanda Purana that has survived into the modern era exists in many versions.
Tamil literature
Ancient Tamil text Tolkappiyam from the second century BCE mentions Ceyon ("the red one"), identified with Murugan, whose name is mentioned as Murukan ("the youth"). Extant Sangam literature works dated between the third century BCE and the fifth century CE glorify Murugan, "the red god seated on the blue peacock, who is ever young and resplendent," as "the favoured god of the Tamils." Korravai is often identified as the mother of Murugan. Tirumurukarruppatai, estimated to be have been written in the second to fourth century CE, is an ancient Tamil epic dedicated to Murugan. He is called Murugu and described as a god of beauty and youth, with such exaltations as "his body glows like the sun rising from the emerald sea". It describes him with six faces—each with a function, and twelve arms, and tells of the temples dedicated to him in the hilly regions and of his victory over evil. The ancient Tamil lexicon Pinkalandai identifies the name Vel with the slayer of Tarakasura. Paripatal, a Sangam literary work from the third century CE, refers to Kartikeya as Sevvel ("red spear") and as Neduvel ("great spear").
Buddhist
In Mahayana Buddhism, the Mahaparinirvana Sutra mentions Kumara as one of the eighty gods worshipped by the common people. The Arya Kanikrodhavajrakumarabodhisattava Sadhanavidhi Sutra (T 1796) features a section for the recitation of a mantra dedicated to the deity, where he is also paired with Isvara. Yi Xing's Commentary of the Mahavairocana Tantra clarifies that Kumara is the son of Isvara. The sixteenth-century Siamese text Jinakalamali mentions him as a guardian god.
Iconography and depictions
The six-headed Kartikeya with his two consorts on a peacock, painting by Raja Ravi Varma (1848–1906)
Ancient Yaudheya and Kushan period coins dated to the first and second centuries CE show Kartikeya with either one or six heads, with one-headed depictions being more common. Similarly, sculptures show him with either one or six heads, with the six head iconography dated to post-Gupta Empire era. Artwork found in Gandhara and Mathura dated to the Kushan period shows him with one head, dressed in a dhoti (a cloth wrapped at the waist, covering the legs) armour, wielding a spear in his right hand with a rooster on his left. Artworks from Gandhara show him in Scythian dress, likely reflecting the local dress culture of the time, with a rooster-like bird that may draw from Parthian influence to symbolize Kartikeya's agility and maneuverability as a warrior god. Kartikeya's iconography portrays him as a youthful god, dressed as a warrior with attributes of a hunter and a philosopher.
He wields a divine spear known as the vel, granted to him by Parvati. The vel signifies his power, or shakti, and symbolizes valor, bravery and righteousness. He is sometimes depicted with other weapons, including a sword, a javelin, a mace, a discus and a bow. His vahana or mount is depicted as a peacock, known as Paravani. While he was depicted with an elephant mount in early iconography, his iconography of a six faced lord on a peacock mount became firmly enshrined after the sixth century CE, along with the progression of his role from that of a warrior to that of a philosopher-teacher, and his increasing prominence in the Shaivite cannon. According to the Skanda Purana, when Kartikeya faced asura Surapadman, the latter turned into a mango tree, which was then split in half by Kartikeya using his vel. One half of the tree became his mount, the peacock, while the other half became the rooster entrenched on his flag.
Theology and historical development
Guha (Muruga)
You who has form and who is formless,
you who are both being and non-being,
who are the fragrance and the blossom,
who are the jewel and its lustre,
who are the seed of life and life itself,
who are the means and the existence itself,
who are the supreme guru, come
and bestow your grace, O Guha
Kantaranuputi 51, Arunagirinathar(Translator: Kamil Zvelebil),
Consistent elements of Kartikeya's narrative across the diverse corpus of legends relating to him include his birth by a surrogate in difficult circumstances, his upbringing by a host of mothers, and his later reunion with his biological family. According to Fred Clothey, Muruga thus symbolizes a union of polarities. He is considered a uniter, championing the attributes of both Shaivism and Vaishnavism (which revere Shiva and Vishnu as their supreme deities, respectively). Kartikeya's theology is most developed in the Tamil texts and in the Shaiva Siddhanta tradition. He is described as dheivam (abstract neuter divinity, nirguna brahman), as kadavul (divinity in nature, in everything), as Devan (masculine deity), and as iraivativam (concrete manifestation of the sacred, saguna brahman). According to Fred Clothey, as Murugan, he embodies the "cultural and religious whole that comprises South Indian Shaivism". He is a central philosopher and a key exponent of Shaiva Siddhanta theology, as well as the patron deity of the Tamil language.
Originally, Murugan was not worshipped as a god, but rather as an exalted ancestor, heroic warrior and accomplished Siddhar born in the Kurinji landscape. In that role he was seen as a guardian who consistently defended the Tamils against foreign invasions with the stories of his astonishing and miraculous deeds increasing his stature in the community, who began to view him as god. Many of the major events in the narrative of Murugan's life take place during his youth, which encouraged the worship of Murugan as a child-god.
Kartikeya from Kushan era, second century CECoins of the Yaudheyas featuring Kartikeya
According to Raman Varadara, Murugan, originally regarded as a Tamil deity, underwent a process of adoption and incorporation into the pantheon of North Indian deities. In contrast, G. S. Ghurye states that according to the archeological and epigraphical evidence, the contemporary deity worshipped as Murugan, Subrahmanya and Kartikeya is a composite of two influences: Skanda from the south, and Mahasena from the north. He as the warrior-philosopher god was the patron deity for many ancient northern and western Hindu kingdoms, and of the Gupta Empire, according to Ghurye. After the seventh century, Skanda's importance diminished while his brother Ganesha's importance rose in the west and north, while in the south the legends of Murugan continued to grow. According to Norman Cutler, Kartikeya-Murugan-Skanda of South and North India coalesced over time, but some aspects of the South Indian iconography and mythology for Murugan have remained unique to Tamil Nadu.
According to Fred Clothey, the evidence suggests that mythology relating to Kartikeya became widespread in North India sometime around 200 BCE or later. In addition to textual evidence, his importance is affirmed by the archeological, epigraphic, and numismatic record of this period. For example, he is found in numismatic evidence linked to the Yaudheyas, a confederation of warriors in North India who are mentioned by the ancient Sanskrit grammarian Pāṇini. During the Kushan era, that included rule over the northwest Indian subcontinent, more coins featuring Kartikeya were minted. He is also found on ancient Indo-Scythian coins, where his various names are minted in Greek script.
Skanda was regarded as a philosopher in his role as Subramanhya, while Murugan was similarly regarded as the teacher of Tamil literature and poetry. In the late Chola period from the sixth to thirteenth centuries CE, Murugan was firmly established in the role of a teacher and philosopher, while his militaristic depictions waned. Despite the changes, his portrayal was multi-faceted, with significant differences between Skanda and Murugan until the late Vijayanagara period, when he was accepted as a single deity with diverse facets.
Other religions
Skanda Bodhisattva is the Dharma protector in Mahayana Buddhism Above: Skanda's statue in Anhui province, China
In Mahayana Buddhism, he is described as a manifestation of Mahābrahmārāja with five hair coils and a handsome face emanating purple-golden light that surpasses the light of the other devas. In Chinese Buddhism, Skanda (also sometimes known as Kumāra) is known as Weituo, a young heavenly general, the guardian deity of local monasteries and the protector of Buddhist dhamma. According to Henrik Sørensen, this representation became common after the Tang period, and became well established in the late Song period. He is also regarded as one of the twenty-four celestial guardian deities, who are a grouping of originally Hindu and Taoist deities adopted into Chinese Buddhism as dharmapalas. Skanda was also adopted by Korean Buddhism, and he appears in Korean Buddhist woodblock prints and paintings.
According to Richard Gombrich, Skanda has been an important deity in the Theravada Buddhist pantheon in countries such as Sri Lanka and Thailand. The Nikaya Samgraha describes Skanda Kumara as a guardian deity of the land, along with Upulvan (Vishnu), Saman and Vibhisana. In Sri Lanka, Skanda, as Kataragama deviyo, is a popular deity among both Tamil Hindus and Sinhalese Buddhists. While many Sri Lankan Buddhists regard him as a bodhisattva, he is also associated with sensuality and retribution. Anthropologist Gananath Obeyesekere has suggested that the deity's popularity among Buddhists is due to his purported power to grant emotional gratification, which is in stark contrast to the sensual restraint that characterizes Buddhist practice in Sri Lanka.
According to Asko Parpola, the Jain deity Naigamesa, who is also referred to as Hari-Naigamesin, is depicted in early Jain texts as riding the peacock and as the leader of the divine army, both characteristics of Kartikeya.
Worship
Practices
A Kavadi procession
Kavadi Aattam is a ceremonial act of sacrifice and offering to Murugan practiced by his devotees. It's origin has been linked to a mythic anecdote about Idumban. It symbolizes a form of debt bondage through the bearing of a physical burden called Kavadi (lit. 'burden'). The Kavadi is a physical burden which consists of two semicircular pieces of wood or steel which are bent and attached to a cross structure in its simplest form, which is then balanced on the shoulders of the devotee. By bearing the Kavadi, the devotees processionally implore Murugan for assistance, usually as a means of balancing a spiritual debt or on behalf of a loved one who is in need of help or healing. Worshipers often carry pots of cow milk as an offering (pal kavadi). The most extreme and spectacular practice is the carrying of el kavadi, a portable altar up to 2 metres (6 ft 7 in) tall and weighing up to 30 kg (66 lb) decorated with peacock feathers, which is attached to the body of the devotee through multiple skewers and metal hooks pierced into the skin on the chest and back.
Once all sages and gods assembled in Kailasha, the abode of Shiva, which resulted in the tilting of Earth due to an increase in weight on the hemisphere where the gathered stood. Shiva asked sage Agasthya to move towards the south to restore the balance. Agasthya employed an asura named Idumban to carry two hills called Sivagiri and Sakthigiri (Mountains of Shiva and Shakti) on his shoulders to be placed in the south, to balance the weight. Idumban carried the hills and set southward, stopping en-route to place them down for a while and rest. When he tried to lift them again, he was unable to move one of the hills. He found a youth standing atop the hill and fought with him, only to be defeated. Agasthya identified the youth as Kartikeya, and the two discussed the dispute. The hill was left to remain at its resting location, which later became Palani. Kartikeya later resurrected Idumban as his devotee. The mythology behind Idumban carrying the hills on the shoulder may have influenced the practice of Kavadi.
Ritual piercing with vel skewers in Singapore
Worshipers also practice a form of mortification of the flesh by flagellation and by piercing their skin, tongue or cheeks with vel skewers. These practices are suppressed in India, where public self-mutilation is prohibited by law. Vibuthi, a type of sacred ash, is spread across the body, including the piercing sites. Drumming and chanting of verses help the devotees to enter a state of trance. Devotees usually prepare for the rituals by keeping clean, doing regular prayers, following a vegetarian diet, and fasting while remaining celibate. They make pilgrimage to the temples of Kartikeya on bare feet and dance along the route while bearing these burdens.
Tonsuring is performed by devotees as the ritual fulfillment of a vow to discard their hair in imitation of the form that Kartikeya assumed in childhood. Newborns may undergo a ritual of tonsuring and ear piercing at temples dedicated to Kartikeya. Panchamritam (lit. 'mixture of five') is a sacred sweet mixture made of banana, honey, ghee, jaggery and cardamom along with date fruits and Sugar candies, which is offered to Kartikeya. It is believed to have been prepared before by Ganesha to soothe his brother Kartikeya after their battle for the divine fruit of knowledge. The practice is followed in modern times in temples where the devotees are provided the mixture as a prasad.
Temples
India
Palani Murugan Temple, one of the Six Abodes of Murugan
Murugan (Kartikeya), being known as the God of the Tamils, has many temples dedicated to him across Tamil Nadu. An old Tamil saying states that wherever there is a hill, there will be a temple dedicated to Murugan. As he is venerated as the lord of Kurinji, which is a mountainous region, most of his temples are located on hillocks. Most renowned among them are the Six Abodes of Murugan, a set of six temples at Thiruparankundram, Tiruchendur, Palani, Swamimalai, Tiruttani, and Pazhamudircholai which are mentioned in Sangam literature. Other major temples dedicated to Murugan are located at Kandakottam, Kumaran Kundram, Kumarakkottam, Manavalanallur, Marudamalai, Pachaimalai, Sikkal, Siruvapuri, Thiruporur, Vadapalani, Vallakottai, Vayalur, and Viralimalai.
Places of worship dedicated to Subramanya in Kerala include temples at Haripad, Neendoor, Kidangoor and Kodumbu. In Andhra Pradesh and Telangana, he is worshipped under the names Subrahmanya, Kumara Swamy, and Skanda, with major temples at Mopidevi, Biccavolu, Skandagiri, Mallam, and Indrakeeladri, Vijayawada. In Kukke Subramanya and Ghati Subramanya temples in Karnataka, he is worshipped as Subrahmanya and is regarded as the lord of the serpents. In West Bengal, Kartikeya is associated with childbirth and is worshipped in Kartik temples. Temples also exist in the rest of India in Pehowa in Haryana, in Manali and Chamba in Himachal Pradesh and Rudraprayag in Uttarakhand.
Outside India
Nallur Kandaswamy temple at Jaffna is dedicated to Kartikeya
Kartikeya is worshipped as Kumar in Nepal. In Sri Lanka, Murugan is predominantly worshipped by Tamil people as Murugan and by the Sinhalese as Kataragama deviyo, a guardian deity. Numerous Murugan temples exist throughout the island, including Kataragama temple, Nallur Kandaswamy temple and Maviddapuram Kandaswamy Temple.
Murugan is revered in regions with significant population of Tamil people and people of Tamil origin, including those in Malaysia, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Indonesia and Myanmar, Fiji, Mauritius, Seychelles, Réunion, South Africa and Canada, Caribbean countries including Trinidad and Tobago, Guyana and Suriname, countries with significant Indian migrants including the United States and Australia. Sri Subramanyar Temple at the Batu Caves in Malaysia is dedicated to Murugan, who is depicted in a 42.7-meter-high statue at the entrance, one of the largest Murugan statues in the world. There are some other temples in Malaysia such as Balathandayuthapani Temple and Nattukkottai Chettiar Temple, Marathandavar Temple and Kandaswamy Kovil. Sri Thendayuthapani Temple is a major Hindu temple in Singapore. Murugan temples also exist in several western countries like United States of America, Canada, United Kingdom, Australia, New Zealand, Germany and Switzerland.
Festivals
Thaipusam procession
A number of festivals relating to Kartikeya are observed:
Thaipusam is celebrated on the full moon day in the Tamil month of Thai on the confluence of star Pusam. The festival is celebrated to commemorate the victory of Murugan over the asuras, and includes ritualistic practices of Kavadi Aattam.
Panguni Uthiram occurs on the purnima (full moon day) of the month of Panguni, on the confluence of the star Uttiram. The festival marks the celebration of Murugan's marriage to Devasena.
Karthika Deepam is a festival of lights celebrated on the purnima of the month of Kartika.
Vaikasi Visakam celebrates the birthday of Murugan, and occurs during the confluence of star Visaka in the month of Vaikasi.
Kanda Sashti falls variously on the months of Aippasi or Kartikai of the Tamil calendar, and commemorates the victory of Murugan over the demon Surapadman.
In East India, Kartikeya is worshipped on the last day of the month of Kartik, when a clay model of the deity is kept for a newlywed couple (usually by their friends) before the door of their house. The deity is worshipped the next day in the evening and is offered toys. The deity is also worshipped during the Durga Puja festival, in which Kartikeya is represented as a young man riding a peacock and wielding a bow and arrows. He is stated to be Kumara, that is, a bachelor as he is unmarried.
In Nepal, Sithi Nakha (Kumar Shashthi) is celebrated on the sixth day of the waxing moon, according to the lunar calendar, in the lunar month of Jestha. The festival is celebrated by cleaning water sources and offering a feast.
Explanatory notes
^ Karthikeya's marital status varies across regions. In South Indian traditions, he has two wives — Deivanai (identified with Devasena) and Valli whereas some Sanskrit scriptures only mention Devasena (also known as Shashthi) as his wife. He is also considered celibate in parts of North India.
^ कुमारं माता युवतिः समुब्धं गुहा बिभर्ति न ददाति पित्रे । अनीकमस्य न मिनज्जनासः पुरः पश्यन्ति निहितमरतौ ॥१॥ कमेतं त्वं युवते कुमारं पेषी बिभर्षि महिषी जजान । पूर्वीर्हि गर्भः शरदो ववर्धापश्यं जातं यदसूत माता ॥२॥ हिरण्यदन्तं शुचिवर्णमारात्क्षेत्रादपश्यमायुधा मिमानम् । ददानो अस्मा अमृतं विपृक्वत्किं मामनिन्द्राः कृणवन्ननुक्थाः ॥३॥ क्षेत्रादपश्यं सनुतश्चरन्तं सुमद्यूथं न पुरु शोभमानम् । न ता अगृभ्रन्नजनिष्ट हि षः पलिक्नीरिद्युवतयो भवन्ति ॥४॥ (...) Hymn 5.2, Wikisource;English: "The youthful Mother keeps the Boy in secret pressed to her close, nor yields him to the Father. But, when he lies upon the arm, the people see his unfading countenance before them. What child is this thou carriest as handmaid, O Youthful One? The Consort-Queen hath bome him. The Babe unborn increased through many autumns. I saw him born what time his Mother bare him. I saw him from afar gold-toothed, bright-coloured, hurling his weapons from his habitation, What time I gave him Amrta free from mixture. How can the Indraless, the hymnless harm me? I saw him moving from the place he dwells in, even as with a herd, brilliantly shining. These seized him not: he had been born already. They who were grey with age again grow youthful. – Translated by Ralph T.H. Griffith, Wikisource
^ Verse 7.26.2 states Kumara is Skanda, but there are stylistic differences between this verse and the rest of the chapter. This may be because this verse was interpolated into the text at a later date.
^ As per Pinkalandai, Vel means either the slayer of Tarakasura, the Chalukya kings or the god of love. The Chalukya kings were called as "Velpularasar" in the Tamil lexicons meaning rulers of Vel country.
^ Richard Mann states that Skanda-Kumara may be composite deity linked to Greek deities pair called Dioscuri (Castor and Pollux), given the numismatic overlap in their iconography and similar warrior-god mythologies.
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Srinivasan, Doris (2007). On the Cusp of an Era: Art in the Pre-Kuṣāṇa World. BRILL Academic. ISBN 978-90-04-15451-3.
Srinivasan, Doris (1997). Many Heads, Arms, and Eyes: Origin, Meaning, and Form of Multiplicity in Indian Art. BRILL Academic. ISBN 90-04-10758-4. Archived from the original on 20 January 2023. Retrieved 19 April 2017.
Subramanian, A., ed. (1978). New Dimensions in the Study of Tamil Culture.
Tagare, G. V. (2007). The Skanda-Purana. Motilal Banarsidass.
Varadara, Raman (1993). Glimpses of Indian Heritage. Popular Prakashan. ISBN 978-81-7154-758-6.
Vettam, Mani (1975). Puranic Encyclopedia. New Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass.
Zvelebil, Kamil (1973). The Smile of Murugan: On Tamil Literature of South India. BRILL. ISBN 90-04-03591-5.
