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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Allan_(racing_driver) | Dave Allan (racing driver) | ["1 Racing record","1.1 Complete British Touring Car Championship results","1.2 Britcar 24 Hour results","2 References"] | British racing driver (1965–2012)
David AllanNationality BritishBTCC recordTeamsSynchro MotorsportDrivers'championships0Wins0Podium finishes0Poles0Fastest laps0Debut season2001Best championship position9th (2002)Final season (2002) position9th
David Allan (1 April 1965 – 3 July 2012) was a British racing driver and Honda test driver. He started his racing career in the National Saloon Car Championship with Synchro Motorsport which he was a key member of, driving a Honda Civic finishing 14th with 16 points. He drove in the series for another two years finishing 10th in 1999 and 14th in 2000 along with entering one race of the Belgian Procar in both years.
For 2001 he made the switch to the British Touring Car Championship driving a Honda Accord in the Production Class eventually finishing 12th in the championship, missing three rounds with Mark Lemmer driving in two. He made a late entry in 2002 racing alongside eventual Production champion James Kaye driving a Honda Civic Type-R. He was outraced by Kaye for most of the season finishing 9th in the championship.
In 2011 he drove in the Dunlop Production GTN Championship driving a Honda Jazz.
At about 11:30 on Tuesday 3 July, he was killed when the car he was testing at Millbrook Proving Ground lost control and rolled several times.
Racing record
Complete British Touring Car Championship results
(key) Races in bold indicate pole position in class (1 point awarded all races) Races in italics indicate fastest lap in class (1 point awarded all races) * signifies that driver lead race for at least one lap in class (1 point awarded just in feature race)
Year
Team
Car
Class
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
DC
Pts
Class
2001
Synchro Motorsport
Honda Accord
P
BRH110
BRH219
THR18
THR215
OUL121
OUL211
SIL116
SIL214
MON1
MON2
DON115
DON29
KNO1Ret
KNO2DNS
SNE1
SNE2
CRO1
CRO2
OUL118
OUL214
SIL117
SIL214
DON119
DON2Ret
BRH116
BRH213
49
12th
2002
Synchro Motorsport
Honda Civic Type-R
P
BRH1
BRH2
OUL1
OUL2
THR1Ret
THR218
SIL126
SIL219
MON120
MON216
CRO115
CRO2Ret
SNE118
SNE215
KNO117
KNO219
BRH1Ret
BRH219
DON1Ret
DON217
61
9th
Britcar 24 Hour results
Year
Team
Co-Drivers
Car
Car No.
Class
Laps
Pos.
ClassPos.
2007
ELR
Mark Hein Peter Venn
Honda Civic Type R
62
2
564
12th
2nd
References
^ "Death Inquest Report". BBC. 11 June 2013. Retrieved 14 September 2013. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Official_results-1"},{"link_name":"racing driver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racing_driver"},{"link_name":"Honda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honda"},{"link_name":"Honda Civic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honda_Civic"},{"link_name":"British Touring Car Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Touring_Car_Championship"},{"link_name":"Honda Accord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honda_Accord"},{"link_name":"Mark Lemmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Lemmer"},{"link_name":"James Kaye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Kaye"},{"link_name":"Honda Civic Type-R","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honda_Civic_Type-R"},{"link_name":"Honda Jazz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honda_Jazz"},{"link_name":"Millbrook Proving Ground","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millbrook_Proving_Ground"}],"text":"David Allan (1 April 1965 – 3 July 2012)[1] was a British racing driver and Honda test driver. He started his racing career in the National Saloon Car Championship with Synchro Motorsport which he was a key member of, driving a Honda Civic finishing 14th with 16 points. He drove in the series for another two years finishing 10th in 1999 and 14th in 2000 along with entering one race of the Belgian Procar in both years.For 2001 he made the switch to the British Touring Car Championship driving a Honda Accord in the Production Class eventually finishing 12th in the championship, missing three rounds with Mark Lemmer driving in two. He made a late entry in 2002 racing alongside eventual Production champion James Kaye driving a Honda Civic Type-R. He was outraced by Kaye for most of the season finishing 9th in the championship.In 2011 he drove in the Dunlop Production GTN Championship driving a Honda Jazz.At about 11:30 on Tuesday 3 July, he was killed when the car he was testing at Millbrook Proving Ground lost control and rolled several times.","title":"Dave Allan (racing driver)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Racing record"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"key","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Motorsport_driver_results_legend"}],"sub_title":"Complete British Touring Car Championship results","text":"(key) Races in bold indicate pole position in class (1 point awarded all races) Races in italics indicate fastest lap in class (1 point awarded all races) * signifies that driver lead race for at least one lap in class (1 point awarded just in feature race)","title":"Racing record"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Britcar 24 Hour results","title":"Racing record"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Death Inquest Report\". BBC. 11 June 2013. Retrieved 14 September 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-beds-bucks-herts-22857298","url_text":"\"Death Inquest Report\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC","url_text":"BBC"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-beds-bucks-herts-22857298","external_links_name":"\"Death Inquest Report\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athletics_at_the_1992_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_high_jump | Athletics at the 1992 Summer Olympics – Women's high jump | ["1 Medalists","2 Records","3 Results","3.1 Qualification","3.2 Final","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"] | Women's high jumpat the Games of the XXV OlympiadPictogram for athleticsVenuesEstadi Olimpíc de MontjuïcDatesAugust 6, 1992 (1992-08-06) (qualification) August 8, 1992 (1992-08-08) (final)Competitors41 from 27 nationsWinning height2.02Medalists
Heike Henkel Germany
Galina Astafei Romania
Ioamnet Quintero Cuba← 19881996 →
Athletics at the1992 Summer OlympicsTrack events100 mmenwomen200 mmenwomen400 mmenwomen800 mmenwomen1500 mmenwomen3000 mwomen5000 mmen10,000 mmenwomen100 m hurdleswomen110 m hurdlesmen400 m hurdlesmenwomen3000 msteeplechasemen4 × 100 m relaymenwomen4 × 400 m relaymenwomenRoad eventsMarathonmenwomen10 km walkwomen20 km walkmen50 km walkmenField eventsLong jumpmenwomenTriple jumpmenHigh jumpmenwomenPole vaultmenShot putmenwomenDiscus throwmenwomenJavelin throwmenwomenHammer throwmenCombined eventsHeptathlonwomenDecathlonmenWheelchair racesvte
These are the official results of the Women's High Jump event at the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona, Spain. There were a total number of 41 participating athletes and one non starter. The qualification mark was set at 1.92 metres.
Medalists
Gold
Heike Henkel Germany
Silver
Galina Astafei Romania
Bronze
Ioamnet Quintero Cuba
Records
These were the standing world and Olympic records (in metres) prior to the 1992 Summer Olympics.
World Record
2.09
Stefka Kostadinova
Rome (ITA)
August 30, 1987
Olympic Record
2.03
Louise Ritter
Seoul (KOR)
September 30, 1988
Results
Qualification
Rank
Group
Name
Nationality
1.60
1.65
1.70
1.75
1.79
1.83
1.86
1.88
1.90
1.92
Result
Notes
1
A
Stefka Kostadinova
Bulgaria
–
–
–
–
–
o
o
–
o
o
1.92
Q
1
B
Heike Henkel
Germany
–
–
–
–
–
–
o
–
–
o
1.92
Q
1
B
Debbie Marti
Great Britain
–
–
–
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
1.92
Q
4
A
Galina Astafei
Romania
–
–
–
–
xo
o
o
o
o
o
1.92
Q
4
B
Ioamnet Quintero
Cuba
–
–
–
–
o
–
o
–
xo
o
1.92
Q
6
A
Birgit Kähler
Germany
–
–
–
o
o
xo
o
xo
o
o
1.92
Q
6
B
Valentīna Gotovska
Latvia
–
–
–
o
o
o
o
o
xxo
o
1.92
Q
8
A
Alison Inverarity
Australia
–
–
–
–
–
–
xo
xo
xo
o
1.92
Q
8
B
Olga Turchak
Unified Team
–
–
–
o
o
o
o
xo
xxo
o
1.92
Q
10
A
Silvia Costa
Cuba
–
–
–
–
o
–
o
–
o
xo
1.92
Q
10
B
Tatyana Shevchik
Unified Team
–
–
–
–
o
–
o
o
o
xo
1.92
Q
12
A
Donata Jancewicz
Poland
–
–
–
o
–
xo
o
o
o
xo
1.92
Q
13
A
Tanya Hughes
United States
–
–
–
–
o
o
xo
o
xxo
xo
1.92
Q
14
A
Britta Bilač
Slovenia
–
–
–
o
o
o
o
xxo
o
xxo
1.92
Q
15
B
Sigrid Kirchmann
Austria
–
–
–
–
o
o
xo
xxo
xo
xxo
1.92
Q
16
B
Megumi Sato
Japan
–
–
–
o
o
o
xxo
xxo
xxo
xxo
1.92
Q
17
B
Beata Hołub
Poland
–
–
–
–
o
o
o
–
o
xxx
1.90
17
B
Judit Kovács
Hungary
–
–
–
o
o
o
o
o
o
xxx
1.90
19
B
Sue Rembao
United States
–
–
–
–
o
o
xo
o
o
xxx
1.90
20
B
Nelė Žilinskienė
Lithuania
–
–
–
o
o
xo
o
xxo
o
xxx
1.90
21
A
Sandrine Fricot
France
–
–
–
–
o
o
o
o
xxo
xxx
1.90
22
B
Antonella Bevilacqua
Italy
–
–
o
o
o
o
xo
xxo
xxo
xxx
1.90
23
A
Katarzyna Majchrzak
Poland
–
–
–
o
–
o
o
o
xxx
1.88
24
B
Niki Bakogianni
Greece
–
–
–
o
o
o
o
xo
xxx
1.88
25
A
Lyudmila Andonova
Bulgaria
–
–
–
–
o
o
o
xxo
xxx
1.88
25
A
Šárka Kašpárková
Czechoslovakia
–
–
–
o
o
o
o
xxo
xxx
1.88
27
B
Amber Welty
United States
–
–
–
o
o
o
xo
xxo
xxx
1.88
28
A
Marion Goldkamp
Germany
–
–
–
–
o
o
o
xxx
1.86
29
B
Oana Musunoi
Romania
–
–
–
–
xo
o
o
xxx
1.86
30
A
Jo Jennings
Great Britain
–
–
o
o
o
xxo
xo
xxx
1.86
31
A
Sieglinde Cadusch
Switzerland
–
–
xo
o
o
o
xxo
xxx
1.86
32
A
Olga Bolshova
Unified Team
–
–
–
–
xo
o
xxx
1.83
33
A
Niki Gavera
Greece
–
–
xo
o
xo
o
xxx
1.83
34
B
Svetlana Leseva
Bulgaria
–
–
–
–
o
xo
xxx
1.83
34
B
Šárka Nováková
Czechoslovakia
–
–
o
o
o
xo
xxx
1.83
36
B
Cristina Fink
Mexico
–
–
–
o
o
xxo
xxx
1.83
37
A
Lucienne N'Da
Ivory Coast
–
–
o
o
o
xxx
1.79
38
A
Najuma Fletcher
Guyana
–
xo
o
o
xxo
xxx
1.79
39
A
Charmaine Weavers
South Africa
o
o
o
o
xxx
1.75
40
B
Jaruwan Jenjudkarn
Thailand
–
–
xo
xxo
xxx
1.75
41
B
Margarida Moreno
Andorra
–
o
o
xxx
1.70
A
Sriyani Kulawansa
Sri Lanka
DNS
Final
Rank
Name
Nationality
1.78
1.83
1.88
1.91
1.94
1.97
2.00
2.02
2.06
Result
Notes
Heike Henkel
Germany
–
–
–
o
–
xxo
o
o
xxx
2.02
Galina Astafei
Romania
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
xxx
2.00
Ioamnet Quintero
Cuba
o
–
o
o
xo
xo
xx-
x
1.97
4
Stefka Kostadinova
Bulgaria
–
–
o
o
o
xxx
1.94
5
Sigrid Kirchmann
Austria
–
o
o
xo
o
xxx
1.94
6
Silvia Costa
Cuba
–
o
o
xo
xxo
xxx
1.94
7
Megumi Sato
Japan
o
o
xo
o
xxx
1.91
8
Alison Inverarity
Australia
–
o
xxo
o
xxx
1.91
9
Debbie Marti
Great Britain
o
o
o
xxo
xxx
1.91
10
Donata Jancewicz
Poland
–
o
o
xxx
1.88
11
Birgit Kähler
Germany
o
o
xo
xxx
1.88
11
Tanya Hughes
United States
o
o
xo
xxx
1.88
13
Valentīna Gotovska
Latvia
o
o
xxx
1.83
13
Olga Turchak
Unified Team
o
o
xxx
1.83
15
Britta Bilač
Slovenia
xo
o
xxx
1.83
16
Tatyana Shevchik
Unified Team
–
xo
xxx
1.83
See also
National champions high jump (women)
1990 Women's European Championships High Jump (Split)
1991 Women's World Championships High Jump (Tokyo)
1993 Women's World Championships High Jump (Stuttgart)
1994 Women's European Championships High Jump (Helsinki)
References
^ "Athletics at the 1992 Barcelona Summer Games: Women's High Jump". sports-reference.com. Archived from the original on 17 April 2020. Retrieved 1 January 2018.
External links
Official Report
Results
vteHigh jump at the Olympic GamesSummaryMen
1896
1900
1904
1908
1912
1920
1924
1928
1932
1936
1948
1952
1956
1960
1964
1968
1972
1976
1980
1984
1988
1992
1996
2000
2004
2008
2012
2016
2020
Women
1896
1900
1904
1908
1912
1920
1924
1928
1932
1936
1948
1952
1956
1960
1964
1968
1972
1976
1980
1984
1988
1992
1996
2000
2004
2008
2012
2016
2020
vteOlympic champions in women's high jump
1928: Ethel Catherwood (CAN)
1932: Jean Shiley (USA)
1936: Ibolya Csák (HUN)
1948: Alice Coachman (USA)
1952: Esther Brand (RSA)
1956: Mildred McDaniel (USA)
1960: Iolanda Balaș (ROU)
1964: Iolanda Balaș (ROU)
1968: Miloslava Rezková (TCH)
1972: Ulrike Meyfarth (FRG)
1976: Rosemarie Ackermann (GDR)
1980: Sara Simeoni (ITA)
1984: Ulrike Meyfarth (FRG)
1988: Louise Ritter (USA)
1992: Heike Henkel (GER)
1996: Stefka Kostadinova (BUL)
2000: Yelena Yelesina (RUS)
2004: Yelena Slesarenko (RUS)
2008: Tia Hellebaut (BEL)
2012: Anna Chicherova (RUS)
2016: Ruth Beitia (ESP)
2020: Mariya Lasitskene (ROC) | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Women's High Jump","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athletics_at_the_1992_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"1992 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Barcelona, Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barcelona,_Spain"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SR-1"}],"text":"These are the official results of the Women's High Jump event at the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona, Spain. There were a total number of 41 participating athletes and one non starter. The qualification mark was set at 1.92 metres.[1]","title":"Athletics at the 1992 Summer Olympics – Women's high jump"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Medalists"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"These were the standing world and Olympic records (in metres) prior to the 1992 Summer Olympics.","title":"Records"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Qualification","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Final","title":"Results"}] | [] | [{"title":"National champions high jump (women)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_champions_high_jump_(women)"},{"title":"1990 Women's European Championships High Jump (Split)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1990_European_Athletics_Championships_-_Women%27s_high_jump"},{"title":"1991 Women's World Championships High Jump (Tokyo)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991_World_Championships_in_Athletics_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_high_jump"},{"title":"1993 Women's World Championships High Jump (Stuttgart)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1993_World_Championships_in_Athletics_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_high_jump"},{"title":"1994 Women's European Championships High Jump (Helsinki)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1994_European_Athletics_Championships_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_high_jump"}] | [{"reference":"\"Athletics at the 1992 Barcelona Summer Games: Women's High Jump\". sports-reference.com. Archived from the original on 17 April 2020. Retrieved 1 January 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200417174256/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/summer/1992/ATH/womens-high-jump.html","url_text":"\"Athletics at the 1992 Barcelona Summer Games: Women's High Jump\""},{"url":"https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/summer/1992/ATH/womens-high-jump.html","url_text":"the original"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200417174256/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/summer/1992/ATH/womens-high-jump.html","external_links_name":"\"Athletics at the 1992 Barcelona Summer Games: Women's High Jump\""},{"Link":"https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/summer/1992/ATH/womens-high-jump.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090508115750/http://www.olympic-museum.de/o-reports/report1992.htm","external_links_name":"Official Report"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120325205738/http://todor66.com/olim/1992/Athletics/Women_High_Jump.html","external_links_name":"Results"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/December_1996 | 1996 | ["1 Events","1.1 January","1.2 February","1.3 March","1.4 April","1.5 May","1.6 June","1.7 July","1.8 August","1.9 September","1.10 October","1.11 November","1.12 December","2 Births","2.1 January","2.2 February","2.3 March","2.4 April","2.5 May","2.6 June","2.7 July","2.8 August","2.9 September","2.10 October","2.11 November","2.12 December","3 Deaths","4 Nobel Prizes","5 Right Livelihood Award","6 References","7 External links"] | 1996
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Clockwise from top-left: The remix of Macarena sung by the Bayside Boys became an international phenomenon; an Antonov-32 plane crashed into a crowded market in Kinshasa, Zaire. 2 people were killed on the plane, but up to 348 people were killed and over 500 were injured on the ground, the accident with the most ground fatalities of any air disaster in history until 2001 and the deadliest airplane crash in Africa; Saudia Flight 763 crashes with Kazakhstan Airlines Flight 1607 in mid-air over Charkhi Dadri, India, making it the world's deadliest mid-air collision with 349 total fatalities and 0 survivors; the wreckage of TWA Flight 800. The plane exploded and crashed 12 minutes after takeoff from New York City in the Atlantic Ocean, with 230 fatalities and 0 survivors, making it the third-deadliest aviation accident in United States history, and birthing conspiracy theories and contributing to the eventual dissolution of Trans World Airlines; eight people die during a blizzard on Mount Everest, the deadliest disaster on Mount Everest which raised questions about the safety of trekking on the mountain; Martin Bryant killed 35 people and injured 28 more during a spree shooting at Port Arthur, Tasmania, contributing to drastic changes among Australia's gun laws; the Israel Defense Forces fired airstrikes at a United Nations compound in southern Lebanon, killing 106 Lebanese civilians; the 1996 Summer Olympics are held in Atlanta, the 100th anniversary of the first modern Olympic game session.
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vte
1996 in various calendarsGregorian calendar1996MCMXCVIAb urbe condita2749Armenian calendar1445ԹՎ ՌՆԽԵAssyrian calendar6746Baháʼí calendar152–153Balinese saka calendar1917–1918Bengali calendar1403Berber calendar2946British Regnal year44 Eliz. 2 – 45 Eliz. 2Buddhist calendar2540Burmese calendar1358Byzantine calendar7504–7505Chinese calendar乙亥年 (Wood Pig)4693 or 4486 — to —丙子年 (Fire Rat)4694 or 4487Coptic calendar1712–1713Discordian calendar3162Ethiopian calendar1988–1989Hebrew calendar5756–5757Hindu calendars - Vikram Samvat2052–2053 - Shaka Samvat1917–1918 - Kali Yuga5096–5097Holocene calendar11996Igbo calendar996–997Iranian calendar1374–1375Islamic calendar1416–1417Japanese calendarHeisei 8(平成８年)Javanese calendar1928–1929Juche calendar85Julian calendarGregorian minus 13 daysKorean calendar4329Minguo calendarROC 85民國85年Nanakshahi calendar528Thai solar calendar2539Tibetan calendar阴木猪年(female Wood-Pig)2122 or 1741 or 969 — to —阳火鼠年(male Fire-Rat)2123 or 1742 or 970Unix time820454400 – 852076799
Wikimedia Commons has media related to 1996.
1996 (MCMXCVI) was a leap year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar, the 1996th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 996th year of the 2nd millennium, the 96th year of the 20th century, and the 7th year of the 1990s decade. Calendar year
1996 was designated as:
International Year for the Eradication of Poverty
Events
January
January 8 – A Zairean cargo plane crashes into a crowded market in the center of the capital city of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Kinshasa, killing around 300 people.
January 9–20 – Serious fighting breaks out between Russian soldiers and rebel fighters in Chechnya.
January 11 – Ryutaro Hashimoto, leader of the Liberal Democratic Party, becomes Prime Minister of Japan.
January 13 – Italy's Prime Minister, Lamberto Dini, resigns after the failure of all-party talks to confirm him. New talks are initiated by President Oscar Luigi Scalfaro to form a new government.
January 14 – Jorge Sampaio is elected President of Portugal.
January 16 – President of Sierra Leone Valentine Strasser is deposed by the chief of defence, Julius Maada Bio. Bio promises to restore power following elections scheduled for February.
January 19
The North Cape oil spill occurs as an engine fire forces the tugboat Scandia ashore on Moonstone Beach in South Kingstown, Rhode Island. The North Cape Barge is pulled along with it and leaks 820,000 gallons of home heating oil.
An Indonesian ferry sinks off the northern tip of Sumatra, drowning more than 100 people.
January 20 – Yasser Arafat is re-elected president of the Palestinian Authority.
January 21 – France undertakes its last nuclear weapons test.
January 22 – Andreas Papandreou, Prime Minister of Greece, resigns due to health problems; a new government forms under Costas Simitis.
January 24 – Polish Premier Józef Oleksy resigns amid accusations that he spied for Moscow. He is replaced by Włodzimierz Cimoszewicz.
January 27 – Colonel Ibrahim Baré Maïnassara deposes the first democratically elected President of Niger, Mahamane Ousmane, in a military coup.
January 31
Colombo Central Bank bombing: an explosives-filled truck rams into the gates of the Central Bank in Colombo, Sri Lanka, killing at least 86 people and injuring 1,400.
An amateur astronomer from southern Japan discovers Comet Hyakutake; it will pass very close to the Earth in March.
February
February 3 – The 6.6 Mw earthquake near Lijiang in South-west China kills up to 322 people, injures 17,000, and leaves 300,000 homeless.
February 6 – Birgenair Flight 301, on a charter flight from the Caribbean to Germany, crashes into the Atlantic Ocean off the coast of the Dominican Republic, killing all 189 passengers and crew.
February 7 – René Préval succeeds Jean-Bertrand Aristide as President of Haiti in the first peaceful handover of power since the nation achieved independence 192 years earlier, in 1804.
February 9
The element copernicium is created by fusing a 208Pb nucleus with a 70Zn nucleus, forming 278Cn. Given the placeholder name "ununbium", the element is not named until 2010.
An IRA ceasefire ends with the Docklands bombing in London's Canary Wharf District, killing two people and causing over £85,000,000 worth of damage.
Disney formally finalizes its $19 billion acquisition of the ABC parent, Capital Cities/ABC Inc.
February 10 – Bosnian Serbs break off contact with the Bosnian government and with representatives of Ifor, the NATO localised force, in reaction to the arrest of several Bosnian Serb war criminals.
February 14 – Violent clashes erupt between Filipino soldiers and Vietnamese boat people, as the Filipino government attempts to forcibly repatriate hundreds of Vietnamese asylum seekers.
February 15
The American Embassy in Athens, Greece, comes under mortar fire.
Begum Khaleda Zia is re-elected as Prime Minister of Bangladesh. The country's second democratic election is marred by low voter turnout, due to several boycotts and pre-election violence, which has resulted in at least thirteen deaths.
The UK government publishes the Scott Report.
February 17 – The 8.2 Mw Biak earthquake strikes the Papua province of eastern Indonesia with a maximum Mercalli intensity of VIII (Severe). A large tsunami followed, leaving 166 people dead or missing and 423 injured.
February 24 – Cuban fighter jets shoot down two American aircraft belonging to the Cuban exile group Brothers to the Rescue. Cuban officials assert that they invaded Cuban airspace.
February 25 – Two suicide bombs in Israel kill 25 and injure 80; Hamas claims responsibility.
February 29
Faucett Perú Flight 251 en route from Lima to Rodriguez Ballon airport crashes into a mountain near Arequipa; all 123 people on board are killed.
At least 81 people drown when a boat capsizes 120 kilometres east of Kampala, Uganda.
The Bosnian government declares the end of the Siege of Sarajevo.
February:
The Cuban government recognises the Concilio Cubano pro-democracy group.
March
March 1 – Iraq disarmament crisis: Iraqi forces refuse UNSCOM inspection teams access to five sites designated for inspection. The teams enter the sites only after delays of up to seventeen hours.
March 2 – 1996 Australian federal election: The Liberal/National Coalition led by John Howard defeats the Labor government led by Prime Minister Paul Keating. Howard was sworn in on March 11.
March 3 – José María Aznar, leader of the Popular Party, is elected as Prime Minister of Spain, replacing Felipe González.
March 3–4 – Two suicide bombs explode in Israel, killing 32 people. The Yahya Ayyash Units admit responsibility, and Palestinian president Yasser Arafat condemns the killings in a televised address. Israel warns of retaliation.
March 6
Mesut Yılmaz of ANAP forms the new government of Turkey (53rd government).
A boat carrying market traders capsizes outside Freetown harbour in Sierra Leone, killing at least 86 people.
Chechen rebels attack the Russian government headquarters in Grozny; 70 Russian soldiers and policemen and 130 Chechen fighters are killed.
March 8 – Third Taiwan Strait Crisis: China begins surface-to-surface missile testing and military exercises off Taiwanese coastal areas. The United States government condemns the act as provocation, and the Taiwanese government warns of retaliation.
March 9 – Jorge Sampaio becomes the new Portuguese president.
March 13 – Dunblane massacre: Unemployed former shopkeeper Thomas Hamilton walks into the Dunblane Primary School in Scotland and opens fire, killing sixteen infant school pupils and one teacher before committing suicide.
Summit of the Peacemakers in Sharm el-Sheikh
March 14 – An international peace summit is held in Egypt in response to escalating terrorist attacks in the Middle East.
March 15 – Fokker, a major manufacturer of small size aircraft, goes bankrupt in Netherlands.
March 16 – Robert Mugabe is re-elected as President of Zimbabwe, although only 32% of the electorate actually voted.
March 17 – Sri Lanka wins the Cricket World Cup by beating Australia in the final.
March 18 – The Ozone Disco Club fire in Quezon City, Philippines, kills 163 people.
March 22 – Sweden's Finance Minister Göran Persson becomes the new Prime Minister of Sweden.
March 23 – Taiwan (Republic of China) holds its first direct elections for president; Lee Teng-hui is re-elected.
March 24 – The Marcopper mining disaster on the island of Marinduque, Philippines takes place.
March 25 – The 68th Academy Awards, hosted by Whoopi Goldberg, are held at the Dorothy Chandler Pavilion in Los Angeles with Braveheart winning Best Picture.
March 26 – The International Monetary Fund approves a $10.2 billion loan to Russia for economic reform.
April
April 3
A Boeing 737 military jet crashes into a mountain north of Dubrovnik, Croatia. All 35 people on board are killed, including United States Secretary of Commerce Ron Brown.
Burundian Civil War: massacres of Hutus by Tutsis in Burundi take place with more than 450 killed within a few days.
April 6
First Liberian Civil War: fighting breaks out in Monrovia, Liberia, between various rebel factions struggling for power in the country's interrupted civil war. Several foreign nationals leave the nation.
Turkish authorities begin operation Hawk, a military offensive against rebels from the Kurdistan Workers' Party in south-east Turkey.
April 9 – In a common statement, the European Union officially recognises the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia.
April 11 – The Israeli government launches Operation Grapes of Wrath, consisting of massive attacks on Lebanon, in retaliation for "terrorist attacks", and sparking off a violent series of retaliations.
April 18 – Qana massacre: Over 100 Lebanese civilians are killed after Israel shells the United Nations compound in Qana. In reaction, an Islamist group in Egypt opens fire on a hotel, killing eighteen Greek tourists and injuring seventeen others.
April 21 – A general election in Italy proclaims a new center-left government headed by Romano Prodi, replacing Silvio Berlusconi.
April 24 – At the urging of Yasser Arafat, the Palestine Liberation Organization drops its clause in Palestinian National Covenant calling for the removal of Israel (→ Legitimacy of the State of Israel). The Israeli government responds by dropping a similar clause concerning the existence of Palestine.
April 26 – Shanghai Five group, predecessor of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation, is created with the signing of the Treaty on Deepening Military Trust in Border Regions in Shanghai by the heads of states of China, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia and Tajikistan.
April 28
Port Arthur massacre (Australia): Martin Bryant kills 35 people at the Port Arthur tourist site in Tasmania.
Bhai Pheru bus bombing: A bomb explodes in Bhai Pheru, Punjab, Pakistan, killing more than 60 people.
May
May – Iraq disarmament crisis: UNSCOM supervises the destruction of Al-Hakam, Iraq's main production facility of biological warfare agents.
May 9
South Africa's National Party pulls out of the coalition government formed two years earlier, and the African National Congress assumes full political control.
Ugandan president Yoweri Museveni wins a landslide victory in the country's first direct presidential elections, securing 75% of the vote.
May 10
1996 Everest disaster: A sudden storm engulfs Mount Everest with several climbing teams high on the mountain, leaving eight people dead. By the end of the month, at least four other climbers die in the worst season of fatalities on the mountain to date.
The Australian government introduces a nationwide ban on the private possession of both automatic and semi-automatic rifles, in response to the Port Arthur massacre.
May 11 – After takeoff from Miami, a fire started by improperly handled oxygen canisters in the cargo hold of Atlanta-bound ValuJet Flight 592 causes the Douglas DC-9 to crash in the Florida Everglades, killing all 110 people on board.
May 13 – Severe thunderstorms and a tornado in Bangladesh kill 600 people.
May 17–28 – Atal Bihari Vajpayee, leader of the Bharatiya Janata Party, is elected as Prime Minister of India, replacing P. V. Narasimha Rao of the Indian National Congress. However, the party does not receive an overall majority and Vajpayee resigns thirteen days later rather than face a no confidence vote and is replaced by the United Front leader, Deve Gowda.
May 18 – The X Prize Foundation launches the $10,000,000 Ansari X Prize.
May 21
The MV Bukoba sinks in Tanzanian waters in Lake Victoria, killing nearly 1,000 people in one of Africa's worst maritime disasters.
Seven Trappist monks from the monastery of Thibirine are killed by members of the Armed Islamic Group in Algeria after talks with French government concerning the imprisonment of several GIA sympathisers break down.
May 27 – First Chechnya War: Russian President Boris Yeltsin meets with Chechnyan rebels for the first time and negotiates a ceasefire for the dispute.
May 28 – Albania's general election of May 26 is declared unfair by international monitors, and the ruling Democratic Party under President Muhannad Ibrahim is charged by the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe with rigging the elections. Several hundred protestors gather in Tirana to demonstrate against the election result.
May 30 – The Likud Party, led by Benjamin Netanyahu, wins a narrow victory in the Israeli general election.
June
June – Iraq disarmament crisis: As Iraq continues to refuse inspectors access to a number of sites, the United States fails in its attempt to build support for military action against Iraq in the UN Security Council.
June 1–3 – The Czech Republic's first general election ends inconclusively. Prime Minister Václav Klaus and his incumbent Civic Democratic Party emerge as the winners, but are unable to form a majority government. President Václav Havel refuses to invite Klaus to form a coalition.
June 4 – The space rocket Ariane 5 explodes forty seconds in its maiden flight, after takeoff in French Guiana. The project costs European governments $7,500,000,000 over eleven years.
June 6 – Leighton W. Smith, Jr. resigns as NATO commander in the face of increasing criticism.
June 8–30 – England hosts the UEFA Euro 1996 football tournament, which is won by Germany.
June 11
An explosion in a São Paulo suburban shopping centre kills 44 people and injures more than 100.
A peace convoy carrying Chechen separatist leaders and international diplomats is targeted by a series of remotely controlled land mines; eight people are killed.
June 15 – In Manchester, UK, an IRA bomb injures over 200 people and devastates a large part of the city centre.
June 28
A new government is formed in Turkey, with Necmettin Erbakan of Refah Partisi becoming Prime Minister of the coalition government, and Deputy/Foreign Minister Tansu Çiller of the True Path Party succeeding him after two years.
The Constitution of Ukraine is signed into law.
June 29
The Prince's Trust concert is held in Hyde Park, London, and is attended by 150,000 people. The Who headlines the event in their first performance since 1989.
An explosion in a firecrackers factory in Sichuan Province, China kills at least 52 people and injures 83 others.
June 30
Costas Simitis is elected president of the Panhellenic Socialist Movement of Greece.
Bosnian Serb leader Radovan Karadžić relinquishes power to his deputy, Biljana Plavšić.
July
July
Iraq disarmament crisis: U.N. Inspector Scott Ritter attempts to conduct surprise inspections on the Republican Guard facility at the airport but is blocked by Iraqi officials.
The Indian government officially renames the city of Madras, restoring the name Chennai.
July 1
The Northern Territory in Australia legalises voluntary euthanasia.
German orthography reform of 1996 agreed internationally.
July 3 – Boris Yeltsin is re-elected as President of Russia after the second round of elections.
July 5 – Dolly the sheep, the first mammal to be successfully cloned from an adult cell, is born at the Roslin Institute in Midlothian, Scotland, UK.
July 11 – Arrest warrants are issued for Bosnian Serb war criminals Radovan Karadžić and Ratko Mladić by the Russell Tribunal in The Hague.
July 12 – Hurricane Bertha: made landfall in North Carolina as a Category 2 storm, causing $270 million in damage ($525 million in present-day terms) to the United States and its possessions and many indirect deaths.
July 16 – An outbreak of E. coli food poisoning in Japan results in 6,000 children being ill, including two deaths, after a group of school children eat contaminated lunches.
July 17
The Community of Portuguese Language Countries (Comunidade dos Países de Língua Portuguesa) is constituted.
Paris- and Rome-bound TWA Flight 800 (Boeing 747) explodes off the coast of Long Island, New York, killing all 230 people on board.
July 19
The 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta, United States, begin.
Bosnian Serb President Radovan Karadžić resigns from public office in Republika Srpska after being indicted for war crimes.
July 21 – The Saguenay Flood, one of Canada's most costly natural disasters, is caused by flooding on the Saguenay River in Quebec.
July 22 – The first Gethsemani Encounter takes place at the abbey of Our Lady of Gethsemani. This event, hosted by the DIMMID, is the first intermonastic dialogue between Buddhist and Christian monks and is attended by the Dalai Lama and Bishop Joseph John Gerry.
July 24 – The Dehiwala train bombing kills 56 commuters outside Colombo.
July 25 – The Tutsi-led Burundian army performs a coup and reinstalls previous president Pierre Buyoya, ousting current president Sylvestre Ntibantunganya.
July 27 – The Centennial Olympic Park bombing at the 1996 Summer Olympics in the United States kills one person and injures 111.
August
The electron microscope reveals chain structures in meteorite fragment ALH84001.
August
The first three-parent baby is conceived in New Jersey through mitochondrial donation.
The invasive species Asian long-horned beetle is found in New York City.
August 1
Sarah Balabagan returns to the Philippines.
A pro-democracy demonstration supporting Megawati Sukarnoputri in Indonesia is broken up by riot police.
August 4 – The 1996 Summer Olympics conclude.
August 6 – NASA announces that the Allan Hills 84001 meteorite, thought to originate from Mars, may contain evidence of primitive lifeforms; further tests are inconclusive.
August 7 – Heavy rains kill more than 80 campers near Huesca, Spain.
August 9 – Boris Yeltsin is sworn in at the Kremlin for a second term as President of Russia.
August 13 – Data sent back by the Galileo space probe indicates there may be water on one of Jupiter's moons.
August 14 – A rocket ignited during a fireworks display in Arequipa, Peru knocks down a high-tension power cable into a dense crowd, electrocuting 35 people.
August 15 – Bob Dole is nominated for President of the United States, and Jack Kemp for vice president, at the Republican National Convention in San Diego, California.
August 16 – Brookfield Zoo, Chicago. After a 3-year-old boy falls into the 20-foot (6.1 m) deep gorilla enclosure, Binti Jua, a female lowland gorilla sits with the injured boy until his rescue.
August 21
Former State President of South Africa, F. W. de Klerk, makes an official apology for crimes committed under Apartheid to the Truth and Reconciliation Commission in Cape Town.
In the UK, Queen Elizabeth II issues letters patent on divorced former wives of British princes, taking away from the ex-wives the attribute and style of Royal Highness. With that Sarah, Duchess of York as well as Diana, Princess of Wales legally cease to be Royals, but they remain as non-royal Duchess and Princess.
August 23 – Osama bin Laden writes "The Declaration of Jihad on the Americans Occupying the Country of the Two Sacred Places," a call for the removal of American military forces from Saudi Arabia.
August 26 – David Dellinger, Bradford Lyttle, and nine others are arrested by the Federal Protective Service while protesting in a demonstration at the Kluczynski Federal Building in downtown Chicago during that year's Democratic National Convention.
August 28 – Their Royal Highnesses, the Prince and Princess of Wales, are formally divorced at the High Court of Justice in London. Her Royal Highness The Princess of Wales is restyled Diana, Princess of Wales, due to the Queen's letters patent issued a week earlier.
August 29
U.S. President Bill Clinton and Vice President Al Gore are re-nominated at the Democratic National Convention in Chicago.
A Russian Tupolev 154 jetliner crashes into a mountain as it approaches the airport at Spitsbergen, Norway, killing all 141 people on board.
August 31 – Iraq disarmament crisis: Iraqi forces launch an offensive into the northern No-Fly Zone and capture Arbil.
September
The first flag of Afghanistan under the Taliban control until 1997
September 2 – A permanent peace agreement is signed at Malacañang Palace between the Government of the Philippines and the Moro National Liberation Front.
September 3 – The United States launches Operation Desert Strike against Iraq in reaction to the attack on Arbil.
September 4 – The Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia attack a military base in Guaviare, Colombia, starting three weeks of guerrilla warfare that will claim the lives of at least 130 Colombians.
September 5 – Hurricane Fran makes landfall near Cape Fear, North Carolina as a Category 3 storm with 115 mph (185 km/h) sustained winds. Fran caused over $3 billion in damages ($5.83 billion in present-day terms) and killed 27 people, mainly in North Carolina. The name "Fran" was retired due to the extensive damage.
September 10 – Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty (CTBT) signed (it will be ratified 180 days after ratification by 44 Annex 2 countries).
September 13 – Alija Izetbegović is elected President of Bosnia and Herzegovina in the country's first election since the Bosnian War.
September 20 – Leader of Pakistani opposition party Pakistan Peoples Party Murtaza Bhutto is killed during a gunfight with police.
September 22 – The Panhellenic Socialist Movement under the leadership of Costas Simitis succeeds in the 1996 Greek legislative election.
September 24 – U.S. President Bill Clinton signs the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty at the United Nations.
September 27 – In Afghanistan, the Taliban capture the capital city of Kabul, after driving out President Burhanuddin Rabbani and executing former leader Mohammad Najibullah.
October
October 2 – Aeroperú Flight 603 crashes into the Pacific Ocean when the instruments fail just after takeoff from Lima Airport, killing all 70 people on board.
October 6 – The government of New Zealand agrees to pay $130 million worth of compensation for the loss of land suffered by the Māori population between the years of 1844 and 1864.
October 22 – A fire at La Planta prison in southwest Caracas, Venezuela, kills thirty prisoners.
October 31 – TAM Transportes Aéreos Regionais Flight 402 crashes into a densely populated area of São Paulo, killing all 96 people on board.
November
November – Iraq disarmament crisis: UNSCOM inspectors uncover buried prohibited missile parts. Iraq refuses to allow UNSCOM teams to remove remnants of missile engines for analysis outside of the country.
November 3 – Petar Stoyanov is elected as President of Bulgaria.
November 5 – 1996 United States presidential election: Incumbent Democratic President Bill Clinton defeats his Republican challenger, Bob Dole and Reform Party candidate Ross Perot.
November 7
A category 4 cyclone strikes Andhra Pradesh, India, killing at least 1,000 people.
NASA launches the Mars Global Surveyor.
November 8 – All 144 people on board a Nigerian-owned Boeing 727 die after the aircraft crashed into the Atlantic Ocean while approaching Lagos airport.
November 12 – Saudi Arabian Airlines Boeing 747 collides in mid-air with Kazakhstan Airlines Il-76 in New Delhi, India, resulting in the loss of 349 lives.
November 17
A bomb explodes in Kaspiysk, Russia, killing 32 people.
Emil Constantinescu is elected as President of Romania.
November 18 – Frederick Chiluba is re-elected as President of Zambia.
November 19
Martin Bryant is sentenced to 35 consecutive sentences of life imprisonment plus 1,035 years without parole for murdering 35 people in a shooting spree in Tasmania earlier this year.
Preparatory Commission for the Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Organization (CTBTO) established.
STS-80: Space Shuttle Columbia conducts the longest mission of the Space Shuttle program.
November 20 – The 1996 Garley Building fire occurred in Hong Kong, resulting in 41 deaths and 81 injuries.
November 21 – A propane explosion at the Humberto Vidal shoe store and office building in San Juan, Puerto Rico kills 33 people.
November 23
The Republic of Angola officially joins the World Trade Organization as Angola.
Ethiopian Airlines Flight 961 is hijacked, then crashes into the Indian Ocean off the coast of Comoros after running out of fuel, killing 125.
November 25 – An ice storm strikes the U.S. killing 26 directly and hundreds more from accidents. A powerful windstorm blasts Florida with winds gusts up to 90 mph.
December
December 9 – Jerry Rawlings is re-elected as President of Ghana.
December 11 – Tung Chee-hwa is appointed to become the new leader of Hong Kong after it reverts to Chinese rule on July 1, 1997, at the end of a 99-year lease to the United Kingdom.
December 13 – Ghanaian diplomat Kofi Annan is elected by the United Nations Security Council the next Secretary-General of the United Nations.
December 17 – The Túpac Amaru Revolutionary Movement takes 72 hostages in the Japanese Embassy in Lima, Peru.
December 25 – At least 283 migrants drown in the sinking of F174 near Capo Passero (Sicily).
December 27 – Taliban forces retake the strategic Bagram Air Base, solidifying their buffer zone around Kabul, Afghanistan.
December 29 – Guatemala and the leaders of the Guatemalan National Revolutionary Unity sign a peace accord that ends the 36-year Guatemalan Civil War.
December 30 – In the Indian state of Assam, a passenger train is bombed by Bodo separatists, killing 26.
Births
Main page: Category:1996 births
Births
January · February · March · April · May · June · July · August · September · October · November · December
January
Florence Pugh
Helly Shah
Jennie
Marco Asensio
January 3 – Florence Pugh, English actress
January 6
Soufiane El Bakkali, Moroccan steeplechase runner
Courtney Eaton, Australian actress
Harmanpreet Singh, Indian hockey player
January 7 – Helly Shah, Indian actress
January 10
Tara Fares, Iraqi model (d.2018)
Tang Kai, Chinese mixed martial artist and current ONE Featherweight World Champion
Joshua Pacio, Filipino mixed martial artist and current ONE Strawweight World Champion
Anna Sztankovics, Hungarian swimmer
January 11 – Tyler Reddick, American racing driver
January 12 – Ella Henderson, English singer
January 15 – Dove Cameron, American actress and singer
January 16
Anastasia Grishina, Russian artistic gymnast
Jennie, South Korean singer and rapper
January 17 – Nile Wilson, British artistic gymnast
January 21 – Marco Asensio, Spanish footballer
January 24 – Patrik Schick, Czech footballer
January 31 – Joel Courtney, American actor
February
Kelli Berglund
Lucas Hernandez
Sasha Pieterse
Sophie Turner
February 1 – Ahmad Abughaush, Jordanian taekwondo athlete
February 2 – Harry Winks, English footballer
February 7
Aaron Ekblad, Canadian ice hockey player
Mai Hagiwara, Japanese singer
February 9
Jimmy Bennett, American actor
Kelli Berglund, American actress
Chungha, South Korean singer and dancer
February 11 – Lucas Torreira, Uruguayan footballer
February 13 – Muhammad Rian Ardianto, Indonesian badminton player
February 14
Lucas Hernandez, French footballer
Viktor Kovalenko, Ukrainian footballer
February 15 – Toshikazu Yamanishi, Japanese race walker
February 17 – Sasha Pieterse, South African-born American actress
February 20 – Mabel, English singer
February 21
Noah Rubin, American tennis player
Sophie Turner, English actress
February 23 – D'Angelo Russell, American basketball player
February 25 – Emel Dereli, Turkish shot putter
February 28 – Shi Yuqi, Chinese badminton player
March
Timo Werner
Myles Turner
March 1 – Ye Shiwen, Chinese swimmer
March 5
Emmanuel Mudiay, Congolese professional basketball player
Michael Evans Behling, American actor
March 6
Christian Coleman, American sprinter
Timo Werner, German footballer
Yan Han, Chinese figure skater
March 8 – Destiny Wagner, Belizean author, television host, digital influencer, model, and beauty pageant titleholder who was crowned Miss Earth 2021
March 9 – Giorgio Minisini, Italian synchronized swimmer
March 23 – Alexander Albon, Thai racing driver
March 24
Valentino Lazaro, Austrian footballer
Myles Turner, American basketball player
March 26 – Kathryn Bernardo, Filipina actress
March 27 – Rosabell Laurenti Sellers, Italian-American actress
March 28
Benjamin Pavard, French footballer
Xie Siyi, Chinese diver
March 31 – Kira Hagi, Romanian actress
April
Loïc Nottet
Abigail Breslin
Anya Taylor-Joy
Katherine Langford
April 2
Polina Agafonova, Russian figure skater
Matheus Santana, Brazilian swimmer
April 3 – Sarah Jeffery, Canadian actress
April 4 – Austin Mahone, American singer-songwriter and actor
April 9 – Giovani Lo Celso, Argentinian footballer
April 10
Andreas Christensen, Danish footballer
Thanasi Kokkinakis, Australian tennis player
Loïc Nottet, Belgian singer
April 11
Dele Alli, English footballer
Summer Walker, American singer
April 12 – Matteo Berrettini, Italian tennis player
April 14 – Abigail Breslin, American actress
April 15 – Edimilson Fernandes, Swiss footballer
April 16 – Anya Taylor-Joy, actress
April 17 – Dee Dee Davis, American actress
April 22 – Wendy Sulca, Peruvian singer
April 23 – Álex Márquez, Spanish motorcycle racer
April 24 – Ashleigh Barty, Australian tennis player
April 25
Mack Horton, Australian swimmer
Allisyn Ashley Arm, American actress
April 27
Tejan Koroma, American Football Player
April 28 – Tony Revolori, American actor
April 29 – Katherine Langford, Australian actress
May
6ix9ine
Birdy
Normani
May 2 – Julian Brandt, German footballer
May 3 – Alex Iwobi, Nigerian footballer
May 4
Arielle Gold, American snowboarder
Pelayo Roza, Spanish sprint canoeist.