External links
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Muruga in Sangam literature
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Israel | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Muruga (film)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muruga_(film)"},{"link_name":"Murugan (surname)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murugan_(surname)"},{"link_name":"Karthikeyan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karthikeyan"},{"link_name":"Karthik, Kartik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karthik_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Karthika (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karthika_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Sanskrit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrit_language"},{"link_name":"IAST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IAST"},{"link_name":"Tamil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_language"},{"link_name":"Hindu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduism"},{"link_name":"god of war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_war_deities"},{"link_name":"Shiva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiva"},{"link_name":"Parvati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parvati"},{"link_name":"Ganesha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganesha"},{"link_name":"Indian subcontinent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_subcontinent"},{"link_name":"ancient times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vedic_period"},{"link_name":"Tamil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dravidian_folk_religion"},{"link_name":"Vedic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vedas"},{"link_name":"Sangam era","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sangam_era"},{"link_name":"Tamil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamils"},{"link_name":"Palani hills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palani_Hills"},{"link_name":"Kurinji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sangam_landscape"},{"link_name":"Tamil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_language"},{"link_name":"Sangam literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sangam_literature"},{"link_name":"Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tirumuruk%C4%81%E1%B9%9F%E1%B9%9Fuppa%E1%B9%ADai"},{"link_name":"Nakkīraṉãr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nakk%C4%ABra%E1%B9%89%C3%A3r"},{"link_name":"Tiruppukal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiruppukal"},{"link_name":"Arunagirinathar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arunagirinathar"},{"link_name":"Agni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agni"},{"link_name":"ever-youthful","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eternal_youth"},{"link_name":"Indian peafowl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_peafowl"},{"link_name":"emblem of a rooster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cock_flag"},{"link_name":"spear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spear"},{"link_name":"vel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vel"},{"link_name":"devas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deva_(Hinduism)"},{"link_name":"rakshasas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rakshasa"},{"link_name":"Tarakasura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarakasura"},{"link_name":"Surapadma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surapadma"},{"link_name":"philosopher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy"},{"link_name":"Shaiva Siddhanta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaiva_Siddhanta"},{"link_name":"Kaumaram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaumaram"},{"link_name":"Hindu denomination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_denominations"},{"link_name":"South India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_India"},{"link_name":"North","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_India"},{"link_name":"East India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_India"},{"link_name":"Sri Lanka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka"},{"link_name":"South East Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_East_Asia"},{"link_name":"Malaysia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia"},{"link_name":"Singapore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore"},{"link_name":"Thailand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand"},{"link_name":"Indonesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia"},{"link_name":"Fiji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiji"},{"link_name":"Mauritius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauritius"},{"link_name":"South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"Caribbean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caribbean"},{"link_name":"Trinidad and Tobago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago"},{"link_name":"Guyana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guyana"},{"link_name":"Suriname","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suriname"},{"link_name":"Indian migrant populations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_diaspora"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"}],"text":"Hindu god of victory and war\"Muruga\" redirects here. For the 2007 film, see Muruga (film).\"Murugan\" redirects here. For the people with the name, see Murugan (surname).For the given names, see Karthikeyan, Karthik, Kartik or, see Karthika (disambiguation).Kartikeya (Sanskrit: कार्तिकेय, IAST: Kārtikeya), also known as Skanda, Subrahmanya, Shanmukha and Murugan (Tamil: முருகன்), among other names, is the Hindu god of war. He is generally described as the son of Shiva and Parvati and the brother of Ganesha.Kartikeya has been an important deity in the Indian subcontinent since ancient times. It has been postulated that the Tamil deity of Murugan was syncretized with the Vedic deity of Skanda following the Sangam era. He is regarded as the \"God of the Tamil people\" and is hailed as the lord of Palani hills, the tutelary deity of the Kurinji region whose cult gained immense popularity. Numerous works in Tamil Sangam literature are devoted to Murugan, such as Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai by Nakkīraṉãr and Tiruppukal by Arunagirinathar. Archaeological evidence from the first century CE and earlier shows an association of his iconography with Agni, the Hindu god of fire, indicating that Kartikeya was a significant deity in early Hinduism.The iconography of Kartikeya varies significantly. He is typically represented as an ever-youthful man, riding or near an Indian peafowl (named Paravani), and sometimes with an emblem of a rooster on his banner. He wields a spear called the vel, supposedly given to him by his mother Parvati. While most icons represent him with only one head, some have six heads, a reflection of legends surrounding his birth wherein he was fused from six boys or borne of six conceptions. He is described to have aged quickly from childhood, becoming a warrior, leading the army of the devas and credited with destroying rakshasas including Tarakasura and Surapadma. He is regarded as a philosopher who taught the pursuit of an ethical life and the theology of Shaiva Siddhanta.Kaumaram is the Hindu denomination that primarily venerates Kartikeya. Apart from significant Kaumaram worship and temples in South India, he is worshipped as Mahasena and Kumara in North and East India. He is also worshipped in Sri Lanka, South East Asia (notably in Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand and Indonesia), other countries with significant populations of Tamil origin (including Fiji, Mauritius, South Africa and Canada), Caribbean countries (including Trinidad and Tobago, Guyana and Suriname), and countries with significant Indian migrant populations (including the United States and Australia).","title":"Kartikeya"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELochtefeld2002655%E2%80%93656-7"},{"link_name":"Skanda Purana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skanda_Purana"},{"link_name":"Shiva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiva"},{"link_name":"handmaidens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handmaiden"},{"link_name":"Krittikas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleiades"},{"link_name":"Parvati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parvati"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-God-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kanda-9"},{"link_name":"Sanskrit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrit"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELochtefeld2002655%E2%80%93656-7"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Divine-11"},{"link_name":"vel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vel"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClothey19781,_22%E2%80%9325,_35%E2%80%9339,_49%E2%80%9358,_214%E2%80%93216-13"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMann2011104%E2%80%93106-15"},{"link_name":"Indo-Scythian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Scythians"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMann2011123%E2%80%93124-17"}],"text":"The epithet Kartikeya is linked to the circumstances surrounding the deity's birth.[6] According to the Skanda Purana, six divine sparks emerged from Shiva, forming six separate baby boys. These boys were raised by handmaidens known as the Krittikas. Later, Parvati fused them into one, creating the six-headed Kartikeya.[7][8] Kartikeya means \"of the Krittikas\" in Sanskrit.[6][9]According to Hindu literature, he is known by 108 different names, though other names also exist in common usage.[10] Most common amongst these include Skanda (from skand-, 'to leap or to attack'), Murugan ('handsome'), Kumara ('youthful'), Subrahmanya ('transparent'), Senthil ('victorious'), Vēlaṇ ('wielder of vel'), Swaminatha ('ruler of gods'), Saravaṇabhava ('born amongst the reeds'), Arumugha or Shanmukha ('six faced'), Dhanadapani ('wielder of mace') and Kandha ('cloud').[11][12][13]On ancient coins featuring his images, his name appears inscribed as Kumara, Brahmanya, or Brahmanyadeva.[14] On some ancient Indo-Scythian coins, his name appears in Greek script as Skanda, Kumara, and Vishaka.[15][16]","title":"Etymology and nomenclature"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Legends"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Holy_Family,_Shiva,_Parvati,_with_their_sons_Ganesha_and_Karttikeya,_National_Museum,_New_Delhi_(cropped2).jpg"},{"link_name":"Shiva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiva"},{"link_name":"Parvati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parvati"},{"link_name":"Ganesha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganesha"},{"link_name":"Valmiki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valmiki"},{"link_name":"Ramayana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramayana"},{"link_name":"Rudra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudra"},{"link_name":"Agni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agni"},{"link_name":"Ganga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganga_(goddess)"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClothey197851-18"},{"link_name":"Shalya Parva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shalya_Parva"},{"link_name":"Anushasana Parva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anushasana_Parva"},{"link_name":"Hindu epic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_epic"},{"link_name":"Mahabharata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahabharata"},{"link_name":"semen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semen"},{"link_name":"Ganges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganges"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELochtefeld2002655%E2%80%93656-7"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClothey197849%E2%80%9351,_54%E2%80%9355-19"},{"link_name":"Shiva Purana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiva_Purana"},{"link_name":"asura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asura"},{"link_name":"Tarakasura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarakasura"},{"link_name":"tapas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tapas_(Indian_religions)"},{"link_name":"Brahma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahma"},{"link_name":"three worlds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trailokya"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalal201067-20"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Vanamali-21"},{"link_name":"immortality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immortality"},{"link_name":"devas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deva_(Hinduism)"},{"link_name":"Svarga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svarga"},{"link_name":"Indra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indra"},{"link_name":"meditation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meditation"},{"link_name":"Parvati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parvati"},{"link_name":"Himavan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himavat"},{"link_name":"god of love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_love_and_lust_deities"},{"link_name":"Kamadeva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamadeva"},{"link_name":"Rati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rati"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Vanamali-21"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Karttikeya,_God_of_War,_Seated_on_a_Peacock.jpg"},{"link_name":"Tamil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_language"},{"link_name":"Surapadma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surapadma"},{"link_name":"three worlds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trailokya"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kanda-9"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHandelman201333-22"},{"link_name":"Vayu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vayu"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kanda-9"},{"link_name":"handmaidens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handmaiden"},{"link_name":"Krittikas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleiades"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-God-8"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHandelman201331-23"},{"link_name":"Kumarasambhava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumarasambhava"},{"link_name":"semen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semen"},{"link_name":"Bhagirathi River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagirathi_River"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kumara-24"},{"link_name":"Vana Parva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vana_Parva"},{"link_name":"Agni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agni"},{"link_name":"Svaha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svaha"},{"link_name":"Saptarshi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saptarshi"},{"link_name":"Vasishtha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasistha"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClothey197851%E2%80%9352-25"}],"sub_title":"Birth","text":"An eighteenth-century Painting depicting Shiva with his consort Parvati and sons Ganesha and six-headed KartikeyaVarious Indian literary works recount different stories surrounding the birth of Kartikeya. In Valmiki's Ramayana (seventh to fourth century BCE), he is described as the child of deities Rudra and Parvati, with his birth aided by Agni and Ganga.[17] The Shalya Parva and the Anushasana Parva of the third-century BCE Hindu epic Mahabharata narrate the legend of Skanda, presenting him as the son of Maheshvara (Shiva) and Parvati: Shiva and Parvati were disturbed during sex, causing Shiva to inadvertently spill his semen. The semen was then incubated in the Ganges, preserved by the heat of the god Agni, and eventually born as baby Kartikeya.[6][18]According to Shiva Purana, asura Tarakasura performed tapas to propitiate the creator god Brahma. Brahma granted him two boons: one, that none shall be his equal in all of the three worlds, and two, that only a son of Shiva could slay him.[19][20] As Shiva was a yogi and thus unlikely to bear children, Tarakasura was armed with near immortality. In his quest to rule the three worlds, he expelled the devas from Svarga. Indra, the king of devas, devised a scheme to disrupt Shiva’s meditation and beguile him with thoughts of love, so that he could sire an offspring and thusly end Tarakasura's immortality. Shiva was engaged in meditation, and hardly noticed the courtship of Parvati, the daughter of Himavan who sought him as her consort. Indra tasked god of love Kamadeva and his consort Rati to disturb Shiva. Shiva was furious with the act and burnt Kamadeva to ashes. But Shiva's attention then turned towards Parvati, who had performed tapas in order to win his affection, and married her, then conceiving Kartikeya.[20]Six-headed Kartikeya seated on a peacock, twelfth century CEAccording to the seventeeth-century CE text Kanda Puranam (the Tamil rendition of the older Skanda Purana), the asura brothers Surapadma, Simhamukha and Tarakasura performed tapas to Shiva, who granted them with various weapons and a wish wherein they could only be killed by the son of Shiva, which offered them near-immortality. They subsequently oppressed other celestial beings including the devas, and started a reign of tyranny in the three worlds.[8][21] When the devas pleaded to Shiva for his assistance, he manifested five additional heads on his body, and a divine spark emerged from each of them. Initially, the wind god Vayu carried the sparks, later handing them to the fire god Agni because of the unbearable heat. Agni deposited the sparks in the Ganges river. The water in the Ganges began to evaporate due to the intense heat of the sparks. Ganga took them to Saravana lake, where the sparks developed into six baby boys.[8] The six boys were raised by handmaidens known as the Krittikas and they were later fused into one by Parvati. Thus, the six-headed Kartikeya was born, conceived to answer the devas' pleas for help and deliver them from the asuras.[7][22]Kumarasambhava (lit. 'Birth of Kumara') from the fifth-century CE narrates a similar story on his birth wherein Agni carries the semen of Shiva and deposits them in Bhagirathi River (headstream of Ganges). When the Krittikas bathe in the river, they are impregnated and give birth to Kartikeya.[23]An alternate account of Kartikeya's parentage is narrated in the Vana Parva of the Mahabharata, where he is described as the son of Agni and Svaha. It is narrated that Agni goes to meet the wives of the Saptarshi (seven great sages) and, while none of the wives reciprocates Agni's feelings of love, Svaha is present and attracted to Agni. Svaha takes the form of six of the wives, one by one, and has sex with Agni six times. She is unable to take the form of Arundhati, Vasishtha's wife, because of Arundhati's extraordinary virtuous powers. Svaha deposits the semen of Agni into the reeds of Ganges river, where it develops and is born as the six-headed Skanda.[24]","title":"Legends"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Skanda,_from_Kannuaj.jpg"},{"link_name":"vel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vel"},{"link_name":"Kannauj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kannauj"},{"link_name":"cosmos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmos"},{"link_name":"planets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planets"},{"link_name":"Kailasha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kailasha"},{"link_name":"Mount Meru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Meru"},{"link_name":"Aum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aum"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHandelman201331-23"},{"link_name":"mantra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mantra"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVadivella_Belle2018178-26"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClothey197882-27"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClothey197855%E2%80%9356-28"},{"link_name":"Narada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narada"},{"link_name":"Gnana palam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jnana_Palam"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"mango","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Ganesha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganesha"},{"link_name":"peacock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peafowl"},{"link_name":"mount","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vahana"},{"link_name":"Palani Hills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palani_Hills"},{"link_name":"hermit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermit"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bhoothalingam-31"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClothey197886,_118-33"},{"link_name":"Kamil Zvelebil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamil_Zvelebil"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZvelebil197331-34"}],"sub_title":"Early life","text":"Kartikeya wielding a vel, sculpture from Kannauj, eighth century CEIn Kanda Puranam, Kartikeya is portrayed as a child playing in the cosmos. In his childhood, he fiddles with the orbits of planets, stacks the mountains in Kailasha on top of Mount Meru and stops the flow of River Ganges, among other feats. He imprisons Brahma as he could not explain the meaning of Aum.[22] When Shiva asks for the meaning of the mantra, Kartikeya teaches it to his father.[25][26] According to the Mahabharata, the devas and gods gift him various objects and animals.[27]As per Kanda Puranam, sage Narada once visited Shiva at Kailasha and presented him with a Gnana palam (fruit of knowledge).[28] This fruit is generally regarded as a mango.[29] Shiva expressed his intention of dividing the fruit between his two sons, Ganesha and Kartikeya, but Narada counseled that the fruit could not be divided. So, it was decided to award the fruit to whomsoever first circled the world thrice. Accepting the challenge, Kartikeya started his journey around the globe atop his peacock mount. However, Ganesha surmised that the world was no more than his parents Shiva and Shakti combined, circumambulated them, and won the fruit. When Kartikeya returned, he was furious to learn that his efforts had been in vain, and felt cheated. He discarded all his material belongings and left Kailasha to take up abode in the Palani Hills as a hermit.[30][31] According to Fred Clothey, Kartikeya did this out of a felt need to mature from boyhood.[32] According to Kamil Zvelebil, Kartikeya represents the actual fruit of wisdom for his devotees rather than any physical fruit such as a mango or a pomegranate.[33]","title":"Legends"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Muruga_defeats_Surapadman.jpg"},{"link_name":"Surapadma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surapadma"},{"link_name":"vel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vel"},{"link_name":"Shakti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakti"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHandelman201332-35"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kumara-24"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClothey197855-36"},{"link_name":"Virabahu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virabahu"},{"link_name":"silambu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silambu"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVadivella_Belle2018178-26"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHandelman201332-35"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVadivella_Belle2018178-26"},{"link_name":"Maya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maya_(religion)"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHandelman201332-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZvelebil197318-37"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHandelman201333-22"},{"link_name":"mango tree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango_tree"},{"link_name":"peacock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peacock"},{"link_name":"rooster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rooster"},{"link_name":"vahana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vahana"},{"link_name":"pennant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennon"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHandelman201334-38"}],"sub_title":"War with asuras","text":"A painting depicting Kartikeya facing off SurapadmaThough Kartikeya had powers derived from Shiva, he was innocent and playful. Shiva granted him celestial weapons and the divine spear vel, an embodiment of the power of Shakti (Parvati). On obtaining the vel, Kartikeya was imparted with the knowledge of distinguishing between good and evil.[34] Texts Kanda Puranam and Kumarasambhavam recount a war fought by Kartikeya against the asuras. As Kartikeya was born to save the devas from the tyrnany of the asuras, he was appointed as the commander of the devas and engaged in conflict with the asuras.[23] Shiva granted him an army of 30,000 warriors to assist in the war against the oppressive asura brothers, whom Kartikeya was born to defeat.[35] Kartikeya was assisted by nine warriors, headed by Virabahu, who served as sub-commanders of his army. These nine men were borne by nine lesser clones of Shakti who appeared from her silambu (anklet).[25]Kartikeya believed that asuras and devas were all descendants of Shiva and that if asuras were to correct their ways, the conflict could be avoided. He sent messengers to communicate as much and to give the asuras a fair warning, which they ignored.[34] Kartikeya killed Tarakasura and his lieutenant Krowchaka with his vel.[25] While Tarakasura was confused at facing Shiva's son, as he thought his war was not with Shiva, Kartikeya felt it necessary to vanquish him, as his vision was occluded by Maya.[34] Zvelebil interprets this episode as the coming of age of Kartikeya.[36]Kartikeya killed the next brother Simhamukha and faced off with Surapadma in the final battle.[21] Surapadman took a large form with multiple heads, arms and legs trying to intimidate Kartikeya. When Kartikeya threw his vel, Surapadman escaped to the sea and took the form of a large mango tree, which spread across the three worlds. Kartikeya used his vel to split the tree in half, with each half transforming into a peacock and a rooster, respectively. After Surapadman was killed, Kartikeya took the peacock as his vahana and the rooster as his pennant.[37]","title":"Legends"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pachaimalai_Shanmugar_White_saathi.jpg"},{"link_name":"Devasena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devasena"},{"link_name":"Valli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valli"},{"link_name":"Shavite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shavite"},{"link_name":"Ganesha Purana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganesha_Purana"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClothey197842-41"},{"link_name":"Puranas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puranas"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"celibate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celibate"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaradara1993113%E2%80%93114-5"},{"link_name":"Sanskrit literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrit_literature"},{"link_name":"Devasena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devasena"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELochtefeld2002185-186-43"},{"link_name":"Daksha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daksha"},{"link_name":"Shachi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shachi"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"Tamil literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_literature"},{"link_name":"Valli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valli"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaradara1993113%E2%80%93114-5"},{"link_name":"Airavata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airavata"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalal2010251-45"},{"link_name":"tribal chief","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribal_chief"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"Vishnu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vishnu"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"reincarnated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reincarnation"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHandelman201356-48"}],"sub_title":"Family","text":"Kartikeya with his consorts Devasena and ValliIndian religious literature describes Kartikeya and Ganesha as sons of Shiva and Parvati. Shavite puranas such as Ganesha Purana, Shiva Purana and Skanda Purana state that Ganesha is the elder of the two.[38][39][40] Mahabharata and the Puranas mention various other brothers and sisters of Skanda or Kartikeya.[41]In the northern and eastern Indian traditions, Kartikeya is generally regarded as a celibate bachelor.[5] In Sanskrit literature, Kartikeya is married to Devasena (lit. 'Army of Devas'; as her husband was 'Devasenapati' lit. 'Commander of army of Devas').[42] Devasena is described as the daughter of Daksha in the Mahabharata, while Skanda Purana considers her as the daughter of Indra and his wife Shachi.[43] In Tamil literature, he has two consorts: Devayanai (identified with Devasena) and Valli.[5] In Kanda Puranam, Devayanai (lit. 'Divine elephant'; as she was brought up by Airavata, the elephant[44]) is depicted as the daughter of Indra, who was given in marriage to Kartikeya for his help in saving the devas from the asuras. Kartikeya is also said to have married Valli, the daughter of a tribal chief.[45] In Tamil folklore, both Devasena and Valli were daughters of Vishnu in the previous birth.[46] When they reincarnated, Devasena was adopted as the daughter of Indra as a result of her penance and Valli was born on the Earth. However, both were destined to marry the son of Shiva.[47]","title":"Legends"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Literature"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vedas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vedas"},{"link_name":"Rig Veda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rig_Veda"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClothey197849%E2%80%9351-49"},{"link_name":"[note 2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"vel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vel"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClothey197846%E2%80%9351-51"},{"link_name":"Shatapatha Brahmana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shatapatha_Brahmana"},{"link_name":"Ushas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ushas"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClothey197848%E2%80%9351-52"},{"link_name":"Taittiriya Aranyaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taittiriya_Aranyaka"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClothey197850%E2%80%9351-53"},{"link_name":"Chandogya Upanishad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandogya_Upanishad"},{"link_name":"Narada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narada"},{"link_name":"Atman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atman_(Hinduism)"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClothey197849%E2%80%9350-54"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"[note 3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"epics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itihasa"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELochtefeld2002655%E2%80%93656-7"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClothey197849,_54%E2%80%9355-58"}],"sub_title":"Vedic text and epics","text":"There are references in the ancient Vedas to \"Skanda\", which can be interpreted to refer to Kartikeya. For example, the term Kumara appears in hymn 5.2 of the Rig Veda.[48][note 2] The verses mention a brightly-colored boy hurling weapons, evoking motifs associated with Kartikeya such as his bright glowing skin and his possession of divine weapons including the vel.[49] These motifs are also found in other Vedic texts, such as in sections 6.1-3 of the Shatapatha Brahmana: while Kumara is one of the names used to mention Kartikeya, the mythology in the earlier Vedic texts is different. In these, Agni is described as Kumara, whose mother is Ushas (goddess Dawn) and whose father is Purusha.[50] Section 10.1 of the Taittiriya Aranyaka mentions Sanmukha (six faced one), while the Baudhayana Dharmasutra mentions a householder's rite of passage that involves prayers to Skanda (Kartikeya) and his brother Ganapati (Ganesha) together.[51] Chapter 7 of the Chandogya Upanishad (eighth to sixth century BCE) equates Sanat-Kumara (eternal son) and Skanda, as he teaches the sage Narada to discover his own Atman (soul, self) as a means to ultimate knowledge, true peace, and liberation.[52][53][note 3] The earliest clear evidence of Kartikeya's importance emerges in the Hindu epics, such as the Ramayana and the Mahabharata, where his story is recited.[6][55]","title":"Literature"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pāṇini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C4%81%E1%B9%87ini"},{"link_name":"Patanjali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patanjali"},{"link_name":"Kautilya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kautilya"},{"link_name":"Arthashastra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthashastra"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClothey197849%E2%80%9353-59"},{"link_name":"Kalidasa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalidasa"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"Mahapurana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puranas#Mahapuranas"},{"link_name":"Hindu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"Shaivite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaivism"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBakker20144%E2%80%936-62"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERocher1986114,_229%E2%80%93238-63"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERocher1986114,_229%E2%80%93238-63"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoniger199359%E2%80%9383-65"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMann2011187-66"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBakker20141%E2%80%933-67"}],"sub_title":"Sanskrit literature","text":"Mentions of Skanda are found in the works of Pāṇini (fifth century BCE), in Patanjali's Mahabhasya and Kautilya's Arthashastra (third to second century BCE).[56] Kalidasa's epic poem Kumarasambhava from the fifth-century CE features the life and story of Kartikeya.[57] Kartikeya forms the main theme of Skanda Purana, the largest Mahapurana, a genre of eighteen Hindu religious texts.[58] The text contains over 81,000 verses, and is part of Shaivite literature.[59] While the text is named after Skanda (Kartikeya), he does not feature either more or less prominently in the text than in other Shiva-related Puranas.[60] The text has been an important historical record and influence on the Hindu traditions related to war-god Skanda.[60][61] The earliest text titled Skanda Purana likely existed by the sixth century CE, but the Skanda Purana that has survived into the modern era exists in many versions.[62][63][64]","title":"Literature"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tolkappiyam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tolkappiyam"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"Sangam literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sangam_literature"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"link_name":"Korravai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korravai"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"Tirumurukarruppatai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tirumurukarruppatai"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZvelebil1973125%E2%80%93127-71"},{"link_name":"[note 4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"link_name":"Paripatal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paripatal"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERamanujan201422-73"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBalasubrahmanyam19668-74"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESubramanian1978161-75"}],"sub_title":"Tamil literature","text":"Ancient Tamil text Tolkappiyam from the second century BCE mentions Ceyon (\"the red one\"), identified with Murugan, whose name is mentioned as Murukan (\"the youth\").[65] Extant Sangam literature works dated between the third century BCE and the fifth century CE glorify Murugan, \"the red god seated on the blue peacock, who is ever young and resplendent,\" as \"the favoured god of the Tamils.\"[66] Korravai is often identified as the mother of Murugan.[67] Tirumurukarruppatai, estimated to be have been written in the second to fourth century CE, is an ancient Tamil epic dedicated to Murugan. He is called Murugu and described as a god of beauty and youth, with such exaltations as \"his body glows like the sun rising from the emerald sea\". It describes him with six faces—each with a function, and twelve arms, and tells of the temples dedicated to him in the hilly regions and of his victory over evil.[68] The ancient Tamil lexicon Pinkalandai identifies the name Vel with the slayer of Tarakasura.[note 4] Paripatal, a Sangam literary work from the third century CE, refers to Kartikeya as Sevvel (\"red spear\") and as Neduvel (\"great spear\").