May 8 – 6ix9ine, American rapper
May 9
Noah Centineo, American actor
Mary Mouser, American actress
May 10 – Tyus Jones, American basketball player
May 11 – Andrés Cubas, Argentinian footballer
May 14 – Martin Garrix, Dutch DJ and producer
May 15
Birdy, English singer and songwriter
Ilias Ennahachi, Dutch-Moroccan Muay Thai kickboxer and former ONE Flyweight Kickboxing World Champion
May 19
Chung Hyeon, South Korean tennis player
Lakshmi Menon, Indian film actress
May 18 – Yuki Kadono, Japanese snowboarder
May 23 – Katharina Althaus, German ski jumper
May 30
Aleksandr Golovin, Russian footballer
Erik Jones, American racing driver
May 31 – Normani, American singer
June
Tom Holland
Rodri
June 1 – Tom Holland, English actor
June 3 – Han Tianyu, Chinese short track speed skater
June 10 – Wen Junhui, Chinese singer and actor
June 12 – Davinson Sánchez, Colombian footballer
June 13
Kingsley Coman, French footballer
Kodi Smit-McPhee, Australian actor
June 15 – Aurora, Norwegian singer
June 16
Ayaka Miyoshi, Japanese actress and model
Lily Zhang, American table tennis player
June 17 – Godfred Donsah, Ghanese footballer
June 18 – Alen Halilović, Croatian footballer
June 19 – Larisa Iordache, Romanian artistic gymnast
June 22
Hugo Calderano, Brazilian table tennis player
Kong Sang-jeong, South Korean short track speed skater
Rodri, Spanish footballer
June 24 – Harris Dickinson, English actor, writer, and director
June 27 – Lauren Jauregui, American singer
June 28
Milot Rashica, Kosovar footballer
Donna Vekić, Croatian tennis player
July
Adelina Sotnikova
Kendji Girac
Alessia Cara
July 1 – Adelina Sotnikova, Russian figure skater
July 3 – Kendji Girac, French singer
July 4 – Ryoya Kurihara, Japanese baseball player
July 5 – Risa Shōji, Japanese figure skater
July 7 – Mikey Musumeci, American BJJ practitioner and current ONE Flyweight Submission Grappling World Champion
July 8 – Angela Lee, Singaporean-American mixed martial artist and former ONE Women's Atomweight World Champion
July 10 – Moon Ga-young, South Korean actress
July 11
Alessia Cara, Canadian singer-songwriter
Andrija Živković, Serbian footballer
July 18 – Yung Lean, Swedish rapper and record producer
July 20 – Ben Simmons, Australian basketball player
August
August 1
Arisa Higashino, Japanese badminton player
Cymphonique Miller, American actress and singer
August 2 – Simone Manuel, American swimmer
August 5
Francesca Deagostini, Italian artistic gymnast
Mai Murakami, Japanese artistic gymnast
August 10 – Evan Evagora, Australian actor
August 12 – Arthur, Brazilian footballer
August 14 – Brianna Hildebrand, American actress
August 16 – Caeleb Dressel, American swimmer
August 18 – Jonathan Di Bella, Italian-Canadian kickboxer and current ONE Strawweight Kickboxing World Champion
August 19
Almoez Ali, Sudanese-Qatari footballer
Laura Tesoro, Belgian singer and actress
August 21 – Jasmine Camacho-Quinn, Puerto Rican hurdler
August 24 – Kenzō Shirai, Japanese gymnast
August 27
Femke Van den Driessche, Belgian cyclist found guilty of mechanical doping
Ebru Topçu, Turkish footballer
August 28 – Kim Se-jeong, South Korean singer and actress
August 30
Gabriel Barbosa, Brazilian footballer
Chen Dequan, Chinese short track speed skater
September
Zendaya
Lili Reinhart
September 1 – Zendaya, American actress and singer
September 3 – Joy, South Korean singer and actress
September 5 – Sigrid, Norwegian singer
September 9 – Jaïro Riedewald, Dutch footballer
September 12
Joshua Cheptegei, Ugandan long-distance runner
Colin Ford, American actor
September 13 – Lili Reinhart, American actress
September 17
Duje Ćaleta-Car, Croatian footballer
Esteban Ocon, French racing driver
Ella Purnell, English actress
Slayyyter, American singer-songwriter
September 19 – Steve Wijler, Dutch archer
September 23
Lee Hi, South Korean singer-songwriter
Evgeny Rylov, Russian swimmer
September 25 – Mie Nielsen, Danish swimmer
September 27 – Maxwel Cornet, French-Ivorian footballer
September 28 – Michael Ronda, Mexican actor and singer
October
Lewis Capaldi
Bella Hadid
Ella Balinska
October 3 – Kelechi Iheanacho, Nigerian footballer
October 4 – Ella Balinska, English actress
October 7 – Lewis Capaldi, Scottish singer-songwriter
October 8 – Sara Takanashi, Japanese ski jumper
October 9
Jacob Batalon, American-Filipino actor
Bella Hadid, American model
October 10 – Oscar Zia, Swedish singer and songwriter
October 12 – Vitória Strada, Brazilian actress
October 13
Joshua Wong, Hong Kong student activist and politician
Đỗ Mỹ Linh, Vietnamese model
October 15 – Zelo, Korean singer
October 17 – Cansu Özbay, Turkish volleyball player
October 20 – Anthony Sinisuka Ginting, Indonesian badminton player
October 24
Jaylen Brown, American basketball player
Kyla Ross, American gymnast
October 28 – Lee June-hyoung, South Korean figure skater
October 30 – Devin Booker, American basketball player
November
Lil Peep
Lorde
November 1
Sean Gelael, Indonesian racing driver
Lil Peep, American rapper (d. 2017)
Daniela Melchior, Portuguese actress
Jeongyeon, South Korean singer
November 4 – Michael Christian Martinez, Filipino figure skater
November 7
André Horta, Portuguese footballer
Lorde, New Zealand singer-songwriter
November 9
Nguyễn Thị Ánh Viên, Vietnamese swimmer
Momo Hirai, Japanese singer and dancer
November 11
Adam Ounas, French-born Algerian footballer
Tye Sheridan, American actor
November 14 – Borna Ćorić, Croatian tennis player
November 16
Brendan Murray, Irish singer
Jan Zieliński, Polish tennis player
November 17 – Ruth Jebet, Bahraini long-distance runner
November 18
Akram Afif, Qatari footballer
Noah Ringer, American actor
Sorn, South Korean-based singer
November 19
Liliána Szilágyi, Hungarian swimmer
Krystsina Tsimanouskaya, Belarusian sprinter
November 20 – Denis Zakaria, Swiss footballer
November 21 – Gina Lückenkemper, German sprinter
November 22 – Hailey Bieber, American model and socialite
November 23
James Maddison, English footballer
Anna Yanovskaya, Russian ice dancer
November 26 – Louane Emera, French singer and actress
November 29 – Gonçalo Guedes, Portuguese footballer
December
Wilfred Ndidi
Kaitlyn Dever
Hailee Steinfeld
December 4 – Daria Svatkovskaya, Russian artistic gymnast
December 6 – Stefanie Scott, American actress and singer
December 7 – Gabrielle Thomas, American sprinter
December 10
Joe Burrow, American football player
Kang Daniel, South Korean singer
Ayano Sato, Japanese speed skater
Jonas Vingegaard, Danish cyclist
December 11
Eliza McCartney, New Zealand track and field athlete
Hailee Steinfeld, American actress, model and singer
December 14 – Li Zijun, Chinese figure skater
December 15 – Oleksandr Zinchenko, Ukrainian footballer
December 16 – Wilfred Ndidi, Nigerian footballer
December 17 – Elizaveta Tuktamysheva, Russian figure skater
December 19 – Franck Kessié, Ivorian footballer
December 21 – Kaitlyn Dever, American actress
December 28 – Alfred Kipketer, Kenyan middle-distance runner
December 29
Dylan Minnette, American actor, singer and musician
Sana, Japanese singer
Deaths
Main article: Deaths in 1996
Nobel Prizes
Physics – David M. Lee, Douglas D. Osheroff, Robert C. Richardson
Chemistry – Robert Curl, Sir Harold Kroto, Richard Smalley
Medicine – Peter C. Doherty, Rolf M. Zinkernagel
Literature – Wisława Szymborska
Peace – Carlos Filipe Ximenes Belo and José Ramos-Horta
Bank of Sweden Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel – James Mirrlees, William Vickrey
Right Livelihood Award
Herman Daly, The Committee of Soldiers' Mothers of Russia, Kerala Sasthra Sahithya Parishad and George Vithoulkas
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External links
1996 Year in Review – CNN
1990s portal
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Authority control databases: National
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an Antonov-32 plane crashed into a crowded market in Kinshasa, Zaire. 2 people were killed on the plane, but up to 348 people were killed and over 500 were injured on the ground, the accident with the most ground fatalities of any air disaster in history until 2001 and the deadliest airplane crash in Africa; Saudia Flight 763 crashes with Kazakhstan Airlines Flight 1607 in mid-air over Charkhi Dadri, India, making it the world's deadliest mid-air collision with 349 total fatalities and 0 survivors; the wreckage of TWA Flight 800. 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Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhode_Island"},{"link_name":"Indonesian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia"},{"link_name":"Sumatra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumatra"},{"link_name":"January 20","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/January_20"},{"link_name":"Yasser Arafat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yasser_Arafat"},{"link_name":"Palestinian Authority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestinian_Authority"},{"link_name":"January 21","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/January_21"},{"link_name":"last nuclear weapons test","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_nuclear_weapons_tests_of_France"},{"link_name":"January 22","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/January_22"},{"link_name":"Andreas Papandreou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andreas_Papandreou"},{"link_name":"Prime Minister of Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Greece"},{"link_name":"Costas Simitis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costas_Simitis"},{"link_name":"January 24","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/January_24"},{"link_name":"Józef Oleksy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Oleksy"},{"link_name":"Moscow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow"},{"link_name":"Włodzimierz Cimoszewicz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C5%82odzimierz_Cimoszewicz"},{"link_name":"January 27","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/January_27"},{"link_name":"Ibrahim Baré Maïnassara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibrahim_Bar%C3%A9_Ma%C3%AFnassara"},{"link_name":"Niger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niger"},{"link_name":"Mahamane Ousmane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahamane_Ousmane"},{"link_name":"January 31","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/January_31"},{"link_name":"Colombo Central Bank bombing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombo_Central_Bank_bombing"},{"link_name":"Colombo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombo"},{"link_name":"Sri Lanka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka"},{"link_name":"An amateur astronomer from southern Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuji_Hyakutake"},{"link_name":"Comet Hyakutake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comet_Hyakutake"}],"sub_title":"January","text":"January 8 – A Zairean cargo plane crashes into a crowded market in the center of the capital city of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Kinshasa, killing around 300 people.[1]\nJanuary 9–20 – Serious fighting breaks out between Russian soldiers and rebel fighters in Chechnya.\nJanuary 11 – Ryutaro Hashimoto, leader of the Liberal Democratic Party, becomes Prime Minister of Japan.\nJanuary 13 – Italy's Prime Minister, Lamberto Dini, resigns after the failure of all-party talks to confirm him. New talks are initiated by President Oscar Luigi Scalfaro to form a new government.\nJanuary 14 – Jorge Sampaio is elected President of Portugal.\nJanuary 16 – President of Sierra Leone Valentine Strasser is deposed by the chief of defence, Julius Maada Bio. Bio promises to restore power following elections scheduled for February.\nJanuary 19\nThe North Cape oil spill occurs as an engine fire forces the tugboat Scandia ashore on Moonstone Beach in South Kingstown, Rhode Island. The North Cape Barge is pulled along with it and leaks 820,000 gallons of home heating oil.\nAn Indonesian ferry sinks off the northern tip of Sumatra, drowning more than 100 people.\nJanuary 20 – Yasser Arafat is re-elected president of the Palestinian Authority.\nJanuary 21 – France undertakes its last nuclear weapons test.\nJanuary 22 – Andreas Papandreou, Prime Minister of Greece, resigns due to health problems; a new government forms under Costas Simitis.\nJanuary 24 – Polish Premier Józef Oleksy resigns amid accusations that he spied for Moscow. He is replaced by Włodzimierz Cimoszewicz.\nJanuary 27 – Colonel Ibrahim Baré Maïnassara deposes the first democratically elected President of Niger, Mahamane Ousmane, in a military coup.\nJanuary 31\nColombo Central Bank bombing: an explosives-filled truck rams into the gates of the Central Bank in Colombo, Sri Lanka, killing at least 86 people and injuring 1,400.\nAn amateur astronomer from southern Japan discovers Comet Hyakutake; it will pass very close to the Earth in March.","title":"Events"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"February 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/February_3"},{"link_name":"earthquake near Lijiang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996_Lijiang_earthquake"},{"link_name":"February 6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/February_6"},{"link_name":"Birgenair Flight 301","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birgenair_Flight_301"},{"link_name":"Caribbean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caribbean"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Dominican Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominican_Republic"},{"link_name":"February 7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/February_7"},{"link_name":"René Préval","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Pr%C3%A9val"},{"link_name":"Jean-Bertrand Aristide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Bertrand_Aristide"},{"link_name":"Haiti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti"},{"link_name":"February 9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/February_9"},{"link_name":"copernicium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copernicium"},{"link_name":"208Pb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotopes_of_lead"},{"link_name":"70Zn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotopes_of_zinc"},{"link_name":"IRA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Republican_Army"},{"link_name":"Docklands bombing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996_Docklands_bombing"},{"link_name":"Canary Wharf District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canary_Wharf"},{"link_name":"Disney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Walt_Disney_Company"},{"link_name":"ABC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company"},{"link_name":"Capital Cities/ABC Inc.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_Cities/ABC_Inc."},{"link_name":"February 10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/February_10"},{"link_name":"Bosnian Serbs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosnian_Serb"},{"link_name":"Bosnian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina"},{"link_name":"NATO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO"},{"link_name":"February 14","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/February_14"},{"link_name":"Filipino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines"},{"link_name":"Vietnamese boat people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnamese_boat_people"},{"link_name":"repatriate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repatriate"},{"link_name":"asylum seekers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asylum_seeker"},{"link_name":"February 15","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/February_15"},{"link_name":"Athens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athens"},{"link_name":"Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece"},{"link_name":"Khaleda Zia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khaleda_Zia"},{"link_name":"Bangladesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh"},{"link_name":"Scott Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Report"},{"link_name":"February 17","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/February_17"},{"link_name":"Biak earthquake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996_Biak_earthquake"},{"link_name":"Papua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papua_(province)"},{"link_name":"Indonesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia"},{"link_name":"Mercalli intensity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercalli_intensity_scale"},{"link_name":"February 24","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/February_24"},{"link_name":"Cuban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuba"},{"link_name":"shoot down two American aircraft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996_shootdown_of_Brothers_to_the_Rescue_aircraft"},{"link_name":"Brothers to the Rescue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brothers_to_the_Rescue"},{"link_name":"February 25","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/February_25"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel"},{"link_name":"Hamas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamas"},{"link_name":"February 29","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/February_29"},{"link_name":"Faucett Perú Flight 251","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faucett_Per%C3%BA_Flight_251"},{"link_name":"Lima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lima"},{"link_name":"Arequipa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arequipa"},{"link_name":"Kampala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kampala"},{"link_name":"Uganda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uganda"},{"link_name":"Bosnian government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina"},{"link_name":"Siege of Sarajevo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Sarajevo"},{"link_name":"Concilio Cubano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concilio_Cubano"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"sub_title":"February","text":"February 3 – The 6.6 Mw earthquake near Lijiang in South-west China kills up to 322 people, injures 17,000, and leaves 300,000 homeless.\nFebruary 6 – Birgenair Flight 301, on a charter flight from the Caribbean to Germany, crashes into the Atlantic Ocean off the coast of the Dominican Republic, killing all 189 passengers and crew.\nFebruary 7 – René Préval succeeds Jean-Bertrand Aristide as President of Haiti in the first peaceful handover of power since the nation achieved independence 192 years earlier, in 1804.\nFebruary 9\nThe element copernicium is created by fusing a 208Pb nucleus with a 70Zn nucleus, forming 278Cn. Given the placeholder name \"ununbium\", the element is not named until 2010.\nAn IRA ceasefire ends with the Docklands bombing in London's Canary Wharf District, killing two people and causing over £85,000,000 worth of damage.\nDisney formally finalizes its $19 billion acquisition of the ABC parent, Capital Cities/ABC Inc.\nFebruary 10 – Bosnian Serbs break off contact with the Bosnian government and with representatives of Ifor, the NATO localised force, in reaction to the arrest of several Bosnian Serb war criminals.\nFebruary 14 – Violent clashes erupt between Filipino soldiers and Vietnamese boat people, as the Filipino government attempts to forcibly repatriate hundreds of Vietnamese asylum seekers.\nFebruary 15\nThe American Embassy in Athens, Greece, comes under mortar fire.\nBegum Khaleda Zia is re-elected as Prime Minister of Bangladesh. The country's second democratic election is marred by low voter turnout, due to several boycotts and pre-election violence, which has resulted in at least thirteen deaths.\nThe UK government publishes the Scott Report.\nFebruary 17 – The 8.2 Mw Biak earthquake strikes the Papua province of eastern Indonesia with a maximum Mercalli intensity of VIII (Severe). A large tsunami followed, leaving 166 people dead or missing and 423 injured.\nFebruary 24 – Cuban fighter jets shoot down two American aircraft belonging to the Cuban exile group Brothers to the Rescue. Cuban officials assert that they invaded Cuban airspace.\nFebruary 25 – Two suicide bombs in Israel kill 25 and injure 80; Hamas claims responsibility.\nFebruary 29\nFaucett Perú Flight 251 en route from Lima to Rodriguez Ballon airport crashes into a mountain near Arequipa; all 123 people on board are killed.\nAt least 81 people drown when a boat capsizes 120 kilometres east of Kampala, Uganda.\nThe Bosnian government declares the end of the Siege of Sarajevo.\nFebruary:\nThe Cuban government recognises the Concilio Cubano pro-democracy group.[2]","title":"Events"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"March 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_1"},{"link_name":"Iraq disarmament crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq_disarmament_crisis"},{"link_name":"UNSCOM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNSCOM"},{"link_name":"March 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_2"},{"link_name":"1996 Australian federal election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996_Australian_federal_election"},{"link_name":"Liberal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Australia"},{"link_name":"National","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Party_of_Australia"},{"link_name":"Coalition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coalition_(Australia)"},{"link_name":"John Howard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Howard"},{"link_name":"Labor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Labor_Party"},{"link_name":"government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keating_government"},{"link_name":"Prime Minister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Australia"},{"link_name":"Paul Keating","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Keating"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"March 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_3"},{"link_name":"José María Aznar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Aznar"},{"link_name":"Popular Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Party_(Spain)"},{"link_name":"Prime Minister of Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Spain"},{"link_name":"Felipe González","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felipe_Gonz%C3%A1lez"},{"link_name":"March 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_3"},{"link_name":"4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_4"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel"},{"link_name":"Yahya Ayyash Units","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahya_Ayyash_Units"},{"link_name":"Palestinian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestinian_National_Authority"},{"link_name":"Yasser Arafat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yasser_Arafat"},{"link_name":"March 6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_6"},{"link_name":"Mesut Yılmaz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesut_Y%C4%B1lmaz"},{"link_name":"ANAP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motherland_Party_(Turkey)"},{"link_name":"Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"Freetown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freetown"},{"link_name":"Sierra Leone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Leone"},{"link_name":"Chechen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chechnya"},{"link_name":"Grozny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grozny"},{"link_name":"March 8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_8"},{"link_name":"Third Taiwan Strait Crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Taiwan_Strait_Crisis"},{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"surface-to-surface missile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface-to-surface_missile"},{"link_name":"Taiwanese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Taiwanese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan"},{"link_name":"March 9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_9"},{"link_name":"Jorge Sampaio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jorge_Sampaio"},{"link_name":"March 13","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_13"},{"link_name":"Dunblane massacre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunblane_massacre"},{"link_name":"Thomas Hamilton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunblane_school_massacre#Perpetrator"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Summit_of_the_Peacemakers_in_Sharm_el-Sheikh,_March_13,_1996_II_Dan_Hadani_Archive.jpg"},{"link_name":"March 14","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_14"},{"link_name":"Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt"},{"link_name":"March 15","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_15"},{"link_name":"Fokker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fokker"},{"link_name":"aircraft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aircraft"},{"link_name":"bankrupt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bankruptcy"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"March 16","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_16"},{"link_name":"Robert Mugabe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Mugabe"},{"link_name":"Zimbabwe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe"},{"link_name":"March 17","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_17"},{"link_name":"Sri Lanka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"final","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996_Cricket_World_Cup_Final"},{"link_name":"March 18","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_18"},{"link_name":"Ozone Disco Club fire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozone_Disco_Club_fire"},{"link_name":"Quezon City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quezon_City"},{"link_name":"Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"March 22","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_22"},{"link_name":"Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden"},{"link_name":"Göran Persson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6ran_Persson"},{"link_name":"Prime Minister of Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Sweden"},{"link_name":"March 23","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_23"},{"link_name":"Taiwan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan"},{"link_name":"Lee Teng-hui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Teng-hui"},{"link_name":"March 24","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_24"},{"link_name":"Marcopper mining disaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcopper_mining_disaster"},{"link_name":"Marinduque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marinduque"},{"link_name":"Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines"},{"link_name":"March 25","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_25"},{"link_name":"68th Academy Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/68th_Academy_Awards"},{"link_name":"Whoopi Goldberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whoopi_Goldberg"},{"link_name":"Dorothy Chandler Pavilion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorothy_Chandler_Pavilion"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"Braveheart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braveheart"},{"link_name":"Best Picture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Picture"},{"link_name":"March 26","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_26"},{"link_name":"International Monetary Fund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund"},{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"}],"sub_title":"March","text":"March 1 – Iraq disarmament crisis: Iraqi forces refuse UNSCOM inspection teams access to five sites designated for inspection. The teams enter the sites only after delays of up to seventeen hours.\nMarch 2 – 1996 Australian federal election: The Liberal/National Coalition led by John Howard defeats the Labor government led by Prime Minister Paul Keating. Howard was sworn in on March 11.[3]\nMarch 3 – José María Aznar, leader of the Popular Party, is elected as Prime Minister of Spain, replacing Felipe González.\nMarch 3–4 – Two suicide bombs explode in Israel, killing 32 people. The Yahya Ayyash Units admit responsibility, and Palestinian president Yasser Arafat condemns the killings in a televised address. Israel warns of retaliation.\nMarch 6\nMesut Yılmaz of ANAP forms the new government of Turkey (53rd government).\nA boat carrying market traders capsizes outside Freetown harbour in Sierra Leone, killing at least 86 people.\nChechen rebels attack the Russian government headquarters in Grozny; 70 Russian soldiers and policemen and 130 Chechen fighters are killed.\nMarch 8 – Third Taiwan Strait Crisis: China begins surface-to-surface missile testing and military exercises off Taiwanese coastal areas. The United States government condemns the act as provocation, and the Taiwanese government warns of retaliation.\nMarch 9 – Jorge Sampaio becomes the new Portuguese president.\nMarch 13 – Dunblane massacre: Unemployed former shopkeeper Thomas Hamilton walks into the Dunblane Primary School in Scotland and opens fire, killing sixteen infant school pupils and one teacher before committing suicide.Summit of the Peacemakers in Sharm el-SheikhMarch 14 – An international peace summit is held in Egypt in response to escalating terrorist attacks in the Middle East.\nMarch 15 – Fokker, a major manufacturer of small size aircraft, goes bankrupt in Netherlands.[4]\nMarch 16 – Robert Mugabe is re-elected as President of Zimbabwe, although only 32% of the electorate actually voted.\nMarch 17 – Sri Lanka wins the Cricket World Cup by beating Australia in the final.\nMarch 18 – The Ozone Disco Club fire in Quezon City, Philippines, kills 163 people.[5]\nMarch 22 – Sweden's Finance Minister Göran Persson becomes the new Prime Minister of Sweden.\nMarch 23 – Taiwan (Republic of China) holds its first direct elections for president; Lee Teng-hui is re-elected.\nMarch 24 – The Marcopper mining disaster on the island of Marinduque, Philippines takes place.\nMarch 25 – The 68th Academy Awards, hosted by Whoopi Goldberg, are held at the Dorothy Chandler Pavilion in Los Angeles with Braveheart winning Best Picture.\nMarch 26 – The International Monetary Fund approves a $10.2 billion loan to Russia for economic reform.","title":"Events"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"April 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_3"},{"link_name":"Boeing 737","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_737"},{"link_name":"military jet crashes into a mountain north of Dubrovnik, Croatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996_Croatia_USAF_CT-43_crash"},{"link_name":"United States Secretary of Commerce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Commerce"},{"link_name":"Ron Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_Brown"},{"link_name":"Burundian Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burundian_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Hutus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hutu"},{"link_name":"Tutsis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tutsi"},{"link_name":"Burundi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burundi"},{"link_name":"April 6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_6"},{"link_name":"First Liberian Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Liberian_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Monrovia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monrovia"},{"link_name":"Liberia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberia"},{"link_name":"Turkish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"operation Hawk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Hawk"},{"link_name":"Kurdistan Workers' Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdistan_Workers%27_Party"},{"link_name":"April 9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_9"},{"link_name":"European Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union"},{"link_name":"Federal Republic of Yugoslavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia"},{"link_name":"April 11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_11"},{"link_name":"Israeli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel"},{"link_name":"Operation Grapes of Wrath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Grapes_of_Wrath"},{"link_name":"Lebanon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanon"},{"link_name":"April 18","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_18"},{"link_name":"Qana massacre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qana_massacre"},{"link_name":"Lebanese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanon"},{"link_name":"United Nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations"},{"link_name":"Qana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qana"},{"link_name":"Islamist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamist"},{"link_name":"Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt"},{"link_name":"April 21","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_21"},{"link_name":"general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996_Italian_general_elections"},{"link_name":"Romano Prodi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romano_Prodi"},{"link_name":"Silvio Berlusconi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvio_Berlusconi"},{"link_name":"April 24","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_24"},{"link_name":"Yasser Arafat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yasser_Arafat"},{"link_name":"Palestine Liberation Organization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestine_Liberation_Organization"},{"link_name":"Palestinian National Covenant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestinian_National_Covenant"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel"},{"link_name":"Legitimacy of the State of Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legitimacy_of_the_State_of_Israel"},{"link_name":"Palestine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_Palestine"},{"link_name":"April 26","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_26"},{"link_name":"Shanghai Cooperation Organisation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation"},{"link_name":"Shanghai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghai"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"April 28","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_28"},{"link_name":"Port Arthur massacre (Australia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Arthur_massacre_(Australia)"},{"link_name":"Martin Bryant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Bryant"},{"link_name":"Port Arthur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Arthur,_Tasmania"},{"link_name":"Tasmania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasmania"},{"link_name":"Bhai Pheru bus bombing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhai_Pheru_bus_bombing"},{"link_name":"Bhai Pheru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhai_Pheru"},{"link_name":"Punjab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab,_Pakistan"},{"link_name":"Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"sub_title":"April","text":"April 3\nA Boeing 737 military jet crashes into a mountain north of Dubrovnik, Croatia. All 35 people on board are killed, including United States Secretary of Commerce Ron Brown.\nBurundian Civil War: massacres of Hutus by Tutsis in Burundi take place with more than 450 killed within a few days.\nApril 6\nFirst Liberian Civil War: fighting breaks out in Monrovia, Liberia, between various rebel factions struggling for power in the country's interrupted civil war. Several foreign nationals leave the nation.\nTurkish authorities begin operation Hawk, a military offensive against rebels from the Kurdistan Workers' Party in south-east Turkey.\nApril 9 – In a common statement, the European Union officially recognises the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia.\nApril 11 – The Israeli government launches Operation Grapes of Wrath, consisting of massive attacks on Lebanon, in retaliation for \"terrorist attacks\", and sparking off a violent series of retaliations.\nApril 18 – Qana massacre: Over 100 Lebanese civilians are killed after Israel shells the United Nations compound in Qana. In reaction, an Islamist group in Egypt opens fire on a hotel, killing eighteen Greek tourists and injuring seventeen others.\nApril 21 – A general election in Italy proclaims a new center-left government headed by Romano Prodi, replacing Silvio Berlusconi.\nApril 24 – At the urging of Yasser Arafat, the Palestine Liberation Organization drops its clause in Palestinian National Covenant calling for the removal of Israel (→ Legitimacy of the State of Israel). The Israeli government responds by dropping a similar clause concerning the existence of Palestine.\nApril 26 – Shanghai Five group, predecessor of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation, is created with the signing of the Treaty on Deepening Military Trust in Border Regions in Shanghai by the heads of states of China, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia and Tajikistan.[6]\nApril 28\nPort Arthur massacre (Australia): Martin Bryant kills 35 people at the Port Arthur tourist site in Tasmania.\nBhai Pheru bus bombing: A bomb explodes in Bhai Pheru, Punjab, Pakistan, killing more than 60 people.[7]","title":"Events"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Iraq disarmament crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq_disarmament_crisis"},{"link_name":"Al-Hakam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Hakum_(Iraq)"},{"link_name":"May 9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_9"},{"link_name":"National Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Party_(South_Africa)"},{"link_name":"African National Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_National_Congress"},{"link_name":"Ugandan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uganda"},{"link_name":"Yoweri Museveni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoweri_Museveni"},{"link_name":"May 10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_10"},{"link_name":"1996 Everest disaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996_Everest_disaster"},{"link_name":"Mount Everest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest"},{"link_name":"automatic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_rifle"},{"link_name":"semi-automatic rifles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semi-automatic_rifle"},{"link_name":"Port Arthur massacre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Arthur_massacre_(Australia)"},{"link_name":"May 11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_11"},{"link_name":"Miami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miami"},{"link_name":"oxygen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygen"},{"link_name":"Atlanta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"ValuJet Flight 592","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ValuJet_Flight_592"},{"link_name":"Douglas DC-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_DC-9"},{"link_name":"Florida Everglades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everglades"},{"link_name":"May 13","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_13"},{"link_name":"thunderstorms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thunderstorm"},{"link_name":"tornado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tornado"},{"link_name":"Bangladesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh"},{"link_name":"May 17","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_17"},{"link_name":"28","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_28"},{"link_name":"Atal Bihari Vajpayee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atal_Bihari_Vajpayee"},{"link_name":"Bharatiya Janata Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bharatiya_Janata_Party"},{"link_name":"Prime Minister of India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_India"},{"link_name":"P. V. Narasimha Rao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P._V._Narasimha_Rao"},{"link_name":"Indian National Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_National_Congress"},{"link_name":"United Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Front_(India)"},{"link_name":"Deve Gowda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deve_Gowda"},{"link_name":"May 18","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_18"},{"link_name":"X Prize Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X_Prize_Foundation"},{"link_name":"Ansari X Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ansari_X_Prize"},{"link_name":"May 21","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_21"},{"link_name":"MV Bukoba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MV_Bukoba"},{"link_name":"Tanzanian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanzania"},{"link_name":"Lake Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Victoria"},{"link_name":"Trappist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trappists"},{"link_name":"monastery of Thibirine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbey_of_Our_Lady_of_Atlas"},{"link_name":"killed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murder_of_the_monks_of_Tibhirine"},{"link_name":"Armed Islamic Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armed_Islamic_Group"},{"link_name":"Algeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeria"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-France24-9"},{"link_name":"May 27","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_27"},{"link_name":"First Chechnya War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Chechnya_War"},{"link_name":"Boris Yeltsin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Yeltsin"},{"link_name":"Chechnyan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chechnya"},{"link_name":"May 28","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_28"},{"link_name":"Albania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albania"},{"link_name":"general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996_Albanian_parliamentary_election"},{"link_name":"May 26","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_26"},{"link_name":"Democratic Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Albania"},{"link_name":"Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organization_for_Security_and_Co-operation_in_Europe"},{"link_name":"Tirana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tirana"},{"link_name":"May 30","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_30"},{"link_name":"Likud Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Likud_Party"},{"link_name":"Benjamin Netanyahu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Netanyahu"},{"link_name":"Israeli general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996_Israeli_general_election"}],"sub_title":"May","text":"May – Iraq disarmament crisis: UNSCOM supervises the destruction of Al-Hakam, Iraq's main production facility of biological warfare agents.\nMay 9\nSouth Africa's National Party pulls out of the coalition government formed two years earlier, and the African National Congress assumes full political control.\nUgandan president Yoweri Museveni wins a landslide victory in the country's first direct presidential elections, securing 75% of the vote.\nMay 10\n1996 Everest disaster: A sudden storm engulfs Mount Everest with several climbing teams high on the mountain, leaving eight people dead. By the end of the month, at least four other climbers die in the worst season of fatalities on the mountain to date.\nThe Australian government introduces a nationwide ban on the private possession of both automatic and semi-automatic rifles, in response to the Port Arthur massacre.\nMay 11 – After takeoff from Miami, a fire started by improperly handled oxygen canisters in the cargo hold of Atlanta-bound ValuJet Flight 592 causes the Douglas DC-9 to crash in the Florida Everglades, killing all 110 people on board.\nMay 13 – Severe thunderstorms and a tornado in Bangladesh kill 600 people.\nMay 17–28 – Atal Bihari Vajpayee, leader of the Bharatiya Janata Party, is elected as Prime Minister of India, replacing P. V. Narasimha Rao of the Indian National Congress. However, the party does not receive an overall majority and Vajpayee resigns thirteen days later rather than face a no confidence vote and is replaced by the United Front leader, Deve Gowda.\nMay 18 – The X Prize Foundation launches the $10,000,000 Ansari X Prize.\nMay 21\nThe MV Bukoba sinks in Tanzanian waters in Lake Victoria, killing nearly 1,000 people in one of Africa's worst maritime disasters.\nSeven Trappist monks from the monastery of Thibirine are killed by members of the Armed Islamic Group in Algeria after talks with French government concerning the imprisonment of several GIA sympathisers break down.[8][9]\nMay 27 – First Chechnya War: Russian President Boris Yeltsin meets with Chechnyan rebels for the first time and negotiates a ceasefire for the dispute.\nMay 28 – Albania's general election of May 26 is declared unfair by international monitors, and the ruling Democratic Party under President Muhannad Ibrahim is charged by the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe with rigging the elections. Several hundred protestors gather in Tirana to demonstrate against the election result.\nMay 30 – The Likud Party, led by Benjamin Netanyahu, wins a narrow victory in the Israeli general election.","title":"Events"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Iraq disarmament crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq_disarmament_crisis"},{"link_name":"June 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June_1"},{"link_name":"3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June_3"},{"link_name":"first general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996_Czech_parliamentary_election"},{"link_name":"Václav Klaus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A1clav_Klaus"},{"link_name":"Civic Democratic Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civic_Democratic_Party_(Czech_Republic)"},{"link_name":"Václav Havel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A1clav_Havel"},{"link_name":"June 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June_4"},{"link_name":"rocket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocket"},{"link_name":"Ariane 5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ariane_5"},{"link_name":"its maiden flight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ariane_flight_V88"},{"link_name":"French Guiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Guiana"},{"link_name":"June 6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June_6"},{"link_name":"Leighton W. Smith, Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leighton_W._Smith,_Jr."},{"link_name":"NATO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO"},{"link_name":"June 8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June_8"},{"link_name":"30","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June_30"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"UEFA Euro 1996","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Euro_1996"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"June 11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June_11"},{"link_name":"São Paulo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo"},{"link_name":"Chechen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chechen_people"},{"link_name":"June 15","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June_15"},{"link_name":"Manchester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester"},{"link_name":"IRA bomb injures over 200 people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996_Manchester_bombing"},{"link_name":"June 28","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June_28"},{"link_name":"Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"Necmettin Erbakan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Necmettin_Erbakan"},{"link_name":"Refah Partisi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refah_Partisi"},{"link_name":"Tansu Çiller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tansu_%C3%87iller"},{"link_name":"True Path Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/True_Path_Party"},{"link_name":"Constitution of Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Ukraine"},{"link_name":"June 29","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June_29"},{"link_name":"The Prince's Trust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Prince%27s_Trust"},{"link_name":"Hyde Park, London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyde_Park,_London"},{"link_name":"The Who","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Who"},{"link_name":"Sichuan Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sichuan_Province"},{"link_name":"June 30","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June_30"},{"link_name":"Costas Simitis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costas_Simitis"},{"link_name":"Panhellenic Socialist Movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panhellenic_Socialist_Movement"},{"link_name":"Bosnian Serb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosnian_Serb"},{"link_name":"Radovan Karadžić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radovan_Karad%C5%BEi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Biljana Plavšić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biljana_Plav%C5%A1i%C4%87"}],"sub_title":"June","text":"June – Iraq disarmament crisis: As Iraq continues to refuse inspectors access to a number of sites, the United States fails in its attempt to build support for military action against Iraq in the UN Security Council.\nJune 1–3 – The Czech Republic's first general election ends inconclusively. Prime Minister Václav Klaus and his incumbent Civic Democratic Party emerge as the winners, but are unable to form a majority government. President Václav Havel refuses to invite Klaus to form a coalition.\nJune 4 – The space rocket Ariane 5 explodes forty seconds in its maiden flight, after takeoff in French Guiana. The project costs European governments $7,500,000,000 over eleven years.\nJune 6 – Leighton W. Smith, Jr. resigns as NATO commander in the face of increasing criticism.\nJune 8–30 – England hosts the UEFA Euro 1996 football tournament, which is won by Germany.\nJune 11\nAn explosion in a São Paulo suburban shopping centre kills 44 people and injures more than 100.\nA peace convoy carrying Chechen separatist leaders and international diplomats is targeted by a series of remotely controlled land mines; eight people are killed.\nJune 15 – In Manchester, UK, an IRA bomb injures over 200 people and devastates a large part of the city centre.\nJune 28\nA new government is formed in Turkey, with Necmettin Erbakan of Refah Partisi becoming Prime Minister of the coalition government, and Deputy/Foreign Minister Tansu Çiller of the True Path Party succeeding him after two years.\nThe Constitution of Ukraine is signed into law.\nJune 29\nThe Prince's Trust concert is held in Hyde Park, London, and is attended by 150,000 people. The Who headlines the event in their first performance since 1989.\nAn explosion in a firecrackers factory in Sichuan Province, China kills at least 52 people and injures 83 others.\nJune 30\nCostas Simitis is elected president of the Panhellenic Socialist Movement of Greece.\nBosnian Serb leader Radovan Karadžić relinquishes power to his deputy, Biljana Plavšić.","title":"Events"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Iraq disarmament crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq_disarmament_crisis"},{"link_name":"Scott Ritter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Ritter"},{"link_name":"Iraqi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq"},{"link_name":"Indian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"Chennai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chennai"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"July 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/July_1"},{"link_name":"Northern Territory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Territory"},{"link_name":"euthanasia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euthanasia"},{"link_name":"German orthography reform of 1996","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_orthography_reform_of_1996"},{"link_name":"July 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/July_3"},{"link_name":"Boris Yeltsin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Yeltsin"},{"link_name":"re-elected","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996_Russian_presidential_election"},{"link_name":"President of Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"July 5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/July_5"},{"link_name":"Dolly the sheep","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolly_the_sheep"},{"link_name":"mammal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammal"},{"link_name":"cloned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloning"},{"link_name":"cell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_(biology)"},{"link_name":"Roslin Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roslin_Institute"},{"link_name":"Midlothian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midlothian"},{"link_name":"Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland"},{"link_name":"UK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"July 11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/July_11"},{"link_name":"Bosnian Serb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosnian_Serb"},{"link_name":"Radovan Karadžić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radovan_Karad%C5%BEi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Ratko Mladić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ratko_Mladi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Russell Tribunal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russell_Tribunal"},{"link_name":"The Hague","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hague"},{"link_name":"July 12","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/July_12"},{"link_name":"Hurricane Bertha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Bertha_(1996)"},{"link_name":"North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-inflation-US-11"},{"link_name":"July 16","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/July_16"},{"link_name":"E. coli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escherichia_coli"},{"link_name":"food poisoning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_poisoning"},{"link_name":"July 17","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/July_17"},{"link_name":"Community of Portuguese Language Countries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_of_Portuguese_Language_Countries"},{"link_name":"TWA Flight 800","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TWA_Flight_800"},{"link_name":"Boeing 747","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_747"},{"link_name":"Long Island, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Island,_New_York"},{"link_name":"July 19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/July_19"},{"link_name":"1996 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Atlanta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta"},{"link_name":"Bosnian Serb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosnian_Serb"},{"link_name":"Radovan Karadžić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radovan_Karad%C5%BEi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Republika Srpska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republika_Srpska"},{"link_name":"war crimes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_crime"},{"link_name":"July 21","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/July_21"},{"link_name":"Saguenay Flood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saguenay_Flood"},{"link_name":"natural disasters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_disaster"},{"link_name":"Saguenay River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saguenay_River"},{"link_name":"Quebec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec"},{"link_name":"July 22","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/July_22"},{"link_name":"abbey of Our Lady of Gethsemani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbey_of_Our_Lady_of_Gethsemani"},{"link_name":"DIMMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DIMMID"},{"link_name":"Dalai Lama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/14th_Dalai_Lama"},{"link_name":"Joseph John Gerry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_John_Gerry"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"July 24","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/July_24"},{"link_name":"Dehiwala train bombing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dehiwala_train_bombing"},{"link_name":"Colombo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombo"},{"link_name":"July 25","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/July_25"},{"link_name":"Tutsi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tutsi"},{"link_name":"Burundian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burundi"},{"link_name":"coup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996_Burundian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat"},{"link_name":"Pierre Buyoya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Buyoya"},{"link_name":"Sylvestre Ntibantunganya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylvestre_Ntibantunganya"},{"link_name":"July 27","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/July_27"},{"link_name":"Centennial Olympic Park bombing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centennial_Olympic_Park_bombing"},{"link_name":"1996 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"sub_title":"July","text":"July\nIraq disarmament crisis: U.N. Inspector Scott Ritter attempts to conduct surprise inspections on the Republican Guard facility at the airport but is blocked by Iraqi officials.\nThe Indian government officially renames the city of Madras, restoring the name Chennai.[10]\nJuly 1\nThe Northern Territory in Australia legalises voluntary euthanasia.\nGerman orthography reform of 1996 agreed internationally.\nJuly 3 – Boris Yeltsin is re-elected as President of Russia after the second round of elections.\nJuly 5 – Dolly the sheep, the first mammal to be successfully cloned from an adult cell, is born at the Roslin Institute in Midlothian, Scotland, UK.\nJuly 11 – Arrest warrants are issued for Bosnian Serb war criminals Radovan Karadžić and Ratko Mladić by the Russell Tribunal in The Hague.\nJuly 12 – Hurricane Bertha: made landfall in North Carolina as a Category 2 storm, causing $270 million in damage ($525 million in present-day terms[11]) to the United States and its possessions and many indirect deaths.\nJuly 16 – An outbreak of E. coli food poisoning in Japan results in 6,000 children being ill, including two deaths, after a group of school children eat contaminated lunches.\nJuly 17\nThe Community of Portuguese Language Countries (Comunidade dos Países de Língua Portuguesa) is constituted.\nParis- and Rome-bound TWA Flight 800 (Boeing 747) explodes off the coast of Long Island, New York, killing all 230 people on board.\nJuly 19\nThe 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta, United States, begin.\nBosnian Serb President Radovan Karadžić resigns from public office in Republika Srpska after being indicted for war crimes.\nJuly 21 – The Saguenay Flood, one of Canada's most costly natural disasters, is caused by flooding on the Saguenay River in Quebec.\nJuly 22 – The first Gethsemani Encounter takes place at the abbey of Our Lady of Gethsemani. This event, hosted by the DIMMID, is the first intermonastic dialogue between Buddhist and Christian monks and is attended by the Dalai Lama and Bishop Joseph John Gerry.[12][13]\nJuly 24 – The Dehiwala train bombing kills 56 commuters outside Colombo.\nJuly 25 – The Tutsi-led Burundian army performs a coup and reinstalls previous president Pierre Buyoya, ousting current president Sylvestre Ntibantunganya.\nJuly 27 – The Centennial Olympic Park bombing at the 1996 Summer Olympics in the United States kills one person and injures 111.[14]","title":"Events"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ALH84001_structures.jpg"},{"link_name":"ALH84001","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ALH84001"},{"link_name":"mitochondrial donation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitochondrial_donation"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"invasive species","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasive_species"},{"link_name":"Asian long-horned beetle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_long-horned_beetle"},{"link_name":"August 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_1"},{"link_name":"Sarah Balabagan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarah_Balabagan"},{"link_name":"Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines"},{"link_name":"Megawati Sukarnoputri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megawati_Sukarnoputri"},{"link_name":"Indonesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia"},{"link_name":"August 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_4"},{"link_name":"1996 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"August 6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_6"},{"link_name":"NASA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA"},{"link_name":"Allan Hills 84001","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allan_Hills_84001"},{"link_name":"Mars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars"},{"link_name":"August 7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_7"},{"link_name":"Huesca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huesca"},{"link_name":"August 9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_9"},{"link_name":"Boris Yeltsin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Yeltsin"},{"link_name":"Kremlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kremlin"},{"link_name":"President of Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"August 13","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_13"},{"link_name":"Galileo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galileo_(spacecraft)"},{"link_name":"space probe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_probe"},{"link_name":"water","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water"},{"link_name":"Jupiter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jupiter"},{"link_name":"August 14","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_14"},{"link_name":"fireworks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fireworks"},{"link_name":"Arequipa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arequipa"},{"link_name":"Peru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru"},{"link_name":"August 15","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_15"},{"link_name":"Bob Dole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Dole"},{"link_name":"President of the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Jack Kemp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Kemp"},{"link_name":"Republican National Convention","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_National_Convention"},{"link_name":"San Diego","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diego"},{"link_name":"California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California"},{"link_name":"August 16","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_16"},{"link_name":"Brookfield Zoo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brookfield_Zoo"},{"link_name":"Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago"},{"link_name":"Binti Jua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binti_Jua"},{"link_name":"gorilla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorilla"},{"link_name":"August 21","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_21"},{"link_name":"F. W. de Klerk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F._W._de_Klerk"},{"link_name":"Apartheid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apartheid"},{"link_name":"Truth and Reconciliation Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truth_and_Reconciliation_Commission_(South_Africa)"},{"link_name":"Cape Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Town"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II"},{"link_name":"letters patent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letters_patent"},{"link_name":"Royal Highness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Highness"},{"link_name":"Sarah, Duchess of York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarah,_Duchess_of_York"},{"link_name":"Diana, Princess of Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diana,_Princess_of_Wales"},{"link_name":"August 23","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_23"},{"link_name":"Osama bin Laden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osama_bin_Laden"},{"link_name":"August 26","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_26"},{"link_name":"David Dellinger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Dellinger"},{"link_name":"Bradford Lyttle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bradford_Lyttle"},{"link_name":"Federal Protective Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Protective_Service_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Kluczynski Federal Building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kluczynski_Federal_Building"},{"link_name":"that year's Democratic National Convention","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996_Democratic_National_Convention"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"August 28","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_28"},{"link_name":"High Court of Justice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Court_of_Justice"},{"link_name":"Diana, Princess of Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diana,_Princess_of_Wales"},{"link_name":"letters patent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letters_patent"},{"link_name":"August 29","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_29"},{"link_name":"Bill Clinton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Clinton"},{"link_name":"Al Gore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Gore"},{"link_name":"Democratic National Convention","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_National_Convention"},{"link_name":"Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago"},{"link_name":"Tupolev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tupolev"},{"link_name":"crashes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vnukovo_Airlines_Flight_2801"},{"link_name":"Spitsbergen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spitsbergen"},{"link_name":"August 31","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_31"},{"link_name":"Iraq disarmament crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq_disarmament_crisis"},{"link_name":"No-Fly Zone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqi_no-fly_zones"}],"sub_title":"August","text":"The electron microscope reveals chain structures in meteorite fragment ALH84001.August\nThe first three-parent baby is conceived in New Jersey through mitochondrial donation.[15]\nThe invasive species Asian long-horned beetle is found in New York City.\nAugust 1\nSarah Balabagan returns to the Philippines.\nA pro-democracy demonstration supporting Megawati Sukarnoputri in Indonesia is broken up by riot police.\nAugust 4 – The 1996 Summer Olympics conclude.\nAugust 6 – NASA announces that the Allan Hills 84001 meteorite, thought to originate from Mars, may contain evidence of primitive lifeforms; further tests are inconclusive.\nAugust 7 – Heavy rains kill more than 80 campers near Huesca, Spain.\nAugust 9 – Boris Yeltsin is sworn in at the Kremlin for a second term as President of Russia.\nAugust 13 – Data sent back by the Galileo space probe indicates there may be water on one of Jupiter's moons.\nAugust 14 – A rocket ignited during a fireworks display in Arequipa, Peru knocks down a high-tension power cable into a dense crowd, electrocuting 35 people.\nAugust 15 – Bob Dole is nominated for President of the United States, and Jack Kemp for vice president, at the Republican National Convention in San Diego, California.\nAugust 16 – Brookfield Zoo, Chicago. After a 3-year-old boy falls into the 20-foot (6.1 m) deep gorilla enclosure, Binti Jua, a female lowland gorilla sits with the injured boy until his rescue.\nAugust 21\nFormer State President of South Africa, F. W. de Klerk, makes an official apology for crimes committed under Apartheid to the Truth and Reconciliation Commission in Cape Town.\nIn the UK, Queen Elizabeth II issues letters patent on divorced former wives of British princes, taking away from the ex-wives the attribute and style of Royal Highness. With that Sarah, Duchess of York as well as Diana, Princess of Wales legally cease to be Royals, but they remain as non-royal Duchess and Princess.\nAugust 23 – Osama bin Laden writes \"The Declaration of Jihad on the Americans Occupying the Country of the Two Sacred Places,\" a call for the removal of American military forces from Saudi Arabia.\nAugust 26 – David Dellinger, Bradford Lyttle, and nine others are arrested by the Federal Protective Service while protesting in a demonstration at the Kluczynski Federal Building in downtown Chicago during that year's Democratic National Convention.[16]\nAugust 28 – Their Royal Highnesses, the Prince and Princess of Wales, are formally divorced at the High Court of Justice in London. Her Royal Highness The Princess of Wales is restyled Diana, Princess of Wales, due to the Queen's letters patent issued a week earlier.\nAugust 29\nU.S. President Bill Clinton and Vice President Al Gore are re-nominated at the Democratic National Convention in Chicago.\nA Russian Tupolev 154 jetliner crashes into a mountain as it approaches the airport at Spitsbergen, Norway, killing all 141 people on board.\nAugust 31 – Iraq disarmament crisis: Iraqi forces launch an offensive into the northern No-Fly Zone and capture Arbil.","title":"Events"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_Taliban_(original).svg"},{"link_name":"Afghanistan under the Taliban control","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_Emirate_of_Afghanistan_(1996%E2%80%932001)"},{"link_name":"September 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_2"},{"link_name":"Malacañang Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaca%C3%B1ang_Palace"},{"link_name":"Government of the Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_the_Philippines"},{"link_name":"Moro National Liberation Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moro_National_Liberation_Front_(Misuari_faction)"},{"link_name":"September 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_3"},{"link_name":"Operation Desert Strike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Desert_Strike"},{"link_name":"Iraq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq"},{"link_name":"September 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_4"},{"link_name":"Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolutionary_Armed_Forces_of_Colombia"},{"link_name":"Guaviare, Colombia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guaviare_Department"},{"link_name":"guerrilla warfare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerrilla_warfare"},{"link_name":"Colombians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombia"},{"link_name":"September 5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_5"},{"link_name":"Hurricane Fran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Fran"},{"link_name":"Cape Fear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Fear_(headland)"},{"link_name":"North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Category 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category_3_hurricane"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-inflation-US-11"},{"link_name":"September 10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_10"},{"link_name":"Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comprehensive_Nuclear_Test_Ban_Treaty"},{"link_name":"September 13","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_13"},{"link_name":"Alija Izetbegović","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alija_Izetbegovi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Bosnia and Herzegovina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina"},{"link_name":"first election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996_Bosnian_general_election"},{"link_name":"Bosnian War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosnian_War"},{"link_name":"September 20","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_20"},{"link_name":"Pakistani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan"},{"link_name":"Pakistan Peoples Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_Peoples_Party"},{"link_name":"Murtaza Bhutto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murtaza_Bhutto"},{"link_name":"September 22","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_22"},{"link_name":"Panhellenic Socialist Movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panhellenic_Socialist_Movement"},{"link_name":"Costas Simitis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costas_Simitis"},{"link_name":"1996 Greek legislative election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996_Greek_legislative_election"},{"link_name":"September 24","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_24"},{"link_name":"Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comprehensive_Nuclear-Test-Ban_Treaty"},{"link_name":"United Nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations"},{"link_name":"September 27","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_27"},{"link_name":"Afghanistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Afghanistan"},{"link_name":"Taliban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taliban"},{"link_name":"capture the capital city","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Kabul_(1992%E2%80%931996)"},{"link_name":"Kabul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabul"},{"link_name":"Burhanuddin Rabbani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burhanuddin_Rabbani"},{"link_name":"Mohammad Najibullah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammad_Najibullah"}],"sub_title":"September","text":"The first flag of Afghanistan under the Taliban control until 1997September 2 – A permanent peace agreement is signed at Malacañang Palace between the Government of the Philippines and the Moro National Liberation Front.\nSeptember 3 – The United States launches Operation Desert Strike against Iraq in reaction to the attack on Arbil.\nSeptember 4 – The Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia attack a military base in Guaviare, Colombia, starting three weeks of guerrilla warfare that will claim the lives of at least 130 Colombians.\nSeptember 5 – Hurricane Fran makes landfall near Cape Fear, North Carolina as a Category 3 storm with 115 mph (185 km/h) sustained winds. Fran caused over $3 billion in damages ($5.83 billion in present-day terms[11]) and killed 27 people, mainly in North Carolina. The name \"Fran\" was retired due to the extensive damage.\nSeptember 10 – Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty (CTBT) signed (it will be ratified 180 days after ratification by 44 Annex 2 countries).\nSeptember 13 – Alija Izetbegović is elected President of Bosnia and Herzegovina in the country's first election since the Bosnian War.\nSeptember 20 – Leader of Pakistani opposition party Pakistan Peoples Party Murtaza Bhutto is killed during a gunfight with police.\nSeptember 22 – The Panhellenic Socialist Movement under the leadership of Costas Simitis succeeds in the 1996 Greek legislative election.\nSeptember 24 – U.S. President Bill Clinton signs the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty at the United Nations.\nSeptember 27 – In Afghanistan, the Taliban capture the capital city of Kabul, after driving out President Burhanuddin Rabbani and executing former leader Mohammad Najibullah.","title":"Events"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"October 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/October_2"},{"link_name":"Aeroperú Flight 603","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeroper%C3%BA_Flight_603"},{"link_name":"Lima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lima"},{"link_name":"October 6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/October_6"},{"link_name":"New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"Māori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%81ori_people"},{"link_name":"October 22","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/October_22"},{"link_name":"Caracas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caracas"},{"link_name":"Venezuela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela"},{"link_name":"October 31","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/October_31"},{"link_name":"TAM Transportes Aéreos Regionais Flight 402","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TAM_Transportes_A%C3%A9reos_Regionais_Flight_402"},{"link_name":"São Paulo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo"}],"sub_title":"October","text":"October 2 – Aeroperú Flight 603 crashes into the Pacific Ocean when the instruments fail just after takeoff from Lima Airport, killing all 70 people on board.\nOctober 6 – The government of New Zealand agrees to pay $130 million worth of compensation for the loss of land suffered by the Māori population between the years of 1844 and 1864.\nOctober 22 – A fire at La Planta prison in southwest Caracas, Venezuela, kills thirty prisoners.\nOctober 31 – TAM Transportes Aéreos Regionais Flight 402 crashes into a densely populated area of São Paulo, killing all 96 people on board.","title":"Events"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"November","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/November"},{"link_name":"Iraq disarmament crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq_disarmament_crisis"},{"link_name":"November 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/November_3"},{"link_name":"Petar Stoyanov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petar_Stoyanov"},{"link_name":"elected","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996_Bulgarian_presidential_election"},{"link_name":"Bulgaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria"},{"link_name":"November 5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/November_5"},{"link_name":"1996 United States presidential election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996_United_States_presidential_election"},{"link_name":"Democratic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Bill Clinton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Clinton"},{"link_name":"Republican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Bob Dole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Dole"},{"link_name":"Reform Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reform_Party_of_the_United_States_of_America"},{"link_name":"Ross Perot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ross_Perot"},{"link_name":"November 7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/November_7"},{"link_name":"category 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saffir%E2%80%93Simpson_hurricane_wind_scale"},{"link_name":"cyclone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996_Andhra_Pradesh_cyclone"},{"link_name":"Andhra Pradesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh"},{"link_name":"NASA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA"},{"link_name":"Mars Global Surveyor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_Global_Surveyor"},{"link_name":"November 8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/November_8"},{"link_name":"Nigerian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria"},{"link_name":"Boeing 727","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_727"},{"link_name":"crashed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ADC_Airlines_Flight_086"},{"link_name":"Lagos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagos"},{"link_name":"airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murtala_Muhammed_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"November 12","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/November_12"},{"link_name":"Saudi Arabian Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabian_Airlines"},{"link_name":"collides in mid-air","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996_Charkhi_Dadri_mid-air_collision"},{"link_name":"Kazakhstan Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhstan_Airlines"},{"link_name":"November 17","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/November_17"},{"link_name":"bomb explodes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996_Kaspiysk_bombing"},{"link_name":"Kaspiysk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaspiysk"},{"link_name":"Emil Constantinescu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emil_Constantinescu"},{"link_name":"elected","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996_Romanian_general_election"},{"link_name":"Romania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania"},{"link_name":"November 18","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/November_18"},{"link_name":"Frederick Chiluba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Chiluba"},{"link_name":"re-elected","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996_Zambian_general_election"},{"link_name":"Zambia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zambia"},{"link_name":"November 19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/November_19"},{"link_name":"Tasmania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasmania"},{"link_name":"CTBTO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CTBTO"},{"link_name":"STS-80","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/STS-80"},{"link_name":"Space Shuttle Columbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Columbia"},{"link_name":"Space Shuttle program","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Shuttle_program"},{"link_name":"November 20","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/November_20"},{"link_name":"1996 Garley Building fire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996_Garley_Building_fire"},{"link_name":"Hong Kong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong"},{"link_name":"November 21","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/November_21"},{"link_name":"propane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propane"},{"link_name":"explosion at the Humberto Vidal shoe store and office building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humberto_Vidal_explosion"},{"link_name":"San Juan, Puerto Rico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Juan,_Puerto_Rico"},{"link_name":"November 23","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/November_23"},{"link_name":"Republic of Angola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angola"},{"link_name":"World Trade Organization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Organization"},{"link_name":"Ethiopian Airlines Flight 961","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopian_Airlines_Flight_961"},{"link_name":"Comoros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comoros"},{"link_name":"November 25","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/November_25"},{"link_name":"ice storm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_storm"},{"link_name":"Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida"}],"sub_title":"November","text":"November – Iraq disarmament crisis: UNSCOM inspectors uncover buried prohibited missile parts. Iraq refuses to allow UNSCOM teams to remove remnants of missile engines for analysis outside of the country.\nNovember 3 – Petar Stoyanov is elected as President of Bulgaria.\nNovember 5 – 1996 United States presidential election: Incumbent Democratic President Bill Clinton defeats his Republican challenger, Bob Dole and Reform Party candidate Ross Perot.\nNovember 7\nA category 4 cyclone strikes Andhra Pradesh, India, killing at least 1,000 people.\nNASA launches the Mars Global Surveyor.\nNovember 8 – All 144 people on board a Nigerian-owned Boeing 727 die after the aircraft crashed into the Atlantic Ocean while approaching Lagos airport.\nNovember 12 – Saudi Arabian Airlines Boeing 747 collides in mid-air with Kazakhstan Airlines Il-76 in New Delhi, India, resulting in the loss of 349 lives.\nNovember 17\nA bomb explodes in Kaspiysk, Russia, killing 32 people.\nEmil Constantinescu is elected as President of Romania.\nNovember 18 – Frederick Chiluba is re-elected as President of Zambia.\nNovember 19\nMartin Bryant is sentenced to 35 consecutive sentences of life imprisonment plus 1,035 years without parole for murdering 35 people in a shooting spree in Tasmania earlier this year.\nPreparatory Commission for the Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Organization (CTBTO) established.\nSTS-80: Space Shuttle Columbia conducts the longest mission of the Space Shuttle program.\nNovember 20 – The 1996 Garley Building fire occurred in Hong Kong, resulting in 41 deaths and 81 injuries.\nNovember 21 – A propane explosion at the Humberto Vidal shoe store and office building in San Juan, Puerto Rico kills 33 people.\nNovember 23\nThe Republic of Angola officially joins the World Trade Organization as Angola.\nEthiopian Airlines Flight 961 is hijacked, then crashes into the Indian Ocean off the coast of Comoros after running out of fuel, killing 125.\nNovember 25 – An ice storm strikes the U.S. killing 26 directly and hundreds more from accidents. A powerful windstorm blasts Florida with winds gusts up to 90 mph.","title":"Events"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"December 9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/December_9"},{"link_name":"Jerry Rawlings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry_Rawlings"},{"link_name":"re-elected","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996_Ghanaian_general_election"},{"link_name":"Ghana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana"},{"link_name":"December 11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/December_11"},{"link_name":"Tung Chee-hwa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tung_Chee-hwa"},{"link_name":"Hong Kong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong"},{"link_name":"99-year lease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Hong_Kong"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"December 13","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/December_13"},{"link_name":"Kofi Annan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kofi_Annan"},{"link_name":"United Nations Security Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council"},{"link_name":"Secretary-General of the United Nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary-General_of_the_United_Nations"},{"link_name":"December 17","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/December_17"},{"link_name":"Túpac Amaru Revolutionary Movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BApac_Amaru_Revolutionary_Movement"},{"link_name":"72 hostages in the Japanese Embassy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_embassy_hostage_crisis"},{"link_name":"Lima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lima"},{"link_name":"Peru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru"},{"link_name":"December 25","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/December_25"},{"link_name":"sinking of F174","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinking_of_F174"},{"link_name":"Capo Passero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capo_Passero"},{"link_name":"December 27","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/December_27"},{"link_name":"Taliban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taliban"},{"link_name":"Bagram Air Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagram_Air_Base"},{"link_name":"Kabul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabul"},{"link_name":"Afghanistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistan"},{"link_name":"December 29","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/December_29"},{"link_name":"Guatemala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guatemala"},{"link_name":"Guatemalan National Revolutionary Unity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guatemalan_National_Revolutionary_Unity"},{"link_name":"peace accord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guatemalan_Peace_Process_1994-1996"},{"link_name":"Guatemalan Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guatemalan_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"December 30","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/December_30"},{"link_name":"Assam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assam"},{"link_name":"Bodo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodo_people"}],"sub_title":"December","text":"December 9 – Jerry Rawlings is re-elected as President of Ghana.\nDecember 11 – Tung Chee-hwa is appointed to become the new leader of Hong Kong after it reverts to Chinese rule on July 1, 1997, at the end of a 99-year lease to the United Kingdom.\nDecember 13 – Ghanaian diplomat Kofi Annan is elected by the United Nations Security Council the next Secretary-General of the United Nations.\nDecember 17 – The Túpac Amaru Revolutionary Movement takes 72 hostages in the Japanese Embassy in Lima, Peru.\nDecember 25 – At least 283 migrants drown in the sinking of F174 near Capo Passero (Sicily).\nDecember 27 – Taliban forces retake the strategic Bagram Air Base, solidifying their buffer zone around Kabul, Afghanistan.\nDecember 29 – Guatemala and the leaders of the Guatemalan National Revolutionary Unity sign a peace accord that ends the 36-year Guatemalan Civil War.\nDecember 30 – In the Indian state of Assam, a passenger train is bombed by Bodo separatists, killing 26.","title":"Events"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Category:1996 births","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:1996_births"},{"link_name":"January","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#January_2"},{"link_name":"February","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#February_2"},{"link_name":"March","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#March_2"},{"link_name":"April","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#April_2"},{"link_name":"May","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#May_2"},{"link_name":"June","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#June_2"},{"link_name":"July","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#July_2"},{"link_name":"August","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#August_2"},{"link_name":"September","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#September_2"},{"link_name":"October","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#October_2"},{"link_name":"November","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#November_2"},{"link_name":"December","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#December_2"}],"text":"Main page: Category:1996 birthsBirths\n\n\nJanuary · February · March · April · May · June · July · August · September · October · November · December","title":"Births"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Florence_Pugh_in_2020_(1)_crop.jpg"},{"link_name":"Florence Pugh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florence_Pugh"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Helly_Shah_(43902370151)_(cropped).jpg"},{"link_name":"Helly Shah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helly_Shah"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kim_Jennie_(%EA%B9%80%EC%A0%9C%EB%8B%88)_05.jpg"},{"link_name":"Jennie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jennie_(singer)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Marco_Asensio_2018.jpg"},{"link_name":"Marco Asensio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marco_Asensio"},{"link_name":"January 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/January_3"},{"link_name":"Florence Pugh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florence_Pugh"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"January 6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/January_6"},{"link_name":"Soufiane El Bakkali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soufiane_El_Bakkali"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Courtney Eaton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Courtney_Eaton"},{"link_name":"Harmanpreet Singh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harmanpreet_Singh"},{"link_name":"January 7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/January_7"},{"link_name":"Helly Shah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helly_Shah"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"January 10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/January_10"},{"link_name":"Tara Fares","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tara_Fares"},{"link_name":"2018","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018"},{"link_name":"Tang Kai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tang_Kai"},{"link_name":"ONE Featherweight World Champion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ONE_Championship_champions#Featherweight_World_Championship"},{"link_name":"Joshua Pacio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joshua_Pacio"},{"link_name":"ONE Strawweight World Champion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ONE_Championship_champions#Strawweight_World_Championship"},{"link_name":"Anna Sztankovics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Sztankovics"},{"link_name":"January 11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/January_11"},{"link_name":"Tyler Reddick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyler_Reddick"},{"link_name":"January 12","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/January_12"},{"link_name":"Ella Henderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ella_Henderson"},{"link_name":"January 15","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/January_15"},{"link_name":"Dove Cameron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dove_Cameron"},{"link_name":"January 16","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/January_16"},{"link_name":"Anastasia Grishina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anastasia_Grishina"},{"link_name":"Jennie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jennie_(singer)"},{"link_name":"January 17","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/January_17"},{"link_name":"Nile Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nile_Wilson"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"January 21","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/January_21"},{"link_name":"Marco Asensio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marco_Asensio"},{"link_name":"January 24","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/January_24"},{"link_name":"Patrik Schick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrik_Schick"},{"link_name":"January 31","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/January_31"},{"link_name":"Joel Courtney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joel_Courtney"}],"sub_title":"January","text":"Florence PughHelly ShahJennieMarco AsensioJanuary 3 – Florence Pugh, English actress[17]\nJanuary 6\nSoufiane El Bakkali, Moroccan steeplechase runner[18]\nCourtney Eaton, Australian actress\nHarmanpreet Singh, Indian hockey player\nJanuary 7 – Helly Shah, Indian actress[19]\nJanuary 10\nTara Fares, Iraqi model (d.2018)\nTang Kai, Chinese mixed martial artist and current ONE Featherweight World Champion\nJoshua Pacio, Filipino mixed martial artist and current ONE Strawweight World Champion\nAnna Sztankovics, Hungarian swimmer\nJanuary 11 – Tyler Reddick, American racing driver\nJanuary 12 – Ella Henderson, English singer\nJanuary 15 – Dove Cameron, American actress and singer\nJanuary 16\nAnastasia Grishina, Russian artistic gymnast\nJennie, South Korean singer and rapper\nJanuary 17 – Nile Wilson, British artistic gymnast[20]\nJanuary 21 – Marco Asensio, Spanish footballer\nJanuary 24 – Patrik Schick, Czech footballer\nJanuary 31 – Joel Courtney, American actor","title":"Births"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kelli_Berglund_at_Captain_America_Civil_War_premiere.jpg"},{"link_name":"Kelli Berglund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelli_Berglund"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lucas_Hernandez_2022.jpg"},{"link_name":"Lucas Hernandez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucas_Hernandez"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sasha_Pieterse_PaleyFest_2014.jpg"},{"link_name":"Sasha Pieterse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sasha_Pieterse"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sophie_Turner_(40553145603)_(cropped)_2.jpg"},{"link_name":"Sophie Turner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sophie_Turner"},{"link_name":"February 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/February_1"},{"link_name":"Ahmad Abughaush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_Abughaush"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"February 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/February_2"},{"link_name":"Harry Winks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Winks"},{"link_name":"February 7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/February_7"},{"link_name":"Aaron Ekblad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaron_Ekblad"},{"link_name":"Mai Hagiwara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mai_Hagiwara"},{"link_name":"February 9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/February_9"},{"link_name":"Jimmy Bennett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Bennett"},{"link_name":"Kelli Berglund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelli_Berglund"},{"link_name":"Chungha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chungha_(singer)"},{"link_name":"February 11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/February_11"},{"link_name":"Lucas Torreira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucas_Torreira"},{"link_name":"February 13","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/February_13"},{"link_name":"Muhammad Rian Ardianto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Rian_Ardianto"},{"link_name":"February 14","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/February_14"},{"link_name":"Lucas Hernandez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucas_Hernandez"},{"link_name":"Viktor Kovalenko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viktor_Kovalenko_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"February 15","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/February_15"},{"link_name":"Toshikazu Yamanishi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toshikazu_Yamanishi"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"February 17","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/February_17"},{"link_name":"Sasha Pieterse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sasha_Pieterse"},{"link_name":"February 20","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/February_20"},{"link_name":"Mabel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mabel_(singer)"},{"link_name":"February 21","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/February_21"},{"link_name":"Noah Rubin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noah_Rubin_(tennis)"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Sophie Turner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sophie_Turner"},{"link_name":"February 23","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/February_23"},{"link_name":"D'Angelo Russell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%27Angelo_Russell"},{"link_name":"February 25","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/February_25"},{"link_name":"Emel Dereli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emel_Dereli"},{"link_name":"February 28","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/February_28"},{"link_name":"Shi Yuqi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shi_Yuqi"}],"sub_title":"February","text":"Kelli BerglundLucas HernandezSasha PieterseSophie TurnerFebruary 1 – Ahmad Abughaush, Jordanian taekwondo athlete[21]\nFebruary 2 – Harry Winks, English footballer\nFebruary 7\nAaron Ekblad, Canadian ice hockey player\nMai Hagiwara, Japanese singer\nFebruary 9\nJimmy Bennett, American actor\nKelli Berglund, American actress\nChungha, South Korean singer and dancer\nFebruary 11 – Lucas Torreira, Uruguayan footballer\nFebruary 13 – Muhammad Rian Ardianto, Indonesian badminton player\nFebruary 14\nLucas Hernandez, French footballer\nViktor Kovalenko, Ukrainian footballer\nFebruary 15 – Toshikazu Yamanishi, Japanese race walker[22]\nFebruary 17 – Sasha Pieterse, South African-born American actress\nFebruary 20 – Mabel, English singer\nFebruary 21\nNoah Rubin, American tennis player[23]\nSophie Turner, English actress\nFebruary 23 – D'Angelo Russell, American basketball player\nFebruary 25 – Emel Dereli, Turkish shot putter\nFebruary 28 – Shi Yuqi, Chinese badminton player","title":"Births"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2020-03-10_Fu%C3%9Fball,_M%C3%A4nner,_UEFA_Champions_League_Achtelfinale,_RB_Leipzig_-_Tottenham_Hotspur_1DX_3684_by_Stepro.jpg"},{"link_name":"Timo Werner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timo_Werner"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Myles_Turner_(39916223764)_(cropped).jpg"},{"link_name":"Myles Turner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myles_Turner"},{"link_name":"March 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_1"},{"link_name":"Ye Shiwen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ye_Shiwen"},{"link_name":"March 5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_5"},{"link_name":"Emmanuel Mudiay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmanuel_Mudiay"},{"link_name":"Michael Evans Behling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Evans_Behling"},{"link_name":"March 6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_6"},{"link_name":"Christian Coleman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Coleman"},{"link_name":"Timo Werner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timo_Werner"},{"link_name":"Yan Han","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yan_Han_(figure_skater)"},{"link_name":"March 8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_8"},{"link_name":"Destiny Wagner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destiny_Wagner"},{"link_name":"March 9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_9"},{"link_name":"Giorgio Minisini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giorgio_Minisini"},{"link_name":"March 23","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_23"},{"link_name":"Alexander Albon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Albon"},{"link_name":"March 24","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_24"},{"link_name":"Valentino Lazaro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valentino_Lazaro"},{"link_name":"Myles Turner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myles_Turner"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"March 26","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_26"},{"link_name":"Kathryn Bernardo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathryn_Bernardo"},{"link_name":"March 27","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_27"},{"link_name":"Rosabell Laurenti Sellers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosabell_Laurenti_Sellers"},{"link_name":"March 28","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_28"},{"link_name":"Benjamin Pavard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Pavard"},{"link_name":"Xie Siyi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xie_Siyi"},{"link_name":"March 31","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_31"},{"link_name":"Kira Hagi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kira_Hagi"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"}],"sub_title":"March","text":"Timo WernerMyles TurnerMarch 1 – Ye Shiwen, Chinese swimmer\nMarch 5\nEmmanuel Mudiay, Congolese professional basketball player\nMichael Evans Behling, American actor\nMarch 6\nChristian Coleman, American sprinter\nTimo Werner, German footballer\nYan Han, Chinese figure skater\nMarch 8 – Destiny Wagner, Belizean author, television host, digital influencer, model, and beauty pageant titleholder who was crowned Miss Earth 2021\nMarch 9 – Giorgio Minisini, Italian synchronized swimmer\nMarch 23 – Alexander Albon, Thai racing driver\nMarch 24\nValentino Lazaro, Austrian footballer\nMyles Turner, American basketball player[24]\nMarch 26 – Kathryn Bernardo, Filipina actress\nMarch 27 – Rosabell Laurenti Sellers, Italian-American actress\nMarch 28\nBenjamin Pavard, French footballer\nXie Siyi, Chinese diver\nMarch 31 – Kira Hagi, Romanian actress[25][26]","title":"Births"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:20150511_ESC_2015_Lo%C3%AFc_Nottet_4294.jpg"},{"link_name":"Loïc Nottet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lo%C3%AFc_Nottet"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Abigail_Breslin_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg"},{"link_name":"Abigail Breslin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abigail_Breslin"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Anya_Taylor-Joy_by_Patrick_Lovell,_January_2019.jpg"},{"link_name":"Anya Taylor-Joy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anya_Taylor-Joy"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Katherine_Langford_in_2018.jpg"},{"link_name":"Katherine Langford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katherine_Langford"},{"link_name":"April 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_2"},{"link_name":"Polina Agafonova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polina_Agafonova"},{"link_name":"Matheus Santana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matheus_Santana"},{"link_name":"April 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_3"},{"link_name":"Sarah Jeffery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarah_Jeffery"},{"link_name":"April 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_4"},{"link_name":"Austin Mahone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin_Mahone"},{"link_name":"April 9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_9"},{"link_name":"Giovani Lo Celso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovani_Lo_Celso"},{"link_name":"April 10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_10"},{"link_name":"Andreas Christensen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andreas_Christensen"},{"link_name":"Thanasi Kokkinakis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thanasi_Kokkinakis"},{"link_name":"Loïc Nottet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lo%C3%AFc_Nottet"},{"link_name":"April 11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_11"},{"link_name":"Dele Alli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dele_Alli"},{"link_name":"Summer Walker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summer_Walker"},{"link_name":"April 12","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_12"},{"link_name":"Matteo Berrettini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matteo_Berrettini"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"April 14","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_14"},{"link_name":"Abigail Breslin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abigail_Breslin"},{"link_name":"April 15","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_15"},{"link_name":"Edimilson Fernandes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edimilson_Fernandes"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"April 16","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_16"},{"link_name":"Anya Taylor-Joy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anya_Taylor-Joy"},{"link_name":"April 17","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_17"},{"link_name":"Dee Dee Davis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dee_Dee_Davis"},{"link_name":"April 22","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_22"},{"link_name":"Wendy Sulca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wendy_Sulca"},{"link_name":"April 23","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_23"},{"link_name":"Álex Márquez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81lex_M%C3%A1rquez"},{"link_name":"April 24","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_24"},{"link_name":"Ashleigh Barty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashleigh_Barty"},{"link_name":"April 25","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_25"},{"link_name":"Mack Horton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mack_Horton"},{"link_name":"Allisyn Ashley Arm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allisyn_Ashley_Arm"},{"link_name":"April 27","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_27"},{"link_name":"Tejan Koroma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tejan_Koroma"},{"link_name":"April 28","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_28"},{"link_name":"Tony Revolori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Revolori"},{"link_name":"April 29","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_29"},{"link_name":"Katherine Langford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katherine_Langford"}],"sub_title":"April","text":"Loïc NottetAbigail BreslinAnya Taylor-JoyKatherine LangfordApril 2\nPolina Agafonova, Russian figure skater\nMatheus Santana, Brazilian swimmer\nApril 3 – Sarah Jeffery, Canadian actress\nApril 4 – Austin Mahone, American singer-songwriter and actor\nApril 9 – Giovani Lo Celso, Argentinian footballer\nApril 10\nAndreas Christensen, Danish footballer\nThanasi Kokkinakis, Australian tennis player\nLoïc Nottet, Belgian singer\nApril 11\nDele Alli, English footballer\nSummer Walker, American singer\nApril 12 – Matteo Berrettini, Italian tennis player[27]\nApril 14 – Abigail Breslin, American actress\nApril 15 – Edimilson Fernandes, Swiss footballer[28]\nApril 16 – Anya Taylor-Joy, actress\nApril 17 – Dee Dee Davis, American actress\nApril 22 – Wendy Sulca, Peruvian singer\nApril 23 – Álex Márquez, Spanish motorcycle racer\nApril 24 – Ashleigh Barty, Australian tennis player\nApril 25\nMack Horton, Australian swimmer\nAllisyn Ashley Arm, American actress\nApril 27\nTejan Koroma, American Football Player\nApril 28 – Tony Revolori, American actor\nApril 29 – Katherine Langford, Australian actress","title":"Births"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:6ix9ine_June_2018_side_(cropped_x2).jpg"},{"link_name":"6ix9ine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/6ix9ine"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Birdy-2450.jpg"},{"link_name":"Birdy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birdy_(singer)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Normani_BTS_2019.jpg"},{"link_name":"Normani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normani"},{"link_name":"May 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_2"},{"link_name":"Julian Brandt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_Brandt"},{"link_name":"May 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_3"},{"link_name":"Alex Iwobi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Iwobi"},{"link_name":"May 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_4"},{"link_name":"Arielle Gold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arielle_Gold"},{"link_name":"Pelayo Roza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelayo_Roza"},{"link_name":"May 8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_8"},{"link_name":"6ix9ine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/6ix9ine"},{"link_name":"May 9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_9"},{"link_name":"Noah Centineo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noah_Centineo"},{"link_name":"Mary Mouser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Mouser"},{"link_name":"May 10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_10"},{"link_name":"Tyus Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyus_Jones"},{"link_name":"May 11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_11"},{"link_name":"Andrés Cubas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Cubas"},{"link_name":"May 14","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_14"},{"link_name":"Martin Garrix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Garrix"},{"link_name":"May 15","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_15"},{"link_name":"Birdy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birdy_(singer)"},{"link_name":"Ilias Ennahachi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilias_Ennahachi"},{"link_name":"Dutch-Moroccan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moroccans_in_the_Netherlands"},{"link_name":"Muay Thai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muay_Thai"},{"link_name":"kickboxer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kickboxing"},{"link_name":"ONE Flyweight Kickboxing World Champion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ONE_Championship_champions#Flyweight_World_Championship"},{"link_name":"May 19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_19"},{"link_name":"Chung Hyeon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chung_Hyeon"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Lakshmi Menon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakshmi_Menon_(actress)"},{"link_name":"May 18","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_18"},{"link_name":"Yuki Kadono","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuki_Kadono"},{"link_name":"May 23","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_23"},{"link_name":"Katharina Althaus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katharina_Althaus"},{"link_name":"May 30","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_30"},{"link_name":"Aleksandr Golovin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandr_Golovin_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"Erik Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erik_Jones"},{"link_name":"May 31","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_31"},{"link_name":"Normani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normani"}],"sub_title":"May","text":"6ix9ineBirdyNormaniMay 2 – Julian Brandt, German footballer\nMay 3 – Alex Iwobi, Nigerian footballer\nMay 4\nArielle Gold, American snowboarder\nPelayo Roza, Spanish sprint canoeist.\nMay 8 – 6ix9ine, American rapper\nMay 9\nNoah Centineo, American actor\nMary Mouser, American actress\nMay 10 – Tyus Jones, American basketball player\nMay 11 – Andrés Cubas, Argentinian footballer\nMay 14 – Martin Garrix, Dutch DJ and producer\nMay 15\nBirdy, English singer and songwriter\nIlias Ennahachi, Dutch-Moroccan Muay Thai kickboxer and former ONE Flyweight Kickboxing World Champion\nMay 19\nChung Hyeon, South Korean tennis player[29]\nLakshmi Menon, Indian film actress\nMay 18 – Yuki Kadono, Japanese snowboarder\nMay 23 – Katharina Althaus, German ski jumper\nMay 30\nAleksandr Golovin, Russian footballer\nErik Jones, American racing driver\nMay 31 – Normani, American singer","title":"Births"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tom_Holland_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg"},{"link_name":"Tom Holland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Holland"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Yokohama_F._Marinos_-_Manchester_City_(3-5)_-_53075487835_(Rodri)_(cropped).jpg"},{"link_name":"Rodri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodri_(footballer,_born_1996)"},{"link_name":"June 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June_1"},{"link_name":"Tom Holland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Holland"},{"link_name":"June 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June_3"},{"link_name":"Han Tianyu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han_Tianyu"},{"link_name":"June 10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June_10"},{"link_name":"Wen Junhui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wen_Junhui"},{"link_name":"June 12","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June_12"},{"link_name":"Davinson Sánchez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davinson_S%C3%A1nchez"},{"link_name":"June 13","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June_13"},{"link_name":"Kingsley Coman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingsley_Coman"},{"link_name":"Kodi Smit-McPhee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kodi_Smit-McPhee"},{"link_name":"June 15","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June_15"},{"link_name":"Aurora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurora_(singer)"},{"link_name":"June 16","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June_16"},{"link_name":"Ayaka Miyoshi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayaka_Miyoshi"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Lily Zhang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lily_Zhang"},{"link_name":"June 17","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June_17"},{"link_name":"Godfred Donsah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godfred_Donsah"},{"link_name":"June 18","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June_18"},{"link_name":"Alen Halilović","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alen_Halilovi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"June 19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June_19"},{"link_name":"Larisa Iordache","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larisa_Iordache"},{"link_name":"June 22","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June_22"},{"link_name":"Hugo Calderano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Calderano"},{"link_name":"Kong Sang-jeong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kong_Sang-jeong"},{"link_name":"Rodri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodri_(footballer,_born_1996)"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"June 24","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June_24"},{"link_name":"Harris Dickinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harris_Dickinson"},{"link_name":"June 27","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June_27"},{"link_name":"Lauren Jauregui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lauren_Jauregui"},{"link_name":"June 28","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June_28"},{"link_name":"Milot Rashica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milot_Rashica"},{"link_name":"Donna Vekić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donna_Veki%C4%87"}],"sub_title":"June","text":"Tom HollandRodriJune 1 – Tom Holland, English actor\nJune 3 – Han Tianyu, Chinese short track speed skater\nJune 10 – Wen Junhui, Chinese singer and actor\nJune 12 – Davinson Sánchez, Colombian footballer\nJune 13\nKingsley Coman, French footballer\nKodi Smit-McPhee, Australian actor\nJune 15 – Aurora, Norwegian singer\nJune 16\nAyaka Miyoshi, Japanese actress and model[30]\nLily Zhang, American table tennis player\nJune 17 – Godfred Donsah, Ghanese footballer\nJune 18 – Alen Halilović, Croatian footballer\nJune 19 – Larisa Iordache, Romanian artistic gymnast\nJune 22\nHugo Calderano, Brazilian table tennis player\nKong Sang-jeong, South Korean short track speed skater\nRodri, Spanish footballer[31]\nJune 24 – Harris Dickinson, English actor, writer, and director\nJune 27 – Lauren Jauregui, American singer\nJune 28\nMilot Rashica, Kosovar footballer\nDonna Vekić, Croatian tennis player","title":"Births"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Adelina_Sotnikova_Sochi_Medal_Ceremony_05_(cropped).jpg"},{"link_name":"Adelina Sotnikova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelina_Sotnikova"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:KendjiGirac.jpg"},{"link_name":"Kendji Girac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kendji_Girac"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Alessia_Cara_at_the_Capital_Pride_Concert.jpeg"},{"link_name":"Alessia Cara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alessia_Cara"},{"link_name":"July 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/July_1"},{"link_name":"Adelina Sotnikova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelina_Sotnikova"},{"link_name":"July 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/July_3"},{"link_name":"Kendji Girac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kendji_Girac"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"July 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/July_4"},{"link_name":"Ryoya Kurihara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryoya_Kurihara"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"July 5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/July_5"},{"link_name":"Risa Shōji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Risa_Sh%C5%8Dji"},{"link_name":"July 7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/July_7"},{"link_name":"Mikey Musumeci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikey_Musumeci"},{"link_name":"BJJ practitioner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilian_Jiu-Jitsu"},{"link_name":"ONE Flyweight Submission Grappling World Champion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ONE_Championship_champions#Flyweight_World_Championship"},{"link_name":"July 8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/July_8"},{"link_name":"Angela Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angela_Lee"},{"link_name":"Singaporean-American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singaporean_Americans"},{"link_name":"ONE Women's Atomweight World Champion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ONE_Championship_champions#Women's_Atomweight_World_Championship"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"July 10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/July_10"},{"link_name":"Moon Ga-young","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moon_Ga-young"},{"link_name":"July 11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/July_11"},{"link_name":"Alessia Cara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alessia_Cara"},{"link_name":"Andrija Živković","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrija_%C5%BDivkovi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"July 18","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/July_18"},{"link_name":"Yung Lean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yung_Lean"},{"link_name":"July 20","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/July_20"},{"link_name":"Ben Simmons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Simmons"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"}],"sub_title":"July","text":"Adelina SotnikovaKendji GiracAlessia CaraJuly 1 – Adelina Sotnikova, Russian figure skater\nJuly 3 – Kendji Girac, French singer[32]\nJuly 4 – Ryoya Kurihara, Japanese baseball player[33]\nJuly 5 – Risa Shōji, Japanese figure skater\nJuly 7 – Mikey Musumeci, American BJJ practitioner and current ONE Flyweight Submission Grappling World Champion\nJuly 8 – Angela Lee, Singaporean-American mixed martial artist and former ONE Women's Atomweight World Champion[citation needed]\nJuly 10 – Moon Ga-young, South Korean actress\nJuly 11\nAlessia Cara, Canadian singer-songwriter\nAndrija Živković, Serbian footballer\nJuly 18 – Yung Lean, Swedish rapper and record producer\nJuly 20 – Ben Simmons, Australian basketball player[34]","title":"Births"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"August 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_1"},{"link_name":"Arisa Higashino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arisa_Higashino"},{"link_name":"Cymphonique Miller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cymphonique_Miller"},{"link_name":"August 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_2"},{"link_name":"Simone Manuel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simone_Manuel"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"August 5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_5"},{"link_name":"Francesca Deagostini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesca_Deagostini"},{"link_name":"Mai Murakami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mai_Murakami"},{"link_name":"August 10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_10"},{"link_name":"Evan Evagora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evan_Evagora"},{"link_name":"August 12","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_12"},{"link_name":"Arthur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Melo"},{"link_name":"August 14","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_14"},{"link_name":"Brianna Hildebrand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brianna_Hildebrand"},{"link_name":"August 16","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_16"},{"link_name":"Caeleb Dressel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caeleb_Dressel"},{"link_name":"August 18","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_18"},{"link_name":"Jonathan Di Bella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Di_Bella"},{"link_name":"Italian-Canadian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Canadians"},{"link_name":"kickboxer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kickboxing"},{"link_name":"ONE Strawweight Kickboxing World Champion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ONE_Championship_champions#Strawweight_World_Championship"},{"link_name":"August 19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_19"},{"link_name":"Almoez Ali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almoez_Ali"},{"link_name":"Laura Tesoro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laura_Tesoro"},{"link_name":"August 21","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_21"},{"link_name":"Jasmine Camacho-Quinn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jasmine_Camacho-Quinn"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"August 24","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_24"},{"link_name":"Kenzō Shirai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenz%C5%8D_Shirai"},{"link_name":"August 27","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_27"},{"link_name":"Femke Van den Driessche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Femke_Van_den_Driessche"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"Ebru Topçu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebru_Top%C3%A7u"},{"link_name":"August 28","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_28"},{"link_name":"Kim Se-jeong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Se-jeong"},{"link_name":"August 30","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_30"},{"link_name":"Gabriel Barbosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel_Barbosa"},{"link_name":"Chen Dequan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chen_Dequan"}],"sub_title":"August","text":"August 1\nArisa Higashino, Japanese badminton player\nCymphonique Miller, American actress and singer\nAugust 2 – Simone Manuel, American swimmer[35]\nAugust 5\nFrancesca Deagostini, Italian artistic gymnast\nMai Murakami, Japanese artistic gymnast\nAugust 10 – Evan Evagora, Australian actor\nAugust 12 – Arthur, Brazilian footballer\nAugust 14 – Brianna Hildebrand, American actress\nAugust 16 – Caeleb Dressel, American swimmer\nAugust 18 – Jonathan Di Bella, Italian-Canadian kickboxer and current ONE Strawweight Kickboxing World Champion\nAugust 19\nAlmoez Ali, Sudanese-Qatari footballer\nLaura Tesoro, Belgian singer and actress\nAugust 21 – Jasmine Camacho-Quinn, Puerto Rican hurdler[36]\nAugust 24 – Kenzō Shirai, Japanese gymnast\nAugust 27\nFemke Van den Driessche, Belgian cyclist found guilty of mechanical doping[37][38]\nEbru Topçu, Turkish footballer\nAugust 28 – Kim Se-jeong, South Korean singer and actress\nAugust 30\nGabriel Barbosa, Brazilian footballer\nChen Dequan, Chinese short track speed skater","title":"Births"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Zendaya_-_2019_by_Glenn_Francis.jpg"},{"link_name":"Zendaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zendaya"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lili_Reinhart_%26_Cole_Sprouse_(48478655701)_(cropped).jpg"},{"link_name":"Lili Reinhart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lili_Reinhart"},{"link_name":"September 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_1"},{"link_name":"Zendaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zendaya"},{"link_name":"September 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_3"},{"link_name":"Joy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joy_(singer)"},{"link_name":"September 5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_5"},{"link_name":"Sigrid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigrid_(singer)"},{"link_name":"September 