[69][70][71]","title":"Literature"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mahayana Buddhism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahayana_Buddhism"},{"link_name":"Mahaparinirvana Sutra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nirvana_Sutra"},{"link_name":"Isvara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isvara"},{"link_name":"Yi Xing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yi_Xing"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gombrich-77"}],"sub_title":"Buddhist","text":"In Mahayana Buddhism, the Mahaparinirvana Sutra mentions Kumara as one of the eighty gods worshipped by the common people. The Arya Kanikrodhavajrakumarabodhisattava Sadhanavidhi Sutra (T 1796) features a section for the recitation of a mantra dedicated to the deity, where he is also paired with Isvara. Yi Xing's Commentary of the Mahavairocana Tantra clarifies that Kumara is the son of Isvara.[72] The sixteenth-century Siamese text Jinakalamali mentions him as a guardian god.[73]","title":"Literature"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Murugan_by_Raja_Ravi_Varma.jpg"},{"link_name":"Raja Ravi Varma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raja_Ravi_Varma"},{"link_name":"Yaudheya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaudheya"},{"link_name":"Kushan period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kushan_Empire"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMann2011111%E2%80%93114-78"},{"link_name":"Gupta Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gupta_Empire"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMann2011113%E2%80%93114,_122%E2%80%93126-79"},{"link_name":"Gandhara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gandhara"},{"link_name":"Mathura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathura"},{"link_name":"dhoti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhoti"},{"link_name":"armour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armour"},{"link_name":"spear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spear"},{"link_name":"rooster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rooster"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMann2011122%E2%80%93126-80"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESrinivasan2007333%E2%80%93335-81"},{"link_name":"Scythian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scythian"},{"link_name":"Parthian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parthian_Empire"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMann2011124%E2%80%93126-82"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-83"},{"link_name":"vel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vel"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-84"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Divine-11"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMann2011123-126_with_footnotes-85"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESrinivasan2007333%E2%80%93336,_515%E2%80%93516-86"},{"link_name":"vahana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vahana"},{"link_name":"peacock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_peafowl"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-87"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-88"},{"link_name":"elephant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elephant"},{"link_name":"Shaivite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaivism"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVadivella_Belle2018194-89"},{"link_name":"mango","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Divine-11"}],"text":"The six-headed Kartikeya with his two consorts on a peacock, painting by Raja Ravi Varma (1848–1906)Ancient Yaudheya and Kushan period coins dated to the first and second centuries CE show Kartikeya with either one or six heads, with one-headed depictions being more common.[74] Similarly, sculptures show him with either one or six heads, with the six head iconography dated to post-Gupta Empire era.[75] Artwork found in Gandhara and Mathura dated to the Kushan period shows him with one head, dressed in a dhoti (a cloth wrapped at the waist, covering the legs) armour, wielding a spear in his right hand with a rooster on his left.[76][77] Artworks from Gandhara show him in Scythian dress, likely reflecting the local dress culture of the time, with a rooster-like bird that may draw from Parthian influence to symbolize Kartikeya's agility and maneuverability as a warrior god.[78] Kartikeya's iconography portrays him as a youthful god, dressed as a warrior with attributes of a hunter and a philosopher.[79]He wields a divine spear known as the vel, granted to him by Parvati. The vel signifies his power, or shakti, and symbolizes valor, bravery and righteousness.[80][10] He is sometimes depicted with other weapons, including a sword, a javelin, a mace, a discus and a bow.[81][82] His vahana or mount is depicted as a peacock, known as Paravani.[83][84] While he was depicted with an elephant mount in early iconography, his iconography of a six faced lord on a peacock mount became firmly enshrined after the sixth century CE, along with the progression of his role from that of a warrior to that of a philosopher-teacher, and his increasing prominence in the Shaivite cannon.[85] According to the Skanda Purana, when Kartikeya faced asura Surapadman, the latter turned into a mango tree, which was then split in half by Kartikeya using his vel. One half of the tree became his mount, the peacock, while the other half became the rooster entrenched on his flag.[10]","title":"Iconography and depictions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arunagirinathar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arunagirinathar"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZvelebil1973243-90"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClothey19783-91"},{"link_name":"Shaivism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaivism"},{"link_name":"Vaishnavism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaishnavism"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClothey19783%E2%80%934-92"},{"link_name":"Shaiva Siddhanta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaiva_Siddhanta"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELochtefeld2002655%E2%80%93656-7"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClothey19781%E2%80%932-93"},{"link_name":"nirguna brahman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nirguna_brahman"},{"link_name":"saguna brahman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saguna_brahman"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClothey197810%E2%80%9314-94"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClothey19783-91"},{"link_name":"Tamil language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_language"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELochtefeld2002[httpsarchiveorgdetailsillustratedencyc0000lochpagen416_450]-95"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERamaswamy2007152-153-96"},{"link_name":"Siddhar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siddhar"},{"link_name":"Kurinji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurinji"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-97"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-98"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClothey197851-18"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kumara,_The_Divine_General_LACMA_M.85.279.3.jpg"},{"link_name":"Kushan era","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kushan_Empire"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:YaudheyaCoin.jpg"},{"link_name":"Yaudheyas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaudheyas"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaradara1993113%E2%80%93114-5"},{"link_name":"G. S. Ghurye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G._S._Ghurye"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ghu-99"},{"link_name":"Gupta Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gupta_Empire"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ghu-99"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-100"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-101"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClothey197845%E2%80%9346-102"},{"link_name":"archeological","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeology"},{"link_name":"epigraphic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epigraphy"},{"link_name":"numismatic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numismatics"},{"link_name":"Yaudheyas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaudheya"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMann2011101-105_with_footnotes-103"},{"link_name":"Kushan era","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kushan_Empire"},{"link_name":"Indian subcontinent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_subcontinent"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMann2011101-105_with_footnotes-103"},{"link_name":"Indo-Scythian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Scythians"},{"link_name":"Greek script","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_script"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-104"},{"link_name":"[note 5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-106"},{"link_name":"Chola period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chola_empire"},{"link_name":"Vijayanagara period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vijayanagara_empire"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVadivella_Belle2018140-107"}],"text":"Guha (Muruga)\n\n\nYou who has form and who is formless,\nyou who are both being and non-being,\nwho are the fragrance and the blossom,\nwho are the jewel and its lustre,\nwho are the seed of life and life itself,\nwho are the means and the existence itself,\nwho are the supreme guru, come\nand bestow your grace, O Guha [Murugan]\n\n\n\nKantaranuputi 51, Arunagirinathar(Translator: Kamil Zvelebil), [86]Consistent elements of Kartikeya's narrative across the diverse corpus of legends relating to him include his birth by a surrogate in difficult circumstances, his upbringing by a host of mothers, and his later reunion with his biological family. According to Fred Clothey, Muruga thus symbolizes a union of polarities.[87] He is considered a uniter, championing the attributes of both Shaivism and Vaishnavism (which revere Shiva and Vishnu as their supreme deities, respectively).[88] Kartikeya's theology is most developed in the Tamil texts and in the Shaiva Siddhanta tradition.[6][89] He is described as dheivam (abstract neuter divinity, nirguna brahman), as kadavul (divinity in nature, in everything), as Devan (masculine deity), and as iraivativam (concrete manifestation of the sacred, saguna brahman).[90] According to Fred Clothey, as Murugan, he embodies the \"cultural and religious whole that comprises South Indian Shaivism\".[87] He is a central philosopher and a key exponent of Shaiva Siddhanta theology, as well as the patron deity of the Tamil language.[91][92]Originally, Murugan was not worshipped as a god, but rather as an exalted ancestor, heroic warrior and accomplished Siddhar born in the Kurinji landscape. In that role he was seen as a guardian who consistently defended the Tamils against foreign invasions with the stories of his astonishing and miraculous deeds increasing his stature in the community, who began to view him as god.[93][94] Many of the major events in the narrative of Murugan's life take place during his youth, which encouraged the worship of Murugan as a child-god.[17]Kartikeya from Kushan era, second century CECoins of the Yaudheyas featuring KartikeyaAccording to Raman Varadara, Murugan, originally regarded as a Tamil deity, underwent a process of adoption and incorporation into the pantheon of North Indian deities.[5] In contrast, G. S. Ghurye states that according to the archeological and epigraphical evidence, the contemporary deity worshipped as Murugan, Subrahmanya and Kartikeya is a composite of two influences: Skanda from the south, and Mahasena from the north.[95] He as the warrior-philosopher god was the patron deity for many ancient northern and western Hindu kingdoms, and of the Gupta Empire, according to Ghurye. After the seventh century, Skanda's importance diminished while his brother Ganesha's importance rose in the west and north, while in the south the legends of Murugan continued to grow.[95][96] According to Norman Cutler, Kartikeya-Murugan-Skanda of South and North India coalesced over time, but some aspects of the South Indian iconography and mythology for Murugan have remained unique to Tamil Nadu.[97]According to Fred Clothey, the evidence suggests that mythology relating to Kartikeya became widespread in North India sometime around 200 BCE or later.[98] In addition to textual evidence, his importance is affirmed by the archeological, epigraphic, and numismatic record of this period. For example, he is found in numismatic evidence linked to the Yaudheyas, a confederation of warriors in North India who are mentioned by the ancient Sanskrit grammarian Pāṇini.[99] During the Kushan era, that included rule over the northwest Indian subcontinent, more coins featuring Kartikeya were minted.[99] He is also found on ancient Indo-Scythian coins, where his various names are minted in Greek script.[100][note 5]Skanda was regarded as a philosopher in his role as Subramanhya, while Murugan was similarly regarded as the teacher of Tamil literature and poetry. In the late Chola period from the sixth to thirteenth centuries CE, Murugan was firmly established in the role of a teacher and philosopher, while his militaristic depictions waned. Despite the changes, his portrayal was multi-faceted, with significant differences between Skanda and Murugan until the late Vijayanagara period, when he was accepted as a single deity with diverse facets.[102]","title":"Theology and historical development"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Skanda_Bodhisattva.jpeg"},{"link_name":"Dharma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dharma"},{"link_name":"Mahayana Buddhism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahayana_Buddhism"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-108"},{"link_name":"Anhui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anhui"},{"link_name":"Mahayana Buddhism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahayana_Buddhism"},{"link_name":"Chinese Buddhism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Buddhism"},{"link_name":"Skanda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skanda_(Buddhism)"},{"link_name":"dhamma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dharma"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMann201132_with_footnote_24-109"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-110"},{"link_name":"Tang period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tang_period"},{"link_name":"Song period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Song_dynasty"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hen-111"},{"link_name":"twenty-four celestial guardian deities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twenty-Four_Protective_Deities"},{"link_name":"dharmapalas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dharmapala"},{"link_name":"[107]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-112"},{"link_name":"Korean Buddhism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_Buddhism"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hen-111"},{"link_name":"Theravada Buddhist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theravada_Buddhism"},{"link_name":"Sri Lanka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka"},{"link_name":"Thailand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand"},{"link_name":"Saman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saman_(deity)"},{"link_name":"Vibhisana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vibhishana"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gombrich-77"},{"link_name":"Kataragama deviyo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kataragama_deviyo"},{"link_name":"Tamil Hindus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_Hindus"},{"link_name":"Sri Lankan Buddhists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism_in_Sri_Lanka"},{"link_name":"bodhisattva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodhisattva"},{"link_name":"Gananath Obeyesekere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gananath_Obeyesekere"},{"link_name":"[108]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-113"},{"link_name":"Naigamesa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naigamesha"},{"link_name":"[109]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParpola2015285-114"}],"sub_title":"Other religions","text":"Skanda Bodhisattva is the Dharma protector in Mahayana Buddhism[103] Above: Skanda's statue in Anhui province, ChinaIn Mahayana Buddhism, he is described as a manifestation of Mahābrahmārāja with five hair coils and a handsome face emanating purple-golden light that surpasses the light of the other devas. In Chinese Buddhism, Skanda (also sometimes known as Kumāra) is known as Weituo, a young heavenly general, the guardian deity of local monasteries and the protector of Buddhist dhamma.[104][105] According to Henrik Sørensen, this representation became common after the Tang period, and became well established in the late Song period.[106] He is also regarded as one of the twenty-four celestial guardian deities, who are a grouping of originally Hindu and Taoist deities adopted into Chinese Buddhism as dharmapalas.[107] Skanda was also adopted by Korean Buddhism, and he appears in Korean Buddhist woodblock prints and paintings.[106]According to Richard Gombrich, Skanda has been an important deity in the Theravada Buddhist pantheon in countries such as Sri Lanka and Thailand. The Nikaya Samgraha describes Skanda Kumara as a guardian deity of the land, along with Upulvan (Vishnu), Saman and Vibhisana.[73] In Sri Lanka, Skanda, as Kataragama deviyo, is a popular deity among both Tamil Hindus and Sinhalese Buddhists. While many Sri Lankan Buddhists regard him as a bodhisattva, he is also associated with sensuality and retribution. Anthropologist Gananath Obeyesekere has suggested that the deity's popularity among Buddhists is due to his purported power to grant emotional gratification, which is in stark contrast to the sensual restraint that characterizes Buddhist practice in Sri Lanka.[108]According to Asko Parpola, the Jain deity Naigamesa, who is also referred to as Hari-Naigamesin, is depicted in early Jain texts as riding the peacock and as the leader of the divine army, both characteristics of Kartikeya.[109]","title":"Theology and historical development"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Worship"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kavadi_dancer_6039398.jpg"},{"link_name":"Kavadi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kavadi"},{"link_name":"Kavadi Aattam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kavadi_Aattam"},{"link_name":"[110]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-115"},{"link_name":"Idumban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idumban"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bhoothalingam-31"},{"link_name":"debt bondage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debt_bondage"},{"link_name":"processionally","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Procession"},{"link_name":"[111]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hume-116"},{"link_name":"cow milk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cow_milk"},{"link_name":"[111]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hume-116"},{"link_name":"Kailasha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kailasha"},{"link_name":"Earth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth"},{"link_name":"hemisphere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemispheres_of_Earth"},{"link_name":"Agasthya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agasthya"},{"link_name":"asura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asura"},{"link_name":"Shakti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakti"},{"link_name":"Palani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palani"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bhoothalingam-31"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:A_day_of_devotion_%E2%80%93_Thaipusam_in_Singapore_(4316108409).jpg"},{"link_name":"Singapore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore"},{"link_name":"mortification of the flesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mortification_of_the_flesh"},{"link_name":"flagellation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-flagellation"},{"link_name":"piercing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Body_piercing"},{"link_name":"[112]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TP-117"},{"link_name":"self-mutilation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-harm"},{"link_name":"[113]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-118"},{"link_name":"[114]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PS-119"},{"link_name":"Vibuthi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vibuthi"},{"link_name":"trance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trance"},{"link_name":"[112]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TP-117"},{"link_name":"vegetarian diet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetarianism_and_religion"},{"link_name":"fasting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fasting_in_religion"},{"link_name":"celibate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celibacy"},{"link_name":"[115]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-120"},{"link_name":"[116]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SI-121"},{"link_name":"Tonsuring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonsure"},{"link_name":"[117]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-122"},{"link_name":"[118]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JSTOR-123"},{"link_name":"ear piercing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ear_piercing"},{"link_name":"[119]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-124"},{"link_name":"Panchamritam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palani_Panchamirtham"},{"link_name":"banana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virupakshi_Hill_Banana"},{"link_name":"honey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honey"},{"link_name":"ghee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghee"},{"link_name":"jaggery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaggery"},{"link_name":"cardamom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardamom"},{"link_name":"date fruits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Date_fruit"},{"link_name":"Sugar candies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugar_candy"},{"link_name":"offered","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prasada"},{"link_name":"prasad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prasad"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bhoothalingam-31"},{"link_name":"[120]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-125"}],"sub_title":"Practices","text":"A Kavadi processionKavadi Aattam is a ceremonial act of sacrifice and offering to Murugan practiced by his devotees.[110] It's origin has been linked to a mythic anecdote about Idumban.[30] It symbolizes a form of debt bondage through the bearing of a physical burden called Kavadi (lit. 'burden'). The Kavadi is a physical burden which consists of two semicircular pieces of wood or steel which are bent and attached to a cross structure in its simplest form, which is then balanced on the shoulders of the devotee. By bearing the Kavadi, the devotees processionally implore Murugan for assistance, usually as a means of balancing a spiritual debt or on behalf of a loved one who is in need of help or healing.[111] Worshipers often carry pots of cow milk as an offering (pal kavadi). The most extreme and spectacular practice is the carrying of el kavadi, a portable altar up to 2 metres (6 ft 7 in) tall and weighing up to 30 kg (66 lb) decorated with peacock feathers, which is attached to the body of the devotee through multiple skewers and metal hooks pierced into the skin on the chest and back.[111]Once all sages and gods assembled in Kailasha, the abode of Shiva, which resulted in the tilting of Earth due to an increase in weight on the hemisphere where the gathered stood. Shiva asked sage Agasthya to move towards the south to restore the balance. Agasthya employed an asura named Idumban to carry two hills called Sivagiri and Sakthigiri (Mountains of Shiva and Shakti) on his shoulders to be placed in the south, to balance the weight. Idumban carried the hills and set southward, stopping en-route to place them down for a while and rest. When he tried to lift them again, he was unable to move one of the hills. He found a youth standing atop the hill and fought with him, only to be defeated. Agasthya identified the youth as Kartikeya, and the two discussed the dispute. The hill was left to remain at its resting location, which later became Palani. Kartikeya later resurrected Idumban as his devotee. The mythology behind Idumban carrying the hills on the shoulder may have influenced the practice of Kavadi.[30]Ritual piercing with vel skewers in SingaporeWorshipers also practice a form of mortification of the flesh by flagellation and by piercing their skin, tongue or cheeks with vel skewers.[112] These practices are suppressed in India, where public self-mutilation is prohibited by law.[113][114] Vibuthi, a type of sacred ash, is spread across the body, including the piercing sites. Drumming and chanting of verses help the devotees to enter a state of trance.[112] Devotees usually prepare for the rituals by keeping clean, doing regular prayers, following a vegetarian diet, and fasting while remaining celibate.[115] They make pilgrimage to the temples of Kartikeya on bare feet and dance along the route while bearing these burdens.[116]Tonsuring is performed by devotees as the ritual fulfillment of a vow to discard their hair in imitation of the form that Kartikeya assumed in childhood.[117][118] Newborns may undergo a ritual of tonsuring and ear piercing at temples dedicated to Kartikeya.[119] Panchamritam (lit. 'mixture of five') is a sacred sweet mixture made of banana, honey, ghee, jaggery and cardamom along with date fruits and Sugar candies, which is offered to Kartikeya. It is believed to have been prepared before by Ganesha to soothe his brother Kartikeya after their battle for the divine fruit of knowledge. The practice is followed in modern times in temples where the devotees are provided the mixture as a prasad.[30][120]","title":"Worship"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Palani_Hill.JPG"},{"link_name":"Palani Murugan Temple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palani_Murugan_Temple"},{"link_name":"Six Abodes of Murugan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Six_Abodes_of_Murugan"},{"link_name":"Tamil Nadu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_Nadu"},{"link_name":"[121]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-126"},{"link_name":"Kurinji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurinji_(thinai)"},{"link_name":"[122]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERamaswamy2007293-127"},{"link_name":"Six Abodes of Murugan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Six_Abodes_of_Murugan"},{"link_name":"Thiruparankundram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiruparankundram_Murugan_temple"},{"link_name":"Tiruchendur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiruchendur_Murugan_Temple"},{"link_name":"Palani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palani_Murugan_Temple"},{"link_name":"Swamimalai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swaminathaswamy_Temple,_Swamimalai"},{"link_name":"Tiruttani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subramaniya_Swamy_Temple,_Tiruttani"},{"link_name":"Pazhamudircholai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pazhamudircholai"},{"link_name":"[123]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-128"},{"link_name":"Kandakottam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kandaswami_Temple,_Georgetown"},{"link_name":"Kumaran Kundram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumaran_Kundram"},{"link_name":"Kumarakkottam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumarakottam_Temple"},{"link_name":"Manavalanallur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolanjiappar_temple"},{"link_name":"Marudamalai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marudhamalai_(temple)"},{"link_name":"Pachaimalai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pachaimalai_Subramanya_Swamy_Temple"},{"link_name":"Sikkal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikkal_Singaravelan_Temple"},{"link_name":"Siruvapuri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siruvapuri_Sri_Balasubrahmanyam_temple"},{"link_name":"Thiruporur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiruporur_Kandaswamy_temple"},{"link_name":"Vadapalani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vadapalani_Andavar_Temple"},{"link_name":"Vallakottai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vallakottai_Subramaniyaswami_temple"},{"link_name":"Vayalur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vayalur_Murugan_Temple"},{"link_name":"Viralimalai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viralimalai_Murugan_temple"},{"link_name":"[124]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-129"},{"link_name":"Kerala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerala"},{"link_name":"Haripad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haripad_Sree_Subrahmanya_Swamy_temple"},{"link_name":"Neendoor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neendoor_Subrahmanya_Swami_Temple"},{"link_name":"Kidangoor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidangoor_Subramanya_Temple"},{"link_name":"Kodumbu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kodumbu_Subramanya_Swamy_Temple"},{"link_name":"[125]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-130"},{"link_name":"[126]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-131"},{"link_name":"Andhra Pradesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh"},{"link_name":"Telangana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telangana"},{"link_name":"Mopidevi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mopidevi"},{"link_name":"[127]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-132"},{"link_name":"Biccavolu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biccavolu"},{"link_name":"[128]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-133"},{"link_name":"[129]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-134"},{"link_name":"[130]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-135"},{"link_name":"[131]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-136"},{"link_name":"[132]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-137"},{"link_name":"[133]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-138"},{"link_name":"Kukke Subramanya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kukke_Subramanya_Temple"},{"link_name":"Ghati Subramanya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghati_Subramanya"},{"link_name":"Karnataka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnataka"},{"link_name":"serpents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snake"},{"link_name":"[134]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-139"},{"link_name":"[135]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-140"},{"link_name":"West Bengal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Bengal"},{"link_name":"[136]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dev-141"},{"link_name":"Pehowa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kartikeya_Temple,_Pehowa"},{"link_name":"Haryana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haryana"},{"link_name":"Manali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manali,_Himachal_Pradesh"},{"link_name":"Chamba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamba,_Himachal_Pradesh"},{"link_name":"Himachal Pradesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himachal_Pradesh"},{"link_name":"Rudraprayag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudraprayag"},{"link_name":"Uttarakhand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uttarakhand"},{"link_name":"[137]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-142"},{"link_name":"[138]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-143"},{"link_name":"[139]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-144"},{"link_name":"[140]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-145"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nallur_Kandasamy_front_entrance.jpg"},{"link_name":"Nallur Kandaswamy temple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nallur_Kandaswamy_temple"},{"link_name":"Jaffna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaffna"},{"link_name":"Nepal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepal"},{"link_name":"[141]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nepal-146"},{"link_name":"Sri Lanka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka"},{"link_name":"Sinhalese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinhalese_people"},{"link_name":"Kataragama deviyo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kataragama_deviyo"},{"link_name":"Kataragama temple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kataragama_temple"},{"link_name":"Nallur Kandaswamy temple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nallur_Kandaswamy_temple"},{"link_name":"Maviddapuram Kandaswamy Temple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maviddapuram_Kandaswamy_Temple"},{"link_name":"[142]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-P-147"},{"link_name":"[143]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-148"},{"link_name":"Malaysia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia"},{"link_name":"Singapore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore"},{"link_name":"Sri Lanka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka"},{"link_name":"Thailand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand"},{"link_name":"Indonesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia"},{"link_name":"Myanmar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myanmar"},{"link_name":"Fiji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiji"},{"link_name":"Mauritius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauritius"},{"link_name":"Seychelles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seychelles"},{"link_name":"Réunion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9union"},{"link_name":"South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"Caribbean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caribbean"},{"link_name":"Trinidad and Tobago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago"},{"link_name":"Guyana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guyana"},{"link_name":"Suriname","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suriname"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"[112]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TP-117"},{"link_name":"Batu Caves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batu_Caves"},{"link_name":"Malaysia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia"},{"link_name":"[144]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-149"},{"link_name":"[145]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-150"},{"link_name":"Balathandayuthapani Temple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arulmigu_Balathandayuthapani_Temple,_Penang"},{"link_name":"Nattukkottai Chettiar Temple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nattukkottai_Chettiar_Temple,_Penang"},{"link_name":"Marathandavar Temple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Marathandavar_Bala_Dhandayuthapani_Alayam"},{"link_name":"Kandaswamy Kovil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Kandaswamy_Kovil,_Brickfields"},{"link_name":"[146]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-malaysianTemples-151"},{"link_name":"[147]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-152"},{"link_name":"[148]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-153"},{"link_name":"[149]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-154"},{"link_name":"Sri Thendayuthapani Temple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Thendayuthapani_Temple"},{"link_name":"Singapore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore"},{"link_name":"[150]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-155"},{"link_name":"[151]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-156"},{"link_name":"[152]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-157"},{"link_name":"[153]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-158"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"[154]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-159"},{"link_name":"[155]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-160"},{"link_name":"[156]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-161"},{"link_name":"[157]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-162"},{"link_name":"[158]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-163"},{"link_name":"[159]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-164"},{"link_name":"[160]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-165"},{"link_name":"[161]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-166"},{"link_name":"New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"[162]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-167"},{"link_name":"[163]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-168"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"[164]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-169"},{"link_name":"[165]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-170"},{"link_name":"Switzerland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland"},{"link_name":"[166]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-religionenschweiz-171"}],"sub_title":"Temples","text":"IndiaPalani Murugan Temple, one of the Six Abodes of MuruganMurugan (Kartikeya), being known as the God of the Tamils, has many temples dedicated to him across Tamil Nadu. An old Tamil saying states that wherever there is a hill, there will be a temple dedicated to Murugan.[121] As he is venerated as the lord of Kurinji, which is a mountainous region, most of his temples are located on hillocks.[122] Most renowned among them are the Six Abodes of Murugan, a set of six temples at Thiruparankundram, Tiruchendur, Palani, Swamimalai, Tiruttani, and Pazhamudircholai which are mentioned in Sangam literature.[123] Other major temples dedicated to Murugan are located at Kandakottam, Kumaran Kundram, Kumarakkottam, Manavalanallur, Marudamalai, Pachaimalai, Sikkal, Siruvapuri, Thiruporur, Vadapalani, Vallakottai, Vayalur, and Viralimalai.[124]Places of worship dedicated to Subramanya in Kerala include temples at Haripad, Neendoor, Kidangoor and Kodumbu.[125][126] In Andhra Pradesh and Telangana, he is worshipped under the names Subrahmanya, Kumara Swamy, and Skanda, with major temples at Mopidevi,[127] Biccavolu,[128] Skandagiri,[129][130] Mallam,[131][132] and Indrakeeladri, Vijayawada.[133] In Kukke Subramanya and Ghati Subramanya temples in Karnataka, he is worshipped as Subrahmanya and is regarded as the lord of the serpents.[134][135] In West Bengal, Kartikeya is associated with childbirth and is worshipped in Kartik temples.[136] Temples also exist in the rest of India in Pehowa in Haryana, in Manali and Chamba in Himachal Pradesh and Rudraprayag in Uttarakhand.[137][138][139][140]Outside IndiaNallur Kandaswamy temple at Jaffna is dedicated to KartikeyaKartikeya is worshipped as Kumar in Nepal.[141] In Sri Lanka, Murugan is predominantly worshipped by Tamil people as Murugan and by the Sinhalese as Kataragama deviyo, a guardian deity. Numerous Murugan temples exist throughout the island, including Kataragama temple, Nallur Kandaswamy temple and Maviddapuram Kandaswamy Temple.[142][143]Murugan is revered in regions with significant population of Tamil people and people of Tamil origin, including those in Malaysia, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Indonesia and Myanmar, Fiji, Mauritius, Seychelles, Réunion, South Africa and Canada, Caribbean countries including Trinidad and Tobago, Guyana and Suriname, countries with significant Indian migrants including the United States and Australia.[112] Sri Subramanyar Temple at the Batu Caves in Malaysia is dedicated to Murugan, who is depicted in a 42.7-meter-high statue at the entrance, one of the largest Murugan statues in the world.[144][145] There are some other temples in Malaysia such as Balathandayuthapani Temple and Nattukkottai Chettiar Temple, Marathandavar Temple and Kandaswamy Kovil.[146][147][148][149] Sri Thendayuthapani Temple is a major Hindu temple in Singapore.[150] Murugan temples also exist in several western countries like United States of America,[151][152] Canada,[153] United Kingdom,[154][155][156][157][158] Australia,[159][160][161] New Zealand,[162][163] Germany[164][165] and Switzerland.[166]","title":"Worship"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Penang_thaipusam_Silver_chariot.jpg"},{"link_name":"Thaipusam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thaipusam"},{"link_name":"Thaipusam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thaipusam"},{"link_name":"full moon day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purnima"},{"link_name":"Tamil month","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_calendar"},{"link_name":"star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nakshatra"},{"link_name":"Pusam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pushya"},{"link_name":"[114]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PS-119"},{"link_name":"[112]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TP-117"},{"link_name":"Panguni Uthiram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panguni_Uthiram"},{"link_name":"purnima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purnima"},{"link_name":"Panguni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phalguna"},{"link_name":"[167]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-172"},{"link_name":"[168]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-173"},{"link_name":"Karthika Deepam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karthika_Deepam"},{"link_name":"Kartika","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C4%81rtika_(month)"},{"link_name":"[169]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-174"},{"link_name":"Vaikasi Visakam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaikasi_Visakam"},{"link_name":"Visaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visaka"},{"link_name":"Vaikasi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaikasi"},{"link_name":"[170]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-175"},{"link_name":"Kanda Sashti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surasamharam"},{"link_name":"Aippasi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashvin_(month)"},{"link_name":"Surapadman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surapadman"},{"link_name":"[171]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-176"},{"link_name":"East India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_India"},{"link_name":"[136]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dev-141"},{"link_name":"Durga Puja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durga_Puja"},{"link_name":"[136]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dev-141"},{"link_name":"lunar calendar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar_calendar"},{"link_name":"Jestha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jyeshtha_(month)"},{"link_name":"[141]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nepal-146"}],"sub_title":"Festivals","text":"Thaipusam processionA number of festivals relating to Kartikeya are observed:Thaipusam is celebrated on the full moon day in the Tamil month of Thai on the confluence of star Pusam.[114] The festival is celebrated to commemorate the victory of Murugan over the asuras, and includes ritualistic practices of Kavadi Aattam.[112]\nPanguni Uthiram occurs on the purnima (full moon day) of the month of Panguni, on the confluence of the star Uttiram.[167] The festival marks the celebration of Murugan's marriage to Devasena.[168]\nKarthika Deepam is a festival of lights celebrated on the purnima of the month of Kartika.[169]\nVaikasi Visakam celebrates the birthday of Murugan, and occurs during the confluence of star Visaka in the month of Vaikasi.[170]\nKanda Sashti falls variously on the months of Aippasi or Kartikai of the Tamil calendar, and commemorates the victory of Murugan over the demon Surapadman.[171]\nIn East India, Kartikeya is worshipped on the last day of the month of Kartik, when a clay model of the deity is kept for a newlywed couple (usually by their friends) before the door of their house. The deity is worshipped the next day in the evening and is offered toys.[136] The deity is also worshipped during the Durga Puja festival, in which Kartikeya is represented as a young man riding a peacock and wielding a bow and arrows. He is stated to be Kumara, that is, a bachelor as he is unmarried.[136]\nIn Nepal, Sithi Nakha (Kumar Shashthi) is celebrated on the sixth day of the waxing moon, according to the lunar calendar, in the lunar month of Jestha. The festival is celebrated by cleaning water sources and offering a feast.[141]","title":"Worship"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"South Indian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_India"},{"link_name":"Sanskrit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrit"},{"link_name":"Shashthi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shashthi"},{"link_name":"North India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_India"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalal2010-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaradara1993113%E2%80%93114-5"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-50"},{"link_name":"Hymn 5.2, Wikisource","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8B%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A6:_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%82_%E0%A5%AB.%E0%A5%A8"},{"link_name":"Wikisource","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Rig_Veda/Mandala_5/Hymn_2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-57"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-72"},{"link_name":"Chalukya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chalukya"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKumar2008179-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPillai200417-3"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-106"},{"link_name":"Dioscuri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castor_and_Pollux"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-105"}],"text":"^ Karthikeya's marital status varies across regions. In South Indian traditions, he has two wives — Deivanai (identified with Devasena) and Valli whereas some Sanskrit scriptures only mention Devasena (also known as Shashthi) as his wife. He is also considered celibate in parts of North India.[4][5]\n\n^ कुमारं माता युवतिः समुब्धं गुहा बिभर्ति न ददाति पित्रे । अनीकमस्य न मिनज्जनासः पुरः पश्यन्ति निहितमरतौ ॥१॥ कमेतं त्वं युवते कुमारं पेषी बिभर्षि महिषी जजान । पूर्वीर्हि गर्भः शरदो ववर्धापश्यं जातं यदसूत माता ॥२॥ हिरण्यदन्तं शुचिवर्णमारात्क्षेत्रादपश्यमायुधा मिमानम् । ददानो अस्मा अमृतं विपृक्वत्किं मामनिन्द्राः कृणवन्ननुक्थाः ॥३॥ क्षेत्रादपश्यं सनुतश्चरन्तं सुमद्यूथं न पुरु शोभमानम् । न ता अगृभ्रन्नजनिष्ट हि षः पलिक्नीरिद्युवतयो भवन्ति ॥४॥ (...) Hymn 5.2, Wikisource;English: \"The youthful Mother keeps the Boy in secret pressed to her close, nor yields him to the Father. But, when he lies upon the arm, the people see his unfading countenance before them. [5.2.1] What child is this thou carriest as handmaid, O Youthful One? The Consort-Queen hath bome him. The Babe unborn increased through many autumns. I saw him born what time his Mother bare him. [5.2.2] I saw him from afar gold-toothed, bright-coloured, hurling his weapons from his habitation, What time I gave him Amrta free from mixture. How can the Indraless, the hymnless harm me? [5.2.3] I saw him moving from the place he dwells in, even as with a herd, brilliantly shining. These seized him not: he had been born already. They who were grey with age again grow youthful. [5.2.4]– Translated by Ralph T.H. Griffith, Wikisource\n\n^ Verse 7.26.2 states Kumara is Skanda, but there are stylistic differences between this verse and the rest of the chapter. This may be because this verse was interpolated into the text at a later date.[54]\n\n^ As per Pinkalandai, Vel means either the slayer of Tarakasura, the Chalukya kings or the god of love. The Chalukya kings were called as \"Velpularasar\" in the Tamil lexicons meaning rulers of Vel country.[2][3]\n\n^ Richard Mann states that Skanda-Kumara may be composite deity linked to Greek deities pair called Dioscuri (Castor and Pollux), given the numismatic overlap in their iconography and similar warrior-god mythologies.[101]","title":"Explanatory notes"}] | [{"image_text":"An eighteenth-century Painting depicting Shiva with his consort Parvati and sons Ganesha and six-headed Kartikeya","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/The_Holy_Family%2C_Shiva%2C_Parvati%2C_with_their_sons_Ganesha_and_Karttikeya%2C_National_Museum%2C_New_Delhi_%28cropped2%29.jpg/220px-The_Holy_Family%2C_Shiva%2C_Parvati%2C_with_their_sons_Ganesha_and_Karttikeya%2C_National_Museum%2C_New_Delhi_%28cropped2%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Six-headed Kartikeya seated on a peacock, twelfth century CE","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Karttikeya%2C_God_of_War%2C_Seated_on_a_Peacock.jpg/170px-Karttikeya%2C_God_of_War%2C_Seated_on_a_Peacock.jpg"},{"image_text":"Kartikeya wielding a vel, sculpture from Kannauj, eighth century CE","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Skanda%2C_from_Kannuaj.jpg/150px-Skanda%2C_from_Kannuaj.jpg"},{"image_text":"A painting depicting Kartikeya facing off Surapadma","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Muruga_defeats_Surapadman.jpg/150px-Muruga_defeats_Surapadman.jpg"},{"image_text":"Kartikeya with his consorts Devasena and Valli","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Pachaimalai_Shanmugar_White_saathi.jpg/220px-Pachaimalai_Shanmugar_White_saathi.jpg"},{"image_text":"The six-headed Kartikeya with his two consorts on a peacock, painting by Raja Ravi Varma (1848–1906)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Murugan_by_Raja_Ravi_Varma.jpg/220px-Murugan_by_Raja_Ravi_Varma.jpg"},{"image_text":"Skanda Bodhisattva is the Dharma protector in Mahayana Buddhism[103] Above: Skanda's statue in Anhui province, China","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Skanda_Bodhisattva.jpeg/170px-Skanda_Bodhisattva.jpeg"},{"image_text":"A Kavadi procession","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Kavadi_dancer_6039398.jpg/220px-Kavadi_dancer_6039398.jpg"},{"image_text":"Ritual piercing with vel skewers in Singapore","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/A_day_of_devotion_%E2%80%93_Thaipusam_in_Singapore_%284316108409%29.jpg/220px-A_day_of_devotion_%E2%80%93_Thaipusam_in_Singapore_%284316108409%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Palani Murugan Temple, one of the Six Abodes of Murugan","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Palani_Hill.JPG/220px-Palani_Hill.JPG"},{"image_text":"Nallur Kandaswamy temple at Jaffna is dedicated to Kartikeya","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Nallur_Kandasamy_front_entrance.jpg/220px-Nallur_Kandasamy_front_entrance.jpg"},{"image_text":"Thaipusam procession","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Penang_thaipusam_Silver_chariot.jpg/220px-Penang_thaipusam_Silver_chariot.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"Zvelebil, Kamil (1991). Tamil Traditions on Subrahmaṇya-Murugan. Institute of Asian Studies. Archived from the original on 9 April 2023. Retrieved 19 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=nnIcAAAAIAAJ&q=murugan+commander+devas","url_text":"Tamil Traditions on Subrahmaṇya-Murugan"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230409064801/https://books.google.com/books?id=nnIcAAAAIAAJ&q=murugan+commander+devas","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"T.K.R, Sridharan (2022). God and Science. Notion Press. ISBN 979-8-8870-4354-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/979-8-8870-4354-8","url_text":"979-8-8870-4354-8"}]},{"reference":"Civarāman̲, Akilā (2006). Sri Kandha Puranam. Giri Trading. p. 55. 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Religion in Southeast Asia: An Encyclopedia of Faiths and Cultures: An Encyclopedia of Faiths and Cultures. ABC-CLIO. p. 320. ISBN 978-1-610-69250-2. Archived from the original on 24 February 2023. Retrieved 7 June 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=-RfYBgAAQBAJ&dq=murugan+fruit+of+wisdom&pg=PA320","url_text":"Religion in Southeast Asia: An Encyclopedia of Faiths and Cultures: An Encyclopedia of Faiths and Cultures"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-610-69250-2","url_text":"978-1-610-69250-2"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230224190538/https://books.google.com/books?id=-RfYBgAAQBAJ&dq=murugan+fruit+of+wisdom&pg=PA320","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Collins, Marie Elizabeth (1991). Murugan's Lance: Power and Ritual. The Hindu Tamil Festival of Thaipusam in Penang, Malaysia. University of California at Berkeley. p. 141. Archived from the original on 24 February 2023. Retrieved 7 June 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=HH9LAQAAMAAJ&q=golden+mango+murugan","url_text":"Murugan's Lance: Power and Ritual. The Hindu Tamil Festival of Thaipusam in Penang, Malaysia"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230224190600/https://books.google.com/books?id=HH9LAQAAMAAJ&q=golden+mango+murugan","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Bhoothalingam, Mathuram (2016). S., Manjula (ed.). Temples of India Myths and Legends. New Delhi: Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India. pp. 48–52. ISBN 978-8-123-01661-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8-123-01661-0","url_text":"978-8-123-01661-0"}]},{"reference":"Krishna, Nanditha. Hinduism and Nature. Penguin Random House India Private Limited. p. 185. ISBN 978-9-387-32654-5. 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A Study of the Kartikeya Cult as reflected in the Epics and the Puranas. University of Ceylon. p. 131.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Journal of Tamil Studies, Volume 1. International Institute of Tamil Studies. 1969. p. 131. Archived from the original on 13 November 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ZjoRAAAAYAAJ&q=tolkappiyam+varuna","url_text":"Journal of Tamil Studies, Volume 1"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171113060321/https://books.google.no/books?id=ZjoRAAAAYAAJ&q=tolkappiyam+varuna&dq=tolkappiyam+varuna&hl=no&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiloMXV6bnXAhXiDZoKHXyuDMAQ6AEILTAB","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Sinha, Kanchan (1979). Kartikeya in Indian art and literature. Delhi: Sundeep Prakashan.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Korravai\". Britannica. Archived from the original on 7 November 2017. 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Modern Sannyasins, Parallel Society and Hindu Replications: A Study of the Protestant Contribution to Tamil Culture in Nineteenth Century Sri Lanka against a Historical Background (PDF). McMaster University. p. 96. Archived (PDF) from the original on 11 August 2017. Retrieved 13 June 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://macsphere.mcmaster.ca/bitstream/11375/13675/1/fulltext.pdf","url_text":"Modern Sannyasins, Parallel Society and Hindu Replications: A Study of the Protestant Contribution to Tamil Culture in Nineteenth Century Sri Lanka against a Historical Background"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170811205457/https://macsphere.mcmaster.ca/bitstream/11375/13675/1/fulltext.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Chandran, Subramaniam (3 May 2016). \"Devotion as Social Identity: The Story of the Tamil Deity\". SSRN 2773448. Archived from the original on 18 October 2023. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion_Munteanu_(footballer) | Ion Munteanu (footballer) | ["1 International career","2 Honours","3 References","4 External links"] | Romanian former footballer
Ion MunteanuPersonal informationDate of birth
(1955-06-07)7 June 1955Place of birth
Buria, RomaniaDate of death
24 March 2006(2006-03-24) (aged 50)Place of death
Bucharest, RomaniaPosition(s)
Left backYouth career1965–1967
Steaua "23 August"1967–1974
Autobuzul BucureștiSenior career*Years
Team
Apps
(Gls)1974–1978
Autobuzul București
1979–1988
Sportul Studențesc București
281
(30)1989
Chimia Râmnicu Vâlcea
International career‡1980
Romania Olympic
1
(0)1979–1984
Romania
23
(0)
*Club domestic league appearances and goals, correct as of 27 December 2019‡ National team caps and goals, correct as of 27 December 2019
Ion Munteanu (7 June 1955 – 24 March 2006) was a Romanian footballer who played as a left back for Autobuzul București, Sportul Studențesc București and Chimia Râmnicu Vâlcea. He died in 2006 because of cirrhosis.
International career
Ion Munteanu played 23 matches at international level for Romania, making his debut on 14 October 1979 under coach Constantin Cernăianu in a friendly which ended with a 3–1 loss against the Soviet Union. He played two games at the Euro 1980 qualifiers, seven at the 1982 World Cup qualifiers and two at the successful 1977–80 Balkan Cup. He also played one match for Romania's Olympic team.
Honours
Sportul Studenţesc
Balkans Cup: 1979–80
Cupa României runner-up: 1978–79
Romania
Balkan Cup: 1977–80
References
^ Ion Munteanu at RomanianSoccer.ro (in Romanian)
^ Ion Munteanu at National-Football-Teams.com
^ "A murit fostul fotbalist Ion Munteanu" (in Romanian). Adevarul.ro. 25 March 2006. Retrieved 27 December 2019.
^ a b c d "Ion Munteanu". European Football. Retrieved 27 December 2019.
^ "Soviet Union – Romania 3:1". European Football. Retrieved 17 July 2020.
^ a b "Balkan Cup 1977–80". European Football. Retrieved 17 July 2020.
^ "1978–79 Cupa României". RomanianSoccer. Retrieved 17 July 2020.
External links
Ion Munteanu at WorldFootball.net
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Adevarul.ro. 25 March 2006. Retrieved 27 December 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://adevarul.ro/news/societate/a-murit-fostul-fotbalist-ion-munteanu-1_50abac177c42d5a6637e296e/index.html","url_text":"\"A murit fostul fotbalist Ion Munteanu\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ion Munteanu\". European Football. Retrieved 27 December 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://eu-football.info/_player.php?id=14615","url_text":"\"Ion Munteanu\""}]},{"reference":"\"Soviet Union – Romania 3:1\". European Football. Retrieved 17 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://eu-football.info/_match.php?id=12937","url_text":"\"Soviet Union – Romania 3:1\""}]},{"reference":"\"Balkan Cup 1977–80\". European Football. Retrieved 17 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://eu-football.info/_tournament.php?id=BlC-8","url_text":"\"Balkan Cup 1977–80\""}]},{"reference":"\"1978–79 Cupa României\". RomanianSoccer. Retrieved 17 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.romaniansoccer.ro/romanian_cup/1978_1979.shtml","url_text":"\"1978–79 Cupa României\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.romaniansoccer.ro/players/1308/ion-munteanu.htm","external_links_name":"Ion Munteanu"},{"Link":"https://www.national-football-teams.com/player/34071.html","external_links_name":"Ion Munteanu"},{"Link":"https://adevarul.ro/news/societate/a-murit-fostul-fotbalist-ion-munteanu-1_50abac177c42d5a6637e296e/index.html","external_links_name":"\"A murit fostul fotbalist Ion Munteanu\""},{"Link":"https://eu-football.info/_player.php?id=14615","external_links_name":"\"Ion Munteanu\""},{"Link":"https://eu-football.info/_match.php?id=12937","external_links_name":"\"Soviet Union – Romania 3:1\""},{"Link":"https://eu-football.info/_tournament.php?id=BlC-8","external_links_name":"\"Balkan Cup 1977–80\""},{"Link":"https://www.romaniansoccer.ro/romanian_cup/1978_1979.shtml","external_links_name":"\"1978–79 Cupa României\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldfootball.net/player_summary/ion-munteanu/#wac_660x40_top","external_links_name":"Ion Munteanu"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ion_Munteanu_(footballer)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IANA_Language_Subtag_Registry | Internet Assigned Numbers Authority | ["1 Responsibilities","1.1 IP addresses","1.2 Domain names","1.3 Protocol assignments","1.4 Time zone database","1.5 Language subtag registry","2 History","3 Oversight","4 Managers","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"] | Standards organization overseeing IP addresses"IANA" redirects here. For other uses, see IANA (disambiguation).
Internet Assigned Numbers AuthorityAbbreviationIANAFoundedDecember 1988; 35 years ago (1988-12)FounderU.S. Federal GovernmentFocusManage DNS zonesHeadquarters12025 Waterfront Drive, Suite 300, Los Angeles, CA 90094-2536, USALocationPlaya Vista, Los Angeles, United StatesOwnerICANNKey peopleKim DaviesWebsitewww.iana.org
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The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) is a standards organization that oversees global IP address allocation, autonomous system number allocation, root zone management in the Domain Name System (DNS), media types, and other Internet Protocol–related symbols and Internet numbers.
Currently it is a function of ICANN, a nonprofit private American corporation established in 1998 primarily for this purpose under a United States Department of Commerce contract. ICANN managed IANA directly from 1998 through 2016, when it was transferred to Public Technical Identifiers (PTI), an affiliate of ICANN that operates IANA today. Before it, IANA was administered principally by Jon Postel at the Information Sciences Institute (ISI) of the University of Southern California (USC) situated at Marina Del Rey (Los Angeles), under a contract USC/ISI had with the United States Department of Defense.
In addition, five regional Internet registries delegate number resources to their customers, local Internet registries, Internet service providers, and end-user organizations. A local Internet registry is an organization that assigns parts of its allocation from a regional Internet registry to other customers. Most local Internet registries are also Internet service providers.
Responsibilities
IANA is broadly responsible for the allocation of globally unique names and numbers that are used in Internet protocols that are published as Request for Comments (RFC) documents. These documents describe methods, behaviors, research, or innovations applicable to the working of the Internet and Internet-connected systems. IANA maintains a close liaison with the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) and RFC Editorial team in fulfilling this function.
In the case of the two major Internet namespaces, namely IP addresses and domain names, extra administrative policy and delegation to subordinate administrations is required because of the multi-layered distributed use of these resources.
IANA is responsible for assignment of Internet numbers, which are numerical identifiers assigned to an Internet resource or used in the networking protocols of the Internet Protocol Suite. Examples include IP addresses and autonomous system (AS) numbers.
IP addresses
IPv6 Prefix Assignment mechanism with IANA, RIRs, and ISPs
IANA delegates allocations of IP address blocks to regional Internet registries (RIRs). Each RIR allocates addresses for a different area of the world. Collectively the RIRs have created the Number Resource Organization formed as a body to represent their collective interests and ensure that policy statements are coordinated globally.
The RIRs divide their allocated address pools into smaller blocks and delegate them to Internet service providers and other organizations in their operating regions. Since the introduction of the CIDR system, IANA has typically allocated address space in the size of /8 prefix blocks for IPv4 and/23 to/12 prefix blocks from the 2000::/3 IPv6 block to requesting regional registries as needed. Since the exhaustion of the Internet Protocol Version 4 address space, no further IPv4 address space is allocated by IANA.
Domain names
IANA administers the data in the root nameservers, which form the top of the hierarchical Domain Name System (DNS) tree. This task involves liaising with top-level domain "Registrar-of-Record"s, the root nameserver operators, and ICANN's policy making apparatus.
Since the root zone was cryptographically signed in 2010, IANA is also responsible for vital parts of the key management for the DNSSEC operations (specifically, it is the "Root Zone KSK Operator"). Among other things, this involves regularly holding signing ceremonies where members of a group of Trusted Community Representatives (TCR) physically meet at a predefined location and go through scripted procedures to generate key material and signing keys. The TCRs cannot be affiliated with ICANN, PTI (an ICANN affiliate) or Verisign because of these organizations' operational roles in the key management, but are chosen from the broader DNS community. Past and present TCRs include Vinton Cerf, Dan Kaminsky, Dmitry Burkov, Anne-Marie Eklund Löwinder and John Curran.
IANA operates the int registry for international treaty organizations, the arpa zone for Internet infrastructure purposes, including reverse DNS service, and other critical zones such as root-servers.
Protocol assignments
IANA maintains protocol registries in tables of protocols and their parameters and coordinates registration of protocols. As of 2015 there were over 2,800 registries and subregistries.
Time zone database
The IANA time zone database holds the time zone differences and rules for the various regions of the world and allows this information to be mirrored and used by computers and other electronic devices to maintain proper configuration for timekeeping.
IANA assumed responsibility for the database on October 16, 2011, after the Astrolabe, Inc. v. Olson et al. decision caused the shutdown of the FTP server which had previously been the primary source of the database.
Language subtag registry
Further information: IETF language tag and ISO 15924
The IANA Language Subtag Registry was defined by IETF RFC5646 and maintained by IANA.
History
IANA was established informally as a reference to various technical functions for the ARPANET, that Jon Postel and Joyce K. Reynolds performed at the University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA) and at the University of Southern California's Information Sciences Institute.
On March 26, 1972, Vint Cerf and Jon Postel at UCLA called for establishing a socket number catalog in RFC 322. Network administrators were asked to submit a note or place a phone call, "describing the function and socket numbers of network service programs at each HOST". This catalog was subsequently published as RFC 433 in December 1972. In it Postel first proposed a registry of assignments of port numbers to network services, calling himself the czar of socket numbers.
The first reference to the name "IANA" in the RFC series is in RFC 1083, published in December 1988 by Postel at USC-ISI, referring to Joyce K. Reynolds as the IANA contact. However, the function, and the term, was well established long before that; RFC 1174 says that "Throughout its entire history, the Internet system has employed a central Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA)..."
In 1995, the National Science Foundation authorized Network Solutions to assess domain name registrants a $50 fee per year for the first two years, 30 percent of which was to be deposited in the Intellectual Infrastructure Fund (IIF), a fund to be used for the preservation and enhancement of the intellectual infrastructure of the Internet. There was widespread dissatisfaction with this concentration of power (and money) in one company, and people looked to IANA for a solution. Postel wrote up a draft on IANA and the creation of new top-level domains. He was trying to institutionalize IANA. In retrospect, this would have been valuable, since he unexpectedly died about two years later.
In January 1998, Postel was threatened by US Presidential science advisor Ira Magaziner with the statement "You'll never work on the Internet again" after Postel collaborated with root server operators to test using a root server other than Network Solutions' "A" root to act as the authority over the root zone. Demonstrating that control of the root was from the IANA rather than from Network Solutions would have clarified IANA's authority to create new top-level domains as a step to resolving the DNS Wars, but he ended his effort after Magaziner's threat, and died not long after.
Jon Postel managed the IANA function from its inception on the ARPANET until his death in October 1998. By his almost 30 years of "selfless service", Postel created his de facto authority to manage key parts of the Internet infrastructure. After his death, Joyce K. Reynolds, who had worked with him for many years, managed the transition of the IANA function to ICANN.
Starting in 1988, IANA was funded by the U.S. government under a contract between the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency and the Information Sciences Institute. This contract expired in April 1997, but was extended to preserve IANA.
On December 24, 1998, USC entered into a transition agreement with the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers ICANN, transferring the IANA project to ICANN, effective January 1, 1999, thus making IANA an operating unit of ICANN.
In June 1999, at its Oslo meeting, IETF signed an agreement with ICANN concerning the tasks that IANA would perform for the IETF; this is published as RFC 2860.
On February 8, 2000, the Department of Commerce entered into an agreement with ICANN for ICANN to perform the IANA functions.
On October 7, 2013 the Montevideo Statement on the Future of Internet Cooperation was released by the leaders of a number of organizations involved in coordinating the Internet's global technical infrastructure, loosely known as the "I*" (or "I-star") group. Among other things, the statement "expressed strong concern over the undermining of the trust and confidence of Internet users globally due to recent revelations of pervasive monitoring and surveillance" and "called for accelerating the globalization of ICANN and IANA functions, towards an environment in which all stakeholders, including all governments, participate on an equal footing". This desire to move away from a United States centric approach is seen as a reaction to the ongoing NSA surveillance scandal. The statement was signed by the heads of the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN), the Internet Engineering Task Force, the Internet Architecture Board, the World Wide Web Consortium, the Internet Society, and the five regional Internet address registries (African Network Information Center, American Registry for Internet Numbers, Asia-Pacific Network Information Centre, Latin America and Caribbean Internet Addresses Registry, and Réseaux IP Européens Network Coordination Centre).
In October 2013, Fadi Chehadé, current President and CEO of ICANN, met with Brazilian President Dilma Rousseff in Brasilia. Upon Chehadé's invitation, the two announced that Brazil would host an international summit on Internet governance in April 2014. The announcement came after the 2013 disclosures of mass surveillance by the U.S. government, and President Rousseff's speech at the opening session of the 2013 United Nations General Assembly, where she strongly criticized the American surveillance program as a "breach of international law". The "Global Multistakeholder Meeting on the Future of Internet Governance (NET mundial)" will include representatives of government, industry, civil society, and academia. At the IGF VIII meeting in Bali in October 2013 a commenter noted that Brazil intends the meeting to be a "summit" in the sense that it will be high level with decision-making authority. The organizers of the "NET mundial" meeting have decided that an online forum called "/1net", set up by the I* group, will be a major conduit of non-governmental input into the three committees preparing for the meeting in April.
In April 2014 the NetMundial Initiative, a plan for international governance of the Internet, was proposed at the Global Multistakeholder Meeting on the Future of Internet Governance (GMMFIG) conference (23–24 April 2014)
and later developed into the NetMundial Initiative by ICANN CEO Fadi Chehade along with representatives of the World Economic Forum (WEF)
and the Brazilian Internet Steering Committee (Comitê Gestor da Internet no Brasil), commonly referred to as "CGI.br".
The meeting produced a nonbinding statement in favor of consensus-based decision-making. It reflected a compromise and did not harshly condemn mass surveillance or include the words "net neutrality", despite initial support for that from Brazil. The final resolution says ICANN should be under international control by September 2015.
A minority of governments, including Russia, China, Iran and India, were unhappy with the final resolution and wanted multi-lateral management for the Internet, rather than broader multi-stakeholder management.
A month later, the Panel On Global Internet Cooperation and Governance Mechanisms (convened by the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) and the World Economic Forum (WEF) with assistance from The Annenberg Foundation), supported and included the NetMundial statement in its own report.
Oversight
IANA was managed by the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) under contract with the United States Department of Commerce (DOC) and pursuant to an agreement with the IETF from 1998 to 2016. The Department of Commerce also provided an ongoing oversight function, whereby it verified additions and changes made in the DNS root zone to ensure IANA complied with its policies. The Internet Architecture Board (IAB), on behalf of the IETF, could terminate the agreement under which ICANN performs IANA functions with six months' notice.
ICANN and the Department of Commerce made an agreement for the "joint development of the "mechanisms methods, and procedures necessary to effect the transition of Internet domain name and addressing system (DNS) to the private sector" via a "Joint Project Agreement" in 1998.
On January 28, 2003, the Department of Commerce, via the Acquisition and Grants Office of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, issued a notice of intent to extend the IANA contract for three years. In August 2006, the U.S. Department of Commerce extended the IANA contract with ICANN by an additional five years, subject to annual renewals.
Since ICANN is managing a worldwide resource, while the IANA function is contracted to ICANN by the US Department of Commerce, various proposals have been brought forward to decouple the IANA function from ICANN.