9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_9"},{"link_name":"Jaïro Riedewald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ja%C3%AFro_Riedewald"},{"link_name":"September 12","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_12"},{"link_name":"Joshua Cheptegei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joshua_Cheptegei"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"Colin Ford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_Ford"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"September 13","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_13"},{"link_name":"Lili Reinhart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lili_Reinhart"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"September 17","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_17"},{"link_name":"Duje Ćaleta-Car","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duje_%C4%86aleta-Car"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"Esteban Ocon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esteban_Ocon"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"Ella Purnell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ella_Purnell"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"Slayyyter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slayyyter"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"September 19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_19"},{"link_name":"Steve Wijler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Wijler"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"September 23","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_23"},{"link_name":"Lee Hi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Hi"},{"link_name":"Evgeny Rylov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evgeny_Rylov"},{"link_name":"September 25","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_25"},{"link_name":"Mie Nielsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mie_Nielsen"},{"link_name":"September 27","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_27"},{"link_name":"Maxwel Cornet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxwel_Cornet"},{"link_name":"September 28","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_28"},{"link_name":"Michael Ronda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Ronda"}],"sub_title":"September","text":"ZendayaLili ReinhartSeptember 1 – Zendaya, American actress and singer\nSeptember 3 – Joy, South Korean singer and actress\nSeptember 5 – Sigrid, Norwegian singer\nSeptember 9 – Jaïro Riedewald, Dutch footballer\nSeptember 12\nJoshua Cheptegei, Ugandan long-distance runner[39]\nColin Ford, American actor[40]\nSeptember 13 – Lili Reinhart, American actress [41]\nSeptember 17\nDuje Ćaleta-Car, Croatian footballer[42]\nEsteban Ocon, French racing driver[43][44]\nElla Purnell, English actress[45]\nSlayyyter, American singer-songwriter[46][47]\nSeptember 19 – Steve Wijler, Dutch archer[48]\nSeptember 23\nLee Hi, South Korean singer-songwriter\nEvgeny Rylov, Russian swimmer\nSeptember 25 – Mie Nielsen, Danish swimmer\nSeptember 27 – Maxwel Cornet, French-Ivorian footballer\nSeptember 28 – Michael Ronda, Mexican actor and singer","title":"Births"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lewis_Capaldi-8116.jpg"},{"link_name":"Lewis Capaldi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Capaldi"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bella_Hadid_Cannes_2018_2.jpg"},{"link_name":"Bella Hadid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bella_Hadid"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ella_Balinska_during_interview_in_2019_02.png"},{"link_name":"Ella Balinska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ella_Balinska"},{"link_name":"October 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/October_3"},{"link_name":"Kelechi Iheanacho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelechi_Iheanacho"},{"link_name":"October 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/October_4"},{"link_name":"Ella Balinska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ella_Balinska"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"October 7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/October_7"},{"link_name":"Lewis Capaldi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Capaldi"},{"link_name":"October 8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/October_8"},{"link_name":"Sara Takanashi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sara_Takanashi"},{"link_name":"October 9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/October_9"},{"link_name":"Jacob Batalon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob_Batalon"},{"link_name":"Bella Hadid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bella_Hadid"},{"link_name":"October 10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/October_10"},{"link_name":"Oscar Zia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_Zia"},{"link_name":"October 12","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/October_12"},{"link_name":"Vitória Strada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vit%C3%B3ria_Strada"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"October 13","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/October_13"},{"link_name":"Joshua Wong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joshua_Wong"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"Đỗ Mỹ Linh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BB%97_M%E1%BB%B9_Linh"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"October 15","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/October_15"},{"link_name":"Zelo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zelo"},{"link_name":"October 17","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/October_17"},{"link_name":"Cansu Özbay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cansu_%C3%96zbay"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"October 20","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/October_20"},{"link_name":"Anthony Sinisuka Ginting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Sinisuka_Ginting"},{"link_name":"October 24","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/October_24"},{"link_name":"Jaylen Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaylen_Brown"},{"link_name":"Kyla Ross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyla_Ross"},{"link_name":"October 28","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/October_28"},{"link_name":"Lee June-hyoung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_June-hyoung"},{"link_name":"October 30","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/October_30"},{"link_name":"Devin Booker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devin_Booker"}],"sub_title":"October","text":"Lewis CapaldiBella HadidElla BalinskaOctober 3 – Kelechi Iheanacho, Nigerian footballer\nOctober 4 – Ella Balinska, English actress[49][50]\nOctober 7 – Lewis Capaldi, Scottish singer-songwriter\nOctober 8 – Sara Takanashi, Japanese ski jumper\nOctober 9\nJacob Batalon, American-Filipino actor\nBella Hadid, American model\nOctober 10 – Oscar Zia, Swedish singer and songwriter\nOctober 12 – Vitória Strada, Brazilian actress[51]\nOctober 13\nJoshua Wong, Hong Kong student activist and politician[52]\nĐỗ Mỹ Linh, Vietnamese model[53]\nOctober 15 – Zelo, Korean singer\nOctober 17 – Cansu Özbay, Turkish volleyball player[54]\nOctober 20 – Anthony Sinisuka Ginting, Indonesian badminton player\nOctober 24\nJaylen Brown, American basketball player\nKyla Ross, American gymnast\nOctober 28 – Lee June-hyoung, South Korean figure skater\nOctober 30 – Devin Booker, American basketball player","title":"Births"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lil-Peep_PrettyPuke_Photoshoot.png"},{"link_name":"Lil Peep","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lil_Peep"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:LordeRoundhse010622_(17_of_66)_(52119260286)_(cropped2).jpg"},{"link_name":"Lorde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorde"},{"link_name":"November 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/November_1"},{"link_name":"Sean Gelael","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sean_Gelael"},{"link_name":"Lil Peep","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lil_Peep"},{"link_name":"2017","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017"},{"link_name":"Daniela Melchior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniela_Melchior"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"Jeongyeon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeongyeon"},{"link_name":"November 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/November_4"},{"link_name":"Michael Christian Martinez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Christian_Martinez"},{"link_name":"November 7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/November_7"},{"link_name":"André Horta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Horta"},{"link_name":"Lorde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorde"},{"link_name":"November 9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/November_9"},{"link_name":"Nguyễn Thị Ánh Viên","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Th%E1%BB%8B_%C3%81nh_Vi%C3%AAn"},{"link_name":"Momo Hirai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Momo_Hirai"},{"link_name":"November 11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/November_11"},{"link_name":"Adam Ounas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Ounas"},{"link_name":"Tye Sheridan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tye_Sheridan"},{"link_name":"November 14","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/November_14"},{"link_name":"Borna Ćorić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borna_%C4%86ori%C4%87"},{"link_name":"November 16","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/November_16"},{"link_name":"Brendan Murray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brendan_Murray"},{"link_name":"Jan Zieliński","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Zieli%C5%84ski"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"November 17","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/November_17"},{"link_name":"Ruth Jebet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruth_Jebet"},{"link_name":"November 18","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/November_18"},{"link_name":"Akram Afif","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akram_Afif"},{"link_name":"Noah Ringer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noah_Ringer"},{"link_name":"Sorn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorn_(singer)"},{"link_name":"November 19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/November_19"},{"link_name":"Liliána Szilágyi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lili%C3%A1na_Szil%C3%A1gyi"},{"link_name":"Krystsina Tsimanouskaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krystsina_Tsimanouskaya"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"November 20","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/November_20"},{"link_name":"Denis Zakaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denis_Zakaria"},{"link_name":"November 21","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/November_21"},{"link_name":"Gina Lückenkemper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gina_L%C3%BCckenkemper"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"November 22","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/November_22"},{"link_name":"Hailey Bieber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hailey_Bieber"},{"link_name":"November 23","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/November_23"},{"link_name":"James Maddison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Maddison"},{"link_name":"Anna Yanovskaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Yanovskaya"},{"link_name":"November 26","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/November_26"},{"link_name":"Louane Emera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louane_(singer)"},{"link_name":"November 29","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/November_29"},{"link_name":"Gonçalo Guedes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gon%C3%A7alo_Guedes"}],"sub_title":"November","text":"Lil PeepLordeNovember 1\nSean Gelael, Indonesian racing driver\nLil Peep, American rapper (d. 2017)\nDaniela Melchior, Portuguese actress[55]\nJeongyeon, South Korean singer\nNovember 4 – Michael Christian Martinez, Filipino figure skater\nNovember 7\nAndré Horta, Portuguese footballer\nLorde, New Zealand singer-songwriter\nNovember 9\nNguyễn Thị Ánh Viên, Vietnamese swimmer\nMomo Hirai, Japanese singer and dancer\nNovember 11\nAdam Ounas, French-born Algerian footballer\nTye Sheridan, American actor\nNovember 14 – Borna Ćorić, Croatian tennis player\nNovember 16\nBrendan Murray, Irish singer\nJan Zieliński, Polish tennis player[56]\nNovember 17 – Ruth Jebet, Bahraini long-distance runner\nNovember 18\nAkram Afif, Qatari footballer\nNoah Ringer, American actor\nSorn, South Korean-based singer\nNovember 19\nLiliána Szilágyi, Hungarian swimmer\nKrystsina Tsimanouskaya, Belarusian sprinter[57]\nNovember 20 – Denis Zakaria, Swiss footballer\nNovember 21 – Gina Lückenkemper, German sprinter[58]\nNovember 22 – Hailey Bieber, American model and socialite\nNovember 23\nJames Maddison, English footballer\nAnna Yanovskaya, Russian ice dancer\nNovember 26 – Louane Emera, French singer and actress\nNovember 29 – Gonçalo Guedes, Portuguese footballer","title":"Births"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wilfred_Ndidi-Nigeria.jpg"},{"link_name":"Wilfred Ndidi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilfred_Ndidi"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kaitlyn_Dever_Peabody_Awards,_June_2020_(cropped).png"},{"link_name":"Kaitlyn Dever","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaitlyn_Dever"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hailee_Steinfeld_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg"},{"link_name":"Hailee Steinfeld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hailee_Steinfeld"},{"link_name":"December 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/December_4"},{"link_name":"Daria Svatkovskaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daria_Svatkovskaya"},{"link_name":"December 6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/December_6"},{"link_name":"Stefanie Scott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stefanie_Scott"},{"link_name":"December 7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/December_7"},{"link_name":"Gabrielle Thomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabrielle_Thomas"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"December 10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/December_10"},{"link_name":"Joe Burrow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Burrow"},{"link_name":"Kang Daniel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kang_Daniel"},{"link_name":"Ayano Sato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayano_Sato_(speed_skater)"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"Jonas Vingegaard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonas_Vingegaard"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"December 11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/December_11"},{"link_name":"Eliza McCartney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eliza_McCartney"},{"link_name":"Hailee Steinfeld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hailee_Steinfeld"},{"link_name":"December 14","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/December_14"},{"link_name":"Li Zijun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_Zijun"},{"link_name":"December 15","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/December_15"},{"link_name":"Oleksandr Zinchenko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oleksandr_Zinchenko_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"December 16","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/December_16"},{"link_name":"Wilfred Ndidi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilfred_Ndidi"},{"link_name":"December 17","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/December_17"},{"link_name":"Elizaveta Tuktamysheva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizaveta_Tuktamysheva"},{"link_name":"December 19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/December_19"},{"link_name":"Franck Kessié","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franck_Kessi%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"December 21","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/December_21"},{"link_name":"Kaitlyn Dever","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaitlyn_Dever"},{"link_name":"December 28","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/December_28"},{"link_name":"Alfred Kipketer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Kipketer"},{"link_name":"December 29","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/December_29"},{"link_name":"Dylan Minnette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dylan_Minnette"},{"link_name":"Sana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sana_(singer)"}],"sub_title":"December","text":"Wilfred NdidiKaitlyn DeverHailee SteinfeldDecember 4 – Daria Svatkovskaya, Russian artistic gymnast\nDecember 6 – Stefanie Scott, American actress and singer\nDecember 7 – Gabrielle Thomas, American sprinter[59]\nDecember 10\nJoe Burrow, American football player\nKang Daniel, South Korean singer\nAyano Sato, Japanese speed skater[60]\nJonas Vingegaard, Danish cyclist[61]\nDecember 11\nEliza McCartney, New Zealand track and field athlete\nHailee Steinfeld, American actress, model and singer\nDecember 14 – Li Zijun, Chinese figure skater\nDecember 15 – Oleksandr Zinchenko, Ukrainian footballer\nDecember 16 – Wilfred Ndidi, Nigerian footballer\nDecember 17 – Elizaveta Tuktamysheva, Russian figure skater\nDecember 19 – Franck Kessié, Ivorian footballer\nDecember 21 – Kaitlyn Dever, American actress\nDecember 28 – Alfred Kipketer, Kenyan middle-distance runner\nDecember 29\nDylan Minnette, American actor, singer and musician\nSana, Japanese singer","title":"Births"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Deaths"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nobel_medal.png"},{"link_name":"Physics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics"},{"link_name":"David M. Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_M._Lee"},{"link_name":"Douglas D. Osheroff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_D._Osheroff"},{"link_name":"Robert C. Richardson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Coleman_Richardson"},{"link_name":"Chemistry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry"},{"link_name":"Robert Curl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Curl"},{"link_name":"Sir Harold Kroto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Harold_Kroto"},{"link_name":"Richard Smalley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Smalley"},{"link_name":"Medicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine"},{"link_name":"Peter C. Doherty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_C._Doherty"},{"link_name":"Rolf M. Zinkernagel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolf_M._Zinkernagel"},{"link_name":"Literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature"},{"link_name":"Wisława Szymborska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wis%C5%82awa_Szymborska"},{"link_name":"Peace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize"},{"link_name":"Carlos Filipe Ximenes Belo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_Filipe_Ximenes_Belo"},{"link_name":"José Ramos-Horta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ramos-Horta"},{"link_name":"Bank of Sweden Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_Sweden_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences_in_Memory_of_Alfred_Nobel"},{"link_name":"James Mirrlees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Mirrlees"},{"link_name":"William Vickrey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Vickrey"}],"text":"Physics – David M. Lee, Douglas D. Osheroff, Robert C. Richardson\nChemistry – Robert Curl, Sir Harold Kroto, Richard Smalley\nMedicine – Peter C. Doherty, Rolf M. Zinkernagel\nLiterature – Wisława Szymborska\nPeace – Carlos Filipe Ximenes Belo and José Ramos-Horta\nBank of Sweden Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel – James Mirrlees, William Vickrey","title":"Nobel Prizes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Herman Daly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herman_Daly"},{"link_name":"Committee of Soldiers' Mothers of Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Committee_of_Soldiers%27_Mothers_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"Kerala Sasthra Sahithya Parishad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerala_Sasthra_Sahithya_Parishad"},{"link_name":"George Vithoulkas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Vithoulkas"}],"text":"Herman Daly, The Committee of Soldiers' Mothers of Russia, Kerala Sasthra Sahithya Parishad and George Vithoulkas","title":"Right Livelihood Award"}] | [{"image_text":"Clockwise from top-left: The remix of Macarena sung by the Bayside Boys became an international phenomenon; an Antonov-32 plane crashed into a crowded market in Kinshasa, Zaire. 2 people were killed on the plane, but up to 348 people were killed and over 500 were injured on the ground, the accident with the most ground fatalities of any air disaster in history until 2001 and the deadliest airplane crash in Africa; Saudia Flight 763 crashes with Kazakhstan Airlines Flight 1607 in mid-air over Charkhi Dadri, India, making it the world's deadliest mid-air collision with 349 total fatalities and 0 survivors; the wreckage of TWA Flight 800. The plane exploded and crashed 12 minutes after takeoff from New York City in the Atlantic Ocean, with 230 fatalities and 0 survivors, making it the third-deadliest aviation accident in United States history, and birthing conspiracy theories and contributing to the eventual dissolution of Trans World Airlines; eight people die during a blizzard on Mount Everest, the deadliest disaster on Mount Everest which raised questions about the safety of trekking on the mountain; Martin Bryant killed 35 people and injured 28 more during a spree shooting at Port Arthur, Tasmania, contributing to drastic changes among Australia's gun laws; the Israel Defense Forces fired airstrikes at a United Nations compound in southern Lebanon, killing 106 Lebanese civilians; the 1996 Summer Olympics are held in Atlanta, the 100th anniversary of the first modern Olympic game session.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/1996_b.jpg/299px-1996_b.jpg"},{"image_text":"Summit of the Peacemakers in Sharm el-Sheikh","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Summit_of_the_Peacemakers_in_Sharm_el-Sheikh%2C_March_13%2C_1996_II_Dan_Hadani_Archive.jpg/180px-Summit_of_the_Peacemakers_in_Sharm_el-Sheikh%2C_March_13%2C_1996_II_Dan_Hadani_Archive.jpg"},{"image_text":"The electron microscope reveals chain structures in meteorite fragment ALH84001.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/ALH84001_structures.jpg/220px-ALH84001_structures.jpg"},{"image_text":"The first flag of Afghanistan under the Taliban control until 1997","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Flag_of_Taliban_%28original%29.svg/220px-Flag_of_Taliban_%28original%29.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Florence Pugh","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Florence_Pugh_in_2020_%281%29_crop.jpg/100px-Florence_Pugh_in_2020_%281%29_crop.jpg"},{"image_text":"Helly Shah","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Helly_Shah_%2843902370151%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/100px-Helly_Shah_%2843902370151%29_%28cropped%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Jennie","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Kim_Jennie_%28%EA%B9%80%EC%A0%9C%EB%8B%88%29_05.jpg/100px-Kim_Jennie_%28%EA%B9%80%EC%A0%9C%EB%8B%88%29_05.jpg"},{"image_text":"Marco Asensio","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Marco_Asensio_2018.jpg/100px-Marco_Asensio_2018.jpg"},{"image_text":"Kelli Berglund","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Kelli_Berglund_at_Captain_America_Civil_War_premiere.jpg/100px-Kelli_Berglund_at_Captain_America_Civil_War_premiere.jpg"},{"image_text":"Lucas Hernandez","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Lucas_Hernandez_2022.jpg/100px-Lucas_Hernandez_2022.jpg"},{"image_text":"Sasha 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K_J_Somaiya_medical_college | K. J. Somaiya Medical College & Research Centre | ["1 References","2 External links"] | Coordinates: 19°02′50″N 72°52′26″E / 19.0471°N 72.8739°E / 19.0471; 72.8739An automated process has detected links on this page on the local or global blacklist. If the links are appropriate you may request whitelisting by following these instructions; otherwise consider removing or replacing them with more appropriate links. (To hide this tag, set the "invisible" field to "true")List of blacklisted links:
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K. J. Somaiya Medical College & Research CenterMotto in EnglishNeither do I long for Kingdom, nor for heaven, nor do I desire to be free from rebirth. I only wish to remove the sufferings of all beings afflicted by painTypeMedical SchoolEstablished1991 (1991)Parent institutionSomaiya VidyaviharDeanDr Varsha PahdkeLocationMumbai, Maharashtra, IndiaAffiliationsMaharashtra University of Health SciencesWebsitewww.somaiya.edu/KJSMC
K. J. Somaiya Medical College & Research Centre
K. J. Somaiya Medical College & Research Centre is a trust medical college in the heart of Mumbai, Maharashtra, India. The college was founded by Karamshi Jethabhai Somaiya and run by Somaiya trust. It has 100 undergraduate seats for MBBS matriculants.
It is situated in the Somaiya Ayurvihar Complex, a 22.5 acre campus located in central Mumbai. It is currently managed by the Somaiya Trust. The Charitable hospital is also a quarantine facility for COVID-19 patients.
References
^ "MBBS admissions: Medical Council of India recognized colleges in Maharashtra : News". IndiaToday. 27 June 2014. Retrieved 6 November 2016.
External links
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vteColleges affiliated to Maharashtra University of Health SciencesMedical collegesState
Armed Forces Medical College (India)
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College of Physicians & Surgeons of Mumbai
Dr. Shankarrao Chavan Government Medical College
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Dr. D. Y. Patil Medical College, Hospital & Research Centre
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Dr. Vithalrao Vikhe Patil Foundations Medical College & Hospital, Ahmednagar
Indian Institute of Medical Science and Research, Jalna
Jawaharlal Nehru Memorial College, Wardha
K. J. Somaiya Medical College & Research Centre
Krishna Institute of Medical Sciences, Karad
Maharashtra Institute of Medical Education and Research
Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences
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Prakash Institute of Medical Sciences & Research, Sangli
Rural Medical College, Loni
Sindhudurg Shikshan Prasarak Mandal (SSPM) Medical College & Lifetime Hospital, Sindhudurg
SMBT Institute of Medical Sciences & Research Centre, Nashik
Smt. Kashibai Navale Medical College
Terna Medical College
Vedantaa Institute of Medical Sciences, Palghar
19°02′50″N 72°52′26″E / 19.0471°N 72.8739°E / 19.0471; 72.8739
Authority control databases
ISNI
This article about a medical organization or association is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This article about a university or college in Maharashtra, India is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kjsomiya4.png"},{"link_name":"medical college","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_college"},{"link_name":"Mumbai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumbai"},{"link_name":"Maharashtra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maharashtra"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"Karamshi Jethabhai Somaiya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karamshi_Jethabhai_Somaiya"},{"link_name":"MBBS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MBBS"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IndiaToday-1"}],"text":"K. J. Somaiya Medical College & Research CentreK. J. Somaiya Medical College & Research Centre is a trust medical college in the heart of Mumbai, Maharashtra, India. The college was founded by Karamshi Jethabhai Somaiya and run by Somaiya trust. It has 100 undergraduate seats for MBBS matriculants.[1]It is situated in the Somaiya Ayurvihar Complex, a 22.5 acre campus located in central Mumbai. It is currently managed by the Somaiya Trust. The Charitable hospital is also a quarantine facility for COVID-19 patients.","title":"K. J. Somaiya Medical College & Research Centre"}] | [{"image_text":"K. J. Somaiya Medical College & Research Centre","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Kjsomiya4.png/220px-Kjsomiya4.png"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Medical_Alert_Symbol_Star_of_life.svg/100px-Medical_Alert_Symbol_Star_of_life.svg.png"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"MBBS admissions: Medical Council of India recognized colleges in Maharashtra : News\". IndiaToday. 27 June 2014. Retrieved 6 November 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://indiatoday.intoday.in/education/story/mbbs-admissions-mci-recognized-colleges-in-maharashtra/1/368890.html","url_text":"\"MBBS admissions: Medical Council of India recognized colleges in Maharashtra : News\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=K._J._Somaiya_Medical_College_%26_Research_Centre¶ms=19.0471_N_72.8739_E_type:edu_region:IN","external_links_name":"19°02′50″N 72°52′26″E / 19.0471°N 72.8739°E / 19.0471; 72.8739"},{"Link":"http://indiatoday.intoday.in/education/story/mbbs-admissions-mci-recognized-colleges-in-maharashtra/1/368890.html","external_links_name":"http://indiatoday.intoday.in/education/story/mbbs-admissions-mci-recognized-colleges-in-maharashtra/1/368890.html"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22K.+J.+Somaiya+Medical+College+%26+Research+Centre%22","external_links_name":"\"K. J. Somaiya Medical College & Research Centre\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22K.+J.+Somaiya+Medical+College+%26+Research+Centre%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22K.+J.+Somaiya+Medical+College+%26+Research+Centre%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22K.+J.+Somaiya+Medical+College+%26+Research+Centre%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22K.+J.+Somaiya+Medical+College+%26+Research+Centre%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22K.+J.+Somaiya+Medical+College+%26+Research+Centre%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://www.somaiya.edu/KJSMC","external_links_name":"www.somaiya.edu/KJSMC"},{"Link":"http://indiatoday.intoday.in/education/story/mbbs-admissions-mci-recognized-colleges-in-maharashtra/1/368890.html","external_links_name":"\"MBBS admissions: Medical Council of India recognized colleges in Maharashtra : News\""},{"Link":"https://www.somaiya.edu/KJSMC","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=K._J._Somaiya_Medical_College_%26_Research_Centre¶ms=19.0471_N_72.8739_E_type:edu_region:IN","external_links_name":"19°02′50″N 72°52′26″E / 19.0471°N 72.8739°E / 19.0471; 72.8739"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000417749894","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=K._J._Somaiya_Medical_College_%26_Research_Centre&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=K._J._Somaiya_Medical_College_%26_Research_Centre&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tri_Peaks_(Santa_Monica_Mountains) | Tri Peaks (Santa Monica Mountains) | ["1 See also","2 References"] | Coordinates: 34°07′20″N 118°56′59″W / 34.1221102°N 118.9498314°W / 34.1221102; -118.9498314Tri PeaksTri Peaks to the right, besides Exchange Peak to the left, Backbone Trail in the middleHighest pointElevation917 m (3,009 ft)Prominence270 ft (82 m)Isolation1.05 mi (1.69 km)Coordinates34°07′20″N 118°56′59″W / 34.1221102°N 118.9498314°W / 34.1221102; -118.9498314GeographyTri PeaksLocation in CaliforniaShow map of CaliforniaTri PeaksTri Peaks (the United States)Show map of the United States
LocationVentura County, California, U.S.Parent rangeSanta Monica MountainsClimbingEasiest routeTri Peaks Trail
Tri Peaks is, after Sandstone Peak, one of the highest points in the Santa Monica Mountains with an elevation of 3,009 feet (917 m).
See also
Santa Monica Mountains
Santa Monica Mountains National Recreation Area
Backbone Trail
References
^ "Tri Peaks Trail - Malibu". Hikespeak.com. 2019-04-10. Retrieved 2023-06-01.
This Ventura County, California–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sandstone Peak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandstone_Peak"},{"link_name":"Santa Monica Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Monica_Mountains"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Tri Peaks is, after Sandstone Peak, one of the highest points in the Santa Monica Mountains with an elevation of 3,009 feet (917 m).[1]","title":"Tri Peaks (Santa Monica Mountains)"}] | [] | [{"title":"Santa Monica Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Monica_Mountains"},{"title":"Santa Monica Mountains National Recreation Area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Monica_Mountains_National_Recreation_Area"},{"title":"Backbone Trail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backbone_Trail"}] | [{"reference":"\"Tri Peaks Trail - Malibu\". Hikespeak.com. 2019-04-10. Retrieved 2023-06-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hikespeak.com/trails/tri-peaks/","url_text":"\"Tri Peaks Trail - Malibu\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Tri_Peaks_(Santa_Monica_Mountains)¶ms=34.1221102_N_118.9498314_W_type:mountain_region:US-CA_scale:100000_source:GNIS","external_links_name":"34°07′20″N 118°56′59″W / 34.1221102°N 118.9498314°W / 34.1221102; -118.9498314"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Tri_Peaks_(Santa_Monica_Mountains)¶ms=34.1221102_N_118.9498314_W_type:mountain_region:US-CA_scale:100000_source:GNIS","external_links_name":"34°07′20″N 118°56′59″W / 34.1221102°N 118.9498314°W / 34.1221102; -118.9498314"},{"Link":"https://www.hikespeak.com/trails/tri-peaks/","external_links_name":"\"Tri Peaks Trail - Malibu\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tri_Peaks_(Santa_Monica_Mountains)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurent_Guyot | Laurent Guyot | ["1 Playing career","2 Coaching career","2.1 Early years","2.2 Boulogne","2.3 Sedan","2.4 Toronto FC and Cercle Brugge","2.5 Boulogne return and Annecy","3 Honours","3.1 Player","4 References","5 External links"] | French football manager and former player
Laurent GuyotPersonal informationDate of birth
(1969-12-17) 17 December 1969 (age 54)Place of birth
Bourg-la-Reine, FrancePosition(s)
Centre-backTeam informationCurrent team
Annecy (head coach)Youth career1985–1988
NantesSenior career*Years
Team
Apps
(Gls)1988–1998
Nantes
191
(3)1998–1999
Toulouse
15
(0)1999–2002
Guingamp
81
(2)Total
287
(5)International career1990–1991
France U21
3
(0)Managerial career2005–2009
Nantes (Youth academy)2009–2010
Boulogne2011–2013
Sedan2015–2018
Toronto FC (Academy Director)2018
Toronto FC II2018–2019
Cercle Brugge2019–2021
Boulogne2021–
Annecy
*Club domestic league appearances and goals
Laurent Guyot (born 17 December 1969) is a French professional football manager and former player who is the head coach of Ligue 2 club Annecy.
He played as a defender mostly for Nantes, winning Division 1 in 1995, and also represented Toulouse and Guingamp. He began his managerial career with Boulogne in Ligue 1, leading that club and two others in Ligue 2. Abroad, he had brief spells at Toronto FC II in the USL Championship and Cercle Brugge in the Belgian Pro League.
Playing career
Guyot played as a central defender, mainly for Nantes, where he won the Division 1 title in 1995. He also played for Toulouse and Guingamp.
Coaching career
Early years
Guyot was the director of Nantes's youth academy from 2005 to 2009, but left after disagreements with president Waldemar Kita. He was head coach of the U-16 and U-17 French national teams.
Boulogne
On 9 June 2009, Guyot signed a two-year deal at Boulogne, replacing Philippe Montanier who had taken the club from the fourth-tier Championnat de France Amateur to Ligue 1 in five seasons. He chose former Nanets teammate Serge Le Dizet as his assistant coach. On his debut, he lost 3–0 at Rennes on 8 August. His team reached the quarter-finals of the Coupe de France in his first season, but lost 3–1 away at fourth-tier Quevilly.
Boulogne came 19th and were relegated back to Ligue 2 for 2010–11. Guyot was sacked on 27 December, having won four and drawn 11 of the 19 games in the first half of the season.
Sedan
On 26 May 2011, Guyot was named as the manager of Sedan in the same league, signing a two-year contract. On his debut on 23 July, he won 4–1 at home to Monaco in the first round of the Coupe de la Ligue, followed by victories in the next rounds against his former employers Boulogne and Nantes in a run to the last 16. In his first season, the Sangliers finished one place and five points off promotion, but they were relegated 14 points from safety in 2013. The club's owner, Pascal Urano, stopped funding the team during their promotion push in 2012 and instead sold their best players before putting the club into liquidation in August 2013 and thereby being relegated a further tier to the fourth.
Toronto FC and Cercle Brugge
On 29 June 2015, it was announced that Guyot would become the Academy Director at Toronto FC, a role that had been vacant since Greg Vanney was promoted to the first team the previous year.
Guyot was unveiled as the new Toronto FC II coach on 26 January 2018, succeeding Jason Bent. Having achieved only two draws in 12 USL Championship games, he left on 1 June, citing a new opportunity in Europe.
On 7 June 2018, Guyot was hired by newly promoted Belgian Pro League club Cercle Brugge. The following 2 May, having avoided relegation in his only season, he was not maintained.
Boulogne return and Annecy
Guyot returned to Boulogne for a second spell in June 2019. He left at the end of the 2020–21 season, and five days later was announced as head coach of fellow Championnat National side Annecy. He led the club back to the second tier for the first time since 1993 in his first year, as runners-up to Laval.
In the 2022–23 Coupe de France, Guyot led Annecy to their first quarter-final since 1942 and first semi-final of all time, with penalty shootout wins away to Paris FC and Marseille.
Honours
Player
Nantes
Division 1: 1994–95
Coupe de France runner-up: 1992–93
References
^ a b "Guyot remplace Chauvin" . L'Équipe (in French). 26 May 2011. Archived from the original on 27 May 2011.
^ "Guyot débarque à Boulogne" . Le Figaro (in French). 9 June 2009. Retrieved 2 March 2023.
^ "Football : Laurent Guyot s'en va" (in French). Ma Ville. 2 June 2009. Retrieved 2 March 2023.
^ "Laurent Guyot revealed as new Toronto FC II coach". Walking the Red. 26 January 2018.
^ "Guyot signe deux saisons" . L'Équipe (in French). 9 June 2009. Archived from the original on 17 September 2009. Retrieved 26 October 2017.
^ "Ligue 1. Rennes - Boulogne : 3-0". Le Télégramme (in French). 9 August 2009. Retrieved 2 March 2023.
^ "Les amateurs de Quevilly éliminent Boulogne en quart de finale" (in French). France 24. 24 March 2010. Retrieved 2 March 2023.
^ "Ligue 2. Laurent Guyot, entraîneur de Boulogne, limogé" . Ouest-France (in French). 27 December 2010. Retrieved 2 March 2023.
^ "Laurent Guyot : " Un contexte quasi idéal "" (in French). Ma Ville. 27 July 2011. Retrieved 2 March 2023.
^ "Coupe de la Ligue : le FC Nantes éliminé à Sedan (2-0)" (in French). Ma Ville. 31 August 2011. Retrieved 2 March 2023.
^ "CSSA / Laurent Guyot : "J'ai donné le maximum"" . L'Union (in French). 29 May 2013. Retrieved 2 March 2023.
^ Sommer, Célia (29 April 2021). "Football : que sont devenus les clubs de l'élite ayant déposé le bilan ?" (in French). France Info. Retrieved 2 March 2023.
^ "French coach Guyot named Toronto FC academy director". CTV News. 29 June 2015. Retrieved 2 March 2023.
^ "Academy director Laurent Guyot to coach TFC 2 this season". Sportsnet. 26 January 2018. Retrieved 2 March 2023.
^ "Guyot Departs Toronto FC II". USL Championship. 1 June 2018. Retrieved 2 March 2023.
^ "Laurent Guyot nouvel entraîneur du Cercle Bruges" . L'Équipe (in French). 7 June 2018. Retrieved 2 March 2023.
^ Devilez, Alice (2 May 2019). "Le Cercle de Bruges et Laurent Guyot mettent fin à leur collaboration" (in French). RTBF. Retrieved 2 March 2023.
^ "Boulogne : Laurent Guyot, nouvel entraîneur (off.)" (in French). foot-national.com. 7 June 2019.
^ "Boulogne : Laurent Guyot quitte le club (off)" (in French). foot-national.com. 14 May 2021.
^ "Annecy : Laurent Guyot nommé entraineur (off)" (in French). foot-national.com. 19 May 2021.
^ Jay, Edward (13 May 2022). "National. La patiente reconstruction du FC Annecy, officiellement promu en Ligue 2" (in French). BFM TV. Retrieved 2 March 2023.
^ "Football – Coupe de France. L'OM éliminé aux tirs au but par Annecy en quarts de finale" . L'Ardennais (in French). 1 March 2023. Retrieved 2 March 2023.
^ a b Laurent Guyot at FootballDatabase.eu
External links
Laurent Guyot at L'Équipe Football (in French)
FFF Profile
vteFC Annecy – current squad
1 Escales
2 Soukouna
3 Mahop
4 Diaz
5 Kashi
6 Lajugie
7 Djoco
8 Goncalves
9 Spano
10 Caddy
11 Ntignee
12 Testud
13 Jean
14 Mouanga
15 Beyer
16 Callens
17 Pajot
18 Kandil
19 Ntamack
20 Barry
21 Adeline
22 Billemaz
23 Bosetti
24 Kodjia
25 Demoncy
28 Larose
30 Malbec
41 Delphis
Camara
Coach: Guyot
vteCurrent Ligue 2 managers
Pantaloni (Ajaccio)
Daf (Amiens)
Guyot (Annecy)
Moretti (Bastia)
Riera (Bordeaux)
Seube (Caen)
Gastien (Clermont)
Castro (Dunkerque)
Peyrelade (Grenoble)
Dumont (Guingamp)
Frapolli (Laval)
Le Bris (Lorient)
Vacant (Martigues)
Bölöni (Metz)
Gilli (Paris)
Usaï (Pau)
Poirier (Red Star)
Santini (Rodez)
Laurent Guyot – Managerial positions
vteUS Boulogne – managers
Blaud (1936–37)
Payne (1937–39)
Bourbotte & Hauvespré (1950–53)
Bourbotte (1953–56)
Prouff (1956–58)
Meerseman (1959–61)
Prévost (1961–62)
Cheuva (1962–66)
Grizzetti (1966–67)
Schultz (1967)
Laune (1967–69)
Muller & Aubert (1969)
Langrand (1969–73)
Pruvost (1973)
Deladerrière (1973)
Favre (1973–74)
Oliver (1974–75)
Augustine (1975)
Langrand (1975–76)
Langrand & Douglas (1976–79)
Douglas (1979–82)
Souilliez (1982–86)
Zoonekynd (1986–88)
Bodji (1988–89)
Baraffe (1989–90)
Souilliez (1990–92)
Ellena (1992–94)
Langlois (1994–96)
Dupuis (1996–97)
Dupont (1997–98)
Dewilder (1998–99)
Dupuis (1999–2001)
Colinet (2001–03)
Langlois (2003)
Brown (2003–04)
Dupuis (2004)
Montanier (2004–09)
Guyot (2009–10)
Estevan (2010–11)
Plancque (2011–12)
Tournay (2012–13)
Le Mignan (2013–16)
Pochat (2016–17)
Frapolli (2017–19)
Guyot (2019–21)
Chelle (2021)
Jobard (2021–22)
Raymond (2022–23)
Dagneaux & Lecointe (2023–)
vteCS Sedan Ardennes – managers
Weinstock (1946–47)
Dugauguez (1948–63)
Vandooren (1963–64)
Dugauguez (1964–74)
Tordo (1974–75)
Brény (1975–76)
Perrin (1976–78)
Roy (1978–80)
Tordo (1980–87)
Le Flochmoan (1987–94)
Sarramagna (1994–95)
Metsu (1995–98)
Rémy (1998–2000)
Dupont (2000–01)
Stambouli (2001–03)
Bathenay (2003–04)
Romano (2004–06)
Pasqualetti (2006–08)
Chauvin (2008–11)
Guyot (2011–13)
Fouzari (2013–15)
Lemerre (2016)
Marlot (2016)
Usaï (2016–18)
Tambouret (2018–20)
Poirier (2020)
Roch (2020–21)
Saragaglia (2021–)
vteToronto FC II – Head coaches
Bent (2015–17)
Guyot (2017)
Rabasca (2018–19)
Muñoz (2020–21)
Cimni (2022–)
vteCercle Brugge K.S.V. – managers
Dewulf (1910–14)
Saeys (1914–28)
Vanhalme (1928–37)
Maxwell (1937–38)
Fenichel (1938–40)
Vanhalme (1940–41)
Saeys (1941–42)
Stejskal (1942–44)
Baes (1944–46)
Deschepper (1946–48)
Baes (1948–50)
Vanden Bempt (1950–51)
Kennedy (1951–52)
Versyp (1952–1953)
Ruysschaert (1953–54)
Thys (1954–56)
Versyp (1956–57)
Delfour (1958–62)
Bigot (1962–63)
Meuris (1963–66)
Vandooren (1966–67)
Braems (1967–72)
Grijzenhout (1972–77)
Petropoulos (1977–78)
Masyn (1977–78)
Grijzenhout (1978–79)
Canjels (1979–82)
Grijzenhout (1982–83)
Houwaart (1983–84)
Van Kerkhof (1984)
Leekens (1984–87)
Taelman (1987–88)
Rotty (1988–89)
Grijzenhout (1988–91)
Lagrou (1990–91)
Houwaart (1991–94)
Leekens (1993–94)
Tipurić (1994–97)
Verkempinck (1997–98)
Desmedt (1998–99)
Van Wijk (1999–2002)
Tipurić (2002–04)
Van Veldhoven (2004–07)
De Boeck (2007–10)
Peeters (2010–12)
Booy (2012–13)
Staelens (2013–14)
Viðarsson (2014–15)
Van Wijk (2015)
Vanderbiest (2015–16)
Euvrard (2016)
Riga (2016–17)
Vercauteren (2017–18)
Guyot (2018–19)
Jeunechampsc (2019)
Mercadal (2019)
Storck (2019–20)
Clement (2020–21)
De Wulf & Artzc (2021)
Vanderhaeghe (2021)
Thalhammer (2021–22)
Muslic (2022–)
(c) = caretaker manager
vteAnnecy FC – managers
Leduc (1951–56)
Leduc (1957–58)
Golinski (1962–64)
Grillon (1964–68)
Glovacki (1968–69)
Golinski (1969–71)
Gallo (1971–72)
Lavaud (1972–73)
Rey (1973–77)
Laffont (1977–79)
Capaldini (1979–81)
Lang (1981–87)
Korac (1987–89)
Stéphan (1989–92)
Coste (1992–94)
Mastroiani (1994–99)
Kerjean (1999–2000)
Marinkov (2000–02)
Lebel (2002–03)
Fatmi (2003–04)
Chavaroche (2004–05)
Dukic (2005–08)
Marinkov (2008–11)
Poinsignon (2011–16)
Hélder Esteves (2016–19)
Poinsignon (2019–20)
Dru (2020–21)
Chay (2021)
Guyot (2021–)
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Germany | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"Ligue 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ligue_2"},{"link_name":"Annecy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Annecy"},{"link_name":"Nantes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Nantes"},{"link_name":"Division 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ligue_1"},{"link_name":"1995","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1994%E2%80%9395_French_Division_1"},{"link_name":"Toulouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toulouse_FC"},{"link_name":"Guingamp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/En_Avant_Guingamp"},{"link_name":"Boulogne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_Boulogne"},{"link_name":"Ligue 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ligue_1"},{"link_name":"Ligue 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ligue_2"},{"link_name":"Toronto FC II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto_FC_II"},{"link_name":"USL Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USL_Championship"},{"link_name":"Cercle Brugge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cercle_Brugge_K.S.V."},{"link_name":"Belgian Pro League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgian_Pro_League"}],"text":"Laurent Guyot (born 17 December 1969) is a French professional football manager and former player who is the head coach of Ligue 2 club Annecy.He played as a defender mostly for Nantes, winning Division 1 in 1995, and also represented Toulouse and Guingamp. He began his managerial career with Boulogne in Ligue 1, leading that club and two others in Ligue 2. Abroad, he had brief spells at Toronto FC II in the USL Championship and Cercle Brugge in the Belgian Pro League.","title":"Laurent Guyot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nantes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Nantes"},{"link_name":"Division 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ligue_1"},{"link_name":"Toulouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toulouse_FC"},{"link_name":"Guingamp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/En_Avant_Guingamp"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sedan-1"}],"text":"Guyot played as a central defender, mainly for Nantes, where he won the Division 1 title in 1995. He also played for Toulouse and Guingamp.[1]","title":"Playing career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Coaching career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Waldemar Kita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waldemar_Kita"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"sub_title":"Early years","text":"Guyot was the director of Nantes's youth academy from 2005[2] to 2009, but left after disagreements with president Waldemar Kita.[3] He was head coach of the U-16 and U-17 French national teams.[4]","title":"Coaching career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Boulogne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_Boulogne"},{"link_name":"Philippe Montanier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippe_Montanier"},{"link_name":"Championnat de France Amateur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Championnat_National_2"},{"link_name":"Ligue 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ligue_1"},{"link_name":"Serge Le Dizet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serge_Le_Dizet"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Rennes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stade_Rennais_F.C."},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Coupe de France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coupe_de_France"},{"link_name":"Quevilly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_Quevilly-Rouen_M%C3%A9tropole"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Ligue 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ligue_2"},{"link_name":"2010–11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010%E2%80%9311_Ligue_2"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"sub_title":"Boulogne","text":"On 9 June 2009, Guyot signed a two-year deal at Boulogne, replacing Philippe Montanier who had taken the club from the fourth-tier Championnat de France Amateur to Ligue 1 in five seasons. He chose former Nanets teammate Serge Le Dizet as his assistant coach.[5] On his debut, he lost 3–0 at Rennes on 8 August.[6] His team reached the quarter-finals of the Coupe de France in his first season, but lost 3–1 away at fourth-tier Quevilly.[7]Boulogne came 19th and were relegated back to Ligue 2 for 2010–11. Guyot was sacked on 27 December, having won four and drawn 11 of the 19 games in the first half of the season.[8]","title":"Coaching career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sedan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CS_Sedan_Ardennes"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sedan-1"},{"link_name":"Monaco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AS_Monaco_FC"},{"link_name":"Coupe de la Ligue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coupe_de_la_Ligue"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"sub_title":"Sedan","text":"On 26 May 2011, Guyot was named as the manager of Sedan in the same league, signing a two-year contract.[1] On his debut on 23 July, he won 4–1 at home to Monaco in the first round of the Coupe de la Ligue,[9] followed by victories in the next rounds against his former employers Boulogne and Nantes in a run to the last 16.[10] In his first season, the Sangliers finished one place and five points off promotion, but they were relegated 14 points from safety in 2013.[11] The club's owner, Pascal Urano, stopped funding the team during their promotion push in 2012 and instead sold their best players before putting the club into liquidation in August 2013 and thereby being relegated a further tier to the fourth.[12]","title":"Coaching career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Toronto FC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto_FC_Academy"},{"link_name":"Greg Vanney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greg_Vanney"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Toronto FC II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto_FC_II"},{"link_name":"Jason Bent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_Bent"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"USL Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USL_Championship"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Belgian Pro League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgian_Pro_League"},{"link_name":"Cercle Brugge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cercle_Brugge_K.S.V."},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"sub_title":"Toronto FC and Cercle Brugge","text":"On 29 June 2015, it was announced that Guyot would become the Academy Director at Toronto FC, a role that had been vacant since Greg Vanney was promoted to the first team the previous year.[13]Guyot was unveiled as the new Toronto FC II coach on 26 January 2018, succeeding Jason Bent.[14] Having achieved only two draws in 12 USL Championship games, he left on 1 June, citing a new opportunity in Europe.[15]On 7 June 2018, Guyot was hired by newly promoted Belgian Pro League club Cercle Brugge.[16] The following 2 May, having avoided relegation in his only season, he was not maintained.[17]","title":"Coaching career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Championnat National","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Championnat_National"},{"link_name":"Annecy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Annecy"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Laval","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stade_Lavallois"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"2022–23 Coupe de France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022%E2%80%9323_Coupe_de_France"},{"link_name":"Paris FC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_FC"},{"link_name":"Marseille","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympique_de_Marseille"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"sub_title":"Boulogne return and Annecy","text":"Guyot returned to Boulogne for a second spell in June 2019.[18] He left at the end of the 2020–21 season, and five days later was announced as head coach of fellow Championnat National side Annecy.[19][20] He led the club back to the second tier for the first time since 1993 in his first year, as runners-up to Laval.[21]In the 2022–23 Coupe de France, Guyot led Annecy to their first quarter-final since 1942 and first semi-final of all time, with penalty shootout wins away to Paris FC and Marseille.[22]","title":"Coaching career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Honours"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Division 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ligue_1"},{"link_name":"1994–95","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1994%E2%80%9395_French_Division_1"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-23"},{"link_name":"Coupe de France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coupe_de_France"},{"link_name":"1992–93","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992%E2%80%9393_Coupe_de_France"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-23"}],"sub_title":"Player","text":"NantesDivision 1: 1994–95[23]\nCoupe de France runner-up: 1992–93[23]","title":"Honours"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Guyot remplace Chauvin\" [Guyot replaces Chauvin]. L'Équipe (in French). 26 May 2011. Archived from the original on 27 May 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110527231809/http://www.lequipe.fr/Football/breves2011/20110526_114442_guyot-remplace-chauvin.html","url_text":"\"Guyot remplace Chauvin\""},{"url":"https://www.lequipe.fr/Football/breves2011/20110526_114442_guyot-remplace-chauvin.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Guyot débarque à Boulogne\" [Guyot arrives at Boulogne]. Le Figaro (in French). 9 June 2009. Retrieved 2 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lefigaro.fr/flash-actu/2009/06/09/01011-20090609FILSPO00349-guyot-debarque-a-boulogne.php","url_text":"\"Guyot débarque à Boulogne\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Figaro","url_text":"Le Figaro"}]},{"reference":"\"Football : Laurent Guyot s'en va\" [Laurent Guyot is leaving] (in French). Ma Ville. 2 June 2009. Retrieved 2 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://nantes.maville.com/actu/dossiers/OF/sports/sports-detail_-Football-FC-Nantes-Laurent-Guyot-s-en-va-_spo-954348_actu.Htm","url_text":"\"Football : Laurent Guyot s'en va\""}]},{"reference":"\"Laurent Guyot revealed as new Toronto FC II coach\". Walking the Red. 26 January 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wakingthered.com/2018/1/26/16938778/laurent-guyot-revealed-as-new-toronto-fc-ii-coach-tfc-mls-usl-news","url_text":"\"Laurent Guyot revealed as new Toronto FC II coach\""}]},{"reference":"\"Guyot signe deux saisons\" [Guyot signs for two seasons]. L'Équipe (in French). 9 June 2009. Archived from the original on 17 September 2009. Retrieved 26 October 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090917091622/http://www.lequipe.fr/Football/breves2009/20090609_1025_guyot-signe-deux-saisons.html","url_text":"\"Guyot signe deux saisons\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%27%C3%89quipe","url_text":"L'Équipe"},{"url":"https://www.lequipe.fr/Football/breves2009/20090609_1025_guyot-signe-deux-saisons.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Ligue 1. Rennes - Boulogne : 3-0\". Le Télégramme (in French). 9 August 2009. Retrieved 2 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.letelegramme.fr/sports/clubs-football/stade-rennais/ligue-1-rennes-boulogne-3-0-09-08-2009-502327.php","url_text":"\"Ligue 1. Rennes - Boulogne : 3-0\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_T%C3%A9l%C3%A9gramme","url_text":"Le Télégramme"}]},{"reference":"\"Les amateurs de Quevilly éliminent Boulogne en quart de finale\" [Amateurs Quevilly eliminate Boulogne in quarter-finals] (in French). France 24. 24 March 2010. Retrieved 2 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.france24.com/fr/20100324-amateurs-quevilly-eliminent-boulogne-quart-finale","url_text":"\"Les amateurs de Quevilly éliminent Boulogne en quart de finale\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_24","url_text":"France 24"}]},{"reference":"\"Ligue 2. Laurent Guyot, entraîneur de Boulogne, limogé\" [Ligue 1. Laurent Guyot, Boulogne manager, sacked]. Ouest-France (in French). 27 December 2010. Retrieved 2 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ouest-france.fr/sport/ligue-2-laurent-guyot-entraineur-de-boulogne-limoge-622878","url_text":"\"Ligue 2. Laurent Guyot, entraîneur de Boulogne, limogé\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ouest-France","url_text":"Ouest-France"}]},{"reference":"\"Laurent Guyot : \" Un contexte quasi idéal \"\" [Laurent Guyot: \"An almost ideal context\"] (in French). Ma Ville. 27 July 2011. Retrieved 2 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://nantes.maville.com/actu/actudet_-laurent-guyot-un-contexte-quasi-ideal-_47-1887507_actu.Htm","url_text":"\"Laurent Guyot : \" Un contexte quasi idéal \"\""}]},{"reference":"\"Coupe de la Ligue : le FC Nantes éliminé à Sedan (2-0)\" [Coupe de la Ligue: FC Nantes eliminated at Sedan (2-0)] (in French). Ma Ville. 31 August 2011. Retrieved 2 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://nantes.maville.com/actu/actudet_-coupe-de-la-ligue-le-fc-nantes-elimine-a-sedan-2-0-_12981-1975197_actu.Htm","url_text":"\"Coupe de la Ligue : le FC Nantes éliminé à Sedan (2-0)\""}]},{"reference":"\"CSSA / Laurent Guyot : \"J'ai donné le maximum\"\" [CSSA / Laurent Guyot: \"I gave my all\"]. L'Union (in French). 29 May 2013. Retrieved 2 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lunion.fr/art/region/cssa-laurent-guyot-j-ai-donne-le-maximum-ia3b25n49387","url_text":"\"CSSA / Laurent Guyot : \"J'ai donné le maximum\"\""}]},{"reference":"Sommer, Célia (29 April 2021). \"Football : que sont devenus les clubs de l'élite ayant déposé le bilan ?\" [Football: what happened to the elite teams who filed for bankruptcy?] (in French). France Info. Retrieved 2 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.francetvinfo.fr/sports/foot/ligue-2/football-que-sont-devenus-les-clubs-de-lelite-ayant-depose-le-bilan_4604401.html","url_text":"\"Football : que sont devenus les clubs de l'élite ayant déposé le bilan ?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_Info_(TV_channel)","url_text":"France Info"}]},{"reference":"\"French coach Guyot named Toronto FC academy director\". CTV News. 29 June 2015. Retrieved 2 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://toronto.ctvnews.ca/french-coach-guyot-named-toronto-fc-academy-director-1.2446089","url_text":"\"French coach Guyot named Toronto FC academy director\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CTV_News","url_text":"CTV News"}]},{"reference":"\"Academy director Laurent Guyot to coach TFC 2 this season\". Sportsnet. 26 January 2018. Retrieved 2 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sportsnet.ca/soccer/academy-director-laurent-guyot-coach-tfc-2-season/","url_text":"\"Academy director Laurent Guyot to coach TFC 2 this season\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sportsnet","url_text":"Sportsnet"}]},{"reference":"\"Guyot Departs Toronto FC II\". USL Championship. 1 June 2018. Retrieved 2 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.uslchampionship.com/news_article/show/923348","url_text":"\"Guyot Departs Toronto FC II\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USL_Championship","url_text":"USL Championship"}]},{"reference":"\"Laurent Guyot nouvel entraîneur du Cercle Bruges\" [Laurent Guyot new manager of Cercle Brugge]. L'Équipe (in French). 7 June 2018. Retrieved 2 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lequipe.fr/Football/Actualites/Laurent-guyot-nouvel-entraineur-du-cercle-bruges/908457","url_text":"\"Laurent Guyot nouvel entraîneur du Cercle Bruges\""}]},{"reference":"Devilez, Alice (2 May 2019). \"Le Cercle de Bruges et Laurent Guyot mettent fin à leur collaboration\" [Cercle Brugge and Laurent Guyot put an end to their collaboration] (in French). RTBF. Retrieved 2 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rtbf.be/article/le-cercle-de-bruges-et-laurent-guyot-mettent-fin-a-leur-collaboration-10210361","url_text":"\"Le Cercle de Bruges et Laurent Guyot mettent fin à leur collaboration\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RTBF","url_text":"RTBF"}]},{"reference":"\"Boulogne : Laurent Guyot, nouvel entraîneur (off.)\" [Boulogne: Laurent Guyot, new manager (official)] (in French). foot-national.com. 7 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.foot-national.com/foot-boulogne-laurent-guyot-nouvel-entraineur-off-118865.html","url_text":"\"Boulogne : Laurent Guyot, nouvel entraîneur (off.)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Boulogne : Laurent Guyot quitte le club (off)\" [Boulogne: Laurent Guyot leaves the club (official)] (in French). foot-national.com. 14 May 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.foot-national.com/foot-boulogne-laurent-guyot-quitte-le-club-off-155733.html","url_text":"\"Boulogne : Laurent Guyot quitte le club (off)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Annecy : Laurent Guyot nommé entraineur (off)\" [Annecy: Laurent Guyot named manager (official)] (in French). foot-national.com. 19 May 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.foot-national.com/foot-annecy-laurent-guyot-nomme-entraineur-off-156487.html","url_text":"\"Annecy : Laurent Guyot nommé entraineur (off)\""}]},{"reference":"Jay, Edward (13 May 2022). \"National. La patiente reconstruction du FC Annecy, officiellement promu en Ligue 2\" [National. The patient reconstruction of FC Annecy, officially promoted to Ligue 2] (in French). BFM TV. Retrieved 2 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://rmcsport.bfmtv.com/football/national/national-la-patiente-reconstruction-du-fc-annecy-officiellement-promu-en-ligue-2_AV-202205130575.html","url_text":"\"National. La patiente reconstruction du FC Annecy, officiellement promu en Ligue 2\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BFM_TV","url_text":"BFM TV"}]},{"reference":"\"Football – Coupe de France. L'OM éliminé aux tirs au but par Annecy en quarts de finale\" [Football – Coupe de France. L'OM eliminated on penalties by Annecy in quarter-finals]. L'Ardennais (in French). 1 March 2023. Retrieved 2 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lardennais.fr/id461036/article/2023-03-01/football-coupe-de-france-lom-elimine-aux-tirs-au-par-annecy-en-quart-de-finale","url_text":"\"Football – Coupe de France. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galician_gaita | Galician gaita | ["1 Etymology","2 The instrument","2.1 Description","2.2 Songs","3 Famous gaita players","3.1 Galicia","4 See also","5 External links"] | Traditional bagpipe of Galicia and northern Portugal
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Galician gaiteiros (bagpipers)
The Galician gaita (Galician: Gaita galega, Portuguese: Gaita galega, Spanish: Gaita gallega) is the traditional instrument of Galicia and northern Portugal.