On October 1, 2009 the "Joint Project Agreement" between ICANN and U.S. Department of Commerce expired, replaced by an "Affirmation of Commitments". On March 14, 2014, the U.S. Department of Commerce announced its intent to transition key Internet domain name functions to a global multi-stakeholder community.
In August 2016 ICANN incorporated Public Technical Identifiers, a non-profit affiliate corporation in California, to take over the IANA functions once the current contract expired at the end of September. The Department of Commerce confirmed that its criteria for transitioning IANA Stewardship to the Internet multistakeholder community had been met, and that it intended to allow its contract with ICANN to expire on September 30, 2016, allowing the transition to take effect. On October the contract between the United States Department of Commerce and ICANN to perform the IANA functions was allowed to expire and the stewardship of IANA functions was officially transitioned to the private-sector.
Managers
In 1972, Jon Postel and Joyce K. Reynolds.
In 1998, Joyce K. Reynolds.
In 2003, Doug Barton.
In 2005, David Conrad (engineer).
In 2010, Elise Gerich.
In 2018, Kim Davies.
See also
Greater Los Angeles portalInternet portal
American Registry for Internet Numbers
Internet governance
List of information technology initialisms
List of TCP and UDP port numbers
Montevideo Statement on the Future of Internet Cooperation
National Internet registry
NetMundial Initiative, a plan for international governance of the Internet first proposed at the Global Multistakeholder Meeting on the Future of Internet Governance (GMMFIG) conference, 23–24 April 2014).
Private Enterprise Number
Registration authority
References
^ "Internet Assigned Numbers Authority". Public Technical Identifiers. Archived from the original on 24 February 2011. Retrieved 17 December 2011.
^ a b c d B. Carpenter; F. Baker; M. Roberts (June 2000). Memorandum of Understanding Concerning the Technical Work of the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority. Network Working Group. doi:10.17487/RFC2860. RFC 2860. Informational.
^ Elise Gerich (2016-10-25). "IANA Services Update". RIPE 73 Archives. Madrid, Spain: RIPE. Archived from the original on 2016-11-03. Retrieved 2016-11-02.
^ a b c "The IANA Functions: An Introduction to the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) Functions" (PDF). ICANN. December 2015. Archived (PDF) from the original on 7 November 2019. Retrieved 12 June 2018.
^ J. Postel (September 1981). ASSIGNED NUMBERS. Network Working Group. doi:10.17487/RFC0790. RFC 790. Obsolete. Obsoleted by RFC 820. Obsoletes RFC 776, 770, 762, 758, 755, 750, 739, 604, 503, 433 and 349.Obsoletes IENs: 127, 117, 93.
^ S. Kirkpatrick; M. Stahl; M. Recker (July 1990). INTERNET NUMBERS. Network Working Group. doi:10.17487/RFC1166. RFC 1166. Informational. Updated by RFC 5737. Obsoletes RFC 1020, 1062 and 1117.
^ R. Housley; J. Curran; G. Huston; D. Conrad (August 2013). The Internet Numbers Registry System. doi:10.17487/RFC7020. RFC 7020. Informational. Obsoletes RFC 2050.
^ "About the NRO". Number Resource Organization. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 12 June 2018.
^ "Getting Internet Number Resources". Number Resource Organization. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 12 June 2018.
^ Wu, Peng; Cui, Yong; Wu, Jianping; Liu, Jiangchuan; Metz, Chris (2012-12-12). "Transition from IPv4 to IPv6: A State-of-the-Art Survey". IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials. 15 (3): 1407–1424. doi:10.1109/SURV.2012.110112.00200. ISSN 1553-877X. S2CID 206583943. Archived from the original on 2022-10-06. Retrieved 2022-09-28.
^ DeNardis, Laura (2014). The Global War for Internet Governance. Yale University Press. p. 49. ISBN 978-0-300-18135-7.
^ Mueller, Milton (2002). Ruling the Root: Internet Governance and the Taming of Cyberspace. MIT Press. ISBN 978-0-262-26379-5.
^ "DNSSEC Practice Statement for the Root Zone KSK Operator". IANA. 7 April 2020. Archived from the original on 17 July 2020. Retrieved 17 July 2020.
^ "Criteria for Trusted Community Representatives". IANA. 12 May 2017. Archived from the original on 20 July 2020. Retrieved 17 July 2020.
^ "Trusted Community Representatives". Archived from the original on 5 July 2020. Retrieved 17 July 2020.
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^ "ICANN rescues time zone database". The Register. 2011-10-16. Archived from the original on 2011-10-18. Retrieved 2011-10-16.
^ "IANA - Time Zone Database". 2018-05-01. Archived from the original on 2021-03-08. Retrieved 2018-06-12.
^ "Registration Templates". Language Subtag Registry (in Kinyarwanda). 2021-12-29. Archived from the original on 2022-01-08. Retrieved 2022-01-08.
^ Phillips, A.; Davis, M., eds. (September 2009). Tags for Identifying Languages. Network Working Group. doi:10.17487/RFC5646. BCP 47. RFC 5646. Best Current Practice. Obsoletes RFC 4646.
^ V. Cerf, J. Postel (26 March 1972). Well Known Socket Numbers. Network Working Group. doi:10.17487/RFC0322. RFC 322. Unknown. NIC 9609.
^ Jon Postel, Nancy Neigus (22 December 1972). Socket Number List. Network Working Group. doi:10.17487/RFC0433. RFC 433. Unknown. NIC 13491. Obsoleted by RFC 503. Obsoletes RFC 349.
^ J. Postel (30 May 1972). Proposed Standard Socket Numbers. Network Working Group. doi:10.17487/RFC0349. RFC 349. Unknown. NIC 10428. Obsoleted by RFC 433.
^ V. Cerf (August 1990). IAB Recommended Policy on Distributing Internet Identifier Assignment and IAB Recommended Policy Change to Internet "Connected" Status. Network Working Group. doi:10.17487/RFC1174. RFC 1174. Informational.
^ "About IANA | Established in 1988". routeripnet.com. Archived from the original on 2022-12-28. Retrieved 2022-12-28.
^ "NTIA DNS Statement of Policy". June 1998. Archived from the original on 2011-04-25. Retrieved 2011-05-24.
^ J. Postel (June 1996). New Registries and the Delegation of International Top Level Domains. IETF. I-D draft-postel-iana-itld-admin-01.
^ Damien Cave (July 2, 2002). "It's time for ICANN to go". Salon.com. Archived from the original on July 22, 2011.
^ Dave Farber (July 2, 2002). "a comment on Gilmore: ICANN Must Go (good insights)". Interesting-people mailing list. Archived from the original on May 25, 2010.
^ V. Cerf (October 17, 1998). I Remember IANA. Network Working Group. doi:10.17487/RFC2468. RFC 2468. Informational.
^ Snyder, Joel; Konstantinos, Komaitis; Robachevsky, Andrei (9 May 2016). "The History of IANA - An Extended Timeline with Citations and Commentary". Internet Society. Archived from the original on 8 March 2018. Retrieved 7 March 2018.
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^ "Brazil's anti-NSA prez urged to SNATCH keys to the internet from America" Archived 2017-07-07 at the Wayback Machine, Rik Myslewski, The Register, 11 October 2013. Retrieved 11 October 2013.
^ a b Milton Mueller (2013-11-19). "Booting up Brazil". IGP Blog. Archived from the original on 2014-02-11. Retrieved 2014-02-11.
^ "Entrevista com Fadi Chehadé: Brasil sediará encontro mundial de governança da internet em 2014" Archived 2015-04-05 at the Wayback Machine, Palácio do Planalto, 9 October 2013. Retrieved 4 March 2014.
^ "Chair's Summary" Archived 2022-04-23 at the Wayback Machine, Eighth Meeting of the Internet Governance Forum (IGF), Bali, Indonesia, 22–25 October 2013. Retrieved 5 November 2013.
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"NETmundial Initiative - Debrief with Founding Partners". Archived from the original on 2015-02-09. Retrieved 2014-09-02.
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^ "Kim Davies Appointed VP, IANA Functions and President, PTI". 2017-12-15. Archived from the original on 2018-04-17. Retrieved 2018-01-26.
External links
Official website
IANA MIME media types list
IANA character sets
Numbers Resource Organization
USC/ICANN transition agreement
IANA Functions Purchase Order of the United States Department of Commerce
ICANN contract for IANA, March 2003
IANA List of Registrars
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
Germany
United States | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"IANA (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IANA_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"IP address","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IP_address"},{"link_name":"autonomous system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonomous_system_(Internet)"},{"link_name":"root zone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNS_root_zone"},{"link_name":"Domain Name System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domain_Name_System"},{"link_name":"media types","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_media_type"},{"link_name":"Internet Protocol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Protocol"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rfc2860-2"},{"link_name":"ICANN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICANN"},{"link_name":"United States Department of Commerce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Commerce"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Jon Postel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jon_Postel"},{"link_name":"Information Sciences Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_Sciences_Institute"},{"link_name":"University of Southern California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Southern_California"},{"link_name":"United States Department of Defense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense"},{"link_name":"regional Internet registries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_Internet_registry"},{"link_name":"local Internet registries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_Internet_registry"},{"link_name":"Internet service providers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_service_providers"}],"text":"\"IANA\" redirects here. For other uses, see IANA (disambiguation).The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) is a standards organization that oversees global IP address allocation, autonomous system number allocation, root zone management in the Domain Name System (DNS), media types, and other Internet Protocol–related symbols and Internet numbers.[1][2]Currently it is a function of ICANN, a nonprofit private American corporation established in 1998 primarily for this purpose under a United States Department of Commerce contract.[3] ICANN managed IANA directly from 1998 through 2016, when it was transferred to Public Technical Identifiers (PTI), an affiliate of ICANN that operates IANA today. Before it, IANA was administered principally by Jon Postel at the Information Sciences Institute (ISI) of the University of Southern California (USC) situated at Marina Del Rey (Los Angeles), under a contract USC/ISI had with the United States Department of Defense.In addition, five regional Internet registries delegate number resources to their customers, local Internet registries, Internet service providers, and end-user organizations. A local Internet registry is an organization that assigns parts of its allocation from a regional Internet registry to other customers. Most local Internet registries are also Internet service providers.","title":"Internet Assigned Numbers Authority"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Request for Comments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Request_for_Comments"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IANAfunctions-4"},{"link_name":"Internet Engineering Task Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Engineering_Task_Force"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rfc2860-2"},{"link_name":"namespaces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namespace"},{"link_name":"IP addresses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IP_address"},{"link_name":"domain names","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domain_names"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rfc790-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rfc1166-6"},{"link_name":"Internet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet"},{"link_name":"Internet Protocol Suite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Protocol_Suite"},{"link_name":"autonomous system (AS) numbers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonomous_system_(Internet)"}],"text":"IANA is broadly responsible for the allocation of globally unique names and numbers that are used in Internet protocols that are published as Request for Comments (RFC) documents. These documents describe methods, behaviors, research, or innovations applicable to the working of the Internet and Internet-connected systems.[4] IANA maintains a close liaison with the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) and RFC Editorial team in fulfilling this function.[2]In the case of the two major Internet namespaces, namely IP addresses and domain names, extra administrative policy and delegation to subordinate administrations is required because of the multi-layered distributed use of these resources.IANA is responsible for assignment of Internet numbers,[5][6] which are numerical identifiers assigned to an Internet resource or used in the networking protocols of the Internet Protocol Suite. Examples include IP addresses and autonomous system (AS) numbers.","title":"Responsibilities"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:IPv6_Prefix_Assignment_Example-en.svg"},{"link_name":"regional Internet registries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_Internet_registry"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rfc7020-7"},{"link_name":"Number Resource Organization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Number_Resource_Organization"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"address pools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Address_pool"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"CIDR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classless_Inter-Domain_Routing"},{"link_name":"IPv4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPv4"},{"link_name":"IPv6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPv6"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"sub_title":"IP addresses","text":"IPv6 Prefix Assignment mechanism with IANA, RIRs, and ISPsIANA delegates allocations of IP address blocks to regional Internet registries (RIRs). Each RIR allocates addresses for a different area of the world.[7] Collectively the RIRs have created the Number Resource Organization formed as a body to represent their collective interests and ensure that policy statements are coordinated globally.[8]The RIRs divide their allocated address pools into smaller blocks and delegate them to Internet service providers and other organizations in their operating regions.[9] Since the introduction of the CIDR system, IANA has typically allocated address space in the size of /8 prefix blocks for IPv4 and/23 to/12 prefix blocks from the 2000::/3 IPv6 block to requesting regional registries as needed. Since the exhaustion of the Internet Protocol Version 4 address space, no further IPv4 address space is allocated by IANA.[10]","title":"Responsibilities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"root nameservers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Root_nameserver"},{"link_name":"Domain Name System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domain_Name_System"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"top-level domain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top-level_domain"},{"link_name":"ICANN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICANN"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"DNSSEC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domain_Name_System_Security_Extensions"},{"link_name":"signing ceremonies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Key_ceremony#Root_Key_Signing_Ceremony"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Verisign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verisign"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Vinton Cerf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vinton_Cerf"},{"link_name":"Dan Kaminsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Kaminsky"},{"link_name":"Dmitry Burkov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dmitry_Burkov"},{"link_name":"Anne-Marie Eklund Löwinder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne-Marie_Eklund_L%C3%B6winder"},{"link_name":"John Curran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Curran_(businessman)"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"int","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.int"},{"link_name":"arpa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.arpa"},{"link_name":"reverse DNS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reverse_DNS"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IANAfunctions-4"}],"sub_title":"Domain names","text":"IANA administers the data in the root nameservers, which form the top of the hierarchical Domain Name System (DNS) tree.[11] This task involves liaising with top-level domain \"Registrar-of-Record\"s, the root nameserver operators, and ICANN's policy making apparatus.[12]Since the root zone was cryptographically signed in 2010, IANA is also responsible for vital parts of the key management for the DNSSEC operations (specifically, it is the \"Root Zone KSK Operator\"). Among other things, this involves regularly holding signing ceremonies where members of a group of Trusted Community Representatives (TCR) physically meet at a predefined location and go through scripted procedures to generate key material and signing keys.[13] The TCRs cannot be affiliated with ICANN, PTI (an ICANN affiliate) or Verisign because of these organizations' operational roles in the key management, but are chosen from the broader DNS community.[14] Past and present TCRs include Vinton Cerf, Dan Kaminsky, Dmitry Burkov, Anne-Marie Eklund Löwinder and John Curran.[15]IANA operates the int registry for international treaty organizations, the arpa zone for Internet infrastructure purposes, including reverse DNS service, and other critical zones such as root-servers.[4]","title":"Responsibilities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IANAfunctions-4"}],"sub_title":"Protocol assignments","text":"IANA maintains protocol registries in tables of protocols and their parameters and coordinates registration of protocols.[16] As of 2015 there were over 2,800 registries and subregistries.[4]","title":"Responsibilities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"IANA time zone database","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IANA_time_zone_database"},{"link_name":"time zone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_zone"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"sub_title":"Time zone database","text":"The IANA time zone database holds the time zone differences and rules for the various regions of the world and allows this information to be mirrored and used by computers and other electronic devices to maintain proper configuration for timekeeping.IANA assumed responsibility for the database on October 16, 2011, after the Astrolabe, Inc. v. Olson et al.[17] decision caused the shutdown of the FTP server which had previously been the primary source of the database.[18][19]","title":"Responsibilities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"IETF language tag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IETF_language_tag"},{"link_name":"ISO 15924","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_15924"},{"link_name":"IETF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IETF"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rfc5646-21"}],"sub_title":"Language subtag registry","text":"Further information: IETF language tag and ISO 15924The IANA Language Subtag Registry was defined by IETF RFC5646 and maintained by IANA.[20][21]","title":"Responsibilities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ARPANET","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARPANET"},{"link_name":"Jon Postel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jon_Postel"},{"link_name":"Joyce K. Reynolds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joyce_K._Reynolds"},{"link_name":"University of California at Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California_at_Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"University of Southern California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Southern_California"},{"link_name":"Information Sciences Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_Sciences_Institute"},{"link_name":"Vint Cerf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vint_Cerf"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rfc322-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rfc433-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rfc349-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rfc1174-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"National Science Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Science_Foundation"},{"link_name":"Network Solutions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_Solutions"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Ira Magaziner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ira_Magaziner"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rfc2468-31"},{"link_name":"Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defense_Advanced_Research_Projects_Agency"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"IETF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IETF"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rfc2860-2"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Montevideo Statement on the Future of Internet Cooperation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montevideo_Statement"},{"link_name":"NSA surveillance scandal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PRISM_(surveillance_program)"},{"link_name":"Internet Architecture Board","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Architecture_Board"},{"link_name":"World Wide Web Consortium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web_Consortium"},{"link_name":"Internet Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Society"},{"link_name":"regional Internet address registries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_Internet_registry"},{"link_name":"African Network Information Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Network_Information_Center"},{"link_name":"American Registry for Internet Numbers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Registry_for_Internet_Numbers"},{"link_name":"Asia-Pacific Network Information Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia-Pacific_Network_Information_Centre"},{"link_name":"Latin America and Caribbean Internet Addresses Registry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_America_and_Caribbean_Internet_Addresses_Registry"},{"link_name":"Réseaux IP Européens Network Coordination Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9seaux_IP_Europ%C3%A9ens_Network_Coordination_Centre"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-booting-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"2013 disclosures of mass surveillance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_global_surveillance_disclosures"},{"link_name":"Global Multistakeholder Meeting on the Future of Internet Governance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Multistakeholder_Meeting_on_the_Future_of_Internet_Governance"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"IGF VIII meeting in Bali in October 2013","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Governance_Forum#IGF_VIII_%E2%80%94_Bali,_Indonesia_2013"},{"link_name":"summit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summit_(meeting)"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-booting-37"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"NetMundial Initiative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NetMundial_Initiative"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"ICANN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICANN"},{"link_name":"Fadi Chehade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fadi_Chehade"},{"link_name":"World Economic Forum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Economic_Forum"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"mass surveillance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_surveillance"},{"link_name":"ICANN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICANN"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"multi-lateral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multilateralism"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"The Annenberg Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Annenberg_Foundation"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"}],"text":"IANA was established informally as a reference to various technical functions for the ARPANET, that Jon Postel and Joyce K. Reynolds performed at the University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA) and at the University of Southern California's Information Sciences Institute.\nOn March 26, 1972, Vint Cerf and Jon Postel at UCLA called for establishing a socket number catalog in RFC 322. Network administrators were asked to submit a note or place a phone call, \"describing the function and socket numbers of network service programs at each HOST\".[22] This catalog was subsequently published as RFC 433 in December 1972.[23] In it Postel first proposed a registry of assignments of port numbers to network services, calling himself the czar of socket numbers.[24]The first reference to the name \"IANA\" in the RFC series is in RFC 1083, published in December 1988 by Postel at USC-ISI, referring to Joyce K. Reynolds as the IANA contact. However, the function, and the term, was well established long before that; RFC 1174 says that \"Throughout its entire history, the Internet system has employed a central Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA)...\"[25][26]In 1995, the National Science Foundation authorized Network Solutions to assess domain name registrants a $50 fee per year for the first two years, 30 percent of which was to be deposited in the Intellectual Infrastructure Fund (IIF), a fund to be used for the preservation and enhancement of the intellectual infrastructure of the Internet.[27] There was widespread dissatisfaction with this concentration of power (and money) in one company, and people looked to IANA for a solution. Postel wrote up a draft[28] on IANA and the creation of new top-level domains. He was trying to institutionalize IANA. In retrospect, this would have been valuable, since he unexpectedly died about two years later.In January 1998, Postel was threatened by US Presidential science advisor Ira Magaziner with the statement \"You'll never work on the Internet again\" after Postel collaborated with root server operators to test using a root server other than Network Solutions' \"A\" root to act as the authority over the root zone. Demonstrating that control of the root was from the IANA rather than from Network Solutions would have clarified IANA's authority to create new top-level domains as a step to resolving the DNS Wars, but he ended his effort after Magaziner's threat, and died not long after.[29][30]Jon Postel managed the IANA function from its inception on the ARPANET until his death in October 1998. By his almost 30 years of \"selfless service\",[31] Postel created his de facto authority to manage key parts of the Internet infrastructure. After his death, Joyce K. Reynolds, who had worked with him for many years, managed the transition of the IANA function to ICANN.Starting in 1988, IANA was funded by the U.S. government under a contract between the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency and the Information Sciences Institute. This contract expired in April 1997, but was extended to preserve IANA.[32]On December 24, 1998, USC entered into a transition agreement with the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers ICANN, transferring the IANA project to ICANN, effective January 1, 1999, thus making IANA an operating unit of ICANN.[33]In June 1999, at its Oslo meeting, IETF signed an agreement with ICANN concerning the tasks that IANA would perform for the IETF; this is published as RFC 2860.[2]On February 8, 2000, the Department of Commerce entered into an agreement with ICANN for ICANN to perform the IANA functions.[34]On October 7, 2013 the Montevideo Statement on the Future of Internet Cooperation was released by the leaders of a number of organizations involved in coordinating the Internet's global technical infrastructure, loosely known as the \"I*\" (or \"I-star\") group. Among other things, the statement \"expressed strong concern over the undermining of the trust and confidence of Internet users globally due to recent revelations of pervasive monitoring and surveillance\" and \"called for accelerating the globalization of ICANN and IANA functions, towards an environment in which all stakeholders, including all governments, participate on an equal footing\". This desire to move away from a United States centric approach is seen as a reaction to the ongoing NSA surveillance scandal. The statement was signed by the heads of the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN), the Internet Engineering Task Force, the Internet Architecture Board, the World Wide Web Consortium, the Internet Society, and the five regional Internet address registries (African Network Information Center, American Registry for Internet Numbers, Asia-Pacific Network Information Centre, Latin America and Caribbean Internet Addresses Registry, and Réseaux IP Européens Network Coordination Centre).[35][36][37]In October 2013, Fadi Chehadé, current President and CEO of ICANN, met with Brazilian President Dilma Rousseff in Brasilia. Upon Chehadé's invitation, the two announced that Brazil would host an international summit on Internet governance in April 2014.[38] The announcement came after the 2013 disclosures of mass surveillance by the U.S. government, and President Rousseff's speech at the opening session of the 2013 United Nations General Assembly, where she strongly criticized the American surveillance program as a \"breach of international law\". The \"Global Multistakeholder Meeting on the Future of Internet Governance (NET mundial)\" will include representatives of government, industry, civil society, and academia.[citation needed] At the IGF VIII meeting in Bali in October 2013 a commenter noted that Brazil intends the meeting to be a \"summit\" in the sense that it will be high level with decision-making authority.[39] The organizers of the \"NET mundial\" meeting have decided that an online forum called \"/1net\", set up by the I* group, will be a major conduit of non-governmental input into the three committees preparing for the meeting in April.[37][40][41]In April 2014 the NetMundial Initiative, a plan for international governance of the Internet, was proposed at the Global Multistakeholder Meeting on the Future of Internet Governance (GMMFIG) conference (23–24 April 2014)[42][43][44]\nand later developed into the NetMundial Initiative by ICANN CEO Fadi Chehade along with representatives of the World Economic Forum (WEF)[45]\nand the Brazilian Internet Steering Committee (Comitê Gestor da Internet no Brasil), commonly referred to as \"CGI.br\".[46]The meeting produced a nonbinding statement in favor of consensus-based decision-making. It reflected a compromise and did not harshly condemn mass surveillance or include the words \"net neutrality\", despite initial support for that from Brazil. The final resolution says ICANN should be under international control by September 2015.[47]\nA minority of governments, including Russia, China, Iran and India, were unhappy with the final resolution and wanted multi-lateral management for the Internet, rather than broader multi-stakeholder management.[48]A month later, the Panel On Global Internet Cooperation and Governance Mechanisms (convened by the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) and the World Economic Forum (WEF) with assistance from The Annenberg Foundation), supported and included the NetMundial statement in its own report.[49]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States Department of Commerce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Commerce"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rfc2860-2"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"Internet Architecture Board","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Architecture_Board"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"}],"text":"IANA was managed by the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) under contract with the United States Department of Commerce (DOC) and pursuant to an agreement with the IETF from 1998 to 2016.[2][50] The Department of Commerce also provided an ongoing oversight function, whereby it verified additions and changes made in the DNS root zone to ensure IANA complied with its policies. The Internet Architecture Board (IAB), on behalf of the IETF, could terminate the agreement under which ICANN performs IANA functions with six months' notice.[51]ICANN and the Department of Commerce made an agreement for the \"joint development of the \"mechanisms methods, and procedures necessary to effect the transition of Internet domain name and addressing system (DNS) to the private sector\" via a \"Joint Project Agreement\" in 1998.On January 28, 2003, the Department of Commerce, via the Acquisition and Grants Office of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, issued a notice of intent to extend the IANA contract for three years. In August 2006, the U.S. Department of Commerce extended the IANA contract with ICANN by an additional five years, subject to annual renewals.