The word gaita is used across northern Spain as a generic term for "bagpipe", although in the south of Spain and Portugal it denotes a variety of horn, flute or oboe like instruments according to region.
Etymology
There are many suggestions as to the origin of the name gaita. It has been compared to the names of eastern European bagpipes, such as gaida, gajda, and Slovak gajdy (plurale tantum). The linguist Joan Coromines has suggested that the word gaita most likely derived from a Gothic word gait or gata, meaning "goat"; as the bag of a gaita is made from a whole, case-skinned goat hide. Gothic was spoken in Hispania from the fifth century to the eighth century when the country was ruled by the Visigoths. The Visigoths originated in north-eastern Europe.
The instrument
Galician gaita made by Xosé Manuel Seivane Rivas
The Galician gaita has a conical chanter and a bass drone (ronco) with a second octave. It may have one or two additional drones playing the tonic and dominant notes. Three keys are traditional: D (gaita grileira, lit. "cricket bagpipe"), C (gaita redonda), and B♭ (gaita tumbal). Galician pipe bands playing these instruments have become popular in recent years.
The playing of close harmony (thirds and sixths) with two gaitas of the same key is a typical Galician gaita style.
The bagpipe or gaita is known to have been popular in the Middle Ages, as early as the 9th century, but suffered a decline in popularity from the 16th century until a 19th-century revival. It saw another decline in the middle of the 20th century when the Francoist dictatorship tried to use it for propaganda purposes. Then, beginning in about the 1970s, a roots revival heralded another rebirth. The folk revival may have peaked in the late 1990s, with the release of acclaimed albums by Galician Carlos Núñez (A Irmandade Das Estrelas).
The gaita began to gain popularity with the massive immigration of Galicians to the United States and Latin America. The foundations of Galician Centers (Centro Galego / Casa Galicia) in key cities and capitals, from New York City to Buenos Aires, Argentina.
Traditional use include both solo performances or with a snare-drum known as tamboril (a wooden natural-skinned drum with gut snares), and the bombo, a bass drum.
Description
The player inflates the bag using his mouth through a tube fitted with a non-return valve. Air is driven into the chanter (Galician: punteiro) with the left arm controlling the pressure inside the bag. The chanter has a double reed similar to a shawm or oboe, and a conical bore with seven finger-holes on the front. The bass drone (ronco or roncón) is situated on the player's left shoulder and is pitched two octaves below the key note of the chanter; it has a single reed. Some bagpipes have up to two more drones, including the ronquillo or ronquilla, which sticks out from the bag and plays an octave above the ronco, or the smaller chillón. These two extra drones are located next to the right arm of the player.
The finger-holes include three for the left hand and four for the right, as well as one at the back for the left thumb. The chanter's tonic is played with the top six holes and the thumb hole covered by fingers. Starting at the bottom and (in the Galician fingering pattern) progressively opening holes creates the diatonic scale. Using techniques like cross-fingering and half-holing, the chromatic scale can be created. With extra pressure on the bag, the reed can be played in a second octave, thus giving range of an octave and a half from tonic to top note. It is also possible to close the tone hole with the little finger of the right hand, thus creating a semitone below the tonic.
Songs
Tunes using the gaita are usually songs, with the voice either accompanying the instrumentation or taking turns with it.
The most common type is the muiñeira, a sprightly 6/8 rhythm. Other 6/8 Galician tunes use different steps; they include the carballesa, ribeirana, redonda, chouteira and contrapaso.
Alborada, usually-instrumental tune, most often in 2/4, though sometimes 3/4, and is characterized by a series of descending turning phrases. It is used to begin a day's celebrations, and is played at sunrise.
The foliada is a joyful 3/4 jota-type song, often played at romarías (community gatherings at a local shrine).
Famous gaita players
Galicia
Avelino Cachafeiro
Perfecto Feijoo
Os Campaneiros
Moxenas
Os Rosales
Carlos Núñez
Anxo Lorenzo
Xosé Manuel Budiño
Cristina Pato
Susana Seivane
Carlos Meiga
See also
List of bagpipes
Associação Gaita-de-fole
External links
GaitaForum.com, a discussion forum for gaitas (in Spanish and English)
"Jota da Mahia" performed by Javier Celada (Heiligkreuzkirche Berlin, 2004) Archived 2011-07-23 at the Wayback Machine
Gaita Maker, history of the instrument in Americas and Brazil, Gaita Maker (in Spanish, English, and Portuguese)
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MusicBrainz instrument | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gaiteiros_em_romaria_galega.jpg"},{"link_name":"Galician","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galician_language"},{"link_name":"Portuguese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_language"},{"link_name":"Spanish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_language"},{"link_name":"Galicia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galicia_(Spain)"},{"link_name":"gaita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/gaita#Galician"},{"link_name":"bagpipe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagpipe"}],"text":"Galician gaiteiros (bagpipers)The Galician gaita (Galician: Gaita galega, Portuguese: Gaita galega, Spanish: Gaita gallega) is the traditional instrument of Galicia and northern Portugal.The word gaita is used across northern Spain as a generic term for \"bagpipe\", although in the south of Spain and Portugal it denotes a variety of horn, flute or oboe like instruments according to region.","title":"Galician gaita"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"what language is this?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Which_lang"},{"link_name":"what language is this?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Which_lang"},{"link_name":"Slovak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovak_language"},{"link_name":"plurale tantum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plurale_tantum"},{"link_name":"Joan Coromines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan_Coromines"},{"link_name":"Gothic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothic_language"},{"link_name":"Visigoths","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visigoth"}],"text":"There are many suggestions as to the origin of the name gaita. It has been compared to the names of eastern European bagpipes, such as gaida[what language is this?], gajda[what language is this?], and Slovak gajdy (plurale tantum). The linguist Joan Coromines has suggested that the word gaita most likely derived from a Gothic word gait or gata, meaning \"goat\"; as the bag of a gaita is made from a whole, case-skinned goat hide. Gothic was spoken in Hispania from the fifth century to the eighth century when the country was ruled by the Visigoths. 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The folk revival may have peaked in the late 1990s, with the release of acclaimed albums by Galician Carlos Núñez (A Irmandade Das Estrelas).The gaita began to gain popularity with the massive immigration of Galicians to the United States and Latin America. The foundations of Galician Centers (Centro Galego / Casa Galicia) in key cities and capitals, from New York City to Buenos Aires, Argentina.Traditional use include both solo performances or with a snare-drum known as tamboril (a wooden natural-skinned drum with gut snares), and the bombo, a bass drum.","title":"The instrument"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Galician","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galician_language"},{"link_name":"shawm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shawm"},{"link_name":"oboe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oboe"},{"link_name":"diatonic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diatonic"},{"link_name":"chromatic scale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromatic_scale"}],"sub_title":"Description","text":"The player inflates the bag using his mouth through a tube fitted with a non-return valve. Air is driven into the chanter (Galician: punteiro) with the left arm controlling the pressure inside the bag. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Ele_Lacroix | Centre sportif Guy-Boissière | ["1 Ice rink","1.1 1971 version","1.2 1992 version","2 Swimming pool","3 References","4 External links"] | Coordinates: 49°25′50″N 1°06′14″E / 49.4305°N 1.1040°E / 49.4305; 1.1040Multisports complex in Rouen, France
Centre sportif Guy-BoissiereAddressAvenue Jacques ChastellainLocationRouenMain venueIce rinkOther sports facilitiesAquatic centerOwnerMétropole Rouen NormandieAcreage9948 m2 (original)
Centre sportif Guy-Boissière (English: Guy Boissière Sports Center) is a multisports complex in Rouen, Seine-Maritime, France. It consists of an ice rink and a swimming pool.
The complex was originally known as Centre sportif du Docteur Duchêne, after Doctor Auguste Duchêne (1905 – 1967), a former deputy mayor and president of FC Rouen. In 2006, it was renamed after Guy Boissière (1929 – 2005), a coach for the French national swimming team between 1960 and 1991, and France's 1986 All-Sports Coach of the Year. It is also referred to as Piscine-patinoire de l'île Lacroix (English: Île Lacroix Pool and Ice Rink), after the Seine island it was built on.
Its main ice surface, officially known as Patinoire Nathalie-Péchalat, is the home of ice hockey team Dragons de Rouen and the annual French Cup of synchronized skating.
Ice rink
Ice rink atCentre sportif Guy-BoissièrePatinoire du Centre sportif Guy-BoissièreExecutive suites14Capacity3,279Field size60 × 30 metre(Patinoire olympiqueNatalie-Péchalat)56 × 26 metre(Patinoire Édith-Ballester)ConstructionOpened14 January 1992Renovated2019–20Expanded2020ArchitectArtefactGroupe 3 Architectes(1992 building)Octant Architecture(2020 extension)Main contractorsSogea(1992 building)Eiffage(2020 extension)TenantsDragons de Rouen (Ligue Magnus)(1992–present)
1971 version
The complex's original ice rink was designed by Atelier d'architecture et d'urbanisme de la Bretèque (ATAUB), a multinational firm with offices in metro Rouen. It was inaugurated on 27 December 1971. It replaced a temporary facility built nearby for a 1967 trade fair, and kept in operation by popular demand. The new rink should have opened in late 1970, but burned down in an accidental fire before it was even finished, and had to be rebuilt.
The venue was at the center of a minor controversy in 1986, when the IIHF selected it to host the B-Pool World Junior Championships despite its 56 × 26 metre playing surface, which is below international standards. The Italian Ice Sports Federation protested the decision—to no avail.
While it only offered 920 seats, reports from the building's later years indicate that around 3,000 people could be crammed inside for important games. Following the Dragons' first national title in 1990, Rouen mayor Jean Lecanuet promised them a new home, to be erected on the same grounds as the original. The team played in Le Havre during the rebuild.
1992 version
The new ice arena opened on 14 January 1992. It is a dual ice facility, with the first surface measuring 60 × 30 metre and the second measuring 56 × 26 metre. The building remained largely the same until 2019, with the exception of a €2.35 million refresh in 2010, which was limited to the playing area and refrigeration system, and partially mandated by European environmental law.
In 2012, a multipurpose venue called Kindarena was built in the eastern part of Rouen. However, the city wanted to avoid the costs associated with conversions between basketball and hockey, and it was not designed for the latter. Lower ranked basketball team Rouen Métropole SPO was designated as its main tenant, which was the source of some controversy. Instead, the city and the Dragons started negotiations on an extension to the existing ice rink. The process was limited by the proximity of the river Seine, which necessitated the use of a slightly cantilevered design.
The 700 m2 southern extension only allowed a modest seating capacity increase from 2,747 to 3,029, with extra standing room for a total of 3,279 patrons. But its main revenue driver was the addition of six executive suites (to the existing eight) and a corporate lounge. The roof was also redone to accommodate a suspended video scoreboard, which the previous framework could not support. The extension was accompanied by a remodel of the locker rooms and a general refurbishment of the venue. The project was supported by a broad majority in local political assemblies, and carried out in 2019–20 at a cost of €9.2 million.
In May 2021, the ice rink's Olympic surface took the name of former ice dancer and French Ice Sports Federation president Nathalie Péchalat, while the training surface took that of French synchronized skating pioneer Édith Ballester. The move was part of an initiative from the city's new political majority to primarily name or rename public buildings after women in order to improve female representation in the public space.
Swimming pool
The aquatic center was the first part of the complex to open, and was inaugurated on 2 May 1970. Like the original ice rink, it was designed by ATAUB.
The indoor section has a distinctive concave roof and features an eight-lane, 25-metre indoor pool, as well as a teaching pool. The outdoor pool is 50 metre long and offers ten lanes. It is home to the Vikings, a swim club founded in 1935, which has counted Stéphane Caron and Fabien Gilot among its members.
The pool took the name of longtime Vikings and Team France coach Guy Boissière in May 2006, as did the entire sports center. Later that year, it underwent a €2.7 million overhaul by Agence Lemarié, and an outdoor diving pool was closed and backfilled.
Between 2001 and 2012, the center hosted a swim meet, the Arena Sprint, sponsored by the eponymous swimwear brand. The event attempted to innovate by integrating rock concerts, unusual race formats and apnea record attempts to the experience. It attracted stars like Alexander Popov and Alain Bernard. By 2013 however, an increasingly crowded international calendar had made such big names harder to come by, and the event was cancelled.
References
^ a b c d Massin, Fabien (22 May 2021). "Patinoires de Rouen : ne les appelez plus Guy-Boissière, mais Nathalie-Péchalat et Édith-Ballester". actu.fr. Retrieved 10 January 2022.
^ a b c Projets des agences, Fonds: Dossiers d'oeuvres de la direction de l'Architecture et de l'Urbanisme, File: ATAUB, ID: DAU-ATAUB-71-2. Paris: Centre de documentation de l'IFA, Institut français d'architecture.
^ "Une drôle de configuration". paris-normandie.fr. 26 April 2022. Retrieved 6 September 2022.
^ City of Rouen Municipal Council (24 March 2006). Délibération 17-1 (Report). Retrieved 14 November 2022.
^ "Patinoire de l'île Lacroix". filmfrance.net. 1 March 2017. Retrieved 6 September 2022.
^ "La French Cup galvanise le public à la patinoire Guy-Boissière à Rouen". parie-normandie.fr. 7 February 2016. Retrieved 6 September 2022.
^ a b c "Patinoire Guy-Boissière". pss-archi.eu. 24 December 2020. Retrieved 6 September 2022.
^ a b c Delanoé, Régis (March 2019). "Rouen : bientôt une patinoire à hauteur du talent des hockeyeurs". Sportmag. No. 2 (Normandie ed.).
^ a b Europan 12 : Rouen, France (PDF) (Report). City of Rouen; Europan Europe. 2013.
^ "Un chantier d'envergure chronométré pour la patinoire Guy-Boissière de Rouen". paris-normandie.fr. 1 August 2019. Retrieved 6 September 2022.
^ a b Mateo, Pascal (14 March 2013). "Dans l'antre des Dragons". lepoint.fr. Retrieved 6 September 2022.
^ a b c d Delavaud, Aurélien (12 April 2017). "Rouen. La rénovation de la patinoire de l'Ile Lacroix de Rouen ne fait pas l'unanimité (Notre dossier)". tendanceouest.com. Retrieved 6 September 2022.
^ a b c Alric, Tristan (3 July 2020). "Rouen : les secrets de l'île Lacroix". hockeyhebdo.com. Retrieved 6 September 2022.
^ "Championnats en France". Le Quotidien. Chicoutimi. Agence France presse. 28 October 1986. p. 39.
^ "1/2 finale Amiens vs Rouen match 2". 19/20 (in French). FR3 Picardie. 4 March 1989. Retrieved 9 September 2022.
^ "La revanche du Dragon 1991–1992". rhe76.com. Retrieved 6 September 2022.
^ Massin, Fabien (25 December 2017). "Dans les coulisses de la patinoire Guy-Boissière sur l'île Lacroix, à Rouen". actu.fr. Retrieved 6 September 2022.
^ "Réparation et préparation" (in French). Archived from the original on 24 February 2011. Retrieved 2 June 2012.
^ Ouvry, Stéphanie (27 April 2010). "Rouen : On s'active sur et sous le glaçon". hockeyhebdo.com. Retrieved 10 January 2022.
^ Villy, Isabelle (18 May 2013). "Pourquoi l'élite mondiale du hockey ne joue pas à Rouen". actu.fr. Retrieved 6 September 2022.
^ Villy, Isabelle (30 May 2013). "Patinoire de Rouen : l'agrandissement, c'est pour quand ?". actu.fr. Retrieved 6 September 2022.
^ "Patinoire Guy-Boissière à Rouen : première phase des travaux dans les temps pour la rentrée". paris-normandie.fr. 1 September 2019. Retrieved 6 September 2022.
^ Alexandre, Alain; Jean-Yves, Jean-Yves (August 2003). "De Malaunay à l'île Lacroix" (PDF). Histoire(s) d'agglo. No. 3 (3rd ed.). Agglomération de Rouen Haute-Normandie.
^ "Piscine Guy-Boissière". rouen.fr. Retrieved 6 September 2022.
^ a b c "Dossier Sponsoring" (PDF) (Press release). Club des Vikings de Rouen. 2015. Retrieved 3 November 2021.
^ City of Rouen Municipal Council (22 September 2006). Délibération 17-5 (Report). Retrieved 14 November 2022.
External links
Patinoire olympique Nathalie-Péchalat – Official webpage (in French)
Patinoire de loisirs Édith-Ballester – Official webpage (in French)
Piscine Guy-Boissière – Official webpage (in French)
49°25′50″N 1°06′14″E / 49.4305°N 1.1040°E / 49.4305; 1.1040 | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language"},{"link_name":"Rouen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rouen"},{"link_name":"Seine-Maritime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seine-Maritime"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"ice rink","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_rink"},{"link_name":"swimming pool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swimming_pool"},{"link_name":"deputy mayor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deputy_mayor"},{"link_name":"FC Rouen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Rouen"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Seine island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Ele_Lacroix"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"ice hockey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_hockey"},{"link_name":"Dragons de Rouen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragons_de_Rouen"},{"link_name":"French Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Cup_(synchronized_skating)"},{"link_name":"synchronized skating","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synchronized_skating"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Multisports complex in Rouen, FranceCentre sportif Guy-Boissière (English: Guy Boissière Sports Center) is a multisports complex in Rouen, Seine-Maritime, France. It consists of an ice rink and a swimming pool.\nThe complex was originally known as Centre sportif du Docteur Duchêne, after Doctor Auguste Duchêne (1905 – 1967), a former deputy mayor and president of FC Rouen.[3] In 2006, it was renamed after Guy Boissière (1929 – 2005), a coach for the French national swimming team between 1960 and 1991, and France's 1986 All-Sports Coach of the Year.[4] It is also referred to as Piscine-patinoire de l'île Lacroix (English: Île Lacroix Pool and Ice Rink), after the Seine island it was built on.[5]Its main ice surface, officially known as Patinoire Nathalie-Péchalat, is the home of ice hockey team Dragons de Rouen and the annual French Cup of synchronized skating.[6]","title":"Centre sportif Guy-Boissière"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Ice rink"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ifa-2"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hebdo-13"},{"link_name":"trade fair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_fair"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hebdo-13"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hebdo-13"},{"link_name":"IIHF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IIHF"},{"link_name":"B-Pool World Junior Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1987_World_Junior_Ice_Hockey_Championships#Pool_B"},{"link_name":"playing surface","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_hockey_rink"},{"link_name":"Italian Ice Sports Federation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Ice_Sports_Federation"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-e-pan-9"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"national title","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ligue_Magnus"},{"link_name":"mayor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayor"},{"link_name":"Jean Lecanuet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Lecanuet"},{"link_name":"Le Havre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Havre"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"sub_title":"1971 version","text":"The complex's original ice rink was designed by Atelier d'architecture et d'urbanisme de la Bretèque (ATAUB), a multinational firm with offices in metro Rouen.[2] It was inaugurated on 27 December 1971.[13] It replaced a temporary facility built nearby for a 1967 trade fair, and kept in operation by popular demand.[13] The new rink should have opened in late 1970, but burned down in an accidental fire before it was even finished, and had to be rebuilt.[13]\nThe venue was at the center of a minor controversy in 1986, when the IIHF selected it to host the B-Pool World Junior Championships despite its 56 × 26 metre playing surface, which is below international standards. The Italian Ice Sports Federation protested the decision—to no avail.[14]\nWhile it only offered 920 seats,[9] reports from the building's later years indicate that around 3,000 people could be crammed inside for important games.[15] Following the Dragons' first national title in 1990, Rouen mayor Jean Lecanuet promised them a new home, to be erected on the same grounds as the original. The team played in Le Havre during the rebuild.[16]","title":"Ice rink"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pss-7"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-actu-pati-17"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-to-17-12"},{"link_name":"environmental law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_law"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"multipurpose venue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_arena"},{"link_name":"Rouen Métropole SPO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rouen_M%C3%A9tropole_Basket"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-actu-13-21"},{"link_name":"cantilevered","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantilevered"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-smag-8"},{"link_name":"standing room","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standing_room"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-actu-21-1"},{"link_name":"executive suites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_suites"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-point-11"},{"link_name":"scoreboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scoreboard"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-to-17-12"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-to-17-12"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-smag-8"},{"link_name":"Olympic surface","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_hockey_rink"},{"link_name":"ice dancer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_dancer"},{"link_name":"French Ice Sports Federation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Ice_Sports_Federation"},{"link_name":"Nathalie Péchalat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathalie_P%C3%A9chalat"},{"link_name":"synchronized skating","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synchronized_skating"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-actu-21-1"}],"sub_title":"1992 version","text":"The new ice arena opened on 14 January 1992.[7] It is a dual ice facility, with the first surface measuring 60 × 30 metre and the second measuring 56 × 26 metre.[17] The building remained largely the same until 2019,[12] with the exception of a €2.35 million refresh in 2010, which was limited to the playing area and refrigeration system, and partially mandated by European environmental law.[18][19]In 2012, a multipurpose venue called Kindarena was built in the eastern part of Rouen. However, the city wanted to avoid the costs associated with conversions between basketball and hockey, and it was not designed for the latter. Lower ranked basketball team Rouen Métropole SPO was designated as its main tenant, which was the source of some controversy.[20][21] Instead, the city and the Dragons started negotiations on an extension to the existing ice rink. The process was limited by the proximity of the river Seine, which necessitated the use of a slightly cantilevered design.[22]The 700 m2 southern extension only allowed a modest seating capacity increase from 2,747 to 3,029,[8] with extra standing room for a total of 3,279 patrons.[1] But its main revenue driver was the addition of six executive suites (to the existing eight)[11] and a corporate lounge. The roof was also redone to accommodate a suspended video scoreboard, which the previous framework could not support.[12] The extension was accompanied by a remodel of the locker rooms and a general refurbishment of the venue. The project was supported by a broad majority in local political assemblies,[12] and carried out in 2019–20 at a cost of €9.2 million.[8]In May 2021, the ice rink's Olympic surface took the name of former ice dancer and French Ice Sports Federation president Nathalie Péchalat, while the training surface took that of French synchronized skating pioneer Édith Ballester. The move was part of an initiative from the city's new political majority to primarily name or rename public buildings after women in order to improve female representation in the public space.[1]","title":"Ice rink"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ifa-2"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Stéphane Caron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C3%A9phane_Caron"},{"link_name":"Fabien Gilot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabien_Gilot"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vik-spon-25"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vik-spon-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"swimwear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swimwear"},{"link_name":"rock concerts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_concerts"},{"link_name":"apnea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freediving#Competitive_apnea"},{"link_name":"Alexander Popov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Popov_(swimmer)"},{"link_name":"Alain Bernard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alain_Bernard"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vik-spon-25"}],"text":"The aquatic center was the first part of the complex to open, and was inaugurated on 2 May 1970.[23] Like the original ice rink, it was designed by ATAUB.[2]The indoor section has a distinctive concave roof and features an eight-lane, 25-metre indoor pool, as well as a teaching pool. The outdoor pool is 50 metre long and offers ten lanes.[24] It is home to the Vikings, a swim club founded in 1935, which has counted Stéphane Caron and Fabien Gilot among its members.[25]The pool took the name of longtime Vikings and Team France coach Guy Boissière in May 2006, as did the entire sports center.[25] Later that year, it underwent a €2.7 million overhaul by Agence Lemarié, and an outdoor diving pool was closed and backfilled.[26]Between 2001 and 2012, the center hosted a swim meet, the Arena Sprint, sponsored by the eponymous swimwear brand. The event attempted to innovate by integrating rock concerts, unusual race formats and apnea record attempts to the experience. It attracted stars like Alexander Popov and Alain Bernard. By 2013 however, an increasingly crowded international calendar had made such big names harder to come by, and the event was cancelled.[25]","title":"Swimming pool"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Massin, Fabien (22 May 2021). \"Patinoires de Rouen : ne les appelez plus Guy-Boissière, mais Nathalie-Péchalat et Édith-Ballester\". actu.fr. Retrieved 10 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://actu.fr/normandie/rouen_76540/patinoires-de-rouen-ne-les-appelez-plus-guy-boissiere-mais-nathalie-pechalat-et-edith-ballester_42028905.html","url_text":"\"Patinoires de Rouen : ne les appelez plus Guy-Boissière, mais Nathalie-Péchalat et Édith-Ballester\""}]},{"reference":"Projets des agences, Fonds: Dossiers d'oeuvres de la direction de l'Architecture et de l'Urbanisme, File: ATAUB, ID: DAU-ATAUB-71-2. Paris: Centre de documentation de l'IFA, Institut français d'architecture.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Une drôle de configuration\". paris-normandie.fr. 26 April 2022. Retrieved 6 September 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.paris-normandie.fr/id300881/article/2022-04-26/une-drole-de-configuration","url_text":"\"Une drôle de configuration\""}]},{"reference":"City of Rouen Municipal Council (24 March 2006). Délibération 17-1 (Report). Retrieved 14 November 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://rouen.fr/deliberation/2006-03-24/17-1","url_text":"Délibération 17-1"}]},{"reference":"\"Patinoire de l'île Lacroix\". filmfrance.net. 1 March 2017. Retrieved 6 September 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://locations.filmfrance.net/fr/location/patinoire-de-lile-lacroix","url_text":"\"Patinoire de l'île Lacroix\""}]},{"reference":"\"La French Cup galvanise le public à la patinoire Guy-Boissière à Rouen\". parie-normandie.fr. 7 February 2016. Retrieved 6 September 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.paris-normandie.fr/art/region/la-french-cup-galvanise-le-public-a-la-patinoire-guy-boissiere-a-rouen-BE5060726","url_text":"\"La French Cup galvanise le public à la patinoire Guy-Boissière à Rouen\""}]},{"reference":"\"Patinoire Guy-Boissière\". pss-archi.eu. 24 December 2020. Retrieved 6 September 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pss-archi.eu/immeubles/FR-76540-63198.html","url_text":"\"Patinoire Guy-Boissière\""}]},{"reference":"Delanoé, Régis (March 2019). \"Rouen : bientôt une patinoire à hauteur du talent des hockeyeurs\". Sportmag. No. 2 (Normandie ed.).","urls":[{"url":"http://emag.sportmag.fr/territoire-normandie-mars-2019/rouen-bientot-une-patinoire-a-hauteur-du-talent-des-hockeyeurs","url_text":"\"Rouen : bientôt une patinoire à hauteur du talent des hockeyeurs\""}]},{"reference":"Europan 12 : Rouen, France (PDF) (Report). City of Rouen; Europan Europe. 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.europanfrance.org/europan/content/site/p18nbhgke1gv5sqepbs1u1113pc2.pdf","url_text":"Europan 12 : Rouen, France"}]},{"reference":"\"Un chantier d'envergure chronométré pour la patinoire Guy-Boissière de Rouen\". paris-normandie.fr. 1 August 2019. Retrieved 6 September 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.paris-normandie.fr/art/rouen/un-chantier-d-envergure-chronometre-pour-la-patinoire-guy-boissiere-de-rouen-AA15407043","url_text":"\"Un chantier d'envergure chronométré pour la patinoire Guy-Boissière de Rouen\""}]},{"reference":"Mateo, Pascal (14 March 2013). \"Dans l'antre des Dragons\". lepoint.fr. Retrieved 6 September 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lepoint.fr/villes/dans-l-antre-des-dragons-14-03-2013-1641484_27.php","url_text":"\"Dans l'antre des Dragons\""}]},{"reference":"Delavaud, Aurélien (12 April 2017). \"Rouen. La rénovation de la patinoire de l'Ile Lacroix de Rouen ne fait pas l'unanimité (Notre dossier)\". tendanceouest.com. Retrieved 6 September 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tendanceouest.com/actualite-222397-rouen-la-renovation-de-la-patinoire-de-l-ile-lacroix-de-rouen-ne-fait-pas-l-unanimite-notre-dossier","url_text":"\"Rouen. La rénovation de la patinoire de l'Ile Lacroix de Rouen ne fait pas l'unanimité (Notre dossier)\""}]},{"reference":"Alric, Tristan (3 July 2020). \"Rouen : les secrets de l'île Lacroix\". hockeyhebdo.com. Retrieved 6 September 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hockeyhebdo.com/chronique-9---rouen---les-secrets-de-l-ile-lacroix,604.html","url_text":"\"Rouen : les secrets de l'île Lacroix\""}]},{"reference":"\"Championnats en France\". Le Quotidien. Chicoutimi. Agence France presse. 28 October 1986. p. 39.","urls":[{"url":"https://numerique.banq.qc.ca/patrimoine/details/52327/4222924","url_text":"\"Championnats en France\""}]},{"reference":"\"1/2 finale Amiens vs Rouen match 2\". 19/20 (in French). FR3 Picardie. 4 March 1989. Retrieved 9 September 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y12ZQJD4qGM&ab_channel=LesGothiques","url_text":"\"1/2 finale Amiens vs Rouen match 2\""}]},{"reference":"\"La revanche du Dragon 1991–1992\". rhe76.com. Retrieved 6 September 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rhe76.com/palmaresrouen/archives91.html","url_text":"\"La revanche du Dragon 1991–1992\""}]},{"reference":"Massin, Fabien (25 December 2017). \"Dans les coulisses de la patinoire Guy-Boissière sur l'île Lacroix, à Rouen\". actu.fr. Retrieved 6 September 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://actu.fr/normandie/rouen_76540/en-images-dans-coulisses-patinoire-guy-boissiere-rouen-sur-ile-lacroix_14535817.html","url_text":"\"Dans les coulisses de la patinoire Guy-Boissière sur l'île Lacroix, à Rouen\""}]},{"reference":"\"Réparation et préparation\" (in French). Archived from the original on 24 February 2011. Retrieved 2 June 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110224061057/http://www.rouenhockeyelite76.com/News306?PHPSESSID%3Da78cae76269ef85f72fba0e36275c6f8","url_text":"\"Réparation et préparation\""},{"url":"http://www.rouenhockeyelite76.com/News306?PHPSESSID%3Da78cae76269ef85f72fba0e36275c6f8","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Ouvry, Stéphanie (27 April 2010). \"Rouen : On s'active sur et sous le glaçon\". hockeyhebdo.com. Retrieved 10 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hockeyhebdo.com/news-rouen-on-s-active-sur-et-sous-le-glacon,7595.html","url_text":"\"Rouen : On s'active sur et sous le glaçon\""}]},{"reference":"Villy, Isabelle (18 May 2013). \"Pourquoi l'élite mondiale du hockey ne joue pas à Rouen\". actu.fr. Retrieved 6 September 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://actu.fr/sports/pourquoi-lelite-mondiale-du-hockey-ne-joue-pas-a-rouen_308981.html","url_text":"\"Pourquoi l'élite mondiale du hockey ne joue pas à Rouen\""}]},{"reference":"Villy, Isabelle (30 May 2013). \"Patinoire de Rouen : l'agrandissement, c'est pour quand ?\". actu.fr. Retrieved 6 September 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://actu.fr/normandie/rouen_76540/patinoire-de-rouen-lagrandissement-cest-pour-quand_311785.html","url_text":"\"Patinoire de Rouen : l'agrandissement, c'est pour quand ?\""}]},{"reference":"\"Patinoire Guy-Boissière à Rouen : première phase des travaux dans les temps pour la rentrée\". paris-normandie.fr. 1 September 2019. Retrieved 6 September 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.paris-normandie.fr/art/actualites/societe/patinoire-guy-boissiere-a-rouen--premiere-phase-des-travaux-dans-les-temps-pour-la-rentree-LA15517268","url_text":"\"Patinoire Guy-Boissière à Rouen : première phase des travaux dans les temps pour la rentrée\""}]},{"reference":"Alexandre, Alain; Jean-Yves, Jean-Yves (August 2003). \"De Malaunay à l'île Lacroix\" (PDF). Histoire(s) d'agglo. No. 3 (3rd ed.). Agglomération de Rouen Haute-Normandie.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.metropole-rouen-normandie.fr/sites/default/files/publication/2019/03.pdf","url_text":"\"De Malaunay à l'île Lacroix\""}]},{"reference":"\"Piscine Guy-Boissière\". rouen.fr. Retrieved 6 September 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://rouen.fr/adresse/piscine-guy-boissiere","url_text":"\"Piscine Guy-Boissière\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dossier Sponsoring\" (PDF) (Press release). Club des Vikings de Rouen. 2015. Retrieved 3 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.vikings-rouen.com/uploads/3/0/4/7/30476848/dossier_sponsoring.pdf","url_text":"\"Dossier Sponsoring\""}]},{"reference":"City of Rouen Municipal Council (22 September 2006). Délibération 17-5 (Report). Retrieved 14 November 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://rouen.fr/deliberation/2006-09-22/17-5","url_text":"Délibération 17-5"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Centre_sportif_Guy-Boissi%C3%A8re¶ms=49.4305_N_1.104_E_type:landmark_region:FR","external_links_name":"49°25′50″N 1°06′14″E / 49.4305°N 1.1040°E / 49.4305; 1.1040"},{"Link":"https://actu.fr/normandie/rouen_76540/patinoires-de-rouen-ne-les-appelez-plus-guy-boissiere-mais-nathalie-pechalat-et-edith-ballester_42028905.html","external_links_name":"\"Patinoires de Rouen : ne les appelez plus Guy-Boissière, mais Nathalie-Péchalat et Édith-Ballester\""},{"Link":"https://www.paris-normandie.fr/id300881/article/2022-04-26/une-drole-de-configuration","external_links_name":"\"Une drôle de configuration\""},{"Link":"https://rouen.fr/deliberation/2006-03-24/17-1","external_links_name":"Délibération 17-1"},{"Link":"https://locations.filmfrance.net/fr/location/patinoire-de-lile-lacroix","external_links_name":"\"Patinoire de l'île Lacroix\""},{"Link":"https://www.paris-normandie.fr/art/region/la-french-cup-galvanise-le-public-a-la-patinoire-guy-boissiere-a-rouen-BE5060726","external_links_name":"\"La French Cup galvanise le public à la patinoire Guy-Boissière à Rouen\""},{"Link":"https://www.pss-archi.eu/immeubles/FR-76540-63198.html","external_links_name":"\"Patinoire Guy-Boissière\""},{"Link":"http://emag.sportmag.fr/territoire-normandie-mars-2019/rouen-bientot-une-patinoire-a-hauteur-du-talent-des-hockeyeurs","external_links_name":"\"Rouen : bientôt une patinoire à hauteur du talent des hockeyeurs\""},{"Link":"https://www.europanfrance.org/europan/content/site/p18nbhgke1gv5sqepbs1u1113pc2.pdf","external_links_name":"Europan 12 : Rouen, France"},{"Link":"https://www.paris-normandie.fr/art/rouen/un-chantier-d-envergure-chronometre-pour-la-patinoire-guy-boissiere-de-rouen-AA15407043","external_links_name":"\"Un chantier d'envergure chronométré pour la patinoire Guy-Boissière de Rouen\""},{"Link":"https://www.lepoint.fr/villes/dans-l-antre-des-dragons-14-03-2013-1641484_27.php","external_links_name":"\"Dans l'antre des Dragons\""},{"Link":"https://www.tendanceouest.com/actualite-222397-rouen-la-renovation-de-la-patinoire-de-l-ile-lacroix-de-rouen-ne-fait-pas-l-unanimite-notre-dossier","external_links_name":"\"Rouen. La rénovation de la patinoire de l'Ile Lacroix de Rouen ne fait pas l'unanimité (Notre dossier)\""},{"Link":"http://www.hockeyhebdo.com/chronique-9---rouen---les-secrets-de-l-ile-lacroix,604.html","external_links_name":"\"Rouen : les secrets de l'île Lacroix\""},{"Link":"https://numerique.banq.qc.ca/patrimoine/details/52327/4222924","external_links_name":"\"Championnats en France\""},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y12ZQJD4qGM&ab_channel=LesGothiques","external_links_name":"\"1/2 finale Amiens vs Rouen match 2\""},{"Link":"https://www.rhe76.com/palmaresrouen/archives91.html","external_links_name":"\"La revanche du Dragon 1991–1992\""},{"Link":"https://actu.fr/normandie/rouen_76540/en-images-dans-coulisses-patinoire-guy-boissiere-rouen-sur-ile-lacroix_14535817.html","external_links_name":"\"Dans les coulisses de la patinoire Guy-Boissière sur l'île Lacroix, à Rouen\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110224061057/http://www.rouenhockeyelite76.com/News306?PHPSESSID%3Da78cae76269ef85f72fba0e36275c6f8","external_links_name":"\"Réparation et préparation\""},{"Link":"http://www.rouenhockeyelite76.com/News306?PHPSESSID%3Da78cae76269ef85f72fba0e36275c6f8","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.hockeyhebdo.com/news-rouen-on-s-active-sur-et-sous-le-glacon,7595.html","external_links_name":"\"Rouen : On s'active sur et sous le glaçon\""},{"Link":"https://actu.fr/sports/pourquoi-lelite-mondiale-du-hockey-ne-joue-pas-a-rouen_308981.html","external_links_name":"\"Pourquoi l'élite mondiale du hockey ne joue pas à Rouen\""},{"Link":"https://actu.fr/normandie/rouen_76540/patinoire-de-rouen-lagrandissement-cest-pour-quand_311785.html","external_links_name":"\"Patinoire de Rouen : l'agrandissement, c'est pour quand ?\""},{"Link":"https://www.paris-normandie.fr/art/actualites/societe/patinoire-guy-boissiere-a-rouen--premiere-phase-des-travaux-dans-les-temps-pour-la-rentree-LA15517268","external_links_name":"\"Patinoire Guy-Boissière à Rouen : première phase des travaux dans les temps pour la rentrée\""},{"Link":"https://www.metropole-rouen-normandie.fr/sites/default/files/publication/2019/03.pdf","external_links_name":"\"De Malaunay à l'île Lacroix\""},{"Link":"https://rouen.fr/adresse/piscine-guy-boissiere","external_links_name":"\"Piscine Guy-Boissière\""},{"Link":"https://www.vikings-rouen.com/uploads/3/0/4/7/30476848/dossier_sponsoring.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Dossier Sponsoring\""},{"Link":"https://rouen.fr/deliberation/2006-09-22/17-5","external_links_name":"Délibération 17-5"},{"Link":"https://rouen.fr/adresse/patinoire-olympique-pechalat","external_links_name":"Patinoire olympique Nathalie-Péchalat – Official webpage"},{"Link":"https://rouen.fr/adresse/patinoire-loisirs-ballester","external_links_name":"Patinoire de loisirs Édith-Ballester – Official webpage"},{"Link":"https://rouen.fr/adresse/piscine-guy-boissiere","external_links_name":"Piscine Guy-Boissière – Official webpage"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Centre_sportif_Guy-Boissi%C3%A8re¶ms=49.4305_N_1.104_E_type:landmark_region:FR","external_links_name":"49°25′50″N 1°06′14″E / 49.4305°N 1.1040°E / 49.4305; 1.1040"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adpar | Adpar | ["1 History","2 Notable people","3 References"] | Coordinates: 52°02′28″N 4°28′01″W / 52.041°N 4.467°W / 52.041; -4.467Village in Ceredigion, Wales
Human settlement in WalesAdparLooking over the bridge across the Teifi to AdparAdparLocation within CeredigionOS grid referenceSN309409CommunityLlandyfriogPrincipal areaCeredigionPreserved countyDyfedCountryWalesSovereign stateUnited KingdomPoliceDyfed-PowysFireMid and West WalesAmbulanceWelsh
UK ParliamentCeredigionSenedd Cymru – Welsh ParliamentCeredigion
List of places
UK
Wales
Ceredigion
52°02′28″N 4°28′01″W / 52.041°N 4.467°W / 52.041; -4.467
Adpar, formerly Trefhedyn, is a village in Ceredigion, Wales, in the community of Llandyfriog, now considered as a part of Newcastle Emlyn to which it is joined by a bridge across the River Teifi. In ancient times Adpar was a borough in its own right.
History
The Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Wales records a "possible medieval castle motte" within the village. The mound is low, about 3.5 metres in height and damaged in subsequent periods.
Plaque marking the establishment of the first printing press in Wales
At one time Adpar was relatively more important than it is now. It was an ancient borough, returned its own member of parliament, and had a Portreeve and two bailiffs. It had a market and several seasonal animal fairs. Several industrial enterprises used the fast-flowing waters of the River Teifi for power, including a woollen mill that produced flannel, blankets and knitting yarn. There was also a fishing weir above the bridge to catch migratory salmon.
The first permanent printing press was established in Adpar in 1719 by Isaac Carter (printer and native of Carmarthenshire). It is believed that the first two publications from this press were Welsh language Cân o Senn i’w hen Feistr Tobacco ("song from Senn to his old master, tobacco") by Alban Thomas and Cân ar Fesur Triban ynghylch Cydwybod a’i Chynheddfau ("Song in triplet measure concerning conscience and its qualities"). The press was transferred to Carmarthen in about 1725.
The last duel that took place in Cardiganshire occurred in Adpar in 1814.
Notable people
In birth order:
John Elwyn (1916–1997), British painter, illustrator and educator
References
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Adpar.
^ a b c "About Adpar". Newcastle Emlyn and Adpar / Castell Newydd Emlyn ac Adpar. Archived from the original on 8 October 2009. Retrieved 11 November 2009.
^ "ADPAR, MOTTE". Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Wales. 2009. Retrieved 11 November 2009.
^ Jenkins, J. Geraint. Ceredigion: Interpreting an Ancient County. Gwasg Careg Gwalch (2005) pg. 25.
This article about a location in Wales is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ceredigion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceredigion"},{"link_name":"Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wales"},{"link_name":"community","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_(Wales)"},{"link_name":"Llandyfriog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llandyfriog"},{"link_name":"Newcastle Emlyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newcastle_Emlyn"},{"link_name":"River Teifi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Teifi"},{"link_name":"borough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borough"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ne-1"}],"text":"Village in Ceredigion, WalesHuman settlement in WalesAdpar, formerly Trefhedyn, is a village in Ceredigion, Wales, in the community of Llandyfriog, now considered as a part of Newcastle Emlyn to which it is joined by a bridge across the River Teifi. In ancient times Adpar was a borough in its own right.[1]","title":"Adpar"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Commission_on_the_Ancient_and_Historical_Monuments_of_Wales"},{"link_name":"motte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motte"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-am-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:First_Printing_Press_in_Wales_-_geograph.org.uk_-_707501.jpg"},{"link_name":"Portreeve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portreeve"},{"link_name":"bailiffs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bailiff"},{"link_name":"fishing weir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fishing_weir"},{"link_name":"salmon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salmon"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"printing press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Printing_press"},{"link_name":"Isaac Carter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Isaac_Carter&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Welsh language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh_language"},{"link_name":"Alban Thomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alban_Thomas"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ne-1"},{"link_name":"duel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duel"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ne-1"}],"text":"The Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Wales records a \"possible medieval castle motte\" within the village. The mound is low, about 3.5 metres in height and damaged in subsequent periods.[2]Plaque marking the establishment of the first printing press in WalesAt one time Adpar was relatively more important than it is now. It was an ancient borough, returned its own member of parliament, and had a Portreeve and two bailiffs. It had a market and several seasonal animal fairs. Several industrial enterprises used the fast-flowing waters of the River Teifi for power, including a woollen mill that produced flannel, blankets and knitting yarn. There was also a fishing weir above the bridge to catch migratory salmon.[3]The first permanent printing press was established in Adpar in 1719 by Isaac Carter (printer and native of Carmarthenshire). It is believed that the first two publications from this press were Welsh language Cân o Senn i’w hen Feistr Tobacco (\"song from Senn to his old master, tobacco\") by Alban Thomas and Cân ar Fesur Triban ynghylch Cydwybod a’i Chynheddfau (\"Song in triplet measure concerning conscience and its qualities\"). The press was transferred to Carmarthen in about 1725.[1]The last duel that took place in Cardiganshire occurred in Adpar in 1814.[1]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John Elwyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Elwyn"}],"text":"In birth order:John Elwyn (1916–1997), British painter, illustrator and educator","title":"Notable people"}] | [{"image_text":"Plaque marking the establishment of the first printing press in Wales","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/First_Printing_Press_in_Wales_-_geograph.org.uk_-_707501.jpg/220px-First_Printing_Press_in_Wales_-_geograph.org.uk_-_707501.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"About Adpar\". Newcastle Emlyn and Adpar / Castell Newydd Emlyn ac Adpar. Archived from the original on 8 October 2009. Retrieved 11 November 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091008070817/http://www.newcastle-emlyn.com/adpar","url_text":"\"About Adpar\""},{"url":"http://www.newcastle-emlyn.com/adpar","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"ADPAR, MOTTE\". Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Wales. 2009. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbas_Kamel | Abbas Kamel | ["1 Education","2 Career","3 Awards","4 References","5 External links"] | Director of Egyptian General Intelligence Directorate
Abbas KamelDirector of the General Intelligence DirectorateIncumbentAssumed office 28 June 2018PresidentAbdel Fattah el-SisiPreceded byKhaled Fawzy
Personal detailsBorn1957 (age 66–67)NationalityEgyptianMilitary serviceAllegiance EgyptBranch/serviceEgyptian ArmyRank
Major GeneralBattles/warsGulf War
Major General Abbas Kamel (Arabic: عباس كامل; born 1957) is the current Director of the Egyptian General Intelligence Directorate (EGID). He was previously the Chief of Staff to the President Abdel Fattah el-Sisi.
Education
Abbas Kamel graduated from Military college in 1978, then served as an officer in the armored corps. He received an advanced armament course from the United States of America. He also had strategy courses for military attachés from the Geneva Centre for Security Policy.
Career
Kamel was the Deputy Egyptian Defense Attaché at the Egyptian embassy in the Czech Republic. He worked in the Military Intelligence and Reconnaissance of the Military Attaché Department until assuming the chairmanship of the branch.
Kamel became the Director of the Office of the Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces in 2012. In 2014, he served as the Chief of Staff to the President Abdel Fattah el-Sisi, until his appointment as Head of the General Intelligence Service in 2018.
In May 2021, Kamel met Israeli and Palestinian officials following the Israel–Palestine crisis. In August 2021, he met Israeli Prime Minister Naftali Bennett and Defense Minister Benny Gantz to prevent new clashes with Hamas.
Awards
Kamel was honored with the longest service medal and a second-class Order of the Republic, as well as a medal from the Brazilian State.
References
^ "Abbas Kamel - EgyptToday". www.egypttoday.com. Retrieved 28 March 2021.
^ "Sisi appoints Abbas Kamel as acting intelligence chief". EgyptToday. 18 January 2018. Retrieved 28 March 2021.
^ "Egypt appoints new military intelligence chief". Arab News. Retrieved 28 March 2021.
^ "Sisi sacks Egypt's spymaster days after embarrassing leaks". Middle East Eye. Retrieved 28 March 2021.
^ "StackPath". dailynewsegypt.com. Retrieved 28 March 2021.
^ "Sisi names Major General Abbas Kamel as acting intelligence chief". www.sis.gov.eg. Retrieved 28 March 2021.
^ "Netanyahu meets with Egyptian intelligence chief Abbas Kamel". jns.org. 30 May 2021.
^ "Egypt intelligence chief expected in occupied Palestinian territories after Israel-Gaza truce". The Straits Times. 30 May 2021.
^ "Bennett meets Egyptian spy chief on Gaza, is invited to visit Cairo within weeks". The Times of Israel. 18 August 2021.
External links
Abbas Kamel, the ubiquitous spy chief consolidating Sisi's power, Intelligence Online, January 20, 2023 (requires free registration) | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Major General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_Army_ranks"},{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language"},{"link_name":"Egyptian General Intelligence Directorate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_General_Intelligence_Directorate"},{"link_name":"Abdel Fattah el-Sisi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdel_Fattah_el-Sisi"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Major General Abbas Kamel (Arabic: عباس كامل; born 1957) is the current Director of the Egyptian General Intelligence Directorate (EGID). He was previously the Chief of Staff to the President Abdel Fattah el-Sisi.[1][2][3][4][5][6]","title":"Abbas Kamel"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"military attachés","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_attach%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Geneva Centre for Security Policy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geneva_Centre_for_Security_Policy"}],"text":"Abbas Kamel graduated from Military college in 1978, then served as an officer in the armored corps. He received an advanced armament course from the United States of America. He also had strategy courses for military attachés from the Geneva Centre for Security Policy.","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Czech Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Republic"},{"link_name":"Military Intelligence and Reconnaissance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_Intelligence_and_Reconnaissance_(Egypt)"},{"link_name":"Israel–Palestine crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Israel%E2%80%93Palestine_crisis"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Naftali Bennett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naftali_Bennett"},{"link_name":"Benny Gantz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benny_Gantz"},{"link_name":"Hamas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamas"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Kamel was the Deputy Egyptian Defense Attaché at the Egyptian embassy in the Czech Republic. He worked in the Military Intelligence and Reconnaissance of the Military Attaché Department until assuming the chairmanship of the branch.Kamel became the Director of the Office of the Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces in 2012. In 2014, he served as the Chief of Staff to the President Abdel Fattah el-Sisi, until his appointment as Head of the General Intelligence Service in 2018.In May 2021, Kamel met Israeli and Palestinian officials following the Israel–Palestine crisis.[7][8] In August 2021, he met Israeli Prime Minister Naftali Bennett and Defense Minister Benny Gantz to prevent new clashes with Hamas.[9]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Order of the Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Republic_(Egypt)"},{"link_name":"Brazilian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil"}],"text":"Kamel was honored with the longest service medal and a second-class Order of the Republic, as well as a medal from the Brazilian State.","title":"Awards"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Abbas Kamel - EgyptToday\". www.egypttoday.com. Retrieved 28 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.egypttoday.com/Tag/43193/Abbas-Kamel","url_text":"\"Abbas Kamel - EgyptToday\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sisi appoints Abbas Kamel as acting intelligence chief\". EgyptToday. 18 January 2018. Retrieved 28 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.egypttoday.com/Article/1/40447/Sisi-appoints-Abbas-Kamel-as-acting-intelligence-chief","url_text":"\"Sisi appoints Abbas Kamel as acting intelligence chief\""}]},{"reference":"\"Egypt appoints new military intelligence chief\". Arab News. Retrieved 28 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.arabnews.com/node/1424726/amp","url_text":"\"Egypt appoints new military intelligence chief\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sisi sacks Egypt's spymaster days after embarrassing leaks\". Middle East Eye. Retrieved 28 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.middleeasteye.net/news/sisi-sacks-egypts-spymaster-days-after-embarrassing-leaks","url_text":"\"Sisi sacks Egypt's spymaster days after embarrassing leaks\""}]},{"reference":"\"StackPath\". dailynewsegypt.com. Retrieved 28 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://dailynewsegypt.com/2018/06/28/abbas-kamel-officially-heads-egypts-general-intelligence-services/","url_text":"\"StackPath\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sisi names Major General Abbas Kamel as acting intelligence chief\". www.sis.gov.eg. Retrieved 28 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sis.gov.eg/Story/123235?lang=en-us","url_text":"\"Sisi names Major General Abbas Kamel as acting intelligence chief\""}]},{"reference":"\"Netanyahu meets with Egyptian intelligence chief Abbas Kamel\". jns.org. 30 May 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jns.org/netanyahu-meets-with-egyptian-intelligence-chief-abbas-kamel/","url_text":"\"Netanyahu meets with Egyptian intelligence chief Abbas Kamel\""}]},{"reference":"\"Egypt intelligence chief expected in occupied Palestinian territories after Israel-Gaza truce\". The Straits Times. 30 May 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.straitstimes.com/world/middle-east/egypt-intelligence-chief-expected-in-occupied-palestinian-territories-after-israel","url_text":"\"Egypt intelligence chief expected in occupied Palestinian territories after Israel-Gaza truce\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bennett meets Egyptian spy chief on Gaza, is invited to visit Cairo within weeks\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niall_McCarthy_(judge) | Niall McCarthy (judge) | ["1 Early life and career","2 Judicial career","3 References"] | Irish judge (1925–1992)
Niall McCarthyJudge of the Supreme CourtIn office1 November 1982 – 1 October 1992Nominated byGovernment of IrelandAppointed byPatrick Hillery
Personal detailsBorn(1925-05-25)25 May 1925Cork, IrelandDied2 October 1992(1992-10-02) (aged 67)Seville, SpainCause of deathCar accidentSpouse
Barbara McCarthy (m. 1941)Children4EducationClongowes Wood CollegeAlma materUniversity College DublinKing's Inns
Niall McCarthy (25 May 1925 – 2 October 1992) was an Irish judge who served as a Judge of the Supreme Court from 1982 to 1992.
Early life and career
McCarthy was born in Cork in 1925. He was the son of a district court judge. He was educated at Clongowes Wood College, the Christian Brothers in Dún Laoghaire, and later at University College Dublin. He was called to the Bar in 1945 and the inner Bar in 1959. He was chairman of the Bar Council of Ireland from 1980 until his appointment to the Supreme Court in 1982. A renowned barrister of his day, his work included representing Charles Haughey in the Arms Trial and to act for Gulf Oil in the Whiddy Island Disaster (1979) and for the owners of the Stardust fire venue (1981): he was the country's advocate of choice for two decades.
Judicial career
On the Supreme Court, to which he was appointed on 1 November 1982, McCarthy seen as a consistently liberal voice. Though a firm respecter of the separation of powers, he was entirely without deference to the executive and sometimes took government and legislature severely to task. He berated the Government for its "inexcusable" failure to introduce appropriate laws with regard to abortion. He was affectionately known by his colleagues as "God".
He sat in 238 reported cases and a much larger number of unreported cases. Judicial writing is often dry, but the advocate's panache occasionally surfaced: in McGarry v. Sligo County Council 1 Irish Reports 99, the case which prevented the Carrowmore megalithic tombs complex from being turned into a pithead, he quoted a Yeats verse and heartily endorsed a Swedish archaeologist's rhetorical question, 'Do the Irish have no pride?’
In Norris v. Attorney General I. R. 36, heard only a few months after McCarthy's appointment, his dissenting judgment is a tour de force of classic liberalism. He noted that under the law as it then stood, the male homosexual suffered legal sanctions not visited upon 'the venal, the dishonest, the corrupt and the like'. He expounded a notably broad theory of the legal standing necessary to raise particular constitutional issues and firmly rejected the view, analogous to American 'originalism', that the mores prevailing when the constitution was adopted in 1937 are determinative of a contemporary constitutional challenge. He plangently asserted the right to privacy, at the end of perhaps the most important and influential dissenting judgment for fifty years.
In Trimbole v. Governor of Mountjoy Prison I. R. 550, McCarthy firmly rejected the view that a state (in that case, a garda) illegality might lead to judicial rebuke but should not interfere with the result of the case. The authorities, he said, 'must not be permitted to think' along those lines. On the contrary, such conduct: will result in the immediate enforcement, without qualification, of the constitutional rights of the individual concerned whatever the consequences may be. If the consequences are such as to enable a fugitive to escape justice then such consequences are not of the court's creation; they spring from the police illegality.
In Attorney General v. X , the notorious abortion injunction case, he eschewed the narrow ground that found favour with some others and baldly declared 'to go to another State to do something lawfully done there cannot . . . admit of a restraining order'. He pointed to the obvious need for legislation to reconcile the separate rights acknowledged in the eighth (abortion) amendment to the constitution: ‘The failure of the Legislature to enact the appropriate legislation is no longer just unfortunate; it is inexcusable.’ The amendment itself was, McCarthy said, ‘historically divisive of our people’.
On 21 August 1992, just weeks before his sudden death, McCarthy delivered a coruscating dissent in Attorney General v. Hamilton 2 I. R. 250, the case that upheld the Reynolds government's claim to absolute confidentiality for cabinet discussions. This was in the context of the Hamilton tribunal enquiries into the issue of export credit insurance: McCarthy appended to his judgment the civil service note of what Mr Reynolds had said the government had decided on that topic. Though McCarthy was in the minority (with Mr Justice Séamus Egan), the absolute confidentiality found to attach was removed by the twelfth amendment to the constitution of 1997.
On 1 October 1992, Niall McCarthy and his wife were killed in a motor accident near Seville in Spain whilst he was a sitting judge.
References
^ Niall McCarthy. Modern Irish lifes. 13 February 2011. ISBN 9780717114665.
^ "For all our sakes the Government must define the rights of the unborn". Sunday Business Post. 13 February 2011. Archived from the original on 26 October 2012. Retrieved 6 March 2011.
^ "Should inquiries be supervised by the courts?". Sunday Business Post. 13 February 2011. Archived from the original on 21 July 2011. Retrieved 6 March 2011.
^ "Obituary: Judge Niall McCarthy". The Independent. 4 October 1992. Retrieved 23 June 2023.
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
Czech Republic
People
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He was the son of a district court judge. He was educated at Clongowes Wood College, the Christian Brothers in Dún Laoghaire, and later at University College Dublin. He was called to the Bar in 1945 and the inner Bar in 1959.[1] He was chairman of the Bar Council of Ireland from 1980 until his appointment to the Supreme Court in 1982. A renowned barrister of his day, his work included representing Charles Haughey in the Arms Trial and to act for Gulf Oil in the Whiddy Island Disaster (1979) and for the owners of the Stardust fire venue (1981): he was the country's advocate of choice for two decades.","title":"Early life and career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"originalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Originalism"},{"link_name":"Attorney General v. 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Sligo County Council [1991] 1 Irish Reports 99, the case which prevented the Carrowmore megalithic tombs complex from being turned into a pithead, he quoted a Yeats verse and heartily endorsed a Swedish archaeologist's rhetorical question, 'Do the Irish have no pride?’In Norris v. Attorney General [1984] I. R. 36, heard only a few months after McCarthy's appointment, his dissenting judgment is a tour de force of classic liberalism. He noted that under the law as it then stood, the male homosexual suffered legal sanctions not visited upon 'the venal, the dishonest, the corrupt and the like'. He expounded a notably broad theory of the legal standing necessary to raise particular constitutional issues and firmly rejected the view, analogous to American 'originalism', that the mores prevailing when the constitution was adopted in 1937 are determinative of a contemporary constitutional challenge. He plangently asserted the right to privacy, at the end of perhaps the most important and influential dissenting judgment for fifty years.In Trimbole v. Governor of Mountjoy Prison [1985] I. R. 550, McCarthy firmly rejected the view that a state (in that case, a garda) illegality might lead to judicial rebuke but should not interfere with the result of the case. The authorities, he said, 'must not be permitted to think' along those lines. On the contrary, such conduct: will result in the immediate enforcement, without qualification, of the constitutional rights of the individual concerned whatever the consequences may be. If the consequences are such as to enable a fugitive to escape justice then such consequences are not of the court's creation; they spring from the police illegality.In Attorney General v. 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This was in the context of the Hamilton tribunal enquiries into the issue of export credit insurance: McCarthy appended to his judgment the civil service note of what Mr Reynolds had said the government had decided on that topic. Though McCarthy was in the minority (with Mr Justice Séamus Egan), the absolute confidentiality found to attach was removed by the twelfth amendment to the constitution of 1997.On 1 October 1992, Niall McCarthy and his wife were killed in a motor accident near Seville in Spain whilst he was a sitting judge.[4]","title":"Judicial career"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Niall McCarthy. Modern Irish lifes. 13 February 2011. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entartete_Kunst | Degenerate art | ["1 Theories of degeneracy","2 Weimar reactionism","3 Nazi purge","4 Entartete Kunst exhibit","5 Fate of the artists and their work","6 Artists in the 1937 Munich show","7 Artistic movements condemned as degenerate","8 Listing","9 21st-century reactions","10 In popular culture","11 See also","12 References","12.1 Notes","12.2 Bibliography","13 External links"] | Pejorative term used by the Nazi Party for modern art
Joseph Goebbels views the Degenerate Art Exhibition.
Degenerate art (German: Entartete Kunst) was a term adopted in the 1920s by the Nazi Party in Germany to describe modern art. During the dictatorship of Adolf Hitler, German modernist art, including many works of internationally renowned artists, was removed from state-owned museums and banned in Nazi Germany on the grounds that such art was an "insult to German feeling", un-German, Freemasonic, Jewish, or Communist in nature. Those identified as degenerate artists were subjected to sanctions that included being dismissed from teaching positions, being forbidden to exhibit or to sell their art, and in some cases being forbidden to produce art.
Degenerate Art also was the title of a 1937 exhibition held by the Nazis in Munich, consisting of 650 modernist artworks that the Nazis had taken from museums, that were poorly hung alongside graffiti and text labels mocking the art and the artists. Designed to inflame public opinion against modernism, the exhibition subsequently traveled to several other cities in Germany and Austria.
While modern styles of art were prohibited, the Nazis promoted paintings and sculptures that were traditional in manner and that exalted the "blood and soil" values of racial purity, militarism, and obedience. Similar restrictions were placed upon music, which was expected to be tonal and free of any jazz influences; disapproved music was termed degenerate music. Films and plays were also censored.
Theories of degeneracy
Das Magdeburger Ehrenmal (the Magdeburg cenotaph), by Ernst Barlach was declared to be degenerate art due to the "deformity" and emaciation of the figures—corresponding to Nordau's theorized connection between "mental and physical degeneration".
The term Entartung (or "degeneracy") had gained currency in Germany by the late 19th century when the critic and author Max Nordau devised the theory presented in his 1892 book Entartung. Nordau drew upon the writings of the criminologist Cesare Lombroso, whose The Criminal Man, published in 1876, attempted to prove that there were "born criminals" whose atavistic personality traits could be detected by scientifically measuring abnormal physical characteristics. Nordau developed from this premise a critique of modern art, explained as the work of those so corrupted and enfeebled by modern life that they have lost the self-control needed to produce coherent works. He attacked Aestheticism in English literature and described the mysticism of the Symbolist movement in French literature as a product of mental pathology. Explaining the painterliness of Impressionism as the sign of a diseased visual cortex, he decried modern degeneracy while praising traditional German culture. Despite the fact that Nordau was Jewish and a key figure in the Zionist movement (Lombroso was also Jewish), his theory of artistic degeneracy would be seized upon by German Nazis during the Weimar Republic as a rallying point for their antisemitic and racist demand for Aryan purity in art.
Belief in a Germanic spirit—defined as mystical, rural, moral, bearing ancient wisdom, and noble in the face of a tragic destiny—existed long before the rise of the Nazis; the composer Richard Wagner celebrated such ideas in his writings. Beginning before World War I, the well-known German architect and painter Paul Schultze-Naumburg's influential writings, which invoked racial theories in condemning modern art and architecture, supplied much of the basis for Adolf Hitler's belief that classical Greece and the Middle Ages were the true sources of Aryan art. Schultze-Naumburg subsequently wrote such books as Die Kunst der Deutschen. Ihr Wesen und ihre Werke (The art of the Germans. Its nature and its works) and Kunst und Rasse (Art and Race), the latter published in 1928, in which he argued that only racially pure artists could produce a healthy art which upheld timeless ideals of classical beauty, while racially mixed modern artists produced disordered artworks and monstrous depictions of the human form. By reproducing examples of modern art next to photographs of people with deformities and diseases, he graphically reinforced the idea of modernism as a sickness. Alfred Rosenberg developed this theory in Der Mythos des 20. Jahrhunderts (Myth of the Twentieth Century), published in 1933, which became a best-seller in Germany and made Rosenberg the Party's leading ideological spokesman.
Weimar reactionism
A still from The Cabinet of Dr. CaligariSee also: Secession (art), Decadent movement, and Jugendstil
The early 20th century was a period of wrenching changes in the arts. The development of modern art at the beginning of the 20th century, albeit with roots going back to the 1860s, denoted a revolutionary divergence from traditional artistic values to ones based on the personal perceptions and feelings of the artists. Under the Weimar government of the 1920s, Germany emerged as a leading center of the avant-garde. It was the birthplace of Expressionism in painting and sculpture, of the atonal musical compositions of Arnold Schoenberg, and the jazz-influenced work of Paul Hindemith and Kurt Weill. Films such as Robert Wiene's The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari (1920) and F. W. Murnau's Nosferatu (1922) brought Expressionism to cinema.
In the visual arts, such innovations as Fauvism, Cubism, Dada, and Surrealism—following Symbolism and Post-Impressionism—were not universally appreciated. The majority of people in Germany, as elsewhere, did not care for the new art, which many resented as elitist, morally suspect, and too often incomprehensible. Artistic rejection of traditional authority, intimately linked to the Industrial Revolution, the individualistic values of the Age of Enlightenment and the advance of democracy as the preferred form of government, was exhilarating to some. However, it proved extremely threatening to others, as it took away the security they felt under the older way of things.
Wilhelm II, who took an active interest in regulating art in Germany, criticized Impressionism as "gutter painting" (Gossenmalerei) and forbade Käthe Kollwitz from being awarded a medal for her print series A Weavers' Revolt when it was displayed in the Berlin Grand Exhibition of the Arts in 1898. In 1913, the Prussian house of representatives passed a resolution "against degeneracy in art".
The Nazis viewed the culture of the Weimar period with disgust. Their response stemmed partly from a conservative aesthetic taste and partly from their determination to use culture as a propaganda tool. On both counts, a painting such as Otto Dix's War Cripples (1920) was anathema to them. It unsparingly depicts four badly disfigured veterans of the First World War, then a familiar sight on Berlin's streets, rendered in caricatured style. (In 1937, it would be displayed in the Degenerate Art exhibition next to a label accusing Dix—himself a volunteer in World War I—of "an insult to the German heroes of the Great War".)
Art historian Henry Grosshans says that Hitler "saw Greek and Roman art as uncontaminated by Jewish influences. Modern art was an act of aesthetic violence by the Jews against the German spirit. Such was true to Hitler even though only Liebermann, Meidner, Freundlich, and Marc Chagall, among those who made significant contributions to the German modernist movement, were Jewish. But Hitler ... took upon himself the responsibility of deciding who, in matters of culture, thought and acted like a Jew." The supposedly "Jewish" nature of all art that was indecipherable, distorted, or that represented "depraved" subject matter was explained through the concept of degeneracy, which held that distorted and corrupted art was a symptom of an inferior race. By propagating the theory of degeneracy, the Nazis combined their antisemitism with their drive to control the culture, thus consolidating public support for both campaigns.
Nazi purge
Once in control of the government, the Nazis moved to suppress modern art styles and to promote art with national and racial themes. Various Weimar-era art personalities, including Renner, Huelsenbeck, and the Bauhaus designers, were marginalized.
In 1930 Wilhelm Frick, a Nazi, became Minister for Culture and Education in the state of Thuringia. By his order, 70 mostly Expressionist paintings were removed from the permanent exhibition of the Weimar Schlossmuseum in 1930, and the director of the König Albert Museum in Zwickau, Hildebrand Gurlitt, was dismissed for displaying modern art.
Albert Gleizes, 1912, Landschaft bei Paris, Paysage près de Paris, Paysage de Courbevoie, missing from Hannover since 1937
Jean Metzinger, 1913, En Canot (Im Boot), oil on canvas, 146 x 114 cm, confiscated by the Nazis c.1936 and displayed at the Degenerate Art Exhibition in Munich. The painting has been missing ever since.Hitler's rise to power on 30 January 1933, was quickly followed by actions intended to cleanse the culture of degeneracy: book burnings were organized, artists and musicians were dismissed from teaching positions, and curators who had shown a partiality for modern art were replaced by Party members. In September 1933, the Reichskulturkammer (Reich Culture Chamber) was established, with Joseph Goebbels, Hitler's Reichsminister für Volksaufklärung und Propaganda (Reich Minister for Public Enlightenment and Propaganda) in charge. Sub-chambers within the Culture Chamber, representing the individual arts (music, film, literature, architecture, and the visual arts) were created; these were membership groups consisting of "racially pure" artists supportive of the Party, or willing to be compliant. Goebbels made it clear: "In future only those who are members of a chamber are allowed to be productive in our cultural life. Membership is open only to those who fulfill the entrance condition. In this way all unwanted and damaging elements have been excluded." By 1935 the Reich Culture Chamber had 100,000 members.
As dictator, Hitler gave his personal taste in art the force of law to a degree never before seen. Only in Stalin's Soviet Union, where Socialist Realism was the mandatory style, had a modern state shown such concern with regulation of the arts. In the case of Germany, the model was to be classical Greek and Roman art, regarded by Hitler as an art whose exterior form embodied an inner racial ideal.
Nonetheless, during 1933–1934 there was some confusion within the Party on the question of Expressionism. Goebbels and some others believed that the forceful works of such artists as Emil Nolde, Ernst Barlach and Erich Heckel exemplified the Nordic spirit; as Goebbels explained, "We National Socialists are not unmodern; we are the carrier of a new modernity, not only in politics and in social matters, but also in art and intellectual matters." However, a faction led by Alfred Rosenberg despised the Expressionists, and the result was a bitter ideological dispute, which was settled only in September 1934, when Hitler declared that there would be no place for modernist experimentation in the Reich. This edict left many artists initially uncertain as to their status. The work of the Expressionist painter Emil Nolde, a committed member of the Nazi party, continued to be debated even after he was ordered to cease artistic activity in 1936. For many modernist artists, such as Max Beckmann, Ernst Ludwig Kirchner, and Oskar Schlemmer, it was not until June 1937 that they surrendered any hope that their work would be tolerated by the authorities.
Although books by Franz Kafka could no longer be bought by 1939, works by ideologically suspect authors such as Hermann Hesse and Hans Fallada were widely read. Mass culture was less stringently regulated than high culture, possibly because the authorities feared the consequences of too heavy-handed interference in popular entertainment. Thus, until the outbreak of the war, most Hollywood films could be screened, including It Happened One Night, San Francisco, and Gone with the Wind. While performance of atonal music was banned, the prohibition of jazz was less strictly enforced. Benny Goodman and Django Reinhardt were popular, and leading British and American jazz bands continued to perform in major cities until the war; thereafter, dance bands officially played "swing" rather than the banned jazz.
Entartete Kunst exhibit
Main article: Degenerate Art Exhibition
Entartete Kunst poster, Berlin, 1938
Letter to Emil Nolde in 1941 from Adolf Ziegler, who declares that Nolde's art is degenerate art, and forbids him to paint.
By 1937, the concept of degeneracy was firmly entrenched in Nazi policy. On 30 June of that year Goebbels put Adolf Ziegler, the head of Reichskammer der Bildenden Künste (Reich Chamber of Visual Art), in charge of a six-man commission authorized to confiscate from museums and art collections throughout the Reich, any remaining art deemed modern, degenerate, or subversive. These works were then to be presented to the public in an exhibit intended to incite further revulsion against the "perverse Jewish spirit" penetrating German culture.
Over 5000 works were seized, including 1052 by Nolde, 759 by Heckel, 639 by Ernst Ludwig Kirchner and 508 by Max Beckmann, as well as smaller numbers of works by such artists as Alexander Archipenko, Marc Chagall, James Ensor, Albert Gleizes, Henri Matisse, Jean Metzinger, Pablo Picasso, and Vincent van Gogh. The Entartete Kunst exhibit, featuring over 650 paintings, sculptures, prints, and books from the collections of 32 German museums, premiered in Munich on 19 July 1937, and remained on view until 30 November, before traveling to 11 other cities in Germany and Austria.
The exhibit was held on the second floor of a building formerly occupied by the Institute of Archaeology. Viewers had to reach the exhibit by means of a narrow staircase. The first sculpture was an oversized, theatrical portrait of Jesus, which purposely intimidated viewers as they literally bumped into it in order to enter. The rooms were made of temporary partitions and deliberately chaotic and overfilled. Pictures were crowded together, sometimes unframed, usually hung by cord.
The first three rooms were grouped thematically. The first room contained works considered demeaning of religion; the second featured works by Jewish artists in particular; the third contained works deemed insulting to the women, soldiers and farmers of Germany. The rest of the exhibit had no particular theme.
There were slogans painted on the walls. For example:
Insolent mockery of the Divine under Centrist rule
Revelation of the Jewish racial soul
An insult to German womanhood
The ideal—cretin and whore
Deliberate sabotage of national defense
German farmers—a Yiddish view
The Jewish longing for the wilderness reveals itself—in Germany the Negro becomes the racial ideal of a degenerate art
Madness becomes method
Nature as seen by sick minds
Even museum bigwigs called this the "art of the German people"
Speeches of Nazi party leaders contrasted with artist manifestos from various art movements, such as Dada and Surrealism. Next to many paintings were labels indicating how much money a museum spent to acquire the artwork. In the case of paintings acquired during the post-war Weimar hyperinflation of the early 1920s, when the cost of a kilogram loaf of bread reached 233 billion German marks, the prices of the paintings were of course greatly exaggerated. The exhibit was designed to promote the idea that modernism was a conspiracy by people who hated German decency, frequently identified as Jewish-Bolshevist, although only 6 of the 112 artists included in the exhibition were in fact Jewish.
The exhibition program contained photographs of modern artworks accompanied by defamatory text. The cover featured the exhibition title—with the word "Kunst", meaning art, in scare quotes—superimposed on an image of Otto Freundlich's sculpture Der Neue Mensch.
A few weeks after the opening of the exhibition, Goebbels ordered a second and more thorough scouring of German art collections; inventory lists indicate that the artworks seized in this second round, combined with those gathered prior to the exhibition, amounted to 16,558 works.
Coinciding with the Entartete Kunst exhibition, the Große Deutsche Kunstausstellung (Great German art exhibition) made its premiere amid much pageantry. This exhibition, held at the palatial Haus der deutschen Kunst (House of German Art), displayed the work of officially approved artists such as Arno Breker and Adolf Wissel. At the end of four months Entartete Kunst had attracted over two million visitors, nearly three and a half times the number that visited the nearby Große Deutsche Kunstausstellung.
Fate of the artists and their work
Self-portrait by Elfriede Lohse-Wächtler, who was murdered at Sonnenstein Euthanasia Centre in 1940 Avant-garde German artists were branded both enemies of the state and a threat to German culture. Many went into exile. Max Beckmann fled to Amsterdam on the opening day of the Entartete Kunst exhibit. Max Ernst emigrated to America with the assistance of Peggy Guggenheim. Ernst Ludwig Kirchner committed suicide in Switzerland in 1938. Paul Klee spent his years in exile in Switzerland, yet was unable to obtain Swiss citizenship because of his status as a degenerate artist. A leading German dealer, Alfred Flechtheim, died penniless in exile in London in 1937.
Other artists remained in internal exile. Otto Dix retreated to the countryside to paint unpeopled landscapes in a meticulous style that would not provoke the authorities. The Reichskulturkammer forbade artists such as Edgar Ende and Emil Nolde from purchasing painting materials. Those who remained in Germany were forbidden to work at universities and were subject to surprise raids by the Gestapo in order to ensure that they were not violating the ban on producing artwork; Nolde secretly carried on painting, but using only watercolors (so as not to be betrayed by the telltale odor of oil paint). Although officially no artists were put to death because of their work, those of Jewish descent who did not escape from Germany in time were sent to concentration camps. Others were murdered in the Action T4 (see, for example, Elfriede Lohse-Wächtler).
After the exhibit, only the most valuable paintings were sorted out to be included in the auction held by Galerie Theodor Fischer (auctioneer) in Luzern, Switzerland, on 30 June 1939 at the Grand Hotel National. The sale consisted of artworks seized from German public museums; some pieces from the sale were acquired by museums, others by private collectors such as Maurice Wertheim who acquired the 1888 self-portrait by Vincent van Gogh that was seized from the Neue Staatsgalerie in Munich belonging to today's Bavarian State Painting Collections. Nazi officials took many for their private use: for example, Hermann Göring took 14 valuable pieces, including a Van Gogh and a Cézanne. In March 1939, the Berlin Fire Brigade burned about 4,000 paintings, drawings and prints that had apparently little value on the international market. This was an act of unprecedented vandalism, although the Nazis were well used to book burnings on a large scale.
A large amount of "degenerate art" by Picasso, Dalí, Ernst, Klee, Léger and Miró was destroyed in a bonfire on the night of 27 July 1942, in the gardens of the Galerie nationale du Jeu de Paume in Paris. Whereas it was forbidden to export "degenerate art" to Germany, it was still possible to buy and sell artworks of "degenerate artists" in occupied France. The Nazis considered indeed that they should not be concerned by Frenchmen's mental health. As a consequence, many works made by these artists were sold at the main French auction house during the occupation.
The couple Sophie and Emanuel Fohn, who exchanged the works for harmless works of art from their own possession and kept them in safe custody throughout the National Socialist era, saved about 250 works by ostracized artists. The collection survived in South Tyrol from 1943 and was handed over to the Bavarian State Painting Collections in 1964.
After the collapse of Nazi Germany and the invasion of Berlin by the Red Army, some artwork from the exhibit was found buried underground. It is unclear how many of these then reappeared in the Hermitage Museum in Saint Petersburg, where they still remain.
In 2010, as work began to extend an underground line from Alexanderplatz through the historic city centre to the Brandenburg Gate, a number of sculptures from the degenerate art exhibition were unearthed in the cellar of a private house close to the "Rote Rathaus". These included, for example, the bronze cubist-style statue of a female dancer by the artist Marg Moll, and are on display at the Neues Museum.
Artists in the 1937 Munich show
Jankel Adler
Hans Baluschek
Ernst Barlach
Rudolf Bauer
Philipp Bauknecht
Otto Baum
Willi Baumeister
Herbert Bayer
Max Beckmann
Rudolf Belling
Paul Bindel
Theodor Brün
Max Burchartz
Fritz Burger-Mühlfeld
Paul Camenisch
Heinrich Campendonk
Karl Caspar
Maria Caspar-Filser
Pol Cassel
Marc Chagall
Lovis Corinth
Heinrich Maria Davringhausen
Walter Dexel
Johannes Diesner
Otto Dix
Pranas Domšaitis
Hans Christoph Drexel
Johannes Driesch
Heinrich Eberhard
Max Ernst
Hans Feibusch
Lyonel Feininger
Conrad Felixmüller
Otto Freundlich
Xaver Fuhr
Ludwig Gies
Werner Gilles
Otto Gleichmann
Rudolf Großmann
George Grosz
Hans Grundig
Rudolf Haizmann
Raoul Hausmann
Guido Hebert
Erich Heckel
Wilhelm Heckrott
Jacoba van Heemskerck
Hans Siebert von Heister
Oswald Herzog
Werner Heuser
Heinrich Hoerle
Karl Hofer
Eugen Hoffmann
Johannes Itten
Alexej von Jawlensky
Eric Johansson
Hans Jürgen Kallmann
Wassily Kandinsky
Hanns Katz
Ernst Ludwig Kirchner
Paul Klee
Cesar Klein
Paul Kleinschmidt
Oskar Kokoschka
Otto Lange
Wilhelm Lehmbruck
Elfriede Lohse-Wächtler
El Lissitzky
Oskar Lüthy
Franz Marc
Gerhard Marcks
Ewald Mataré
Ludwig Meidner
Jean Metzinger
Constantin von Mitschke-Collande
László Moholy-Nagy
Marg Moll
Oskar Moll
Johannes Molzahn
Piet Mondrian
Georg Muche
Otto Mueller
Magda Nachman Acharya
Erich Nagel
Heinrich Nauen
Ernst Wilhelm Nay
Karel Niestrath
Emil Nolde
Otto Pankok
Max Pechstein
Max Peiffer Watenphul
Hans Purrmann
Max Rauh
Hans Richter
Emy Roeder
Christian Rohlfs
Edwin Scharff
Oskar Schlemmer
Rudolf Schlichter
Karl Schmidt-Rottluff
Werner Scholz
Lothar Schreyer
Otto Schubert
Kurt Schwitters
Lasar Segall
Fritz Skade
Heinrich Stegemann
Fritz Stuckenberg
Paul Thalheimer
Johannes Tietz
Arnold Topp
Friedrich Vordemberge-Gildewart
Karl Völker
Christoph Voll
William Wauer
Gert Heinrich Wollheim
Artistic movements condemned as degenerate
Bauhaus
Cubism
Dada
Expressionism
Fauvism
Impressionism
Post-Impressionism
New Objectivity
Surrealism
Listing
The Reichsministerium für Volksaufklärung und Propaganda (Reich Ministry of Public Enlightenment and Propaganda) compiled a 479-page, two-volume typewritten listing of the works confiscated as "degenerate" from Germany's public institutions in 1937–38. In 1996 the Victoria and Albert Museum in London acquired the only known surviving copy of the complete listing. The document was donated to the V&A's National Art Library by Elfriede Fischer, the widow of the art dealer Heinrich Robert ("Harry") Fischer. Copies were made available to other libraries and research organisations at the time, and much of the information was subsequently incorporated into a database maintained by the Freie Universität Berlin.
A digital reproduction of the entire inventory was published on the Victoria and Albert Museum's website in January 2014. The V&A's publication consists of two PDFs, one for each of the original volumes. Both PDFs also include an introduction in English and German. An online version of the inventory was made available on the V&A's website in November 2019, with additional features. The new edition uses IIIF page-turning software and incorporates an interactive index arranged by city and museum. The earlier PDF edition remains available too.
The V&A's copy of the full inventory is thought to have been compiled in 1941 or 1942, after the sales and disposals were completed. Two copies of an earlier version of Volume 1 (A–G) also survive in the German Federal Archives in Berlin, and one of these is annotated to show the fate of individual artworks. Until the V&A obtained the complete inventory in 1996, all versions of Volume 2 (G–Z) were thought to have been destroyed. The listings are arranged alphabetically by city, museum and artist. Details include artist surname, inventory number, title and medium, followed by a code indicating the fate of the artwork, then the surname of the buyer or art dealer (if any) and any price paid. The entries also include abbreviations to indicate whether the work was included in any of the various Entartete Kunst exhibitions (see Degenerate Art Exhibition) or Der ewige Jude (see The Eternal Jew (art exhibition)).
The main dealers mentioned are Bernhard A. Böhmer (or Boehmer), Karl Buchholz, Hildebrand Gurlitt, and Ferdinand Möller. The manuscript also contains entries for many artworks acquired by the artist Emanuel Fohn, in exchange for other works.
21st-century reactions
Neil Levi, writing in The Chronicle of Higher Education, suggested that the branding of art as "degenerate" was only partly an aesthetic aim of the Nazis. Another was the confiscation of valuable artwork, a deliberate means to enrich the regime.
In popular culture
A Picasso, a play by Jeffrey Hatcher based loosely on actual events, is set in Paris 1941 and sees Picasso being asked to authenticate three works for inclusion in an upcoming exhibition of degenerate art.
In the 1964 film The Train, a German Army colonel attempts to steal hundreds of "degenerate" paintings from Paris before it is liberated during World War II.
See also
Art of the Third Reich
Degenerate music
Gurlitt Collection
Karl Buchholz (art dealer)
Low culture
Nazi plunder
References
Notes
^ "Degenerate Art". fcit.usf.edu. Retrieved 13 June 2023.
^ a b "The Collection | Entartete Kunst". MoMA. Retrieved 12 August 2010.
^ Barron 1991, p. 26.
^ Adam 1992, pp. 23–24.
^ Newman, Ernest, and Richard Wagner (1899). A Study of Wagner. London: Dobell. pp. 272–275. OCLC 253374235.
^ Adam 1992, pp. 29–32.
^ Grosshans 1983, p. 9. Grosshans calls Schultze-Naumburg "ndoubtedly the most important" of the era's German critics of modernism.
^ Adam 1992, p. 33.
^ Adam 1992, p. 29.
^ Janson, H. W., and Anthony F. Janson. 1991. History of Art. New York: Harry N. Abrams. ISBN 0-8109-3401-9. p. 615.
^ a b c Kühnel, Anita (2003). "Entartete Kunst". Grove Art Online.
^ Goldstein, Robert Justin, and Andrew Nedd (2015). Political Censorship of the Visual Arts in Nineteenth-Century Europe: Arresting Images. Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 159. ISBN 9780230248700.
^ Adam 1992, p. 110.
^ Norbert Wolf, Uta Grosenick (2004), Expressionism, Taschen, p. 34. ISBN 3-8228-2126-8.
^ Barron 1991, p. 54.
^ Grosshans 1983, p. 86.
^ Barron 1991, p. 83.
^ Michaud, Eric; Lloyd, Janet (2004). The Cult of Art in Nazi Germany. Stanford: Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0-8047-4327-3.
^ Zalampas, Sherree Owens, 1937– (1990). Adolf Hitler : a psychological interpretation of his views on architecture, art, and music. Bowling Green, Ohio: Bowling Green University Popular Press. ISBN 0879724870. OCLC 22438356.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link), p. 54
^ "Entartete Kunst (Degenerate Art), complete inventory of over 16,000 artworks confiscated by the Nazi regime from public institutions in Germany, 1937–1938, Reichsministerium für Volksaufklärung und Propaganda. Victoria and Albert Museum, Albert Gleizes, Landschaft bei Paris, n. 7030, Volume 2, p. 57 (includes the Entartete Kunst inventory)". Vam.ac.uk. 30 June 1939. Retrieved 14 August 2014.
^ Albert Gleizes, Paysage près de Paris (Paysage de Courbevoie, Landschaft bei Paris), oil on canvas, 72.8 × 87.1 cm. Lost Art Internet Database, Stiftung Deutsches Zentrum Kulturgutverluste.
^ "Jean Metzinger, Im Boot (En Canot), Degenerate Art Database (Beschlagnahme Inventar, Entartete Kunst)" . Emuseum.campus.fu-berlin.de. Retrieved 9 November 2013.
^ "Degenerate Art Database (Beschlagnahme Inventar, Entartete Kunst)" . Emuseum.campus.fu-berlin.de. Retrieved 9 November 2013.
^ Adam 1992, p. 52.
^ a b Adam 1992, p. 53.
^ Barron 1991, p. 10.
^ Grosshans 1983, p. 87.
^ Adam 1992, p. 56.
^ Grosshans 1983, pp. 73–74.
^ Boa, Elizabeth, and Rachel Palfreyman (2000). Heimat: a German Dream: Regional Loyalties and National Identity in German Culture, 1890–1990. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 158. ISBN 0198159226.
^ Kimmelman, Michael (19 June 2014). "The Art Hitler Hated". The New York Review of Books 61 (11): 25–26.
^ Laqueur 1996, p. 74.
^ Laqueur 1996, p. 73.
^ Laqueur 1996, pp. 73–75.
^ Adam 1992, p. 123, quoting Goebbels, 26 November 1937, in Von der Grossmacht zur Weltmacht.
^ "We're asking about profit, morality, money and rescue". 9 December 2022.
^ Adam 1992, pp. 121–122.
^ Barron 1991, p. 46.
^ Evans 2004, p. 106.
^ Barron 1991, p. 9.
^ Barron, Stephanie, Guenther and Peter W., "Degenerate Art": The Fate of the Avant-Garde in Nazi Germany, LACMA, 1991, ISBN 0810936534.
^ Barron 1991, pp. 47–48.
^ "Entartete Kunst (Degenerate Art), complete inventory of artworks confiscated by the Nazi regime from public institutions in Germany, 1937–1938, Reichsministerium für Volksaufklärung und Propaganda. Victoria and Albert Museum". Vam.ac.uk. 30 June 1939. Retrieved 14 August 2014.
^ Adam 1992, pp. 124–125.
^ Schulz-Hoffmann and Weiss 1984, p. 461.
^ Karcher 1988, p. 206.
^ Bradley 1986, p. 115.
^ Petropoulos 2000, p. 217.
^ Grosshans 1983, p. 113.
^ "Entartete Kunst". Olinda.com. 19 July 1937. Retrieved 12 August 2010.
^ Hellman, Mallory, Let's Go Paris, p. 84.
^ Bertrand Dorléac, Laurence (1993). L'art de la défaite, 1940–1944. Paris: Editions du Seuil. p. 482. ISBN 2020121255.
^ Oosterlinck, Kim (2009). "The Price of Degenerate Art", Working Papers CEB 09-031.RS, ULB – Universite Libre de Bruxelles.
^ Kraus & Obermair 2019, pp. 40–1.
^ Hickley, Catherine (27 September 1946). "'Degenerate' Art Unearthed From Berlin Bomb Rubble". Bloomberg. Retrieved 10 November 2010.
^ Black, Rosemary (9 November 2010). "Rescued pre-WWII 'degenerate art' on display in the Neues Museum in Berlin". New York Daily News. Retrieved 10 November 2010.
^ Charles Hawley (8 November 2010). "Nazi Degenerate Art Rediscovered in Berlin". Der Spiegel.
^ "V&A Entartete Kunst webpage". Vam.ac.uk. 30 June 1939. Retrieved 14 August 2014.
^ "Freie Universität Berlin Database "Entartete Kunst"". Geschkult.fu-berlin.de. 28 August 2013. Retrieved 14 August 2014.
^ Entartete Kunst, Victoria and Albert Museum. 2014.
^ Explore 'Entartete Kunst': The Nazis' inventory of 'degenerate art', Victoria and Albert Museum. 2019.
^ Victoria and Albert Museum 2014. Introduction by Douglas Dodds & Heike Zech, p. i.
^ a b Victoria and Albert Museum 2014. Introduction by Douglas Dodds & Heike Zech, p. ii.
^ Victoria and Albert Museum 2014, vol. 1, p. 7.
^ Victoria and Albert Museum 2014, vol. 1 and 2.
^ Levi, Neil (12 November 2013). "The Uses of Nazi 'Degenerate Art'". The Chronicle of Higher Education. Archived from the original on 13 November 2013. Retrieved 16 July 2023.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
^ Isherwood, C. (20 April 2005). "Portrait of the Artist as a Master of the One-Liner". The New York Times. Retrieved 22 June 2013.