[52]Since ICANN is managing a worldwide resource, while the IANA function is contracted to ICANN by the US Department of Commerce, various proposals have been brought forward to decouple the IANA function from ICANN.[53]On October 1, 2009 the \"Joint Project Agreement\" between ICANN and U.S. Department of Commerce expired, replaced by an \"Affirmation of Commitments\".[54][55] On March 14, 2014, the U.S. Department of Commerce announced its intent to transition key Internet domain name functions to a global multi-stakeholder community.[56][57]In August 2016 ICANN incorporated Public Technical Identifiers, a non-profit affiliate corporation in California, to take over the IANA functions once the current contract expired at the end of September.[58][59] The Department of Commerce confirmed that its criteria for transitioning IANA Stewardship to the Internet multistakeholder community had been met, and that it intended to allow its contract with ICANN to expire on September 30, 2016, allowing the transition to take effect.[60][61][62] On October the contract between the United States Department of Commerce and ICANN to perform the IANA functions was allowed to expire and the stewardship of IANA functions was officially transitioned to the private-sector.[63][64]","title":"Oversight"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jon Postel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jon_Postel"},{"link_name":"Joyce K. Reynolds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joyce_K._Reynolds"},{"link_name":"Joyce K. Reynolds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joyce_K._Reynolds"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"}],"text":"In 1972, Jon Postel and Joyce K. Reynolds.\nIn 1998, Joyce K. Reynolds.\nIn 2003, Doug Barton.\nIn 2005, David Conrad (engineer).\nIn 2010, Elise Gerich.\nIn 2018, Kim Davies.[65]","title":"Managers"}] | [{"image_text":"IPv6 Prefix Assignment mechanism with IANA, RIRs, and ISPs","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/IPv6_Prefix_Assignment_Example-en.svg/300px-IPv6_Prefix_Assignment_Example-en.svg.png"}] | [{"title":"Greater Los Angeles portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Greater_Los_Angeles"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg"},{"title":"Internet portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Internet"},{"title":"American Registry for Internet Numbers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Registry_for_Internet_Numbers"},{"title":"Internet governance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_governance"},{"title":"List of information technology initialisms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_information_technology_initialisms"},{"title":"List of TCP and UDP port numbers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_TCP_and_UDP_port_numbers"},{"title":"Montevideo Statement on the Future of Internet Cooperation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montevideo_Statement_on_the_Future_of_Internet_Cooperation"},{"title":"National Internet registry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Internet_registry"},{"title":"NetMundial Initiative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NetMundial_Initiative"},{"title":"Private Enterprise Number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_Enterprise_Number"},{"title":"Registration authority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Registration_authority"}] | [{"reference":"\"Internet Assigned Numbers Authority\". Public Technical Identifiers. Archived from the original on 24 February 2011. Retrieved 17 December 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.iana.org/","url_text":"\"Internet Assigned Numbers Authority\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110224160727/http://www.iana.org/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"B. Carpenter; F. Baker; M. Roberts (June 2000). Memorandum of Understanding Concerning the Technical Work of the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority. Network Working Group. doi:10.17487/RFC2860. RFC 2860.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Baker_(IETF_chair)","url_text":"F. Baker"},{"url":"https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc2860","url_text":"Memorandum of Understanding Concerning the Technical Work of the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.17487%2FRFC2860","url_text":"10.17487/RFC2860"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Request_for_Comments","url_text":"RFC"},{"url":"https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc2860","url_text":"2860"}]},{"reference":"Elise Gerich (2016-10-25). \"IANA Services Update\". RIPE 73 Archives. Madrid, Spain: RIPE. Archived from the original on 2016-11-03. Retrieved 2016-11-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://ripe73.ripe.net/archives/video/1439/","url_text":"\"IANA Services Update\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RIPE","url_text":"RIPE"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161103234335/https://ripe73.ripe.net/archives/video/1439/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"The IANA Functions: An Introduction to the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) Functions\" (PDF). ICANN. December 2015. Archived (PDF) from the original on 7 November 2019. Retrieved 12 June 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.icann.org/en/system/files/files/functions-basics-07apr14-en.pdf","url_text":"\"The IANA Functions: An Introduction to the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) Functions\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191107061925/https://www.icann.org/en/system/files/files/functions-basics-07apr14-en.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"J. Postel (September 1981). ASSIGNED NUMBERS. Network Working Group. doi:10.17487/RFC0790. RFC 790.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jon_Postel","url_text":"J. Postel"},{"url":"https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc790","url_text":"ASSIGNED NUMBERS"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.17487%2FRFC0790","url_text":"10.17487/RFC0790"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Request_for_Comments","url_text":"RFC"},{"url":"https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc790","url_text":"790"}]},{"reference":"S. Kirkpatrick; M. Stahl; M. Recker (July 1990). INTERNET NUMBERS. Network Working Group. doi:10.17487/RFC1166. RFC 1166.","urls":[{"url":"https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc1166","url_text":"INTERNET NUMBERS"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.17487%2FRFC1166","url_text":"10.17487/RFC1166"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Request_for_Comments","url_text":"RFC"},{"url":"https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc1166","url_text":"1166"}]},{"reference":"R. Housley; J. Curran; G. Huston; D. Conrad (August 2013). The Internet Numbers Registry System. doi:10.17487/RFC7020. RFC 7020.","urls":[{"url":"https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7020","url_text":"The Internet Numbers Registry System"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.17487%2FRFC7020","url_text":"10.17487/RFC7020"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Request_for_Comments","url_text":"RFC"},{"url":"https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7020","url_text":"7020"}]},{"reference":"\"About the NRO\". Number Resource Organization. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 12 June 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180612233102/https://www.nro.net/about-the-nro/","url_text":"\"About the NRO\""},{"url":"https://www.nro.net/about-the-nro/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Getting Internet Number Resources\". Number Resource Organization. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 12 June 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180612233111/https://www.nro.net/policies/getting-internet-number-resources/","url_text":"\"Getting Internet Number Resources\""},{"url":"https://www.nro.net/policies/getting-internet-number-resources/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Wu, Peng; Cui, Yong; Wu, Jianping; Liu, Jiangchuan; Metz, Chris (2012-12-12). \"Transition from IPv4 to IPv6: A State-of-the-Art Survey\". IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials. 15 (3): 1407–1424. doi:10.1109/SURV.2012.110112.00200. ISSN 1553-877X. S2CID 206583943. Archived from the original on 2022-10-06. Retrieved 2022-09-28.","urls":[{"url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/6380492","url_text":"\"Transition from IPv4 to IPv6: A State-of-the-Art Survey\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1109%2FSURV.2012.110112.00200","url_text":"10.1109/SURV.2012.110112.00200"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1553-877X","url_text":"1553-877X"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:206583943","url_text":"206583943"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221006060126/http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/6380492/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"DeNardis, Laura (2014). The Global War for Internet Governance. Yale University Press. p. 49. ISBN 978-0-300-18135-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=jfxfAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA49","url_text":"The Global War for Internet Governance"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-18135-7","url_text":"978-0-300-18135-7"}]},{"reference":"Mueller, Milton (2002). Ruling the Root: Internet Governance and the Taming of Cyberspace. MIT Press. ISBN 978-0-262-26379-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=sMKmdJq7iE0C","url_text":"Ruling the Root: Internet Governance and the Taming of Cyberspace"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-26379-5","url_text":"978-0-262-26379-5"}]},{"reference":"\"DNSSEC Practice Statement for the Root Zone KSK Operator\". IANA. 7 April 2020. Archived from the original on 17 July 2020. Retrieved 17 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.iana.org/dnssec/dps/ksk-operator/ksk-dps.txt","url_text":"\"DNSSEC Practice Statement for the Root Zone KSK Operator\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200717235529/https://www.iana.org/dnssec/dps/ksk-operator/ksk-dps.txt","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Criteria for Trusted Community Representatives\". IANA. 12 May 2017. Archived from the original on 20 July 2020. Retrieved 17 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.iana.org/help/tcr-criteria","url_text":"\"Criteria for Trusted Community Representatives\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200720023545/https://www.iana.org/help/tcr-criteria","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Trusted Community Representatives\". Archived from the original on 5 July 2020. Retrieved 17 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.iana.org/dnssec/tcrs","url_text":"\"Trusted Community Representatives\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200705085638/https://www.iana.org/dnssec/tcrs","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"IANA - Protocol Registries\". Public Technical Identifiers. Retrieved 12 June 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.iana.org/protocols","url_text":"\"IANA - Protocol Registries\""}]},{"reference":"\"Astrolabe, Inc. v. Olson et al\". 2011-10-06. Archived from the original on 2011-10-08. Retrieved 2011-10-16.","urls":[{"url":"http://dockets.justia.com/docket/massachusetts/madce/1:2011cv11725/139342/","url_text":"\"Astrolabe, Inc. v. Olson et al\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111008182854/http://dockets.justia.com/docket/massachusetts/madce/1:2011cv11725/139342","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"ICANN rescues time zone database\". The Register. 2011-10-16. Archived from the original on 2011-10-18. Retrieved 2011-10-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theregister.co.uk/2011/10/16/icann_rescues_time_zone_database/","url_text":"\"ICANN rescues time zone database\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Register","url_text":"The Register"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111018080200/http://www.theregister.co.uk/2011/10/16/icann_rescues_time_zone_database/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"IANA - Time Zone Database\". 2018-05-01. Archived from the original on 2021-03-08. Retrieved 2018-06-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.iana.org/time-zones","url_text":"\"IANA - Time Zone Database\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210308054746/https://www.iana.org/time-zones","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Registration Templates\". Language Subtag Registry (in Kinyarwanda). 2021-12-29. Archived from the original on 2022-01-08. Retrieved 2022-01-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.iana.org/assignments/lang-subtags-templates/lang-subtags-templates.xhtml","url_text":"\"Registration Templates\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220108190515/https://www.iana.org/assignments/lang-subtags-templates/lang-subtags-templates.xhtml","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Phillips, A.; Davis, M., eds. (September 2009). Tags for Identifying Languages. Network Working Group. doi:10.17487/RFC5646. BCP 47. RFC 5646.","urls":[{"url":"https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc5646","url_text":"Tags for Identifying Languages"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.17487%2FRFC5646","url_text":"10.17487/RFC5646"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Request_for_Comments","url_text":"RFC"},{"url":"https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc5646","url_text":"5646"}]},{"reference":"V. Cerf, J. Postel (26 March 1972). Well Known Socket Numbers. Network Working Group. doi:10.17487/RFC0322. RFC 322.","urls":[{"url":"https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc322","url_text":"Well Known Socket Numbers"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.17487%2FRFC0322","url_text":"10.17487/RFC0322"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Request_for_Comments","url_text":"RFC"},{"url":"https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc322","url_text":"322"}]},{"reference":"Jon Postel, Nancy Neigus (22 December 1972). Socket Number List. Network Working Group. doi:10.17487/RFC0433. RFC 433.","urls":[{"url":"https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc433","url_text":"Socket Number List"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.17487%2FRFC0433","url_text":"10.17487/RFC0433"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Request_for_Comments","url_text":"RFC"},{"url":"https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc433","url_text":"433"}]},{"reference":"J. Postel (30 May 1972). Proposed Standard Socket Numbers. Network Working Group. doi:10.17487/RFC0349. RFC 349.","urls":[{"url":"https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc349","url_text":"Proposed Standard Socket Numbers"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.17487%2FRFC0349","url_text":"10.17487/RFC0349"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Request_for_Comments","url_text":"RFC"},{"url":"https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc349","url_text":"349"}]},{"reference":"V. Cerf (August 1990). IAB Recommended Policy on Distributing Internet Identifier Assignment and IAB Recommended Policy Change to Internet \"Connected\" Status. Network Working Group. doi:10.17487/RFC1174. RFC 1174.","urls":[{"url":"https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc1174","url_text":"IAB Recommended Policy on Distributing Internet Identifier Assignment and IAB Recommended Policy Change to Internet \"Connected\" Status"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.17487%2FRFC1174","url_text":"10.17487/RFC1174"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Request_for_Comments","url_text":"RFC"},{"url":"https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc1174","url_text":"1174"}]},{"reference":"\"About IANA | Established in 1988\". routeripnet.com. Archived from the original on 2022-12-28. Retrieved 2022-12-28.","urls":[{"url":"https://routeripnet.com/iana/","url_text":"\"About IANA | Established in 1988\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221228142306/https://routeripnet.com/iana/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"NTIA DNS Statement of Policy\". June 1998. Archived from the original on 2011-04-25. Retrieved 2011-05-24.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ntia.doc.gov/ntiahome/domainname/6_5_98dns.htm","url_text":"\"NTIA DNS Statement of Policy\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110425084327/http://www.ntia.doc.gov/ntiahome/domainname/6_5_98dns.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"J. Postel (June 1996). New Registries and the Delegation of International Top Level Domains. IETF. I-D draft-postel-iana-itld-admin-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/draft-postel-iana-itld-admin-01","url_text":"New Registries and the Delegation of International Top Level Domains"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Engineering_Task_Force","url_text":"IETF"}]},{"reference":"Damien Cave (July 2, 2002). \"It's time for ICANN to go\". Salon.com. Archived from the original on July 22, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110722170621/http://www.salon.com/technology/feature/2002/07/02/gilmore/print.html","url_text":"\"It's time for ICANN to go\""},{"url":"http://www.salon.com/technology/feature/2002/07/02/gilmore/print.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Dave Farber (July 2, 2002). \"a comment on Gilmore: ICANN Must Go (good insights)\". Interesting-people mailing list. Archived from the original on May 25, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100525113933/http://www.interesting-people.org/archives/interesting-people/200207/msg00011.html","url_text":"\"a comment on Gilmore: ICANN Must Go (good insights)\""},{"url":"http://www.interesting-people.org/archives/interesting-people/200207/msg00011.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"V. Cerf (October 17, 1998). I Remember IANA. Network Working Group. doi:10.17487/RFC2468. RFC 2468.","urls":[{"url":"https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc2468","url_text":"I Remember IANA"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.17487%2FRFC2468","url_text":"10.17487/RFC2468"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Request_for_Comments","url_text":"RFC"},{"url":"https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc2468","url_text":"2468"}]},{"reference":"Snyder, Joel; Konstantinos, Komaitis; Robachevsky, Andrei (9 May 2016). \"The History of IANA - An Extended Timeline with Citations and Commentary\". Internet Society. Archived from the original on 8 March 2018. Retrieved 7 March 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.internetsociety.org/ianatimeline/","url_text":"\"The History of IANA - An Extended Timeline with Citations and Commentary\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180308003046/https://www.internetsociety.org/ianatimeline/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"USC ICANN Transition Agreement\". ICANN. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_negotiations_between_Israel_and_the_Palestinians_in_2010 | 2010–2011 Israeli–Palestinian peace talks | ["1 Background","2 2010–2011 Israeli–Palestinian peace talks","3 Public reactions","3.1 The reactions of the Israeli public","3.2 The reactions of the Palestinian public","4 See also","5 References"] | Diplomatic attempts to resolve the Israel-Palestine conflict in 2010 and 2011; failed
Benjamin Netanyahu, Mahmoud Abbas, George J. Mitchell and Hillary Clinton at the start of direct talks on September 2, 2010.
Direct negotiations between Israel and the Palestinian National Authority took place throughout 2010 as part of the peace process, between United States President Barack Obama, Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu, and Palestinian Authority Chairman Mahmoud Abbas. The ultimate aim of the direct negotiations is reaching an official "final status settlement" to the Israeli–Palestinian conflict by implementing a two-state solution, with Israel remaining a Jewish state, and the establishment of a state for the Palestinian people.
In early 2010, Benjamin Netanyahu, imposed a ten-month moratorium on settlement construction in the West Bank as a gesture for the Palestinian Authority, after previously publicly declaring his support for a future Palestinian state, however he insisted that the Palestinians would need to make reciprocal gestures of their own. The Palestinian Authority rejected the gesture as insufficient. Nine month later, direct negotiations between Israel and the PA relaunched, after nearly two years of stalemate.
In early September, a coalition of 13 Palestinian factions began a campaign of attacks against Israeli civilians, including a series of drive-by shootings and rocket attacks on Israeli towns, in an attempt to derail and torpedo the ongoing negotiations.
Direct talks broke down in late September 2010 when an Israeli partial moratorium on settlement construction in the West Bank expired and Netanyahu refused to extend the freeze unless the Palestinian Authority recognized Israel as a Jewish State, while the Palestinian leadership refused to continue negotiating unless Israel extended the moratorium. The proposal was rejected by the Palestinian leadership, that stressed that the topic on the Jewishness of the state has nothing to do with the building freeze. The decision of Netanyahu on the freeze was criticized by European countries and the United States.
Background
Part of a series onthe Israeli–Palestinian conflictIsraeli–Palestinianpeace process
HistoryCamp David Accords1978Madrid Conference1991Oslo Accords1993 / 95Hebron Protocol1997Wye River Memorandum1998Sharm El Sheikh Memorandum1999Camp David Summit2000The Clinton Parameters2000Taba Summit2001Road Map2003Agreement on Movement and Access2005Annapolis Conference2007Mitchell-led talks2010–11Kerry-led talks2013–14
Primary concerns
Final borders
Israeli settlements
Palestinian enclaves
Jewish state
Palestinian political violence
Palestinian refugees
Security concerns
Status of Jerusalem
Zionist political violence
Secondary concerns
Israeli West Bank barrier
Places of worship
Fatah–Hamas conflict
Water
Electricity
International brokers
The "Quartet" (United NationsUnited StatesEuropean UnionRussia)
Arab League EgyptJordan
United KingdomFrance
Proposals
One-state solution: IsratinElon Peace Plan
Two-state solution: Fahd PlanAllon PlanArab Peace InitiativeGeneva InitiativeLieberman PlanIsraeli Peace InitiativePalestinian Prisoners' DocumentTrump Peace Plan
Three-state solution
Israeli unilateral plans: HafradaDisengagementRealignment
Projects / groups / NGOs
Peace-orientated projects Israeli–Palestinian economic peace efforts Valley of Peace Middle East economic integration Alliance for Middle East Peace Peres Center for Peace
vte
Direct negotiations between the Palestinian Authority and the Israeli government have continued for many decades and remain a complicated issue to resolve.
When President Barack Obama took office in January 2009, he has made peaceful settlement of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict a top priority of his administration, appointing former Senator George Mitchell as his peace envoy.
In March 2009 US Secretary of State Hillary Clinton traveled to Israel. She said that Israeli settlements and demolition of Arab homes in East Jerusalem were "unhelpful" to the peace process. Clinton also voiced support for the establishment of a Palestinian state. Prime Minister-designate Benjamin Netanyahu supports Palestinian self-government but did not explicitly endorse US and Palestinian visions for Palestinian statehood. Upon the arrival of President Obama administration's special envoy, George Mitchell, Netanyahu stated that any resumption of negotiations with the Palestinians will be conditional on the Palestinians recognizing Israel as a Jewish state. So far the Palestinian leadership has rejected a US-backed proposal extending a settlement freeze in exchange for recognizing Israel as a Jewish state, as this issue had not been sufficiently clarified by Israel at that time.
On June 4, 2009 Obama delivered a speech at the Cairo University in Egypt in which Obama addressed the Muslim world. The speech called for a "new beginning" in relations between the Islamic world and the United States. With respect to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, the President stated that "the only resolution is for the aspirations of both sides to be met through two states" and called upon both Israel and the Palestinians to resume negotiations. In addition, during the speech Obama added that "The United States does not accept the legitimacy of continued Israeli settlements" as it "undermines efforts to achieve peace. It is time for these settlements to stop."
On June 14, in what was understood as a response Obama's Cairo speech, Netanyahu gave a speech at Bar-Ilan University in which he endorsed, for the first time, a "Demilitarized Palestinian State", after two months of refusing to commit to anything other than a self-ruling autonomy when coming into office. Netanyahu also stated that he would accept a Palestinian state if Jerusalem were to remain the united capital of Israel but open to all religions, the Palestinians would have no military, and the Palestinians would give up their demand for a right of return. He also claimed the right for a "natural growth" in the existing Jewish settlements in the West Bank while their permanent status is up to further negotiation. In general, the address was viewed as a significant turnaround from his previously hawkish positions against the Israeli–Palestinian peace process.
On July 12, 2009, Mahmoud Abbas told Egyptian media that he would not cede any part of the West Bank to Israel, that he would demand territorial contiguity between the West Bank and Gaza Strip, and that he would never waive the Palestinian right of return. In a letter to U.S. President Barack Obama, Abbas demanded that any peace deal be based strictly on the 1967 borders and the Arab Peace Initiative. Palestinian negotiator Saeb Erekat rejected any "middle ground solutions", saying that the Palestinians would reject any deal between the U.S. and Israel that would allow any construction to continue in Israeli settlements.
On 23 August 2009, Netanyahu announced in his weekly cabinet meeting that negotiations with the Palestinians will begin in September 2009 and will be officially launched on his visit to New York, after he had accepted an invitation from President Barack Obama for a "Triple Summit" there. He added that there is progress with special envoy George Mitchell, though there is no full agreement on everything, and there will be more rounds of meetings until September. On the same day, a spokesman for PA President Mahmoud Abbas said there would be no negotiations so long as Israel continued West Bank settlement construction.
On 20 September 2009, the White House announced that it will host a three-way meeting between President Obama, Prime Minister Netanyahu and PA President Mahmoud Abbas, within the framework of the United Nations General Assembly, "in an effort to lay the groundwork for renewed negotiations on Mideast peace." The meeting took place on 22 September, in New York. Afterwards, Netanyahu said that he agreed with Abbas during the meeting that peace talks should be relaunched as soon as possible.
2010–2011 Israeli–Palestinian peace talks
On 25 November 2009, Israeli Prime Minister, Benjamin Netanyahu, imposed a 10-month construction freeze on all of its settlements in the West Bank. Calling it "a painful step that will encourage the peace process" and urged the Palestinians to respond. Israel's decision was widely seen as due to pressure from the Obama administration, which urged the sides to seize the opportunity to resume talks. The Palestinian Authority rejected the gesture as being insignificant due to the limited construction on some pre-approved housing units, failure to extend the freeze to East Jerusalem, and failure to dismantle already-built settlement outposts illegal under Israeli law. The Palestinians refused to enter negotiations, despite Israeli appeals to do so.
A partial freeze on construction in East Jerusalem, which Israel annexed in 1980, and regards as its sovereign territory, was imposed under the observation of U.S. consular officials, though not acknowledged by the Israeli government. On 19 July, Israeli Prime Minister Netanyahu froze a major construction project in Pisgat Ze'ev as a "diplomatic gesture" to the United States. However, some construction continued, and the Obama administration voiced disappointment over the matter, stating that it viewed construction there as a violation of the settlement freeze. On 10 March 2010, Israel approved the construction of 1,600 apartments in the Ramat Shlomo neighborhood during a visit by US Vice President Joe Biden, sparking a diplomatic crisis between Israel and the United States.
A partial step towards full negotiations took place around the middle of March 2010, as Israeli and Palestinian teams began indirect negotiations through US intermediaries. These negotiations were interrupted within few days by the Palestinian Authority in protest of Israeli actions in East Jerusalem. They were renewed in May of that year. On 10 May 2010, Israel joined the OECD. Previously, Palestinian Prime Minister Salam Fayyad had written to the organization, urging it to suspend Israel's application, and before the vote, called numerous OECD heads of state to lobby against Israeli membership. Palestinian Authority Foreign Minister Riyad al-Malki also wrote to OECD members that accepting Israel would legitimize its "racist" and "dangerous" policies towards Palestinians.
On 31 May 2010, relations between Israel and the Palestinians were further strained when Israel carried out the Gaza flotilla raid. Palestinian President Mahmoud Abbas stated that "Israel has committed a massacre", and declared a three-day mourning period. Palestinian official Mustafa Barghouti said that the attack would lead to the international boycott growing in strength, and called Israel "the most despicable state in the world". Prime Minister Salam Fayyad also criticized the attack.
On 8 July 2010, Palestinian President Mahmoud Abbas told the Arab League that the Palestinian Authority would abandon peace talks and attack Israel if the Arab states would invade, saying "if you want war, and if all of you will fight Israel, we are in favor. But the Palestinians will not fight alone because they don't have the ability to do it".
In August 2010 Barack Obama and Hillary Clinton stated that a Palestinian state was possible to achieve within one year.
A renewed effort to negotiate peace was initiated by the Obama administration by getting the parties involved to agree to direct talks for the first time in a long while. U.S. President Barack Obama was successful in obtaining support for direct talks from Egypt and Jordan. The Egyptian and Jordanian governments managed to persuade the Palestinian leadership to accept Israel's settlement freeze and enter direct talks nine months after the start of the freeze. The aim of the talks was to forge the framework of a final agreement within one year on a two-state solution, although general expectations of a success were fairly low.
On September 2, after ten months and seven rounds of indirect talks that began in November 2009, U.S.-brokered direct negotiations between Israel and the Palestinian Authority began in Washington D.C. On September 14 a second round of Middle East peace talks between Israel and the Palestinian Authority concluded in Sharm el-Sheikh, Egypt. Palestinian Authority President Mahmoud Abbas stated that during the talks, the Palestinian Authority and Israel agreed on the principle of a land swap, with Israel exchanging small parts of its own territory in exchange for border settlement blocs. The issue of the ratio of land Israel would give to the Palestinians in exchange for keeping border settlement blocs was an issue of dispute, with the Palestinians demanding that the ratio be 1:1, and Israel offering less.
During the direct negotiations between Israel and the Palestinians, Hamas and Hezbollah reaffirmed to threat peace talks if both sides were matriculated towards any possible agreement. A Hamas-led coalition of 13 Palestinian militant groups initiated a violent campaign to disrupt peace talks between Israel and the Palestinian Authority. A series of attacks killed and wounded eight Israelis, including two pregnant women, between August and September 2010. Israeli and Palestinian Authority security forces responded with raids that resulted in the deaths and arrests of militants involved in the attacks. Rocket and mortar attacks from the Hamas-run Gaza Strip also increased in September.
On September 21, 2010 Palestinian Prime Minister Salam Fayyad stormed out of a meeting in New York, which was held as part of the Ad Hoc Liaison Committee (AHLC) meetings, and canceled a scheduled joint press conference with the Israeli President Shimon Peres and Israeli Deputy Foreign Minister Danny Ayalon following Ayalon's demand that the meeting summary refer to the notion of "two states for two peoples", meaning Israel as a Jewish state alongside a Palestinian state, rather than a Palestinian state alongside a bi-national Israel. Ayalon later commented on the event, stating: "What I say is that if the Palestinians are not willing to talk about two states for two peoples, let alone a Jewish state for Israel, then there's nothing to talk about", and that "if the Palestinians think that they can create one Palestinian state and one dual-nationality state, this will not happen".