^ Blake, J. (3 October 2012). "Ve haff vays of being unintentionally funny". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 22 June 2013.
^ "Train, The (1965) – (Movie Clip) Degenerate Art". Archived from the original on 15 February 2015. Retrieved 15 February 2015.
Bibliography
Adam, Peter (1992). Art of the Third Reich. New York: Harry N. Abrams, Inc. ISBN 0-8109-1912-5
Barron, Stephanie, ed. (1991). 'Degenerate Art': The Fate of the Avant-Garde in Nazi Germany. New York: Harry N. Abrams, Inc. ISBN 0-8109-3653-4
Bradley, W. S. (1986). Emil Nolde and German Expressionism: A Prophet in his Own Land. Ann Arbor, Mich: UMI Research Press. ISBN 0-8357-1700-3
Burt, Richard. (1994). "'Degenerate "Art"': Public Aesthetics and the Simulation of Censorship in Postliberal Los Angeles and Berlin" in The Administration of Aesthetics: Censorship, Political Criticism and the Public Sphere. Ed. Richard Burt (Minneapolis: U of Minnesota P, 1994), pp. 216–59. ISBN 0-8166-2367-8
Castoriadis, Cornelius (1984). Crossroads in the Labyrinth. Harvester Press. ISBN 978-0-85527-538-9.
Evans, R. J. (2004). The Coming of the Third Reich. New York: The Penguin Press. ISBN 1-59420-004-1
Grosshans, Henry (1983). Hitler and the Artists. New York: Holmes & Meyer. ISBN 0-8419-0746-3
Grosshans, Henry (1993). Hitler and the Artists. New York: Holmes & Meyer. ISBN 0-8109-3653-4
Heyd, Werner P. (1987). Gottfried Graf und die ″entartete Kunst″ in Stuttgart. Mit einer Vorbemerkung von Wolfgang Kermer. Stuttgart: State Academy of Fine Arts Stuttgart. (Beiträge zur Geschichte der Staatlichen Akademie der Bildenden Künste Stuttgart / ed. Wolfgang Kermer; 6)
Karcher, Eva (1988). Otto Dix 1891–1969: His Life and Works. Cologne: Benedikt Taschen. OCLC 21265198
Kraus, Carl; Obermair, Hannes (2019). Mythen der Diktaturen. Kunst in Faschismus und Nationalsozialismus – Miti delle dittature. Arte nel fascismo e nazionalsocialismo. Landesmuseum für Kultur- und Landesgeschichte Schloss Tirol. ISBN 978-88-95523-16-3.
Laqueur, Walter (1996). Fascism: Past, Present, Future. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-509245-7
Lehmann-Haupt, Hellmut (1973). Art Under a Dictatorship. New York: Oxford University Press.
Minnion, John (2nd edition 2005). Hitler's List: An Illustrated Guide to 'Degenerates'. Liverpool: Checkmate Books. ISBN 0-9544499-2-4
Nordau, Max (1998). Degeneration, introduction by George L. Mosse. New York: Howard Fertig. ISBN 0-8032-8367-9 / (1895) London: William Heinemann
O'Brien, Jeff (2015). "'The Taste of Sand in the Mouth': 1939 and 'Degenerate' Egyptian Art". Critical Interventions 9, Issue 1: 22–34.
Oosterlinck, Kim (2009). "The Price of Degenerate Art", Working Papers CEB 09-031.RS, ULB—Universite Libre de Bruxelles,
Petropoulos, Jonathan (2000). The Faustian Bargain: the Art World in Nazi Germany. New York, N.Y.: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-512964-4
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Schulz-Hoffmann, Carla; Weiss, Judith C. (1984). Max Beckmann: Retrospective. Munich: Prestel. ISBN 0-393-01937-3
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Williams, Robert Chadwell (1997). "Chapter 5: Bolshevism in the West: From Leninist Totalitarians to Cultural Revolutionaries". Russia Imagined: Art, Culture and National Identity, 1840–1995. P. Lang. ISBN 978-0-8204-3470-4.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Entartete Kunst.
External videos Art in Nazi Germany, Smarthistory
"Degenerate Art", article from A Teacher's Guide to the Holocaust
Nazis Looted Europe's Great Art
Victoria and Albert Museum Entartete Kunst, Volume 1 and 2 Complete inventory of artworks confiscated by the Nazi regime from public institutions in Germany, 1937–1938
Video clip of the Degenerate art show
Sensational Find in a Bombed-Out Cellar – slideshow by Der Spiegel
"Entartete Kunst: Degenerate Art", notes and a supplement to the film
Video on a research project about Degenerate Art
The "Degenerate Art" Exhibit, 1937
Collection: "All Artists in the Degenerate Art Show" from the University of Michigan Museum of Art
vteDegenerate art
Degenerate Art Exhibition
Degenerate Art auction
Artists
Jussuf Abbo
Jankel Adler
Ernst Barlach
Max Beckmann
Marc Chagall
Lovis Corinth
Otto Dix
Max Ernst
Conrad Felixmüller
Otto Freundlich
Albert Gleizes
Ludwig Godenschweg
Otto Griebel
George Grosz
Erich Heckel
Karl Hofer
Alexej von Jawlensky
Wassily Kandinsky
Ernst Ludwig Kirchner
Paul Klee
Oskar Kokoschka
Käthe Kollwitz
Alfred Kubin
Wilhelm Lachnit
Wilhelm Lehmbruck
Max Liebermann
Elfriede Lohse-Wächtler
August Macke
Franz Marc
Ludwig Meidner
Jean Metzinger
Wilhelm Morgner
Otto Mueller
Emil Nolde
Max Pechstein
Pablo Picasso
Christian Rohlfs
Egon Schiele
Oskar Schlemmer
Rudolf Schlichter
Karl Schmidt-Rottluff
Lothar Schreyer
Related
Censorship in Nazi Germany
Racial policy of Nazi Germany
Gurlitt Collection
Hildebrand Gurlitt
Cornelius Gurlitt
Museum of Fine Arts Bern
vteArt and World War IIIn Nazi Germany, before and during World War II
Art in Nazi Germany (paintings by Adolf Hitler)
Führermuseum
Reich Chamber of Culture
Reichsleiter Rosenberg Taskforce
Degenerate art (Entartete Kunst)
Degenerate Art Exhibition (1937)
Nazi plunder
Art theft and looting during World War II
Looting of Poland
Nazi storage sites
stolen paintings
Art recovery
Monuments, Fine Arts, and Archives program ("Monuments Men") – personnel
The Spoils of War (symposium) (1995)
Washington Principles on Nazi-Confiscated Art
Gurlitt Collection
In popular culture
The Train (1964 film)
The Rape of Europa (1994 book, 2006 documentary)
Rescuing Da Vinci (2006 book)
Stealing Klimt (2007 documentary)
The Monuments Men (2014 film)
Woman in Gold (2015 film)
Related
Menzel v. List (1966)
Republic of Austria v. Altmann (2004)
Authority control databases: National
France
BnF data
Germany
Israel
United States | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ausstellung_entartete_kunst_1937.jpg"},{"link_name":"Joseph Goebbels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Goebbels"},{"link_name":"Degenerate Art Exhibition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Degenerate_Art_Exhibition"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language"},{"link_name":"Nazi Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Party"},{"link_name":"modern art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_art"},{"link_name":"Adolf Hitler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Hitler"},{"link_name":"German modernist art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_art#20th_century"},{"link_name":"Nazi Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germany"},{"link_name":"Freemasonic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freemasonic"},{"link_name":"Jewish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish"},{"link_name":"Communist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist"},{"link_name":"1937 exhibition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Degenerate_Art_Exhibition"},{"link_name":"Munich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munich"},{"link_name":"modernist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modernist"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria"},{"link_name":"blood and soil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_and_Soil"},{"link_name":"racial purity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_hygiene"},{"link_name":"militarism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Militarism"},{"link_name":"obedience","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obedience_(human_behavior)#Cultural_attitudes"},{"link_name":"tonal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonality"},{"link_name":"jazz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazz"},{"link_name":"degenerate music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Degenerate_music"},{"link_name":"censored","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Censorship"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"}],"text":"Joseph Goebbels views the Degenerate Art Exhibition.Degenerate art (German: Entartete Kunst) was a term adopted in the 1920s by the Nazi Party in Germany to describe modern art. During the dictatorship of Adolf Hitler, German modernist art, including many works of internationally renowned artists, was removed from state-owned museums and banned in Nazi Germany on the grounds that such art was an \"insult to German feeling\", un-German, Freemasonic, Jewish, or Communist in nature. Those identified as degenerate artists were subjected to sanctions that included being dismissed from teaching positions, being forbidden to exhibit or to sell their art, and in some cases being forbidden to produce art.Degenerate Art also was the title of a 1937 exhibition held by the Nazis in Munich, consisting of 650 modernist artworks that the Nazis had taken from museums, that were poorly hung alongside graffiti and text labels mocking the art and the artists.[1] Designed to inflame public opinion against modernism, the exhibition subsequently traveled to several other cities in Germany and Austria.While modern styles of art were prohibited, the Nazis promoted paintings and sculptures that were traditional in manner and that exalted the \"blood and soil\" values of racial purity, militarism, and obedience. Similar restrictions were placed upon music, which was expected to be tonal and free of any jazz influences; disapproved music was termed degenerate music. Films and plays were also censored.[2]","title":"Degenerate art"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Barlach_Magdeburger_Ehrenmal.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ernst Barlach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Barlach"},{"link_name":"Nordau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Nordau"},{"link_name":"\"degeneracy\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Degeneration_theory"},{"link_name":"Max Nordau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Nordau"},{"link_name":"theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theory"},{"link_name":"Entartung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Degeneration_(Max_Nordau)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"criminologist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminology"},{"link_name":"Cesare Lombroso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cesare_Lombroso"},{"link_name":"atavistic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atavism"},{"link_name":"modern art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_art"},{"link_name":"Aestheticism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aestheticism"},{"link_name":"English literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_literature"},{"link_name":"mysticism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mysticism"},{"link_name":"Symbolist movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbolism_(arts)"},{"link_name":"French literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_literature"},{"link_name":"painterliness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Painterliness"},{"link_name":"Impressionism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impressionism"},{"link_name":"Zionist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionist"},{"link_name":"Nazis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazism"},{"link_name":"Weimar Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weimar_Republic"},{"link_name":"Aryan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aryan_race"},{"link_name":"Richard Wagner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Wagner"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Paul Schultze-Naumburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Schultze-Naumburg"},{"link_name":"architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_architecture"},{"link_name":"Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece"},{"link_name":"Middle Ages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Ages"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"ideals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platonic_idealism"},{"link_name":"classical beauty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_beauty"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Alfred Rosenberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Rosenberg"},{"link_name":"Der Mythos des 20. Jahrhunderts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Myth_of_the_Twentieth_Century"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Das Magdeburger Ehrenmal (the Magdeburg cenotaph), by Ernst Barlach was declared to be degenerate art due to the \"deformity\" and emaciation of the figures—corresponding to Nordau's theorized connection between \"mental and physical degeneration\".The term Entartung (or \"degeneracy\") had gained currency in Germany by the late 19th century when the critic and author Max Nordau devised the theory presented in his 1892 book Entartung.[3] Nordau drew upon the writings of the criminologist Cesare Lombroso, whose The Criminal Man, published in 1876, attempted to prove that there were \"born criminals\" whose atavistic personality traits could be detected by scientifically measuring abnormal physical characteristics. Nordau developed from this premise a critique of modern art, explained as the work of those so corrupted and enfeebled by modern life that they have lost the self-control needed to produce coherent works. He attacked Aestheticism in English literature and described the mysticism of the Symbolist movement in French literature as a product of mental pathology. Explaining the painterliness of Impressionism as the sign of a diseased visual cortex, he decried modern degeneracy while praising traditional German culture. Despite the fact that Nordau was Jewish and a key figure in the Zionist movement (Lombroso was also Jewish), his theory of artistic degeneracy would be seized upon by German Nazis during the Weimar Republic as a rallying point for their antisemitic and racist demand for Aryan purity in art.Belief in a Germanic spirit—defined as mystical, rural, moral, bearing ancient wisdom, and noble in the face of a tragic destiny—existed long before the rise of the Nazis; the composer Richard Wagner celebrated such ideas in his writings.[4][5] Beginning before World War I, the well-known German architect and painter Paul Schultze-Naumburg's influential writings, which invoked racial theories in condemning modern art and architecture, supplied much of the basis for Adolf Hitler's belief that classical Greece and the Middle Ages were the true sources of Aryan art.[6] Schultze-Naumburg subsequently wrote such books as Die Kunst der Deutschen. Ihr Wesen und ihre Werke (The art of the Germans. Its nature and its works) and Kunst und Rasse (Art and Race), the latter published in 1928, in which he argued that only racially pure artists could produce a healthy art which upheld timeless ideals of classical beauty, while racially mixed modern artists produced disordered artworks and monstrous depictions of the human form. By reproducing examples of modern art next to photographs of people with deformities and diseases, he graphically reinforced the idea of modernism as a sickness.[7] Alfred Rosenberg developed this theory in Der Mythos des 20. Jahrhunderts (Myth of the Twentieth Century), published in 1933, which became a best-seller in Germany and made Rosenberg the Party's leading ideological spokesman.[8]","title":"Theories of degeneracy"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CABINET_DES_DR_CALIGARI_01.jpg"},{"link_name":"The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Cabinet_of_Dr._Caligari_(1920_film)"},{"link_name":"Secession (art)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secession_(art)"},{"link_name":"Decadent movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decadent_movement"},{"link_name":"Jugendstil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jugendstil"},{"link_name":"modern art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_art"},{"link_name":"Weimar government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weimar_government"},{"link_name":"avant-garde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avant-garde"},{"link_name":"Expressionism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expressionism"},{"link_name":"atonal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atonal_music"},{"link_name":"Arnold Schoenberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold_Schoenberg"},{"link_name":"Paul Hindemith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Hindemith"},{"link_name":"Kurt Weill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurt_Weill"},{"link_name":"Robert Wiene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Wiene"},{"link_name":"The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Cabinet_of_Dr._Caligari_(1920_film)"},{"link_name":"F. W. Murnau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F._W._Murnau"},{"link_name":"Nosferatu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nosferatu_(film)"},{"link_name":"Fauvism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fauvism"},{"link_name":"Cubism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cubism"},{"link_name":"Dada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dada"},{"link_name":"Surrealism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surrealism"},{"link_name":"Symbolism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbolism_(arts)"},{"link_name":"Post-Impressionism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-Impressionism"},{"link_name":"elitist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elitist"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"traditional authority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_authority"},{"link_name":"Industrial Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_Revolution"},{"link_name":"individualistic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Individualistic"},{"link_name":"Age of Enlightenment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment"},{"link_name":"the older way of things","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancien_R%C3%A9gime"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Wilhelm II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_II,_German_Emperor"},{"link_name":"Impressionism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impressionism"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-K%C3%BChnel_GAO-11"},{"link_name":"Käthe Kollwitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A4the_Kollwitz"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-K%C3%BChnel_GAO-11"},{"link_name":"Weimar period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weimar_Republic"},{"link_name":"aesthetic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aesthetics"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Otto Dix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Dix"},{"link_name":"First World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_World_War"},{"link_name":"Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin"},{"link_name":"caricatured","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caricature"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Liebermann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Liebermann"},{"link_name":"Meidner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_Meidner"},{"link_name":"Freundlich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Freundlich"},{"link_name":"Marc Chagall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc_Chagall"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"antisemitism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antisemitism"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"A still from The Cabinet of Dr. CaligariSee also: Secession (art), Decadent movement, and JugendstilThe early 20th century was a period of wrenching changes in the arts. The development of modern art at the beginning of the 20th century, albeit with roots going back to the 1860s, denoted a revolutionary divergence from traditional artistic values to ones based on the personal perceptions and feelings of the artists. Under the Weimar government of the 1920s, Germany emerged as a leading center of the avant-garde. It was the birthplace of Expressionism in painting and sculpture, of the atonal musical compositions of Arnold Schoenberg, and the jazz-influenced work of Paul Hindemith and Kurt Weill. Films such as Robert Wiene's The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari (1920) and F. W. Murnau's Nosferatu (1922) brought Expressionism to cinema.In the visual arts, such innovations as Fauvism, Cubism, Dada, and Surrealism—following Symbolism and Post-Impressionism—were not universally appreciated. The majority of people in Germany, as elsewhere, did not care for the new art, which many resented as elitist, morally suspect, and too often incomprehensible.[9] Artistic rejection of traditional authority, intimately linked to the Industrial Revolution, the individualistic values of the Age of Enlightenment and the advance of democracy as the preferred form of government, was exhilarating to some. However, it proved extremely threatening to others, as it took away the security they felt under the older way of things.[10]Wilhelm II, who took an active interest in regulating art in Germany, criticized Impressionism as \"gutter painting\" (Gossenmalerei)[11] and forbade Käthe Kollwitz from being awarded a medal for her print series A Weavers' Revolt when it was displayed in the Berlin Grand Exhibition of the Arts in 1898.[12] In 1913, the Prussian house of representatives passed a resolution \"against degeneracy in art\".[11]The Nazis viewed the culture of the Weimar period with disgust. Their response stemmed partly from a conservative aesthetic taste and partly from their determination to use culture as a propaganda tool.[13] On both counts, a painting such as Otto Dix's War Cripples (1920) was anathema to them. It unsparingly depicts four badly disfigured veterans of the First World War, then a familiar sight on Berlin's streets, rendered in caricatured style. (In 1937, it would be displayed in the Degenerate Art exhibition next to a label accusing Dix—himself a volunteer in World War I[14]—of \"an insult to the German heroes of the Great War\".[15])Art historian Henry Grosshans says that Hitler \"saw Greek and Roman art as uncontaminated by Jewish influences. Modern art was [seen as] an act of aesthetic violence by the Jews against the German spirit. Such was true to Hitler even though only Liebermann, Meidner, Freundlich, and Marc Chagall, among those who made significant contributions to the German modernist movement, were Jewish. But Hitler ... took upon himself the responsibility of deciding who, in matters of culture, thought and acted like a Jew.\"[16] The supposedly \"Jewish\" nature of all art that was indecipherable, distorted, or that represented \"depraved\" subject matter was explained through the concept of degeneracy, which held that distorted and corrupted art was a symptom of an inferior race. By propagating the theory of degeneracy, the Nazis combined their antisemitism with their drive to control the culture, thus consolidating public support for both campaigns.[17]","title":"Weimar reactionism"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MichaudLloyd2004-18"},{"link_name":"Wilhelm Frick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Frick"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Schlossmuseum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schloss_Weimar"},{"link_name":"Hildebrand Gurlitt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hildebrand_Gurlitt"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-K%C3%BChnel_GAO-11"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Albert_Gleizes,_1912,_Landschaft_bei_Paris,_Paysage_pr%C3%A8s_de_paris,_Paysage_de_Courbevoie,_oil_on_canvas,_72.8_x_87.1_cm,_missing_from_Hannover_since_1937.jpg"},{"link_name":"Albert Gleizes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Gleizes"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VAM-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jean_Metzinger,_1913,_En_Canot,_oil_on_canvas,_146_x_114_cm,_missing_or_destroyed.jpg"},{"link_name":"Jean Metzinger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Metzinger"},{"link_name":"En Canot (Im Boot)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/En_Canot"},{"link_name":"Degenerate Art Exhibition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Degenerate_Art_Exhibition"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"book burnings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_burning"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Reichskulturkammer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichskulturkammer"},{"link_name":"Joseph Goebbels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Goebbels"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Adam_1992,_p._53-25"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Adam_1992,_p._53-25"},{"link_name":"Stalin's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Stalin"},{"link_name":"Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"Socialist Realism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_Realism"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"classical Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_Greece"},{"link_name":"Roman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Rome"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Expressionism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Expressionism"},{"link_name":"Emil Nolde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emil_Nolde"},{"link_name":"Ernst Barlach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Barlach"},{"link_name":"Erich Heckel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erich_Heckel"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Alfred Rosenberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Rosenberg"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Max Beckmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Beckmann"},{"link_name":"Ernst Ludwig Kirchner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Ludwig_Kirchner"},{"link_name":"Oskar Schlemmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oskar_Schlemmer"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Franz Kafka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Kafka"},{"link_name":"Hermann Hesse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_Hesse"},{"link_name":"Hans Fallada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Fallada"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Hollywood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinema_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"It Happened One Night","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/It_Happened_One_Night"},{"link_name":"San Francisco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_(1936_film)"},{"link_name":"Gone with the Wind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gone_with_the_Wind_(film)"},{"link_name":"atonal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atonal"},{"link_name":"Benny Goodman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benny_Goodman"},{"link_name":"Django Reinhardt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Django_Reinhardt"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"}],"text":"Once in control of the government, the Nazis moved to suppress modern art styles and to promote art with national and racial themes.[18] Various Weimar-era art personalities, including Renner, Huelsenbeck, and the Bauhaus designers, were marginalized.In 1930 Wilhelm Frick, a Nazi, became Minister for Culture and Education in the state of Thuringia.[19] By his order, 70 mostly Expressionist paintings were removed from the permanent exhibition of the Weimar Schlossmuseum in 1930, and the director of the König Albert Museum in Zwickau, Hildebrand Gurlitt, was dismissed for displaying modern art.[11]Albert Gleizes, 1912, Landschaft bei Paris, Paysage près de Paris, Paysage de Courbevoie, missing from Hannover since 1937[20][21]Jean Metzinger, 1913, En Canot (Im Boot), oil on canvas, 146 x 114 cm, confiscated by the Nazis c.1936 and displayed at the Degenerate Art Exhibition in Munich. The painting has been missing ever since.[22][23]Hitler's rise to power on 30 January 1933, was quickly followed by actions intended to cleanse the culture of degeneracy: book burnings were organized, artists and musicians were dismissed from teaching positions, and curators who had shown a partiality for modern art were replaced by Party members.[24] In September 1933, the Reichskulturkammer (Reich Culture Chamber) was established, with Joseph Goebbels, Hitler's Reichsminister für Volksaufklärung und Propaganda (Reich Minister for Public Enlightenment and Propaganda) in charge. Sub-chambers within the Culture Chamber, representing the individual arts (music, film, literature, architecture, and the visual arts) were created; these were membership groups consisting of \"racially pure\" artists supportive of the Party, or willing to be compliant. Goebbels made it clear: \"In future only those who are members of a chamber are allowed to be productive in our cultural life. Membership is open only to those who fulfill the entrance condition. In this way all unwanted and damaging elements have been excluded.\"[25] By 1935 the Reich Culture Chamber had 100,000 members.[25]As dictator, Hitler gave his personal taste in art the force of law to a degree never before seen. Only in Stalin's Soviet Union, where Socialist Realism was the mandatory style, had a modern state shown such concern with regulation of the arts.[26] In the case of Germany, the model was to be classical Greek and Roman art, regarded by Hitler as an art whose exterior form embodied an inner racial ideal.[27]Nonetheless, during 1933–1934 there was some confusion within the Party on the question of Expressionism. Goebbels and some others believed that the forceful works of such artists as Emil Nolde, Ernst Barlach and Erich Heckel exemplified the Nordic spirit; as Goebbels explained, \"We National Socialists are not unmodern; we are the carrier of a new modernity, not only in politics and in social matters, but also in art and intellectual matters.\"[28] However, a faction led by Alfred Rosenberg despised the Expressionists, and the result was a bitter ideological dispute, which was settled only in September 1934, when Hitler declared that there would be no place for modernist experimentation in the Reich.[29] This edict left many artists initially uncertain as to their status. The work of the Expressionist painter Emil Nolde, a committed member of the Nazi party, continued to be debated even after he was ordered to cease artistic activity in 1936.[30] For many modernist artists, such as Max Beckmann, Ernst Ludwig Kirchner, and Oskar Schlemmer, it was not until June 1937 that they surrendered any hope that their work would be tolerated by the authorities.[31]Although books by Franz Kafka could no longer be bought by 1939, works by ideologically suspect authors such as Hermann Hesse and Hans Fallada were widely read.[32] Mass culture was less stringently regulated than high culture, possibly because the authorities feared the consequences of too heavy-handed interference in popular entertainment.[33] Thus, until the outbreak of the war, most Hollywood films could be screened, including It Happened One Night, San Francisco, and Gone with the Wind. While performance of atonal music was banned, the prohibition of jazz was less strictly enforced. Benny Goodman and Django Reinhardt were popular, and leading British and American jazz bands continued to perform in major cities until the war; thereafter, dance bands officially played \"swing\" rather than the banned jazz.[34]","title":"Nazi purge"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Entartete_Kunst_poster,_Berlin,_1938.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Entartete-kunst_nolde.png"},{"link_name":"Emil Nolde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emil_Nolde"},{"link_name":"Adolf Ziegler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Ziegler"},{"link_name":"Adolf Ziegler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Ziegler"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"Ernst Ludwig Kirchner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Ludwig_Kirchner"},{"link_name":"Max Beckmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Beckmann"},{"link_name":"Alexander Archipenko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Archipenko"},{"link_name":"Marc Chagall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc_Chagall"},{"link_name":"James Ensor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Ensor"},{"link_name":"Albert Gleizes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Gleizes"},{"link_name":"Henri Matisse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Matisse"},{"link_name":"Jean Metzinger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Metzinger"},{"link_name":"Pablo Picasso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pablo_Picasso"},{"link_name":"Vincent van Gogh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincent_van_Gogh"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"Munich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munich"},{"link_name":"Archaeology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeology"},{"link_name":"Negro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negro"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"manifestos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manifesto"},{"link_name":"Dada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dada"},{"link_name":"Surrealism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surrealism"},{"link_name":"Weimar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weimar_Republic"},{"link_name":"hyperinflation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperinflation_in_the_Weimar_Republic"},{"link_name":"billion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1000000000_(number)"},{"link_name":"German marks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Papiermark"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"conspiracy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conspiracy_theory"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LACMA-41"},{"link_name":"scare quotes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scare_quotes"},{"link_name":"Otto Freundlich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Freundlich"},{"link_name":"Der Neue Mensch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Der_Neue_Mensch"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"Große Deutsche Kunstausstellung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gro%C3%9Fe_Deutsche_Kunstausstellung"},{"link_name":"Haus der deutschen Kunst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haus_der_Kunst"},{"link_name":"Arno Breker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arno_Breker"},{"link_name":"Adolf Wissel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Wissel"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"}],"text":"Entartete Kunst poster, Berlin, 1938Letter to Emil Nolde in 1941 from Adolf Ziegler, who declares that Nolde's art is degenerate art, and forbids him to paint.By 1937, the concept of degeneracy was firmly entrenched in Nazi policy. On 30 June of that year Goebbels put Adolf Ziegler, the head of Reichskammer der Bildenden Künste (Reich Chamber of Visual Art), in charge of a six-man commission authorized to confiscate from museums and art collections throughout the Reich, any remaining art deemed modern, degenerate, or subversive. These works were then to be presented to the public in an exhibit intended to incite further revulsion against the \"perverse Jewish spirit\" penetrating German culture.[35][36]Over 5000 works were seized, including 1052 by Nolde, 759 by Heckel, 639 by Ernst Ludwig Kirchner and 508 by Max Beckmann, as well as smaller numbers of works by such artists as Alexander Archipenko, Marc Chagall, James Ensor, Albert Gleizes, Henri Matisse, Jean Metzinger, Pablo Picasso, and Vincent van Gogh.[37] The Entartete Kunst exhibit, featuring over 650 paintings, sculptures, prints, and books from the collections of 32 German museums, premiered in Munich on 19 July 1937, and remained on view until 30 November, before traveling to 11 other cities in Germany and Austria.The exhibit was held on the second floor of a building formerly occupied by the Institute of Archaeology. Viewers had to reach the exhibit by means of a narrow staircase. The first sculpture was an oversized, theatrical portrait of Jesus, which purposely intimidated viewers as they literally bumped into it in order to enter. The rooms were made of temporary partitions and deliberately chaotic and overfilled. Pictures were crowded together, sometimes unframed, usually hung by cord.The first three rooms were grouped thematically. The first room contained works considered demeaning of religion; the second featured works by Jewish artists in particular; the third contained works deemed insulting to the women, soldiers and farmers of Germany. The rest of the exhibit had no particular theme.There were slogans painted on the walls. For example:Insolent mockery of the Divine under Centrist rule\nRevelation of the Jewish racial soul\nAn insult to German womanhood\nThe ideal—cretin and whore\nDeliberate sabotage of national defense\nGerman farmers—a Yiddish view\nThe Jewish longing for the wilderness reveals itself—in Germany the Negro becomes the racial ideal of a degenerate art\nMadness becomes method\nNature as seen by sick minds\nEven museum bigwigs called this the \"art of the German people\"[38]Speeches of Nazi party leaders contrasted with artist manifestos from various art movements, such as Dada and Surrealism. Next to many paintings were labels indicating how much money a museum spent to acquire the artwork. In the case of paintings acquired during the post-war Weimar hyperinflation of the early 1920s, when the cost of a kilogram loaf of bread reached 233 billion German marks,[39] the prices of the paintings were of course greatly exaggerated. The exhibit was designed to promote the idea that modernism was a conspiracy by people who hated German decency, frequently identified as Jewish-Bolshevist, although only 6 of the 112 artists included in the exhibition were in fact Jewish.[40]The exhibition program contained photographs of modern artworks accompanied by defamatory text.[41] The cover featured the exhibition title—with the word \"Kunst\", meaning art, in scare quotes—superimposed on an image of Otto Freundlich's sculpture Der Neue Mensch.A few weeks after the opening of the exhibition, Goebbels ordered a second and more thorough scouring of German art collections; inventory lists indicate that the artworks seized in this second round, combined with those gathered prior to the exhibition, amounted to 16,558 works.[42][43]Coinciding with the Entartete Kunst exhibition, the Große Deutsche Kunstausstellung (Great German art exhibition) made its premiere amid much pageantry. This exhibition, held at the palatial Haus der deutschen Kunst (House of German Art), displayed the work of officially approved artists such as Arno Breker and Adolf Wissel. At the end of four months Entartete Kunst had attracted over two million visitors, nearly three and a half times the number that visited the nearby Große Deutsche Kunstausstellung.[44]","title":"Entartete Kunst exhibit"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ELW-Selbstportrait.jpg"},{"link_name":"Elfriede Lohse-Wächtler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elfriede_Lohse-W%C3%A4chtler"},{"link_name":"Sonnenstein Euthanasia Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonnenstein_Euthanasia_Centre"},{"link_name":"Avant-garde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avant-garde"},{"link_name":"Max Beckmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Beckmann"},{"link_name":"Amsterdam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsterdam"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"Max Ernst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Ernst"},{"link_name":"Peggy Guggenheim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peggy_Guggenheim"},{"link_name":"Ernst Ludwig Kirchner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Ludwig_Kirchner"},{"link_name":"Paul Klee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Klee"},{"link_name":"Alfred Flechtheim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Flechtheim"},{"link_name":"Otto Dix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Dix"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"Reichskulturkammer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichskulturkammer"},{"link_name":"Edgar Ende","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Ende"},{"link_name":"Emil Nolde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emil_Nolde"},{"link_name":"Gestapo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gestapo"},{"link_name":"watercolors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watercolor"},{"link_name":"oil paint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_paint"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"Action T4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_T4"},{"link_name":"Elfriede Lohse-Wächtler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elfriede_Lohse-W%C3%A4chtler"},{"link_name":"Theodor Fischer (auctioneer)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Fischer_(auctioneer)"},{"link_name":"Maurice Wertheim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Wertheim"},{"link_name":"Munich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munich"},{"link_name":"Bavarian State Painting Collections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bavarian_State_Painting_Collections"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"Hermann Göring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_G%C3%B6ring"},{"link_name":"Van Gogh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincent_van_Gogh"},{"link_name":"Cézanne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_C%C3%A9zanne"},{"link_name":"book burnings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_burning"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"Picasso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pablo_Picasso"},{"link_name":"Dalí","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salvador_Dal%C3%AD"},{"link_name":"Léger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernand_L%C3%A9ger"},{"link_name":"Miró","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan_Mir%C3%B3"},{"link_name":"Galerie nationale du Jeu de Paume","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galerie_nationale_du_Jeu_de_Paume"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"Nazis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"South Tyrol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Tyrol"},{"link_name":"Bavarian State Painting Collections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bavarian_State_Painting_Collections"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrausObermair201940%E2%80%931-54"},{"link_name":"Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin"},{"link_name":"Red Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Army"},{"link_name":"Hermitage Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermitage_Museum"},{"link_name":"Saint Petersburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Petersburg"},{"link_name":"underground line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapid_transit"},{"link_name":"Alexanderplatz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexanderplatz"},{"link_name":"Brandenburg Gate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandenburg_Gate"},{"link_name":"bronze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronze"},{"link_name":"cubist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cubist"},{"link_name":"Marg Moll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marg_Moll"},{"link_name":"Neues Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neues_Museum"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"}],"text":"Self-portrait by Elfriede Lohse-Wächtler, who was murdered at Sonnenstein Euthanasia Centre in 1940Avant-garde German artists were branded both enemies of the state and a threat to German culture. Many went into exile. Max Beckmann fled to Amsterdam on the opening day of the Entartete Kunst exhibit.[45] Max Ernst emigrated to America with the assistance of Peggy Guggenheim. Ernst Ludwig Kirchner committed suicide in Switzerland in 1938. Paul Klee spent his years in exile in Switzerland, yet was unable to obtain Swiss citizenship because of his status as a degenerate artist. A leading German dealer, Alfred Flechtheim, died penniless in exile in London in 1937.Other artists remained in internal exile. Otto Dix retreated to the countryside to paint unpeopled landscapes in a meticulous style that would not provoke the authorities.[46] The Reichskulturkammer forbade artists such as Edgar Ende and Emil Nolde from purchasing painting materials. Those who remained in Germany were forbidden to work at universities and were subject to surprise raids by the Gestapo in order to ensure that they were not violating the ban on producing artwork; Nolde secretly carried on painting, but using only watercolors (so as not to be betrayed by the telltale odor of oil paint).[47] Although officially no artists were put to death because of their work, those of Jewish descent who did not escape from Germany in time were sent to concentration camps.[48] Others were murdered in the Action T4 (see, for example, Elfriede Lohse-Wächtler).After the exhibit, only the most valuable paintings were sorted out to be included in the auction held by Galerie Theodor Fischer (auctioneer) in Luzern, Switzerland, on 30 June 1939 at the Grand Hotel National. The sale consisted of artworks seized from German public museums; some pieces from the sale were acquired by museums, others by private collectors such as Maurice Wertheim who acquired the 1888 self-portrait by Vincent van Gogh that was seized from the Neue Staatsgalerie in Munich belonging to today's Bavarian State Painting Collections.[2] Nazi officials took many for their private use: for example, Hermann Göring took 14 valuable pieces, including a Van Gogh and a Cézanne. In March 1939, the Berlin Fire Brigade burned about 4,000 paintings, drawings and prints that had apparently little value on the international market. This was an act of unprecedented vandalism, although the Nazis were well used to book burnings on a large scale.[49][50]A large amount of \"degenerate art\" by Picasso, Dalí, Ernst, Klee, Léger and Miró was destroyed in a bonfire on the night of 27 July 1942, in the gardens of the Galerie nationale du Jeu de Paume in Paris.[51] Whereas it was forbidden to export \"degenerate art\" to Germany, it was still possible to buy and sell artworks of \"degenerate artists\" in occupied France. The Nazis considered indeed that they should not be concerned by Frenchmen's mental health.[52] As a consequence, many works made by these artists were sold at the main French auction house during the occupation.[53]The couple Sophie and Emanuel Fohn, who exchanged the works for harmless works of art from their own possession and kept them in safe custody throughout the National Socialist era, saved about 250 works by ostracized artists. The collection survived in South Tyrol from 1943 and was handed over to the Bavarian State Painting Collections in 1964.[54]After the collapse of Nazi Germany and the invasion of Berlin by the Red Army, some artwork from the exhibit was found buried underground. It is unclear how many of these then reappeared in the Hermitage Museum in Saint Petersburg, where they still remain.In 2010, as work began to extend an underground line from Alexanderplatz through the historic city centre to the Brandenburg Gate, a number of sculptures from the degenerate art exhibition were unearthed in the cellar of a private house close to the \"Rote Rathaus\". These included, for example, the bronze cubist-style statue of a female dancer by the artist Marg Moll, and are on display at the Neues Museum.[55][56][57]","title":"Fate of the artists and their work"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jankel Adler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jankel_Adler"},{"link_name":"Hans Baluschek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Baluschek"},{"link_name":"Ernst Barlach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Barlach"},{"link_name":"Rudolf Bauer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Bauer_(artist)"},{"link_name":"Philipp Bauknecht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philipp_Bauknecht"},{"link_name":"Otto Baum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Otto_Baum_(sculptor)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"de","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Baum_(Bildhauer)"},{"link_name":"Willi Baumeister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willi_Baumeister"},{"link_name":"Herbert Bayer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Bayer"},{"link_name":"Max Beckmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Beckmann"},{"link_name":"Rudolf Belling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Belling"},{"link_name":"Paul Bindel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Bindel"},{"link_name":"Theodor Brün","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Theodor_Br%C3%BCn&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"de","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Br%C3%BCn"},{"link_name":"Max Burchartz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Burchartz"},{"link_name":"Fritz Burger-Mühlfeld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fritz_Burger-M%C3%BChlfeld&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"de","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz_Burger-M%C3%BChlfeld"},{"link_name":"Paul Camenisch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Camenisch"},{"link_name":"Heinrich Campendonk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Campendonk"},{"link_name":"Karl Caspar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Caspar"},{"link_name":"Maria Caspar-Filser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Caspar-Filser"},{"link_name":"Pol Cassel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pol_Cassel"},{"link_name":"Marc Chagall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc_Chagall"},{"link_name":"Lovis Corinth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lovis_Corinth"},{"link_name":"Heinrich Maria Davringhausen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Maria_Davringhausen"},{"link_name":"Walter Dexel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Dexel"},{"link_name":"Otto Dix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Dix"},{"link_name":"Pranas Domšaitis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pranas_Dom%C5%A1aitis"},{"link_name":"Johannes Driesch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Driesch"},{"link_name":"Max Ernst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Ernst"},{"link_name":"Hans Feibusch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Feibusch"},{"link_name":"Lyonel Feininger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyonel_Feininger"},{"link_name":"Conrad Felixmüller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conrad_Felixm%C3%BCller"},{"link_name":"Otto Freundlich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Freundlich"},{"link_name":"Xaver Fuhr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Xaver_Fuhr&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"de","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xaver_Fuhr"},{"link_name":"Ludwig Gies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_Gies"},{"link_name":"Werner Gilles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werner_Gilles"},{"link_name":"Otto Gleichmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Gleichmann"},{"link_name":"Rudolf Großmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Gro%C3%9Fmann"},{"link_name":"George Grosz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Grosz"},{"link_name":"Hans Grundig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Grundig"},{"link_name":"Raoul Hausmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raoul_Hausmann"},{"link_name":"Guido Hebert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Guido_Hebert&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"cs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guido_Hebert"},{"link_name":"Erich Heckel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erich_Heckel"},{"link_name":"Wilhelm Heckrott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wilhelm_Heckrott&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"de","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Heckrott"},{"link_name":"Jacoba van Heemskerck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacoba_van_Heemskerck"},{"link_name":"Hans Siebert von Heister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hans_Siebert_von_Heister&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"no","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Siebert_von_Heister"},{"link_name":"Oswald Herzog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oswald_Herzog&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"de","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oswald_Herzog"},{"link_name":"Werner Heuser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werner_Heuser"},{"link_name":"Heinrich Hoerle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Hoerle"},{"link_name":"Karl Hofer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Hofer"},{"link_name":"Eugen Hoffmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugen_Hoffmann"},{"link_name":"Johannes Itten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Itten"},{"link_name":"Alexej von Jawlensky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexej_von_Jawlensky"},{"link_name":"Eric Johansson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eric_Johansson_(artist)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"de","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Johansson_(Maler)"},{"link_name":"Hans Jürgen Kallmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_J%C3%BCrgen_Kallmann"},{"link_name":"Wassily Kandinsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wassily_Kandinsky"},{"link_name":"Hanns Katz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanns_Katz"},{"link_name":"Ernst Ludwig Kirchner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Ludwig_Kirchner"},{"link_name":"Paul Klee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Klee"},{"link_name":"Cesar Klein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cesar_Klein"},{"link_name":"Paul Kleinschmidt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Kleinschmidt"},{"link_name":"Oskar Kokoschka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oskar_Kokoschka"},{"link_name":"Otto Lange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Lange"},{"link_name":"Wilhelm Lehmbruck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Lehmbruck"},{"link_name":"Elfriede Lohse-Wächtler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elfriede_Lohse-W%C3%A4chtler"},{"link_name":"El Lissitzky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Lissitzky"},{"link_name":"Oskar Lüthy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oskar_L%C3%BCthy"},{"link_name":"Franz Marc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Marc"},{"link_name":"Gerhard Marcks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerhard_Marcks"},{"link_name":"Ewald Mataré","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ewald_Matar%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Ludwig Meidner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_Meidner"},{"link_name":"Jean Metzinger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Metzinger"},{"link_name":"Constantin von Mitschke-Collande","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Constantin_von_Mitschke-Collande&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"de","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantin_von_Mitschke-Collande"},{"link_name":"László Moholy-Nagy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3_Moholy-Nagy"},{"link_name":"Marg Moll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marg_Moll"},{"link_name":"Oskar Moll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oskar_Moll"},{"link_name":"Johannes Molzahn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Molzahn"},{"link_name":"Piet Mondrian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piet_Mondrian"},{"link_name":"Georg Muche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Muche"},{"link_name":"Otto Mueller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Mueller"},{"link_name":"Magda Nachman Acharya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magda_Nachman_Acharya"},{"link_name":"Heinrich Nauen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Nauen"},{"link_name":"Ernst Wilhelm Nay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Wilhelm_Nay"},{"link_name":"Karel Niestrath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karel_Niestrath&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"de","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karel_Niestrath"},{"link_name":"Emil Nolde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emil_Nolde"},{"link_name":"Otto Pankok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Pankok"},{"link_name":"Max Pechstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Pechstein"},{"link_name":"Max Peiffer Watenphul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Peiffer_Watenphul"},{"link_name":"Hans Purrmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Purrmann"},{"link_name":"Max Rauh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Max_Rauh&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"no","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Rauh"},{"link_name":"Hans Richter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hans_Richter_(painter)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Emy Roeder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emy_Roeder"},{"link_name":"Christian Rohlfs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Rohlfs"},{"link_name":"Edwin Scharff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_Scharff"},{"link_name":"Oskar Schlemmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oskar_Schlemmer"},{"link_name":"Rudolf Schlichter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Schlichter"},{"link_name":"Karl Schmidt-Rottluff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Schmidt-Rottluff"},{"link_name":"Werner Scholz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werner_Scholz_(painter)"},{"link_name":"Lothar Schreyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lothar_Schreyer"},{"link_name":"Otto Schubert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Schubert"},{"link_name":"Kurt Schwitters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurt_Schwitters"},{"link_name":"Lasar Segall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lasar_Segall"},{"link_name":"Fritz Skade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fritz_Skade&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"de","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz_Skade"},{"link_name":"Heinrich Stegemann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Stegemann"},{"link_name":"Fritz Stuckenberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz_Stuckenberg"},{"link_name":"Paul Thalheimer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Thalheimer"},{"link_name":"Johannes Tietz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Johannes_Tietz&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"no","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Tietz"},{"link_name":"Arnold Topp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arnold_Topp&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"de","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold_Topp"},{"link_name":"Friedrich Vordemberge-Gildewart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Vordemberge-Gildewart"},{"link_name":"Karl Völker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_V%C3%B6lker"},{"link_name":"Christoph Voll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christoph_Voll"},{"link_name":"William Wauer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Wauer"},{"link_name":"Gert Heinrich Wollheim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gert_Heinrich_Wollheim"}],"text":"Jankel Adler\nHans Baluschek\nErnst Barlach\nRudolf Bauer\nPhilipp Bauknecht\nOtto Baum [de]\nWilli Baumeister\nHerbert Bayer\nMax Beckmann\nRudolf Belling\nPaul Bindel\nTheodor Brün [de]\nMax Burchartz\nFritz Burger-Mühlfeld [de]\nPaul Camenisch\nHeinrich Campendonk\nKarl Caspar\nMaria Caspar-Filser\nPol Cassel\nMarc Chagall\nLovis Corinth\nHeinrich Maria Davringhausen\nWalter Dexel\nJohannes Diesner\nOtto Dix\nPranas Domšaitis\nHans Christoph Drexel\nJohannes Driesch\nHeinrich Eberhard\nMax Ernst\nHans Feibusch\nLyonel Feininger\nConrad Felixmüller\nOtto Freundlich\nXaver Fuhr [de]\nLudwig Gies\nWerner Gilles\nOtto Gleichmann\nRudolf Großmann\nGeorge Grosz\nHans Grundig\nRudolf Haizmann\nRaoul Hausmann\nGuido Hebert [cs]\nErich Heckel\nWilhelm Heckrott [de]\nJacoba van Heemskerck\nHans Siebert von Heister [no]\nOswald Herzog [de]\nWerner Heuser\nHeinrich Hoerle\nKarl Hofer\nEugen Hoffmann\nJohannes Itten\nAlexej von Jawlensky\nEric Johansson [de]\nHans Jürgen Kallmann\nWassily Kandinsky\nHanns Katz\nErnst Ludwig Kirchner\nPaul Klee\nCesar Klein\nPaul Kleinschmidt\nOskar Kokoschka\nOtto Lange\nWilhelm Lehmbruck\nElfriede Lohse-Wächtler\nEl Lissitzky\nOskar Lüthy\nFranz Marc\nGerhard Marcks\nEwald Mataré\nLudwig Meidner\nJean Metzinger\nConstantin von Mitschke-Collande [de]\nLászló Moholy-Nagy\nMarg Moll\nOskar Moll\nJohannes Molzahn\nPiet Mondrian\nGeorg Muche\nOtto Mueller\nMagda Nachman Acharya\nErich Nagel\nHeinrich Nauen\nErnst Wilhelm Nay\nKarel Niestrath [de]\nEmil Nolde\nOtto Pankok\nMax Pechstein\nMax Peiffer Watenphul\nHans Purrmann\nMax Rauh [no]\nHans Richter\nEmy Roeder\nChristian Rohlfs\nEdwin Scharff\nOskar Schlemmer\nRudolf Schlichter\nKarl Schmidt-Rottluff\nWerner Scholz\nLothar Schreyer\nOtto Schubert\nKurt Schwitters\nLasar Segall\nFritz Skade [de]\nHeinrich Stegemann\nFritz Stuckenberg\nPaul Thalheimer\nJohannes Tietz [no]\nArnold Topp [de]\nFriedrich Vordemberge-Gildewart\nKarl Völker\nChristoph Voll\nWilliam Wauer\nGert Heinrich Wollheim","title":"Artists in the 1937 Munich show"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bauhaus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bauhaus"},{"link_name":"Cubism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cubism"},{"link_name":"Dada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dada"},{"link_name":"Expressionism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expressionism"},{"link_name":"Fauvism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fauvism"},{"link_name":"Impressionism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impressionism"},{"link_name":"Post-Impressionism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-Impressionism"},{"link_name":"New Objectivity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Objectivity"},{"link_name":"Surrealism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surrealism"}],"text":"Bauhaus\nCubism\nDada\nExpressionism\nFauvism\nImpressionism\nPost-Impressionism\nNew Objectivity\nSurrealism","title":"Artistic movements condemned as degenerate"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Reichsministerium für Volksaufklärung und Propaganda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Public_Enlightenment_and_Propaganda"},{"link_name":"Victoria and Albert Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_and_Albert_Museum"},{"link_name":"National Art Library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Art_Library"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-V&A_Entartete_Kunst_webpage-58"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Free_University_of_Berlin-59"},{"link_name":"PDFs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PDF"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"IIIF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IIIF"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-63"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-63"},{"link_name":"Degenerate Art Exhibition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Degenerate_Art_Exhibition"},{"link_name":"The Eternal Jew (art exhibition)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Eternal_Jew_(art_exhibition)"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"Karl Buchholz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Buchholz_(Art_dealer)"},{"link_name":"Hildebrand Gurlitt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hildebrand_Gurlitt"},{"link_name":"Ferdinand Möller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_M%C3%B6ller"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"}],"text":"The Reichsministerium für Volksaufklärung und Propaganda (Reich Ministry of Public Enlightenment and Propaganda) compiled a 479-page, two-volume typewritten listing of the works confiscated as \"degenerate\" from Germany's public institutions in 1937–38. In 1996 the Victoria and Albert Museum in London acquired the only known surviving copy of the complete listing. The document was donated to the V&A's National Art Library by Elfriede Fischer, the widow of the art dealer Heinrich Robert (\"Harry\") Fischer. Copies were made available to other libraries and research organisations at the time, and much of the information was subsequently incorporated into a database maintained by the Freie Universität Berlin.