President Obama indicated in a speech to the United Nations he held on September 23, 2010 that he was hopeful of a diplomatic peace within one year. Contrary to popular belief, Israel did not boycott the speech, but did not attend due to the Jewish holiday of Sukkot.
As the Israeli 10-month freeze on settlement construction was nearing its expiration date on September 26, Mahmoud Abbas stated that he would abandon the negotiations if settlement construction was renewed. He said "Israel has a moratorium for 10 months and it should be extended for three to four months more to give peace a chance." In the view of the Palestinian Authority leadership, Israeli construction of settlements constitutes Israel's imposition of "facts on the ground" in the West Bank, and is a violation of international law. See generally, International law and Israeli settlements
On September 22, the Knesset passed a law requiring a public referendum and the votes of at least 60 Knesset members ahead of any withdrawal from East Jerusalem or the Golan Heights. The law was criticized by the Palestinian Authority and the Arab League.
On September 25, a day before the Israeli settlement freeze's expiration, Palestinian Authority President Mahmoud Abbas claimed in the United Nations General Assembly that Israeli settlements were a key issue, stating that "Israel must choose between peace and the continuation of settlements". The United States pushed Israel to extend the settlement freeze.
Despite Palestinian and international pressure to extend the Israeli 10-month moratorium in construction of new Israeli settlement homes in the West Bank, on September 26 the ten-month settlement freeze expired at 22.00 (GMT). Israel's prime minister Benjamin Netanyahu called on West Bank settlers to "show restraint" following the end of the freeze. Several Israeli right-wing politicians called for a swift resumption of construction, and backed settlers' plans to resume building as soon as possible.
Avigdor Lieberman, the Israeli Foreign Minister and leader of the Yisrael Beiteinu party, rebuffed claims that the renewal of West Bank settlement construction was a provocative move meant to torpedo the peace talks. Lieberman said the Palestinians failed to accept the gesture of the moratorium for nine months and "now they are pressuring Israel to continue the very freeze they rejected." Lieberman said Israel was ready to enter peace talks with no preconditions. Lieberman also ruled out that a Palestinian state will be established in the coming of two years.
The rejection to extend the moratorium was harshly criticized worldwide. Abbas stated that Netanyahu cannot be trusted as a 'genuine' peace negotiator if the freeze is not extended.
On October 2, 2010 the Palestinian President Mahmoud Abbas stated that peace negotiations will not continue until Israel imposes a new freeze for the construction of Israeli settlements in the West Bank, thus putting a de facto halt to the current Israel-Palestine peace negotiations.
On October 4, 2010, Netanyahu stated that the Israelis were working behind the scenes with the United States to resolve the issues and resume talks. Israeli sources had said that this would involve a 60-day extension of the freeze. Israeli ambassador to the United States Michael Oren said that the United States had offered Israel "incentives" for an extension of the freeze.
Chief Palestinian negotiator Nabil Shaath accepted a US proposal to extend the West Bank settlement freeze by another two months. Sha'ath said the Palestinians accept such a limited extension provided the two sides can reach an agreement on the borders between Israel and a future Palestine in those two months.
After a meeting in Libya on 8 October 2010, the Arab League leaders announce their support for Palestinian Authority President Mahmoud Abbas's decision to stop peace talks with Israel over the expiration of the 10 month Israeli moratorium on construction in the West Bank. The Arab League also stated that it would give the United States another month to persuade Israel to renew the settlement moratorium and that "The committee will convene again in a month to study the alternatives".
On 11 October 2010, during a speech at the opening of the third session of the 18th Knesset, Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu offered a settlement freeze if the Palestinian Authority would declare its recognition of Israel as the homeland of the Jewish people. The Palestinian Authority quickly rejected Netanyahu's proposal and stated that the issue of the Jewishness of the state has nothing to do with the matter. The proposal was immediately rejected by the Palestinian Authority. Palestinian President Abbas said that "We will never sign an agreement recognizing a Jewish state", and Chief negotiator Saeb Erekat said that Palestinian President Abbas stressed that he would never sign an agreement recognizing Israel as a Jewish state". Speaking on behalf of the Palestinian Authority, chief negotiator Saeb Erekat stated on October 11 that the PA "forcefully reject all these Israeli games. The racist demands of Netanyahu cannot be tied to the request to cease building in the settlements for the purpose of establishing a state." Palestinian negotiators announced that their recognition of the Jewish state would undermine the rights of Israeli-Arabs, and eliminate the right of return for millions of Palestinian refugees to Israel proper.
On October 15, it was reported that Israel had approved new construction in East Jerusalem.
On 13 October 2010 Yasser Abed Rabbo, the secretary general of the PLO, stated in a press statement that the PLO would recognize Israel as a "Jewish state" in exchange for a sovereign Palestinian state within the 1967 borders which would include East Jerusalem stating that "Any formulation the Americans present – even asking us to call Israel the 'Chinese State' – we will agree to it, as long as we receive the 1967 borders. We have recognized Israel in the past, but Israel has not recognized the Palestinian state." Abed Rabbo's statements were immediately disowned by the Palestinian political factions, mainly because his remark were viewed as conceding the right of return for millions of Palestinian refugees to Israel proper. The Fatah movement called for Abed Rabbo's immediate resignation. Palestinian negotiator Nabil Shaath dismissed Abed Rabbo's statements and claimed that "Abed Rabbo's statements don't represent the views of the PLO or Fatah movement or President Abbas". In addition, the Hamas government in Gaza called for the immediate resignation of Abed Rabbo.
In November 2010, the U.S. government offered Israel a package of incentives in exchange for an agreement by the Israeli government to a 90-day freeze on settlement construction in the West Bank excluding East Jerusalem. The centerpiece of the deal was a military aid package worth $3 billion, including delivery of 20 additional F-35s, various missile and layered defense systems, and an explicit acceptance of the legitimacy of existing security needs and a commitment not to redefine them. In addition to security provisions, the proposed incentive package also included a U.S. promise to veto any U.N. Security Council resolution relating to the peace process during the agreed upon negotiating period and a guarantee that the U.S. would not ask Israel to extend the 90-day moratorium when it expired. The Security Cabinet of Israel considered the offer. Former Ambassador Dan Kurtzer, commenting on the deal said: "But now, the administration says it is prepared to pay off Israel to freeze only some of its settlement activity, and only temporarily. For the first time in memory, the United States is poised to reward Israel for its bad behavior." Palestinian President Mahmoud Abbas rejected the U.S. freeze proposal, as it did not include East Jerusalem, while Chief Negotiator Saeb Erekat reiterated demands for unconditional recognition of the 1967 borders, and for withdrawal from all of East Jerusalem.
On December 2, a Palestinian official announced that Washington had officially informed the PA that Israel had refused to agree to a new settlement freeze.
Israeli Defense Minister Ehud Barak tried to restart negotiations by imposing a de facto settlement freeze by blocking building plans in the West Bank settlements. Ariel Mayor Ron Nachman threatened to sue Barak.
Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu visited Egypt and met with President Hosni Mubarak. Netanyahu urged Mubarak to pressure Abbas into direct talks.
According to Dr. Mohammad Shtayyeh, a senior Palestinian negotiator who spoke at a conference hosted by the Brookings Institution's Doha Center, the Palestinian leadership used the cessation of direct talks to adopt a new strategy with the goal of declaring an independent state of Palestine. The initial step of this strategy was to ask the international community to recognize an independent Palestine along 1967 borders, to which the achieved some success in late 2010 and early 2011. Several Latin American countries recognized the State of Palestine, including Brazil, Argentina, Chile, Ecuador, Bolivia, Venezuela, and Uruguay. This was met with fierce opposition from Israel, which claimed that early recognition was a violation of the Road Map.
In January 2011, Israeli Foreign Minister Avigdor Lieberman proposed an interim peace deal, in which a Palestinian state would be established initially on 50% of the West Bank, with final borders to be negotiated at a later date. The proposal was rejected by the Palestinians, with Chief Negotiator Saeb Erekat claiming that Lieberman's plan represented Prime Minister Netanyahu's position as well, stating "the Israeli government is not headed towards peace, because it is not interested in peace, and this plan is proof of that".
On January 16, 2011, Israel presented to accept a plan to build some 1400 more homes in Gilo, a neighborhood in east Jerusalem, bringing condemnation from the Palestinians and Israeli left.
In February 2011, Israel offered to ease economic and security restrictions against the Palestinians, which reportedly included allowing additional Arab construction in East Jerusalem, giving the Palestinian Authority security control in seven West Bank cities, and discussing a proposed Palestinian Authority gas field alongside an Israeli one off the coast of Gaza, on condition that the Palestinian Authority resume direct talks. The proposal was agreed to by Middle East Quartet chief Tony Blair, and rejected by the Palestinians. Palestinian negotiator Saeb Erekat called the Israeli proposal "just a trick and procrastination", stating that "what Netanyahu should do, if he wants to build confidence, is immediately stop settlement construction in the West Bank and East Jerusalem and recognize a Palestinian state on the territories occupied in 1967", called on Western nations to "stop dealing with Israel as if it is above the law", and "reach a historic decision that will recognize a Palestinian state within the 1967 borders and East Jerusalem as its capital", and urged the Quartet to force Israel to halt settlement construction "including in Jerusalem". The following day, Israel approved the construction of 13 additional Jewish homes in the East Jerusalem neighborhood of Sheikh Jarrah.
Shortly afterward, the Palestinian Authority announced an initiative to United Nations to recognize Hebron and Bethlehem as world heritage sites rather than Jewish heritage sites to prevent "Judaization". PA officials told local media that they hoped such recognition would stop the growth of Jewish settlements in the cities. Turkey assisted the initiative by providing archived Ottoman documents showing various sites in the two cities under Muslim rule. Researchers from Lebanon and Italy have also supported the initiative.
On 12 February 2011, Chief Palestinian Negotiator Saeb Erekat announced his resignation over the Palestine Papers scandal, which purportedly showed that he had agreed to wide-ranging concessions to Israel on the issues of Jerusalem, refugees, borders, and Israeli security, while still insisting that the documents were false.
On 18 February 2011, the United States vetoed a United Nations Security Council Resolution condemning Israeli settlement activity. U.S. Ambassador to the U.N. Susan Rice indicated in her remarks that the purpose of the U.S. veto was to demonstrate the Obama administration's intention that "the only way to reach that common goal is through direct negotiations." This was met with mixed reactions by the Israeli and Palestinian leadership, as Netanyahu stated Israel's appreciation of the veto, while the Palestinian Authority condemned the U.S. for its "bias".
In March 2011, Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu reportedly considered a temporary peace deal that would see a Palestinian state established within provisional borders, with future borders negotiated at a later date, due to the Palestinians' refusal to negotiate. On March 3, the Palestinians rejected the idea, with official Saleh Ra'fat saying that the PLO's position is unchangeable, and President Abbas calling it "unacceptable".
Following the impasse in negotiations, the Palestinian Authority announced that unless a deal was reached by September 2011, it would unilaterally declare independence, seek recognition by the United Nations, and apply for membership in the organization. Palestinian President Mahmoud Abbas claimed that this new state would be ready to negotiate all the core issues, and that a key focus would be finding a "just solution" for Palestinian refugees in accordance with United Nations General Assembly Resolution 194. The Palestinian Authority subsequently refused to reenter negotiations or reconsider its plans for a declaration of statehood until Israel froze all settlement construction and agreed to a solution based on the 1967 borders. PLO official Yasser Abed Rabbo claimed that the new Palestinian state would not tolerate an Israeli military and civilian presence on its land, and would seek UN intervention.
In April 2011, Fatah and Hamas signed a unity agreement, and announced plans to form a joint government. Israel responded by temporarily freezing the transfer of customs funds Israel collects for the Palestinian Authority, but released them following guarantees that the money would not go to Hamas. Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu warned the Palestinian Authority that it would have to choose between peace with Israel or peace with Hamas.
Abbas accepted a French offer to host peace talks by July 2011. A few days later, US Republican congresswoman Ileana Ros-Lehtinen of Florida, chairwoman of the House Foreign Affairs Committee, announced plans to introduce legislation that would withhold US contributions to any UN entity that recognizes a Palestinian state or upgrades the status of the PLO observer mission. She claimed that this was in order to "oppose efforts by the Palestinian leadership to evade a negotiated settlement with Israel."
In July 2011, the Quartet on the Middle East convened, but did not come out with a statement. Israeli officials disclosed that the Quartet was unable to reach a statement following the Palestinians' refusal to accept clauses in the planned statement calling on the Palestinian Authority to withdraw its plans for a unilateral declaration of independence in September, to halt all demands from Israel once a two-state solution was reached, end incitement against Israel, or recognize it as a Jewish state.
In May 2012, Abbas reiterated his readiness to engage with the Israelis if they propose "anything promising or positive".
Public reactions
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (January 2011)
The reactions of the Israeli public
In May 2011, a poll of 500 Israelis, commissioned by the Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs, found that 77% opposed going back to pre-'67 lines; that 85% and 75%, respectively, supported keeping all of Jerusalem under Israeli control within the framework of any peace agreement and opposed transferring the Temple Mount to Palestinian control, even if the Western Wall were to remain in Israeli hands; that 84% believed Israel must maintain control of the Jordan Valley, even in the framework of a final peace agreement; that 60% believed that defensible borders would ensure security more than a peace agreement would; and 82% considered security concerns more important than a peace deal.
The reactions of the Palestinian public
A 2011 poll found that 61% of Palestinians opposed and 34% supported the idea of "two states for two peoples." Some 66% agreed with the two-state solution, but only as a first step to the elimination of Israel. Though quotes in the Hamas Charter urging the elimination of Israel were found to be highly supported, most Palestinians supported the idea of peace talks over violence.
On 29 October 2010, tens of thousands of Islamic Jihad supporters participated in a demonstration in Gaza City's Kuteiba Square against the negotiations and making peace with Israel. The rally was organized by Islamic Jihad and enjoyed the participation of its rival, Hamas. Demonstrators shouted "Death to America and Death to Israel". Islamic Jihad chief Ramadan Shallah sent a recorded message saying that "Israel will not bring peace to the region, it will only bring war and destruction and therefore, the slogan of all should be that Israel must be wiped out of existence," and "The choice of negotiation has reached deadlock, and we are wondering why is there such an insistence by the Palestinian Authority on negotiation with the enemy ". Another leader, Mohammad al-Hindi, called for an end to the Palestinian Authority, and said, "Jihad is the fate of this nation. There is no other option but this one". Other Islamic Jihad officials said the turnout was a "referendum by the Palestinian people rejecting peace-making with Israel." Hamas leader Khalil Al-Hayya said, "There is only the choice of Jihad and nothing else".
See also
2010 Palestinian militancy campaign
Israeli–Palestinian peace process
2013 Israeli–Palestinian peace talks
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^ a b Hilary Leila Krieger (8 June 2011). "US to push bill denying UN aid if state recognized". The Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 9 June 2011.
^ Somfalvi, Attila (12 July 2011). "Officials: PA prevented Quartet statement". Ynet.
^ Stott, Michael; Nakhoul, Samia (9 May 2012). "Abbas ready to engage with Israel but says settlement building 'destroying hope'". Al Arabiya News. Reuters. Archived from the original on 9 May 2012. Retrieved 9 May 2012.
^ Gil Hoffman (6 June 2011). "Poll: 77% of Israelis oppose going back to pre-'67 lines". The Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 9 June 2011.
^ "6 in 10 Palestinians reject 2-state solution, survey finds". The Jerusalem Post.
^ Islamic Jihad leader: Israel must be wiped out of existence, Reuters 29-10-2010
^ Thousands hold Islamic Jihad rally in Gaza, UPI 29-10-2010
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vteDiplomacy and peace proposals in the Arab–Israeli conflictBackground
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2022 Israeli–Lebanese maritime border agreement | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Clinton_Netanyahu_Abbas_Mitchell_2_Sep_2010.jpg"},{"link_name":"Benjamin Netanyahu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Netanyahu"},{"link_name":"Mahmoud Abbas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahmoud_Abbas"},{"link_name":"George J. Mitchell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_J._Mitchell"},{"link_name":"Hillary Clinton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hillary_Clinton"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel"},{"link_name":"Palestinian National Authority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestinian_National_Authority"},{"link_name":"peace process","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_peace_process"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"President","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_United_States_of_America"},{"link_name":"Barack Obama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama"},{"link_name":"Israeli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel"},{"link_name":"Benjamin Netanyahu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Netanyahu"},{"link_name":"Mahmoud Abbas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahmoud_Abbas"},{"link_name":"Israeli–Palestinian conflict","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict"},{"link_name":"two-state solution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-state_solution"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel"},{"link_name":"Jewish state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_state"},{"link_name":"Palestinian people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestinian_people"},{"link_name":"West Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Bank"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"campaign of attacks against Israeli civilians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Palestinian_militancy_campaign"},{"link_name":"drive-by shootings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drive-by_shooting"},{"link_name":"rocket attacks on Israeli towns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestinian_rocket_attacks_on_Israel"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Weiss-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jpost.com-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-haaretz.com-5"}],"text":"Diplomatic attempts to resolve the Israel-Palestine conflict in 2010 and 2011; failedBenjamin Netanyahu, Mahmoud Abbas, George J. Mitchell and Hillary Clinton at the start of direct talks on September 2, 2010.Direct negotiations between Israel and the Palestinian National Authority took place throughout 2010 as part of the peace process, between United States President Barack Obama, Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu, and Palestinian Authority Chairman Mahmoud Abbas. The ultimate aim of the direct negotiations is reaching an official \"final status settlement\" to the Israeli–Palestinian conflict by implementing a two-state solution, with Israel remaining a Jewish state, and the establishment of a state for the Palestinian people.In early 2010, Benjamin Netanyahu, imposed a ten-month moratorium on settlement construction in the West Bank as a gesture for the Palestinian Authority, after previously publicly declaring his support for a future Palestinian state, however he insisted that the Palestinians would need to make reciprocal gestures of their own. The Palestinian Authority rejected the gesture as insufficient. Nine month later, direct negotiations between Israel and the PA relaunched, after nearly two years of stalemate.[1]In early September, a coalition of 13 Palestinian factions began a campaign of attacks against Israeli civilians, including a series of drive-by shootings and rocket attacks on Israeli towns, in an attempt to derail and torpedo the ongoing negotiations.[2]Direct talks broke down in late September 2010 when an Israeli partial moratorium on settlement construction in the West Bank expired and Netanyahu refused to extend the freeze unless the Palestinian Authority recognized Israel as a Jewish State, while the Palestinian leadership refused to continue negotiating unless Israel extended the moratorium.[3] The proposal was rejected by the Palestinian leadership, that stressed that the topic on the Jewishness of the state has nothing to do with the building freeze. The decision of Netanyahu on the freeze was criticized by European countries and the United States.[4][5]","title":"2010–2011 Israeli–Palestinian peace talks"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Barack Obama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama"},{"link_name":"George Mitchell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_J._Mitchell"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"US Secretary of State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State"},{"link_name":"Hillary Clinton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hillary_Clinton"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Israeli settlements","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli_settlements"},{"link_name":"demolition of Arab homes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_demolition_in_the_Israeli-Palestinian_conflict"},{"link_name":"East Jerusalem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Jerusalem"},{"link_name":"peace process","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_peace_process"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Palestinian state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_Palestine"},{"link_name":"Prime Minister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Israel"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rabinovitch-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rabinovitch-11"},{"link_name":"delivered a speech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_New_Beginning_(speech)"},{"link_name":"Cairo University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo_University"},{"link_name":"Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt"},{"link_name":"Muslim world","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_world"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-White_House-13"},{"link_name":"speech at Bar-Ilan University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#June_2009_peace_address,_%22Bar-Ilan_Speech%22"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-netanyahu-speech-14"},{"link_name":"Palestinian state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestinian_state"},{"link_name":"Jerusalem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerusalem"},{"link_name":"the united capital of Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positions_on_Jerusalem"},{"link_name":"right of return","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestinian_right_of_return"},{"link_name":"existing Jewish settlements","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli_settlement"},{"link_name":"West Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Bank"},{"link_name":"Israeli–Palestinian peace process","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_peace_process"},{"link_name":"Palestinian right of return","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestinian_right_of_return"},{"link_name":"Arab Peace Initiative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_Peace_Initiative"},{"link_name":"Saeb Erekat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saeb_Erekat"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"George Mitchell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_J._Mitchell"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"White House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_House"},{"link_name":"Mahmoud Abbas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahmoud_Abbas"},{"link_name":"United Nations General Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"text":"Direct negotiations between the Palestinian Authority and the Israeli government have continued for many decades and remain a complicated issue to resolve.When President Barack Obama took office in January 2009, he has made peaceful settlement of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict a top priority of his administration, appointing former Senator George Mitchell as his peace envoy.[6]In March 2009 US Secretary of State Hillary Clinton traveled to Israel.[7] She said that Israeli settlements and demolition of Arab homes in East Jerusalem were \"unhelpful\" to the peace process.[8] Clinton also voiced support for the establishment of a Palestinian state. Prime Minister-designate Benjamin Netanyahu supports Palestinian self-government but did not explicitly endorse US and Palestinian visions for Palestinian statehood.[9][10] Upon the arrival of President Obama administration's special envoy, George Mitchell, Netanyahu stated that any resumption of negotiations with the Palestinians will be conditional on the Palestinians recognizing Israel as a Jewish state.[11] So far the Palestinian leadership has rejected a US-backed proposal extending a settlement freeze in exchange for recognizing Israel as a Jewish state,[11] as this issue had not been sufficiently clarified by Israel at that time.On June 4, 2009 Obama delivered a speech at the Cairo University in Egypt in which Obama addressed the Muslim world.[12] The speech called for a \"new beginning\" in relations between the Islamic world and the United States. With respect to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, the President stated that \"the only resolution is for the aspirations of both sides to be met through two states\" and called upon both Israel and the Palestinians to resume negotiations. In addition, during the speech Obama added that \"The United States does not accept the legitimacy of continued Israeli settlements\" as it \"undermines efforts to achieve peace. It is time for these settlements to stop.\"[13]On June 14, in what was understood as a response Obama's Cairo speech, Netanyahu gave a speech at Bar-Ilan University in which he endorsed, for the first time, a \"Demilitarized Palestinian State\", after two months of refusing to commit to anything other than a self-ruling autonomy when coming into office.[14] Netanyahu also stated that he would accept a Palestinian state if Jerusalem were to remain the united capital of Israel but open to all religions, the Palestinians would have no military, and the Palestinians would give up their demand for a right of return. He also claimed the right for a \"natural growth\" in the existing Jewish settlements in the West Bank while their permanent status is up to further negotiation. In general, the address was viewed as a significant turnaround from his previously hawkish positions against the Israeli–Palestinian peace process.On July 12, 2009, Mahmoud Abbas told Egyptian media that he would not cede any part of the West Bank to Israel, that he would demand territorial contiguity between the West Bank and Gaza Strip, and that he would never waive the Palestinian right of return. In a letter to U.S. President Barack Obama, Abbas demanded that any peace deal be based strictly on the 1967 borders and the Arab Peace Initiative. Palestinian negotiator Saeb Erekat rejected any \"middle ground solutions\", saying that the Palestinians would reject any deal between the U.S. and Israel that would allow any construction to continue in Israeli settlements.[15]On 23 August 2009, Netanyahu announced in his weekly cabinet meeting that negotiations with the Palestinians will begin in September 2009 and will be officially launched on his visit to New York, after he had accepted an invitation from President Barack Obama for a \"Triple Summit\" there.[16] He added that there is progress with special envoy George Mitchell, though there is no full agreement on everything,[17] and there will be more rounds of meetings until September.[18] On the same day, a spokesman for PA President Mahmoud Abbas said there would be no negotiations so long as Israel continued West Bank settlement construction.[19]On 20 September 2009, the White House announced that it will host a three-way meeting between President Obama, Prime Minister Netanyahu and PA President Mahmoud Abbas, within the framework of the United Nations General Assembly, \"in an effort to lay the groundwork for renewed negotiations on Mideast peace.\"[20][21] The meeting took place on 22 September, in New York. Afterwards, Netanyahu said that he agreed with Abbas during the meeting that peace talks should be relaunched as soon as possible.[22]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"East Jerusalem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Jerusalem"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-U.S._State_Department-28"},{"link_name":"Pisgat Ze'ev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pisgat_Ze%27ev"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Ramat Shlomo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramat_Shlomo"},{"link_name":"Joe Biden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Biden"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"OECD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organisation_for_Economic_Co-operation_and_Development"},{"link_name":"Salam Fayyad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salam_Fayyad"},{"link_name":"Riyad al-Malki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riyad_al-Malki"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Gaza flotilla raid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaza_flotilla_raid"},{"link_name":"Mahmoud Abbas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahmoud_Abbas"},{"link_name":"massacre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/massacre"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Mustafa Barghouti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Barghouti"},{"link_name":"international boycott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boycott,_Divestment_and_Sanctions"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Salam Fayyad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salam_Fayyad"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"Mahmoud Abbas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahmoud_Abbas"},{"link_name":"Arab League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_League"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"Barack Obama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama"},{"link_name":"Hillary Clinton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hillary_Clinton"},{"link_name":"Palestinian state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestinian_state"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"Obama administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obama_administration"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ap090110-39"},{"link_name":"Barack Obama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama"},{"link_name":"Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt"},{"link_name":"Jordan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ap090110-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyt-me-test-40"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ap090110-39"},{"link_name":"Palestinian Authority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestinian_Authority"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brookings_Institution-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"Palestinian Authority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestinian_Authority"},{"link_name":"Sharm el-Sheikh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharm_el-Sheikh"},{"link_name":"Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"Mahmoud Abbas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahmoud_Abbas"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"Hamas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamas"},{"link_name":"Hezbollah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hezbollah"},{"link_name":"initiated a violent campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Palestinian_terror_campaign"},{"link_name":"Rocket and mortar attacks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestinian_rocket_attacks_on_Israel"},{"link_name":"Gaza Strip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaza_Strip"},{"link_name":"Salam Fayyad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salam_Fayyad"},{"link_name":"Ad Hoc Liaison Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ad_Hoc_Liaison_Committee"},{"link_name":"Shimon Peres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shimon_Peres"},{"link_name":"Danny Ayalon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danny_Ayalon"},{"link_name":"two states for two peoples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-state_solution"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"United Nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"Sukkot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sukkot"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"settlement construction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli_settlement"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"facts on the 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Erekat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saeb_Erekat"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-78"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-79"},{"link_name":"Israeli-Arabs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_citizens_of_Israel"},{"link_name":"Palestinian refugees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestinian_refugee"},{"link_name":"East Jerusalem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Jerusalem"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-80"},{"link_name":"Yasser Abed Rabbo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yasser_Abed_Rabbo"},{"link_name":"PLO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestine_Liberation_Organization"},{"link_name":"Jewish state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_state"},{"link_name":"Palestinian state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestinian_state"},{"link_name":"1967 borders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Line_(Israel)"},{"link_name":"East 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Cabinet of Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Security_Cabinet_of_Israel"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-86"},{"link_name":"Dan Kurtzer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_C._Kurtzer"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-87"},{"link_name":"East Jerusalem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Jerusalem"},{"link_name":"Saeb Erekat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saeb_Erekat"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-88"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-english.aljazeera.net-66"},{"link_name":"Ehud Barak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ehud_Barak"},{"link_name":"Ariel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ariel_(city)"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-89"},{"link_name":"Benjamin Netanyahu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Netanyahu"},{"link_name":"Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt"},{"link_name":"Hosni Mubarak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hosni_Mubarak"},{"link_name":"Mohammad Shtayyeh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammad_Shtayyeh"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brookings_Institution-41"},{"link_name":"Latin American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_America"},{"link_name":"State of 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Erekat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saeb_Erekat"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-92"},{"link_name":"Gilo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilo"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-93"},{"link_name":"Tony Blair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Blair"},{"link_name":"Saeb Erekat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saeb_Erekat"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-94"},{"link_name":"Sheikh Jarrah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheikh_Jarrah"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-95"},{"link_name":"United Nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations"},{"link_name":"Hebron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebron"},{"link_name":"Bethlehem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethlehem"},{"link_name":"Judaization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judaization"},{"link_name":"Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"Ottoman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Lebanon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanon"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-96"},{"link_name":"Saeb Erekat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saeb_Erekat"},{"link_name":"Palestine Papers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestine_Papers"},{"link_name":"Jerusalem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positions_on_Jerusalem"},{"link_name":"refugees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestinian_refugee"},{"link_name":"borders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borders_of_Israel"},{"link_name":"Israeli security","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestinian_political_violence"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-97"},{"link_name":"United Nations Security Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council"},{"link_name":"Susan Rice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan_Rice"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-U.S._Mission_to_the_U.N.-98"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-99"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-100"},{"link_name":"Benjamin Netanyahu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Netanyahu"},{"link_name":"Saleh Ra'fat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saleh_Ra%27fat"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-101"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-102"},{"link_name":"United Nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations"},{"link_name":"Mahmoud Abbas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahmoud_Abbas"},{"link_name":"United Nations General Assembly Resolution 194","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly_Resolution_194"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-103"},{"link_name":"Yasser Abed Rabbo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yasser_Abed_Rabbo"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-104"},{"link_name":"Fatah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatah"},{"link_name":"Hamas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamas"},{"link_name":"Benjamin Netanyahu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Netanyahu"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-105"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-106"},{"link_name":"[107]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JPost_08062011-107"},{"link_name":"[107]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JPost_08062011-107"},{"link_name":"Quartet on the Middle East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quartet_on_the_Middle_East"},{"link_name":"[108]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-108"},{"link_name":"[109]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-109"}],"text":"On 25 November 2009, Israeli Prime Minister, Benjamin Netanyahu, imposed a 10-month construction freeze on all of its settlements in the West Bank. Calling it \"a painful step that will encourage the peace process\" and urged the Palestinians to respond.[23] Israel's decision was widely seen as due to pressure from the Obama administration, which urged the sides to seize the opportunity to resume talks.[24] The Palestinian Authority rejected the gesture as being insignificant due to the limited construction on some pre-approved housing units, failure to extend the freeze to East Jerusalem, and failure to dismantle already-built settlement outposts illegal under Israeli law.[25] The Palestinians refused to enter negotiations, despite Israeli appeals to do so.[26]A partial freeze on construction in East Jerusalem, which Israel annexed in 1980, and regards as its sovereign territory, was imposed under the observation of U.S. consular officials, though not acknowledged by the Israeli government.[27][28] On 19 July, Israeli Prime Minister Netanyahu froze a major construction project in Pisgat Ze'ev as a \"diplomatic gesture\" to the United States.[29] However, some construction continued, and the Obama administration voiced disappointment over the matter, stating that it viewed construction there as a violation of the settlement freeze. On 10 March 2010, Israel approved the construction of 1,600 apartments in the Ramat Shlomo neighborhood during a visit by US Vice President Joe Biden, sparking a diplomatic crisis between Israel and the United States.[30]A partial step towards full negotiations took place around the middle of March 2010, as Israeli and Palestinian teams began indirect negotiations through US intermediaries.[31] These negotiations were interrupted within few days by the Palestinian Authority in protest of Israeli actions in East Jerusalem. They were renewed in May of that year.[32] On 10 May 2010, Israel joined the OECD. Previously, Palestinian Prime Minister Salam Fayyad had written to the organization, urging it to suspend Israel's application, and before the vote, called numerous OECD heads of state to lobby against Israeli membership. Palestinian Authority Foreign Minister Riyad al-Malki also wrote to OECD members that accepting Israel would legitimize its \"racist\" and \"dangerous\" policies towards Palestinians.[33]On 31 May 2010, relations between Israel and the Palestinians were further strained when Israel carried out the Gaza flotilla raid. Palestinian President Mahmoud Abbas stated that \"Israel has committed a massacre\",[34] and declared a three-day mourning period. Palestinian official Mustafa Barghouti said that the attack would lead to the international boycott growing in strength, and called Israel \"the most despicable state in the world\".[35] Prime Minister Salam Fayyad also criticized the attack.[36]On 8 July 2010, Palestinian President Mahmoud Abbas told the Arab League that the Palestinian Authority would abandon peace talks and attack Israel if the Arab states would invade, saying \"if you want war, and if all of you will fight Israel, we are in favor. But the Palestinians will not fight alone because they don't have the ability to do it\".[37]In August 2010 Barack Obama and Hillary Clinton stated that a Palestinian state was possible to achieve within one year.[38]A renewed effort to negotiate peace was initiated by the Obama administration by getting the parties involved to agree to direct talks for the first time in a long while.[39] U.S. President Barack Obama was successful in obtaining support for direct talks from Egypt and Jordan. The Egyptian and Jordanian governments managed to persuade the Palestinian leadership to accept Israel's settlement freeze and enter direct talks nine months after the start of the freeze.[39][40] The aim of the talks was to forge the framework of a final agreement within one year on a two-state solution, although general expectations of a success were fairly low.[39]On September 2, after ten months and seven rounds of indirect talks that began in November 2009, U.S.-brokered direct negotiations between Israel and the Palestinian Authority began in Washington D.C.[41][42] On September 14 a second round of Middle East peace talks between Israel and the Palestinian Authority concluded in Sharm el-Sheikh, Egypt.[43] Palestinian Authority President Mahmoud Abbas stated that during the talks, the Palestinian Authority and Israel agreed on the principle of a land swap, with Israel exchanging small parts of its own territory in exchange for border settlement blocs. The issue of the ratio of land Israel would give to the Palestinians in exchange for keeping border settlement blocs was an issue of dispute, with the Palestinians demanding that the ratio be 1:1, and Israel offering less.[44]During the direct negotiations between Israel and the Palestinians, Hamas and Hezbollah reaffirmed to threat peace talks if both sides were matriculated towards any possible agreement. A Hamas-led coalition of 13 Palestinian militant groups initiated a violent campaign to disrupt peace talks between Israel and the Palestinian Authority. A series of attacks killed and wounded eight Israelis, including two pregnant women, between August and September 2010. Israeli and Palestinian Authority security forces responded with raids that resulted in the deaths and arrests of militants involved in the attacks. Rocket and mortar attacks from the Hamas-run Gaza Strip also increased in September.On September 21, 2010 Palestinian Prime Minister Salam Fayyad stormed out of a meeting in New York, which was held as part of the Ad Hoc Liaison Committee (AHLC) meetings, and canceled a scheduled joint press conference with the Israeli President Shimon Peres and Israeli Deputy Foreign Minister Danny Ayalon following Ayalon's demand that the meeting summary refer to the notion of \"two states for two peoples\", meaning Israel as a Jewish state alongside a Palestinian state, rather than a Palestinian state alongside a bi-national Israel. Ayalon later commented on the event, stating:[45] \"What I say is that if the Palestinians are not willing to talk about two states for two peoples, let alone a Jewish state for Israel, then there's nothing to talk about\", and that \"if the Palestinians think that they can create one Palestinian state and one dual-nationality state, this will not happen\".[46]President Obama indicated in a speech to the United Nations he held on September 23, 2010 that he was hopeful of a diplomatic peace within one year.[47] Contrary to popular belief, Israel did not boycott the speech, but did not attend due to the Jewish holiday of Sukkot.[citation needed]As the Israeli 10-month freeze on settlement construction was nearing its expiration date on September 26, Mahmoud Abbas stated that he would abandon the negotiations if settlement construction was renewed. He said \"Israel has a moratorium for 10 months and it should be extended for three to four months more to give peace a chance.\"[48] In the view of the Palestinian Authority leadership, Israeli construction of settlements constitutes Israel's imposition of \"facts on the ground\" in the West Bank, and is a violation of international law.[49] See generally, International law and Israeli settlementsOn September 22, the Knesset passed a law requiring a public referendum and the votes of at least 60 Knesset members ahead of any withdrawal from East Jerusalem or the Golan Heights.[50] The law was criticized by the Palestinian Authority[51] and the Arab League.[52]On September 25, a day before the Israeli settlement freeze's expiration, Palestinian Authority President Mahmoud Abbas claimed in the United Nations General Assembly that Israeli settlements were a key issue, stating that \"Israel must choose between peace and the continuation of settlements\".[53] The United States pushed Israel to extend the settlement freeze.[53]Despite Palestinian and international pressure to extend the Israeli 10-month moratorium in construction of new Israeli settlement homes in the West Bank, on September 26 the ten-month settlement freeze expired at 22.00 (GMT).[54] Israel's prime minister Benjamin Netanyahu called on West Bank settlers to \"show restraint\" following the end of the freeze.[55] Several Israeli right-wing politicians called for a swift resumption of construction, and backed settlers' plans to resume building as soon as possible.[56]Avigdor Lieberman, the Israeli Foreign Minister and leader of the Yisrael Beiteinu party, rebuffed claims that the renewal of West Bank settlement construction was a provocative move meant to torpedo the peace talks. Lieberman said the Palestinians failed to accept the gesture of the moratorium for nine months and \"now they are pressuring Israel to continue the very freeze they rejected.\" Lieberman said Israel was ready to enter peace talks with no preconditions.[57] Lieberman also ruled out that a Palestinian state will be established in the coming of two years.[58]The rejection to extend the moratorium was harshly criticized worldwide.[59][60][61][62][63] Abbas stated that Netanyahu cannot be trusted as a 'genuine' peace negotiator if the freeze is not extended.[64][65][66][67][68]On October 2, 2010 the Palestinian President Mahmoud Abbas stated that peace negotiations will not continue until Israel imposes a new freeze for the construction of Israeli settlements in the West Bank, thus putting a de facto halt to the current Israel-Palestine peace negotiations.[69]On October 4, 2010, Netanyahu stated that the Israelis were working behind the scenes with the United States to resolve the issues and resume talks. Israeli sources had said that this would involve a 60-day extension of the freeze.[70][71] Israeli ambassador to the United States Michael Oren said that the United States had offered Israel \"incentives\" for an extension of the freeze.[72]Chief Palestinian negotiator Nabil Shaath accepted a US proposal to extend the West Bank settlement freeze by another two months. Sha'ath said the Palestinians accept such a limited extension provided the two sides can reach an agreement on the borders between Israel and a future Palestine in those two months.[73]After a meeting in Libya on 8 October 2010, the Arab League leaders announce their support for Palestinian Authority President Mahmoud Abbas's decision to stop peace talks with Israel over the expiration of the 10 month Israeli moratorium on construction in the West Bank.[74] The Arab League also stated that it would give the United States another month to persuade Israel to renew the settlement moratorium[75] and that \"The committee will convene again in a month to study the alternatives\".[76]On 11 October 2010, during a speech at the opening of the third session of the 18th Knesset, Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu offered a settlement freeze if the Palestinian Authority would declare its recognition of Israel as the homeland of the Jewish people.[77] The Palestinian Authority quickly rejected Netanyahu's proposal and stated that the issue of the Jewishness of the state has nothing to do with the matter.[4][5] The proposal was immediately rejected by the Palestinian Authority. Palestinian President Abbas said that \"We will never sign an agreement recognizing a Jewish state\", and Chief negotiator Saeb Erekat said that Palestinian President Abbas stressed that he would never sign an agreement recognizing Israel as a Jewish state\". Speaking on behalf of the Palestinian Authority, chief negotiator Saeb Erekat stated on October 11 that the PA \"forcefully reject all these Israeli games. The racist demands of Netanyahu cannot be tied to the request to cease building in the settlements for the purpose of establishing a state.\"[78][79] Palestinian negotiators announced that their recognition of the Jewish state would undermine the rights of Israeli-Arabs, and eliminate the right of return for millions of Palestinian refugees to Israel proper.On October 15, it was reported that Israel had approved new construction in East Jerusalem.[80]On 13 October 2010 Yasser Abed Rabbo, the secretary general of the PLO, stated in a press statement that the PLO would recognize Israel as a \"Jewish state\" in exchange for a sovereign Palestinian state within the 1967 borders which would include East Jerusalem stating that \"Any formulation the Americans present – even asking us to call Israel the 'Chinese State' – we will agree to it, as long as we receive the 1967 borders. We have recognized Israel in the past, but Israel has not recognized the Palestinian state.\"[81] Abed Rabbo's statements were immediately disowned by the Palestinian political factions, mainly because his remark were viewed as conceding the right of return for millions of Palestinian refugees to Israel proper. The Fatah movement called for Abed Rabbo's immediate resignation. Palestinian negotiator Nabil Shaath dismissed Abed Rabbo's statements and claimed that \"Abed Rabbo's statements don't represent the views of the PLO or Fatah movement or President Abbas\".[82] In addition, the Hamas government in Gaza called for the immediate resignation of Abed Rabbo.[83]In November 2010, the U.S. government offered Israel a package of incentives in exchange for an agreement by the Israeli government to a 90-day freeze on settlement construction in the West Bank excluding East Jerusalem. The centerpiece of the deal was a military aid package worth $3 billion, including delivery of 20 additional F-35s, various missile and layered defense systems, and an explicit acceptance of the legitimacy of existing security needs and a commitment not to redefine them.[84] In addition to security provisions, the proposed incentive package also included a U.S. promise to veto any U.N. Security Council resolution relating to the peace process during the agreed upon negotiating period and a guarantee that the U.S. would not ask Israel to extend the 90-day moratorium when it expired.[85] The Security Cabinet of Israel considered the offer.[86] Former Ambassador Dan Kurtzer, commenting on the deal said: \"But now, the administration says it is prepared to pay off Israel to freeze only some of its settlement activity, and only temporarily. For the first time in memory, the United States is poised to reward Israel for its bad behavior.\"[87] Palestinian President Mahmoud Abbas rejected the U.S. freeze proposal, as it did not include East Jerusalem, while Chief Negotiator Saeb Erekat reiterated demands for unconditional recognition of the 1967 borders, and for withdrawal from all of East Jerusalem.[88]On December 2, a Palestinian official announced that Washington had officially informed the PA that Israel had refused to agree to a new settlement freeze.[66]Israeli Defense Minister Ehud Barak tried to restart negotiations by imposing a de facto settlement freeze by blocking building plans in the West Bank settlements. Ariel Mayor Ron Nachman threatened to sue Barak.[89]Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu visited Egypt and met with President Hosni Mubarak. Netanyahu urged Mubarak to pressure Abbas into direct talks.According to Dr. Mohammad Shtayyeh, a senior Palestinian negotiator who spoke at a conference hosted by the Brookings Institution's Doha Center, the Palestinian leadership used the cessation of direct talks to adopt a new strategy with the goal of declaring an independent state of Palestine. The initial step of this strategy was to ask the international community to recognize an independent Palestine along 1967 borders, to which the achieved some success in late 2010 and early 2011.[41] Several Latin American countries recognized the State of Palestine, including Brazil, Argentina, Chile, Ecuador, Bolivia, Venezuela, and Uruguay.[90] This was met with fierce opposition from Israel, which claimed that early recognition was a violation of the Road Map.[91]In January 2011, Israeli Foreign Minister Avigdor Lieberman proposed an interim peace deal, in which a Palestinian state would be established initially on 50% of the West Bank, with final borders to be negotiated at a later date. The proposal was rejected by the Palestinians, with Chief Negotiator Saeb Erekat claiming that Lieberman's plan represented Prime Minister Netanyahu's position as well, stating \"the Israeli government is not headed towards peace, because it is not interested in peace, and this plan is proof of that\".[92]On January 16, 2011, Israel presented to accept a plan to build some 1400 more homes in Gilo, a neighborhood in east Jerusalem, bringing condemnation from the Palestinians and Israeli left.[93]In February 2011, Israel offered to ease economic and security restrictions against the Palestinians, which reportedly included allowing additional Arab construction in East Jerusalem, giving the Palestinian Authority security control in seven West Bank cities, and discussing a proposed Palestinian Authority gas field alongside an Israeli one off the coast of Gaza, on condition that the Palestinian Authority resume direct talks. The proposal was agreed to by Middle East Quartet chief Tony Blair, and rejected by the Palestinians. Palestinian negotiator Saeb Erekat called the Israeli proposal \"just a trick and procrastination\", stating that \"what Netanyahu should do, if he wants to build confidence, is immediately stop settlement construction in the West Bank and East Jerusalem and recognize a Palestinian state on the territories occupied in 1967\", called on Western nations to \"stop dealing with Israel as if it is above the law\", and \"reach a historic decision that will recognize a Palestinian state within the 1967 borders and East Jerusalem as its capital\", and urged the Quartet to force Israel to halt settlement construction \"including in Jerusalem\".[94] The following day, Israel approved the construction of 13 additional Jewish homes in the East Jerusalem neighborhood of Sheikh Jarrah.[95]Shortly afterward, the Palestinian Authority announced an initiative to United Nations to recognize Hebron and Bethlehem as world heritage sites rather than Jewish heritage sites to prevent \"Judaization\". PA officials told local media that they hoped such recognition would stop the growth of Jewish settlements in the cities. Turkey assisted the initiative by providing archived Ottoman documents showing various sites in the two cities under Muslim rule. Researchers from Lebanon and Italy have also supported the initiative.[96]On 12 February 2011, Chief Palestinian Negotiator Saeb Erekat announced his resignation over the Palestine Papers scandal, which purportedly showed that he had agreed to wide-ranging concessions to Israel on the issues of Jerusalem, refugees, borders, and Israeli security, while still insisting that the documents were false.[97]On 18 February 2011, the United States vetoed a United Nations Security Council Resolution condemning Israeli settlement activity. U.S. Ambassador to the U.N. Susan Rice indicated in her remarks that the purpose of the U.S. veto was to demonstrate the Obama administration's intention that \"the only way to reach that common goal [of peace] is through direct negotiations.\"[98] This was met with mixed reactions by the Israeli and Palestinian leadership, as Netanyahu stated Israel's appreciation of the veto, while the Palestinian Authority condemned the U.S. for its \"bias\".[99][100]In March 2011, Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu reportedly considered a temporary peace deal that would see a Palestinian state established within provisional borders, with future borders negotiated at a later date, due to the Palestinians' refusal to negotiate. On March 3, the Palestinians rejected the idea, with official Saleh Ra'fat saying that the PLO's position is unchangeable, and President Abbas calling it \"unacceptable\".[101][102]Following the impasse in negotiations, the Palestinian Authority announced that unless a deal was reached by September 2011, it would unilaterally declare independence, seek recognition by the United Nations, and apply for membership in the organization. Palestinian President Mahmoud Abbas claimed that this new state would be ready to negotiate all the core issues, and that a key focus would be finding a \"just solution\" for Palestinian refugees in accordance with United Nations General Assembly Resolution 194.[103] The Palestinian Authority subsequently refused to reenter negotiations or reconsider its plans for a declaration of statehood until Israel froze all settlement construction and agreed to a solution based on the 1967 borders. PLO official Yasser Abed Rabbo claimed that the new Palestinian state would not tolerate an Israeli military and civilian presence on its land, and would seek UN intervention.[104]In April 2011, Fatah and Hamas signed a unity agreement, and announced plans to form a joint government. Israel responded by temporarily freezing the transfer of customs funds Israel collects for the Palestinian Authority, but released them following guarantees that the money would not go to Hamas. Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu warned the Palestinian Authority that it would have to choose between peace with Israel or peace with Hamas.[105]Abbas accepted a French offer to host peace talks by July 2011.[106] A few days later, US Republican congresswoman Ileana Ros-Lehtinen of Florida, chairwoman of the House Foreign Affairs Committee, announced plans to introduce legislation that would withhold US contributions to any UN entity that recognizes a Palestinian state or upgrades the status of the PLO observer mission.[107] She claimed that this was in order to \"oppose efforts by the Palestinian leadership to evade a negotiated settlement with Israel.\"[107]In July 2011, the Quartet on the Middle East convened, but did not come out with a statement. Israeli officials disclosed that the Quartet was unable to reach a statement following the Palestinians' refusal to accept clauses in the planned statement calling on the Palestinian Authority to withdraw its plans for a unilateral declaration of independence in September, to halt all demands from Israel once a two-state solution was reached, end incitement against Israel, or recognize it as a Jewish state.[108]In May 2012, Abbas reiterated his readiness to engage with the Israelis if they propose \"anything promising or positive\".[109]","title":"2010–2011 Israeli–Palestinian peace talks"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Public reactions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerusalem_Center_for_Public_Affairs"},{"link_name":"[110]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JPost_06062011-110"}],"sub_title":"The reactions of the Israeli public","text":"In May 2011, a poll of 500 Israelis, commissioned by the Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs, found that 77% opposed going back to pre-'67 lines; that 85% and 75%, respectively, supported keeping all of Jerusalem under Israeli control within the framework of any peace agreement and opposed transferring the Temple Mount to Palestinian control, even if the Western Wall were to remain in Israeli hands; that 84% believed Israel must maintain control of the Jordan Valley, even in the framework of a final peace agreement; that 60% believed that defensible borders would ensure security more than a peace agreement would; and 82% considered security concerns more important than a peace deal.[110]","title":"Public reactions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[111]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-111"},{"link_name":"Gaza City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaza_City"},{"link_name":"Islamic Jihad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_Jihad_Movement_in_Palestine"},{"link_name":"Hamas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamas"},{"link_name":"Ramadan Shallah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramadan_Shallah"},{"link_name":"Jihad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jihad"},{"link_name":"Khalil Al-Hayya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khalil_Al-Hayya"},{"link_name":"[112]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wiped-112"},{"link_name":"[113]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-113"}],"sub_title":"The reactions of the Palestinian public","text":"A 2011 poll found that 61% of Palestinians opposed and 34% supported the idea of \"two states for two peoples.\" Some 66% agreed with the two-state solution, but only as a first step to the elimination of Israel. Though quotes in the Hamas Charter urging the elimination of Israel were found to be highly supported, most Palestinians supported the idea of peace talks over violence.[111]On 29 October 2010, tens of thousands of Islamic Jihad supporters participated in a demonstration in Gaza City's Kuteiba Square against the negotiations and making peace with Israel. The rally was organized by Islamic Jihad and enjoyed the participation of its rival, Hamas. Demonstrators shouted \"Death to America and Death to Israel\". Islamic Jihad chief Ramadan Shallah sent a recorded message saying that \"Israel will not bring peace to the region, it will only bring war and destruction and therefore, the slogan of all should be that Israel must be wiped out of existence,\" and \"The choice of negotiation has reached deadlock, and we are wondering why is there such an insistence by the Palestinian Authority on negotiation with the enemy [i.e., Israel]\". Another leader, Mohammad al-Hindi, called for an end to the Palestinian Authority, and said, \"Jihad is the fate of this nation. There is no other option but this one\". Other Islamic Jihad officials said the turnout was a \"referendum by the Palestinian people rejecting peace-making with Israel.\" Hamas leader Khalil Al-Hayya said, \"There is only the choice of Jihad and nothing else\".[112][113]","title":"Public reactions"}] | [{"image_text":"Benjamin Netanyahu, Mahmoud Abbas, George J. Mitchell and Hillary Clinton at the start of direct talks on September 2, 2010.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Clinton_Netanyahu_Abbas_Mitchell_2_Sep_2010.jpg/300px-Clinton_Netanyahu_Abbas_Mitchell_2_Sep_2010.jpg"}] | [{"title":"2010 Palestinian militancy campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Palestinian_militancy_campaign"},{"title":"Israeli–Palestinian peace process","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_peace_process"},{"title":"2013 Israeli–Palestinian peace talks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_peace_talks"}] | [{"reference":"\"Netanyahu offers settlement freeze in return for recognition as Jewish state, Palestinians say no\". 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