[58][59]A digital reproduction of the entire inventory was published on the Victoria and Albert Museum's website in January 2014. The V&A's publication consists of two PDFs, one for each of the original volumes. Both PDFs also include an introduction in English and German.[60] An online version of the inventory was made available on the V&A's website in November 2019, with additional features. The new edition uses IIIF page-turning software and incorporates an interactive index arranged by city and museum. The earlier PDF edition remains available too.[61]The V&A's copy of the full inventory is thought to have been compiled in 1941 or 1942, after the sales and disposals were completed.[62] Two copies of an earlier version of Volume 1 (A–G) also survive in the German Federal Archives in Berlin, and one of these is annotated to show the fate of individual artworks. Until the V&A obtained the complete inventory in 1996, all versions of Volume 2 (G–Z) were thought to have been destroyed.[63] The listings are arranged alphabetically by city, museum and artist. Details include artist surname, inventory number, title and medium, followed by a code indicating the fate of the artwork, then the surname of the buyer or art dealer (if any) and any price paid.[63] The entries also include abbreviations to indicate whether the work was included in any of the various Entartete Kunst exhibitions (see Degenerate Art Exhibition) or Der ewige Jude (see The Eternal Jew (art exhibition)).[64]The main dealers mentioned are Bernhard A. Böhmer (or Boehmer), Karl Buchholz, Hildebrand Gurlitt, and Ferdinand Möller. The manuscript also contains entries for many artworks acquired by the artist Emanuel Fohn, in exchange for other works.[65]","title":"Listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Chronicle of Higher Education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Chronicle_of_Higher_Education"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"}],"text":"Neil Levi, writing in The Chronicle of Higher Education, suggested that the branding of art as \"degenerate\" was only partly an aesthetic aim of the Nazis. Another was the confiscation of valuable artwork, a deliberate means to enrich the regime.[66]","title":"21st-century reactions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"A Picasso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A_Picasso&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Jeffrey Hatcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeffrey_Hatcher"},{"link_name":"Picasso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pablo_Picasso"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"The Train","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Train_(1964_film)"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"}],"text":"A Picasso, a play by Jeffrey Hatcher based loosely on actual events, is set in Paris 1941 and sees Picasso being asked to authenticate three works for inclusion in an upcoming exhibition of degenerate art.[67][68]In the 1964 film The Train, a German Army colonel attempts to steal hundreds of \"degenerate\" paintings from Paris before it is liberated during World War II.[69]","title":"In popular culture"}] | [{"image_text":"Joseph Goebbels views the Degenerate Art Exhibition.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Ausstellung_entartete_kunst_1937.jpg/220px-Ausstellung_entartete_kunst_1937.jpg"},{"image_text":"Das Magdeburger Ehrenmal (the Magdeburg cenotaph), by Ernst Barlach was declared to be degenerate art due to the \"deformity\" and emaciation of the figures—corresponding to Nordau's theorized connection between \"mental and physical degeneration\".","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Barlach_Magdeburger_Ehrenmal.jpg/170px-Barlach_Magdeburger_Ehrenmal.jpg"},{"image_text":"A still from The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fd/CABINET_DES_DR_CALIGARI_01.jpg/220px-CABINET_DES_DR_CALIGARI_01.jpg"},{"image_text":"Albert Gleizes, 1912, Landschaft bei Paris, Paysage près de Paris, Paysage de Courbevoie, missing from Hannover since 1937[20][21]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Albert_Gleizes%2C_1912%2C_Landschaft_bei_Paris%2C_Paysage_pr%C3%A8s_de_paris%2C_Paysage_de_Courbevoie%2C_oil_on_canvas%2C_72.8_x_87.1_cm%2C_missing_from_Hannover_since_1937.jpg/230px-Albert_Gleizes%2C_1912%2C_Landschaft_bei_Paris%2C_Paysage_pr%C3%A8s_de_paris%2C_Paysage_de_Courbevoie%2C_oil_on_canvas%2C_72.8_x_87.1_cm%2C_missing_from_Hannover_since_1937.jpg"},{"image_text":"Jean Metzinger, 1913, En Canot (Im Boot), oil on canvas, 146 x 114 cm, confiscated by the Nazis c.1936 and displayed at the Degenerate Art Exhibition in Munich. The painting has been missing ever since.[22][23]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c5/Jean_Metzinger%2C_1913%2C_En_Canot%2C_oil_on_canvas%2C_146_x_114_cm%2C_missing_or_destroyed.jpg/220px-Jean_Metzinger%2C_1913%2C_En_Canot%2C_oil_on_canvas%2C_146_x_114_cm%2C_missing_or_destroyed.jpg"},{"image_text":"Entartete Kunst poster, Berlin, 1938","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Entartete_Kunst_poster%2C_Berlin%2C_1938.jpg/220px-Entartete_Kunst_poster%2C_Berlin%2C_1938.jpg"},{"image_text":"Letter to Emil Nolde in 1941 from Adolf Ziegler, who declares that Nolde's art is degenerate art, and forbids him to paint.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Entartete-kunst_nolde.png/300px-Entartete-kunst_nolde.png"},{"image_text":"Self-portrait by Elfriede Lohse-Wächtler, who was murdered at Sonnenstein Euthanasia Centre in 1940","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/ELW-Selbstportrait.jpg/220px-ELW-Selbstportrait.jpg"}] | [{"title":"Art of the Third Reich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_of_the_Third_Reich"},{"title":"Degenerate music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Degenerate_music"},{"title":"Gurlitt Collection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurlitt_Collection"},{"title":"Karl Buchholz (art dealer)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Buchholz_(art_dealer)"},{"title":"Low culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low_culture"},{"title":"Nazi plunder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_plunder"}] | [{"reference":"\"Degenerate Art\". fcit.usf.edu. Retrieved 13 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://fcit.usf.edu/holocaust/arts/artdegen.htm","url_text":"\"Degenerate Art\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Collection | Entartete Kunst\". MoMA. Retrieved 12 August 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.moma.org/collection/theme.php?theme_id=10077","url_text":"\"The Collection | Entartete Kunst\""}]},{"reference":"Michaud, Eric; Lloyd, Janet (2004). The Cult of Art in Nazi Germany. Stanford: Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0-8047-4327-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/cultofartinnazig0000mich","url_text":"The Cult of Art in Nazi Germany"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-4327-3","url_text":"978-0-8047-4327-3"}]},{"reference":"Zalampas, Sherree Owens, 1937– (1990). Adolf Hitler : a psychological interpretation of his views on architecture, art, and music. Bowling Green, Ohio: Bowling Green University Popular Press. ISBN 0879724870. OCLC 22438356.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0879724870","url_text":"0879724870"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/22438356","url_text":"22438356"}]},{"reference":"\"Entartete Kunst (Degenerate Art), complete inventory of over 16,000 artworks confiscated by the Nazi regime from public institutions in Germany, 1937–1938, Reichsministerium für Volksaufklärung und Propaganda. Victoria and Albert Museum, Albert Gleizes, Landschaft bei Paris, n. 7030, Volume 2, p. 57 (includes the Entartete Kunst inventory)\". Vam.ac.uk. 30 June 1939. Retrieved 14 August 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.vam.ac.uk/content/articles/e/entartete-kunst/","url_text":"\"Entartete Kunst (Degenerate Art), complete inventory of over 16,000 artworks confiscated by the Nazi regime from public institutions in Germany, 1937–1938, Reichsministerium für Volksaufklärung und Propaganda. Victoria and Albert Museum, Albert Gleizes, Landschaft bei Paris, n. 7030, Volume 2, p. 57 (includes the Entartete Kunst inventory)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jean Metzinger, Im Boot (En Canot), Degenerate Art Database (Beschlagnahme Inventar, Entartete Kunst)\" [Jean Metzinger, Im Boot (In Canoe), Degenerate Art Database (confiscation inventory, degenerate art)]. Emuseum.campus.fu-berlin.de. Retrieved 9 November 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://emuseum.campus.fu-berlin.de/eMuseumPlus?service=RedirectService&sp=Scollection&sp=SfieldValue&sp=0&sp=0&sp=3&sp=SdetailList&sp=0&sp=Sdetail&sp=0&sp=F","url_text":"\"Jean Metzinger, Im Boot (En Canot), Degenerate Art Database (Beschlagnahme Inventar, Entartete Kunst)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Degenerate Art Database (Beschlagnahme Inventar, Entartete Kunst)\" [Degenerate Art Database (confiscation inventory, degenerate art)]. Emuseum.campus.fu-berlin.de. Retrieved 9 November 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://emuseum.campus.fu-berlin.de/eMuseumPlus?service=direct/1/ResultListView/result.t1.collection_list.$TspTitleLink.link&sp=10&sp=Scollection&sp=SfieldValue&sp=0&sp=0&sp=3&sp=SdetailList&sp=0&sp=Sdetail&sp=0&sp=F&sp=T&sp=0","url_text":"\"Degenerate Art Database (Beschlagnahme Inventar, Entartete Kunst)\""}]},{"reference":"\"We're asking about profit, morality, money and rescue\". 9 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.juedisches-museum.ch/en/were-asking-about-profit-morality-money-and-rescue/","url_text":"\"We're asking about profit, morality, money and rescue\""}]},{"reference":"\"Entartete Kunst (Degenerate Art), complete inventory of artworks confiscated by the Nazi regime from public institutions in Germany, 1937–1938, Reichsministerium für Volksaufklärung und Propaganda. Victoria and Albert Museum\". Vam.ac.uk. 30 June 1939. Retrieved 14 August 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.vam.ac.uk/content/articles/e/entartete-kunst/","url_text":"\"Entartete Kunst (Degenerate Art), complete inventory of artworks confiscated by the Nazi regime from public institutions in Germany, 1937–1938, Reichsministerium für Volksaufklärung und Propaganda. Victoria and Albert Museum\""}]},{"reference":"\"Entartete Kunst\". Olinda.com. 19 July 1937. Retrieved 12 August 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.olinda.com/ArtAndIdeas/lectures/ArtWeDontLike/entarteteKunst.htm","url_text":"\"Entartete Kunst\""}]},{"reference":"Hickley, Catherine (27 September 1946). \"'Degenerate' Art Unearthed From Berlin Bomb Rubble\". Bloomberg. Retrieved 10 November 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2010-11-08/-degenerate-sculptures-unearthed-from-bomb-rubble-put-on-show-in-berlin.html","url_text":"\"'Degenerate' Art Unearthed From Berlin Bomb Rubble\""}]},{"reference":"Black, Rosemary (9 November 2010). \"Rescued pre-WWII 'degenerate art' on display in the Neues Museum in Berlin\". New York Daily News. Retrieved 10 November 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nydailynews.com/lifestyle/2010/11/09/2010-11-09_rescued_prewwii_degenerate_art_on_display_in_the_neues_museum_in_berlin.html","url_text":"\"Rescued pre-WWII 'degenerate art' on display in the Neues Museum in Berlin\""}]},{"reference":"Charles Hawley (8 November 2010). \"Nazi Degenerate Art Rediscovered in Berlin\". Der Spiegel.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.spiegel.de/international/zeitgeist/0,1518,727971,00.html","url_text":"\"Nazi Degenerate Art Rediscovered in Berlin\""}]},{"reference":"\"V&A Entartete Kunst webpage\". Vam.ac.uk. 30 June 1939. Retrieved 14 August 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.vam.ac.uk/entartetekunst","url_text":"\"V&A Entartete Kunst webpage\""}]},{"reference":"\"Freie Universität Berlin Database \"Entartete Kunst\"\". Geschkult.fu-berlin.de. 28 August 2013. Retrieved 14 August 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.geschkult.fu-berlin.de/en/e/db_entart_kunst/index.html","url_text":"\"Freie Universität Berlin Database \"Entartete Kunst\"\""}]},{"reference":"Levi, Neil (12 November 2013). \"The Uses of Nazi 'Degenerate Art'\". The Chronicle of Higher Education. Archived from the original on 13 November 2013. Retrieved 16 July 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131113051008/https://www.chronicle.com/blogs/conversation/2013/11/12/the-uses-of-nazi-degenerate-art/","url_text":"\"The Uses of Nazi 'Degenerate Art'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Chronicle_of_Higher_Education","url_text":"The Chronicle of Higher Education"}]},{"reference":"Isherwood, C. (20 April 2005). \"Portrait of the Artist as a Master of the One-Liner\". The New York Times. Retrieved 22 June 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://theater.nytimes.com/2005/04/20/theater/reviews/20PICA.html","url_text":"\"Portrait of the Artist as a Master of the One-Liner\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"Blake, J. (3 October 2012). \"Ve haff vays of being unintentionally funny\". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 22 June 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/theatre/ve-haff-vays-of-being-unintentionally-funny-20121003-26yp9.html","url_text":"\"Ve haff vays of being unintentionally funny\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sydney_Morning_Herald","url_text":"The Sydney Morning Herald"}]},{"reference":"\"Train, The (1965) – (Movie Clip) Degenerate Art\". Archived from the original on 15 February 2015. Retrieved 15 February 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150215233016/http://www.tcmclassicfilmfestival.com/mediaroom/video/476066/Train-The-Movie-Clip-Degenerate-Art.html","url_text":"\"Train, The (1965) – (Movie Clip) Degenerate Art\""},{"url":"http://www.tcmclassicfilmfestival.com/mediaroom/video/476066/Train-The-Movie-Clip-Degenerate-Art.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Castoriadis, Cornelius (1984). Crossroads in the Labyrinth. Harvester Press. ISBN 978-0-85527-538-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=KvPWAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"Crossroads in the Labyrinth"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85527-538-9","url_text":"978-0-85527-538-9"}]},{"reference":"Kraus, Carl; Obermair, Hannes (2019). Mythen der Diktaturen. Kunst in Faschismus und Nationalsozialismus – Miti delle dittature. Arte nel fascismo e nazionalsocialismo. Landesmuseum für Kultur- und Landesgeschichte Schloss Tirol. ISBN 978-88-95523-16-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-95523-16-3","url_text":"978-88-95523-16-3"}]},{"reference":"Williams, Robert Chadwell (1997). \"Chapter 5: Bolshevism in the West: From Leninist Totalitarians to Cultural Revolutionaries\". Russia Imagined: Art, Culture and National Identity, 1840–1995. P. Lang. ISBN 978-0-8204-3470-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=cqmRngEACAAJ","url_text":"Russia Imagined: Art, Culture and National Identity, 1840–1995"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8204-3470-4","url_text":"978-0-8204-3470-4"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://fcit.usf.edu/holocaust/arts/artdegen.htm","external_links_name":"\"Degenerate Art\""},{"Link":"http://www.moma.org/collection/theme.php?theme_id=10077","external_links_name":"\"The Collection | Entartete Kunst\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=VeUsAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA272","external_links_name":"A Study of Wagner"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/253374235","external_links_name":"253374235"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=MbOdSrOFfpEC&pg=PA36","external_links_name":"Expressionism"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/cultofartinnazig0000mich","external_links_name":"The Cult of Art in Nazi Germany"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/22438356","external_links_name":"22438356"},{"Link":"http://www.vam.ac.uk/content/articles/e/entartete-kunst/","external_links_name":"\"Entartete Kunst (Degenerate Art), complete inventory of over 16,000 artworks confiscated by the Nazi regime from public institutions in Germany, 1937–1938, Reichsministerium für Volksaufklärung und Propaganda. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Do_I_Hear_a_Waltz%3F | Do I Hear a Waltz? | ["1 Background","2 Synopsis","3 Original cast and characters","4 Song list","5 Productions","6 Critical response","7 Post mortem","8 Recordings","9 Awards and nominations","9.1 Original Broadway production","10 References","11 External links"] | Musical
For the Jo Stafford album, see Do I Hear a Waltz? (Jo Stafford album).
Do I Hear a Waltz?Original Broadway Cast AlbumMusicRichard RodgersLyricsStephen SondheimBookArthur LaurentsBasisThe Time of the Cuckoo by Arthur LaurentsProductions1965 Broadway1999 New Brunswick, New Jersey 2001 Pasadena, California 2016 Encores!
Do I Hear a Waltz? is a musical with a book by Arthur Laurents, music by Richard Rodgers, and lyrics by Stephen Sondheim. It was adapted from Laurents' 1952 play The Time of the Cuckoo, which was the basis for the 1955 film Summertime starring Katharine Hepburn.
Background
Laurents originally conceived the production as a small chamber musical with music by Richard Rodgers, lyrics by Oscar Hammerstein, and Mary Martin in the lead role of spinster Leona Samish. By the time the project began to jell, however, Hammerstein had died, and Stephen Sondheim was asked by Laurents and Mary Rodgers, Richard Rodgers' daughter, to write the lyrics. Even so, Rodgers felt that the original play did not lend itself to musicalization; Sondheim agreed. According to Peter Filichia, "Sondheim didn't want to do the musical in the first place, but given that Laurents sought him – and had recommended him for 'West Side Story' when he was a novice — he accepted. Also a factor was that his now-deceased mentor Oscar Hammerstein had recommended that he succeed him as Rodgers' lyricist."
Rodgers, who was producing the Broadway production, rejected Martin as too old for Leona.
Franco Zeffirelli was the first choice for director, and he met with Laurents, Sondheim, and Rodgers, who fell asleep during their discussion. Laurents suspected Rodgers had been drinking, and when he discovered a bottle of vodka secreted in the toilet tank during a later visit to the Rodgers apartment, he realized he had been correct. The composer's chronic drinking proved to be a major problem throughout the rehearsal period and pre-Broadway run at the Colonial Theatre in Boston and the Shubert Theatre in New Haven.
Laurents suggested that John Dexter direct the show, but later regretted the choice. Dexter insisted on giving the lead role of Leona to Elizabeth Allen, who Laurents felt could manage the acting and singing but had a cold personality too contrary to that of the character. Rodgers' mistreatment of Sondheim left the lyricist feeling apathetic if not outright sour about the project, but he maintained his professionalism. The first run-through was disastrous, and Dexter immediately lost interest, leaving most of the work to his assistant-choreographer Wakefield Poole. Herbert Ross was called in to work on the dance routines and brought with him his wife Nora Kaye, who served as a mediator among the warring factions. She was faced with an arduous task, given Rodgers' open dismissal of Sondheim's lyrics as "shit," as well as his eventual ban of Laurents from rehearsals completely.
Synopsis
New York City secretary Leona Samish arrives in Venice ("Someone Woke Up"), where she is staying at the Pensione Fioria, where she is greeted by owner Fioria ("This Week Americans"). There she meets Americans Eddie and Jennifer Yaeger, who are living in Rome and have come to Venice for a vacation, and the McIlhennys, an older couple on a package tour ("What Do We Do? We Fly!").
While shopping, Leona sees a ruby glass goblet in a store window and goes inside to inspect it. The owner, Renato di Rossi, tells her it is an authentic 18th-century piece, not a reproduction. He offers not only to find her a matching glass to make up a pair, but to show her the sights of the city, as well. Leona refuses his offer and leaves, but returns the next day to buy the goblet. Later that day, a package with a second goblet is delivered to the hotel. Soon after, Renato arrives to invite Leona to join him for coffee in Piazza San Marco that evening. When the McIlhennys show her their purchase of a set of glasses exactly like hers, Leona believes Renato misrepresented their value, but Signora Fioria assures her they are antiques.
Later in the day, Renato's son Vito comes to tell Leona that Renato will be late for their meeting because one of his children is ill and needs to see a doctor. Realizing Renato is married, she cancels their rendezvous. He comes to the pensione and explains he and his wife have not loved each other for years but divorce is not an option, not only because the country doesn't permit it, but because they have their children to consider as well. To Leona, his casual attitude about extramarital affairs is wrong, but she still finds herself attracted to him, and agrees to keep their date.
Meanwhile, the Yaegers are facing problems of their own. Eddie, finding himself enamoured with Signora Fioria, announces he wants to put distance between himself and the woman by returning to the United States.
Renato arrives with a garnet necklace for Leona, who is thrilled with his gift and agrees to extend her stay in Venice. She hosts a party in the garden of the pensione, and as the party is in progress, Renato's son Vito comes to tell his father that the jeweler wants his money; overhearing this, Leona happily gives him the money. However, when she discovers Renato has received a commission on the sale of the necklace, she accuses him of being interested only in her money, and he leaves.
Fioria and Jennifer attempt to comfort Leona, who drunkenly reveals Eddie and Fioria spent the previous evening together, only to immediately regret her words ("Everyone Loves Leona"). The following day both the Yaegers and the McIlhennys check out of the pensione as Fioria is happy that everyone is leaving and making way for the next group of guests ("Last Week Americans"). On hearing Renato had been there before she awoke, Leona goes to his store to make amends, but he tells her a relationship with her would be impossible because of her complicated outlook on life. His affection for her is gone, and they part as friends ("Thank You So Much").
Original cast and characters
Character
Broadway (1965)
George Street Playhouse (1999)
Pasadena Playhouse (2001)
Encores! (2016)
Leona Samish
Elizabeth Allen
Penny Fuller
Alyson Reed
Melissa Errico
Renato de Rossi
Sergio Franchi
Charles Cioffi
Anthony Crivello
Richard Troxell
Signora Fiora
Carol Bruce
Lynn Cohen
Carol Lawrence
Karen Ziemba
Mrs. McIlhenny
Madeleine Sherwood
Luce Ennis
Elmarie Wendel
Nancy Opel
Mr. McIlhenny
Jack Manning
Robert Levine
Jack Riley
Richard Poe
Eddie Yaeger
Stuart Damon
Todd Gearhart
Benjamin Springer
Claybourne Elder
Jennifer Yaeger
Julienne Marie
Anna Belknap
Annie Wersching
Sarah Hunt
Giovanna
Fleury D'Antonakis
Carla Bianco
Tina Gasbarra
Sarah Stiles
Vito
James Dybas
Nick Potenzieri
Nino Del Prete
Michael Rosen
Mauro
Christopher Votos
Nicholas Cutro
Eddy Martin
Zachary Infante
Song list
Act I
Overture
"Someone Woke Up" – Leona Samish
"This Week Americans" – Signora Fioria
"What Do We Do? We Fly!" – Leona Samish, Mrs. McIlhenny, Mr. McIlhenny, Eddie Yaeger and Jennifer Yaeger
"Someone Like You" – Renato Di Rossi
"Bargaining" – Renato Di Rossi
"Here We Are Again" – Leona Samish, Vito and Ragazzi
"Thinking" – Renato Di Rossi and Leona Samish
"No Understand" – Signora Fioria, Eddie Yaeger and Giovanna
"Take the Moment" – Renato Di Rossi
Act II
"Moon in My Window" – Jennifer Yaeger, Signora Fioria and Leona Samish
"We're Gonna Be Alright" – Eddie Yaeger and Jennifer Yaeger
"Do I Hear a Waltz?" – Leona Samish and Company
"Stay" – Renato Di Rossi
"Perfectly Lovely Couple" – Leona Samish, Renato Di Rossi, Mr. McIlhenny, Mrs. McIlhenny, Jennifer Yaeger, Eddie Yaeger, Giovanna and Signora Fiora
"Thank You So Much" – Renato Di Rossi and Leona Samish
Finale
Cut songs
"Two by Two" - Leona, Vito, girl, Eddie, Jennifer, Fioria, male companion, Mr. McIlhenny, Mrs. McIlhenny
"We're Gonna Be Alright" – Eddie Yaeger and Jennifer Yaeger
"Everybody Loves Leona" - Leona (restored in the George Street Playhouse production)
"Perhaps"
"Philadelphia"
Productions
The musical opened on Broadway on March 18, 1965, at the 46th Street Theatre and closed on September 25, 1965, after 220 performances. Choreography was by Herbert Ross, with scenery and costumes by Beni Montresor and lighting by Jules Fisher.
Laurents rued the casting - he felt Allen was too young and colorless and Franchi couldn't act - and ignored all the ongoing problems in favor of making his dream a reality, but most of all he regretted the break in his friendship with Sondheim after the show.
The musical received three nominations for the Tony Awards: Elizabeth Allen was nominated for the Tony Award for Best Performance by a Leading Actress in a Musical; nominated for Best Original Score; and nominated for Best Scenic Design, but lost in all three categories.
In May 1966, Do I Hear a Waltz? made its regional theatrical debut at the Pabst Theater in Milwaukee (Wisconsin): Dorothy Collins as Leona led a cast which also included Ron Holgate (Collins' husband) as Renato, Joel Fabiani as Eddie Yaeger. The production encored at the Paper Mill Playhouse in May–June 1966. Also in the summer of 1966 Do I Hear a Waltz made its West Coast premiere, with Anne Jeffreys as Leona leading the Valley Music Theater production in which Richard Torigi played Renato and Fleury D'Antonakis again played Giovanna.
Dorothy Collins would reprise her role of Leona in the summer of 1967 when Do I Hear a Waltz? was presented by the St. Louis Municipal Opera, with a cast also including Fleury D'Antonakis (reprising her Broadway role as Giovanna), Clifford David (Eddie Yaeger), Enzo Stuarti (Renato), Monique van Vooren (Fioria) and Karin Wolfe (Jennifer Yaeger). With Holgate encoring as Renato opposite Collins as Leona, the production was scheduled for two subsequent Boston-area engagements of Do I Hear a Waltz? that summer: however Collins' maternity leave mandated Julia Meade instead headlining those two engagements opposite Holgate. Also in the summer of 1967 Monique van Vooren encored as Fioria in the Kenley Players of Dayton (Ohio) production of Do I Hear a Waltz? which starred Anita Bryant as Leona and featured Don Amendolia as Vito (Carol Bruce had originally been announced as encoring her Broadway role of Fioria for Kenley Players).
In the summer of 1972 Ronald Holgate again encored as Renato in a tour of Do I Hear a Waltz? with Patrice Munsel headlining as Leona: also in the cast were Richard Kline (Eddie Yaeger) and Denise Lor (Fioria).
In March 1975 Rosalind Harris starred as Leona in a revival of Do I Hear a Waltz? by the Equity Library Theatre of the New York Public Library whose cast also included Melanie Chartoff (Jennifer Yaeger) and Barbara Lea (Fioria).
In 1997, Sondheim was sent a recording of a concert version of Do I Hear a Waltz? that had been presented in London. It was then he realized the original play did lend itself to musical adaptation, but the score Rodgers composed wasn't very good. He enthusiastically contacted Laurents and the two discussed changes that could be made to improve the show.
A revised production was staged at the George Street Playhouse, New Brunswick, New Jersey from October 13, 1999, through November 14, 1999. For this production the dropped song "Everybody Loves Leona" was restored, lyrics were altered or added, and Laurents "revamped quite a bit of the book."
A 2001 revival of the musical was staged at the Pasadena Playhouse, Pasadena, California, where it ran from July 15 through August 19. The production was well received by the critics, and a cast recording was subsequently released on the Fynsworth Alley label.
In 2003, the Landor Theatre in London staged the musical and in March 2014, Charles Court Opera further revived the show at Park Theatre in Finsbury Park.
The musical was presented by Encores! at New York City Center in May 2016. It was directed by Evan Cabnet.
The 42nd Street Moon company of San Francisco has mounted two revivals of Do I Hear a Waltz?, the first in 1998 with Darren Criss as Mauro, the second in 2014 with Emily Skinner as Leona.
Critical response
The original production received mixed reviews. Howard Taubman of The New York Times observed,
"The authors ... have accomplished their conversion from the play with tact and grace. They have not attempted a complete transformation. On the other hand, they have not cheapened or falsified the play ... They were wise not to overload the musical with production numbers; their taste was unexceptionable when they chose not to turn their work into a brash, noisy affair, which would have been out of keeping with their theme. At the same time one cannot suppress a regret that they failed to be bolder: For there are times, particularly in the early stages, when the songs are merely a decoration. They give the impression that they are there because a musical requires music. They do not translate the story into the fresh and marvelous language that the rich resources of the musical stage make possible."
William Ruhlmann wrote:
"Despite the pedigrees of the creators, the show opened to negative reviews, which is explained only partly by the score as heard on this cast recording. Elizabeth Allen, in the lead role, was criticized with backhanded compliments for being too young and attractive for the part, flaws not apparent on the album. Sergio Franchi, as her romantic partner, also came in for criticism, but comes off much better here. And the small supporting cast, featuring Carol Bruce as the proprietor of a pension, is also impressive. But the songs, for the most part, are not memorable."
The production did not recoup its investment, but several songs, including the title song, received radio play. RCA released a single of two of the songs recorded by Sergio Franchi ("Someone Like You" and "Take the Moment"); and he sang them on several televised shows. Franchi generally received excellent reviews of his singing performance on this show, his Broadway debut.
Post mortem
With the passage of time, Sondheim, the longest surviving member of the original creative team, has reflected on what went wrong with Do I Hear a Waltz? To begin with, his reasons for collaborating with Rodgers were prompted out of obligations to others rather than a belief in the material. In his final meeting with Hammerstein, the dying lyricist recommended that Sondheim collaborate with Rodgers. Additionally, Mary Rodgers (the composer's daughter) was a good friend of Sondheim and forcefully urged him to consider a collaboration.
In getting to know Rodgers, Sondheim found a "funny, dour, difficult fellow" who was plagued with self-doubt, thinking that his musical abilities were failing him. This manifested itself in the composer's adamant unwillingness to consider rewriting anything. Sondheim considered "What Do We Do? We Fly" and "Bargaining" to be repetitive songs – victims of the lack of desire to rewrite, a type of song he named "mechanicals". Sondheim felt that Rodgers need not have been so self-doubting "as songs like 'Take the Moment' and the show's title tune attest." Eventually Rodgers' self-doubt grew into paranoia, with Rodgers thinking that Sondheim and Arthur Laurents were plotting against him.
Optimistic at a chance to do something unusual, Sondheim thought that Leona – the lonely and uptight American – should not sing until the end of the show. Rodgers refused to consider such an innovation, bringing Sondheim to recognize that in the Rodgers and Hammerstein collaboration, it was Hammerstein that was the path breaker, because Rodgers was an "archconservative", whose innovations were restricted to superficial gimmicks (for example, no string instruments in No Strings). Sondheim felt that Rodgers was not able to write a story in song so he ended up writing many of the lyrics first. Unlike his other partnerships in which composers responded with a collaborative give-and-take between lyrics and music, Sondheim felt that working with Rodgers was like "a set of assignments, either from me to Rodgers or Rodgers to me."
One particular incident involved an infamous lyric change referring to a married couple in the song "We're Gonna Be All-Right". Sondheim's lyrics for the song tended to lean toward a more cynical view of marriage and his suggestion that the husband and wife might find consolation by having separate affairs, even a homosexual one, was quite revolutionary for 1965. He recalls, "I wrote lyrics which had some bite to them, and Dick Rodgers thought the song was wonderful. Next day he called a lunch and kept slamming the lyrics against my forearm and saying, 'This will not do, this will not do', and I kept asking, 'Why?' The truth was, he'd shown the lyrics to his wife and she did not like it. He probably showed it to her out of enthusiasm. But you know, it's got stuff about sexuality in it."
Ultimately Sondheim understood the failure of Do I Hear a Waltz? in the context of Mary Rodgers's formulation of what she called a "why? musical". Such a musical is usually based on good source material but raises the question as to what the addition of music does to enhance the original. With rare exceptions (Sondheim cited My Fair Lady as such an exception, because its creators loved and respected the story) "why? musicals" gain nothing from having music added, usually resulting in a dilution of the original material. Sondheim accepted responsibility for being naive: Thinking that his participation in Do I Hear a Waltz? was a quick way to make money off of good source material – an effort that failed.
Recordings
The original cast recording was released by Columbia Records in 1965, and was chosen by Billboard as an Original Cast Spotlight Album. A remastered version was released on compact disc and cassette tape by Sony Broadway in 1992. A KeelanMusic review gives a very favorable review to the Original Cast recordings, irrespective of the Broadway criticisms.
The 13 March 1975 performance of the 1975 Equity Library production was recorded on audiocassette and is held in the Equity Library Theatre collection.
A recording of the Pasadena Playhouse production was released by Fynsworth Alley in 2001. Musical excerpts (not included on the original cast recording) include the overture, Lezione in Inglese, We're Going to the Lido, Everybody Loves Leona.
Awards and nominations
Original Broadway production
Year
Award
Category
Nominee
Result
1965
Tony Award
Best Original Score
Richard Rodgers and Stephen Sondheim
Nominated
Best Performance by a Leading Actress in a Musical
Elizabeth Allen
Nominated
Best Scenic Design
Beni Montresor
Nominated
References
^ Laurents, Arthur, Original Story By (2000). New York: Alfred A. Knopf, ISBN 0-375-40055-9, p. 212
^ Secrest, Meryle, Stephen Sondheim: A Life (1998). New York: Alfred A. Knopf, ISBN 0-385-33412-5, pp. 174-175
^ Filichia, Peter. "Forgive Me, Stephen Sondheim" masterworksbroadway.com, March 23, 2015
^ Laurents, pp. 213-214
^ Laurents, pp. 213-217
^ Playbill 1965 Bio Cast List accessed 07/09/2023
^ Playbill 1999 Bio Cast List accessed 07/09/2023
^ Variety Bio Cast List accessed 07/10/2023
^ NY Times Bio Cast List accessed 07/10/2023
^ " Do I Hear a Waltz Songs", Sondheimguide.com, accessed July 18, 2012
^ "Do I Hear A Waltz Broadway", Sondheimguide.com, accessed July 18, 2012
^ Do I Hear a Waltz? ibdb.com, accessed April 3, 2016
^ Laurents, pp. 217-219
^ Waukeesha Daily Freeman 17 May 1966 "Play at Pabst is 'Interesting Evening'" by Tom Smith p.2
^ Paper Mill Playbill, May/June 1966
^ "Listing" ovrtur.com, accessed January 12, 2016
^ Los Angeles Times 25 August 1966 "Waltz Not Rodgers' Best Effort" by Cecil Smith p.IV-13
^ St Louis Post-Dispatch 25 June 1967 "Do I Hear a Waltz Premieres at the Opera" p.4g
^ Newport Daily News 9 August 1967 "Maurice Chevalier is Billed for N.E. Summer Theaters" by Harold F. Angione p.3
^ "Do I Hear a Waltz? (Kenley Players Production, 1967)".
^ Camden Courier-Post 12 July 1972 "Waltz in Park Good Three-Fouths of Time" by Scott Hockenberry p.65
^ a b Do I hear a waltz?. OCLC 756946852. Retrieved 22 September 2022 – via worldcat.org.
^ Laurents, p. 219
^ Klein, Alvin."Jersey Footlights; Distinguished Visitors at Auditions" The New York Times, September 12, 1999
^ "'Do I Hear A Waltz'" sondheimguide, accessed July 1, 2009
^ Hitchcock, Laura."Review, Pasadena Playhouse" curtainup.com, July 15, 2001
^ IndieLondon.co.uk: "Landor Theatre brings a taste of Venice to London"
^ Do I Hear a Waltz Charles Court Opera (subscription required)
^ Do I Hear A Waltz? The Park Theatre, accessed 15 May 2016
^ Clement, Olivia. "Encores! 2015-16 Musical Season Includes Tony Winner and Richard Rodgers Rarity" Playbill, May 10, 2015
^ Do I Hear a Waltz? newyorkcitytheatre.com, accessed April 3, 2016
^ Viagas, Robert. "Encores! Do I Hear a Waltz? Announces Cast" Playbill, April 4, 2016
^ Viagas, Robert. "Encores! Do I Hear a Waltz? Bows Tonight" Playbill, May 11, 2016
^ "42nd Street Moon dances to a new 'Waltz'". 30 September 2014.
^ a b Taubman, Howard (19 March 1965). "Do I Hear a Waltz? opens". Theater. The New York Times.
^ Ruhlman, William. "Do I Hear a Waltz?". allmusic.com. Retrieved 3 April 2016.
^ Do I Hear a Waltz? original Broadway cast (LP record album). RCA. 21 March 1965. RCS 47–8552.
^ a b c d e f Sondheim, Stephen (2010). Do I Hear a Waltz? Finishing the Hat. New York, NY: Alfred A. Knopf. p. 141-143.
^ Secrest, Meryle (1998). Stephen Sondheim: A life. New York, NY: Alfred A. Knopf. pp. 176–178. ISBN 0-385-33412-5.
^ "Spotlight Albums." (April 17, 1965). Billboard, New York
^ "Sergio Franchi--Italy's Romantic Tenor" Keelanmusic.com, retrieved 2/05/2014
^ Do I Hear a Waltz? Fynsworth Alley, 3020621262, 2001.
External links
Do I Hear a Waltz? at the Internet Broadway Database
Do I Hear a Waltz at the Stephen Sondheim Reference Guide
Background information and production details at RNH theatricals Archived 2011-04-14 at the Wayback Machine
Detailed plot synopsis, guidetomusicaltheatre.com
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Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street
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Film adaptations
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Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street (2007)
Company (2011)
Into the Woods (2014)
West Side Story (2021)
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Musical revues
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"A Boy Like That"
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"You Gotta Get a Gimmick"
"Rose's Turn"
"Company"
"Getting Married Today"
"The Ladies Who Lunch"
"Being Alive"
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"Could I Leave You?"
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"Send In the Clowns"
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vteWorks by Arthur LaurentsWriterMusicals
West Side Story (1957)
Gypsy (1959)
Anyone Can Whistle (1964)
Do I Hear a Waltz? (1965)
Hallelujah, Baby! (1967)
The Madwoman of Central Park West (1979)
Nick & Nora (1991)
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Authority control databases
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MusicBrainz work | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Do I Hear a Waltz? (Jo Stafford album)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Do_I_Hear_a_Waltz%3F_(Jo_Stafford_album)"},{"link_name":"musical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_play"},{"link_name":"Arthur Laurents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Laurents"},{"link_name":"Richard Rodgers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Rodgers"},{"link_name":"Stephen Sondheim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Sondheim"},{"link_name":"The Time of the Cuckoo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Time_of_the_Cuckoo"},{"link_name":"Summertime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summertime_(1955_film)"},{"link_name":"Katharine Hepburn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katharine_Hepburn"}],"text":"For the Jo Stafford album, see Do I Hear a Waltz? (Jo Stafford album).Do I Hear a Waltz? is a musical with a book by Arthur Laurents, music by Richard Rodgers, and lyrics by Stephen Sondheim. It was adapted from Laurents' 1952 play The Time of the Cuckoo, which was the basis for the 1955 film Summertime starring Katharine Hepburn.","title":"Do I Hear a Waltz?"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"chamber musical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamber_music"},{"link_name":"Richard Rodgers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Rodgers"},{"link_name":"Oscar Hammerstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_Hammerstein_II"},{"link_name":"Mary Martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Martin"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Stephen Sondheim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Sondheim"},{"link_name":"Mary Rodgers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Rodgers"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Broadway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadway_theatre"},{"link_name":"Franco Zeffirelli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franco_Zeffirelli"},{"link_name":"vodka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vodka"},{"link_name":"Colonial Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonial_Theatre_(Boston,_Massachusetts)"},{"link_name":"Boston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston"},{"link_name":"Shubert Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shubert_Theatre_(New_Haven)"},{"link_name":"New Haven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Haven"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"John Dexter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dexter"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth Allen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Allen_(actress)"},{"link_name":"Wakefield Poole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wakefield_Poole"},{"link_name":"Herbert Ross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Ross"},{"link_name":"Nora Kaye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nora_Kaye"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Laurents originally conceived the production as a small chamber musical with music by Richard Rodgers, lyrics by Oscar Hammerstein, and Mary Martin in the lead role of spinster Leona Samish.[1] By the time the project began to jell, however, Hammerstein had died, and Stephen Sondheim was asked by Laurents and Mary Rodgers, Richard Rodgers' daughter, to write the lyrics. Even so, Rodgers felt that the original play did not lend itself to musicalization; Sondheim agreed.[2] According to Peter Filichia, \"Sondheim didn't want to do the musical in the first place, but given that Laurents sought him – and had recommended him for 'West Side Story' when he was a novice — he accepted. Also a factor was that his now-deceased mentor Oscar Hammerstein had recommended that he succeed him as Rodgers' lyricist.\"[3]Rodgers, who was producing the Broadway production, rejected Martin as too old for Leona.Franco Zeffirelli was the first choice for director, and he met with Laurents, Sondheim, and Rodgers, who fell asleep during their discussion. Laurents suspected Rodgers had been drinking, and when he discovered a bottle of vodka secreted in the toilet tank during a later visit to the Rodgers apartment, he realized he had been correct. The composer's chronic drinking proved to be a major problem throughout the rehearsal period and pre-Broadway run at the Colonial Theatre in Boston and the Shubert Theatre in New Haven.[4]Laurents suggested that John Dexter direct the show, but later regretted the choice. Dexter insisted on giving the lead role of Leona to Elizabeth Allen, who Laurents felt could manage the acting and singing but had a cold personality too contrary to that of the character. Rodgers' mistreatment of Sondheim left the lyricist feeling apathetic if not outright sour about the project, but he maintained his professionalism. The first run-through was disastrous, and Dexter immediately lost interest, leaving most of the work to his assistant-choreographer Wakefield Poole. Herbert Ross was called in to work on the dance routines and brought with him his wife Nora Kaye, who served as a mediator among the warring factions. She was faced with an arduous task, given Rodgers' open dismissal of Sondheim's lyrics as \"shit,\" as well as his eventual ban of Laurents from rehearsals completely.[5]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Venice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venice"},{"link_name":"Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome"},{"link_name":"Piazza San Marco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piazza_San_Marco"},{"link_name":"antiques","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antique"},{"link_name":"garnet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garnet"}],"text":"New York City secretary Leona Samish arrives in Venice (\"Someone Woke Up\"), where she is staying at the Pensione Fioria, where she is greeted by owner Fioria (\"This Week Americans\"). There she meets Americans Eddie and Jennifer Yaeger, who are living in Rome and have come to Venice for a vacation, and the McIlhennys, an older couple on a package tour (\"What Do We Do? We Fly!\").While shopping, Leona sees a ruby glass goblet in a store window and goes inside to inspect it. The owner, Renato di Rossi, tells her it is an authentic 18th-century piece, not a reproduction. He offers not only to find her a matching glass to make up a pair, but to show her the sights of the city, as well. Leona refuses his offer and leaves, but returns the next day to buy the goblet. Later that day, a package with a second goblet is delivered to the hotel. Soon after, Renato arrives to invite Leona to join him for coffee in Piazza San Marco that evening. When the McIlhennys show her their purchase of a set of glasses exactly like hers, Leona believes Renato misrepresented their value, but Signora Fioria assures her they are antiques.Later in the day, Renato's son Vito comes to tell Leona that Renato will be late for their meeting because one of his children is ill and needs to see a doctor. Realizing Renato is married, she cancels their rendezvous. He comes to the pensione and explains he and his wife have not loved each other for years but divorce is not an option, not only because the country doesn't permit it, but because they have their children to consider as well. To Leona, his casual attitude about extramarital affairs is wrong, but she still finds herself attracted to him, and agrees to keep their date.Meanwhile, the Yaegers are facing problems of their own. Eddie, finding himself enamoured with Signora Fioria, announces he wants to put distance between himself and the woman by returning to the United States.Renato arrives with a garnet necklace for Leona, who is thrilled with his gift and agrees to extend her stay in Venice. She hosts a party in the garden of the pensione, and as the party is in progress, Renato's son Vito comes to tell his father that the jeweler wants his money; overhearing this, Leona happily gives him the money. However, when she discovers Renato has received a commission on the sale of the necklace, she accuses him of being interested only in her money, and he leaves.Fioria and Jennifer attempt to comfort Leona, who drunkenly reveals Eddie and Fioria spent the previous evening together, only to immediately regret her words (\"Everyone Loves Leona\"). The following day both the Yaegers and the McIlhennys check out of the pensione as Fioria is happy that everyone is leaving and making way for the next group of guests (\"Last Week Americans\"). On hearing Renato had been there before she awoke, Leona goes to his store to make amends, but he tells her a relationship with her would be impossible because of her complicated outlook on life. His affection for her is gone, and they part as friends (\"Thank You So Much\").","title":"Synopsis"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Original cast and characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"Act I\nOverture\n\"Someone Woke Up\" – Leona Samish\n\"This Week Americans\" – Signora Fioria\n\"What Do We Do? We Fly!\" – Leona Samish, Mrs. McIlhenny, Mr. McIlhenny, Eddie Yaeger and Jennifer Yaeger\n\"Someone Like You\" – Renato Di Rossi\n\"Bargaining\" – Renato Di Rossi\n\"Here We Are Again\" – Leona Samish, Vito and Ragazzi\n\"Thinking\" – Renato Di Rossi and Leona Samish\n\"No Understand\" – Signora Fioria, Eddie Yaeger and Giovanna\n\"Take the Moment\" – Renato Di Rossi\n\n\n\n\nAct II\n\"Moon in My Window\" – Jennifer Yaeger, Signora Fioria and Leona Samish\n\"We're Gonna Be Alright\" [revised] – Eddie Yaeger and Jennifer Yaeger\n\"Do I Hear a Waltz?\" – Leona Samish and Company\n\"Stay\" – Renato Di Rossi\n\"Perfectly Lovely Couple\" – Leona Samish, Renato Di Rossi, Mr. McIlhenny, Mrs. McIlhenny, Jennifer Yaeger, Eddie Yaeger, Giovanna and Signora Fiora\n\"Thank You So Much\" – Renato Di Rossi and Leona Samish\nFinaleCut songs\"Two by Two\" - Leona, Vito, girl, Eddie, Jennifer, Fioria, male companion, Mr. McIlhenny, Mrs. McIlhenny\n\"We're Gonna Be Alright\" [original] – Eddie Yaeger and Jennifer Yaeger\n\"Everybody Loves Leona\" - Leona (restored in the George Street Playhouse production)[10]\n\"Perhaps\"\n\"Philadelphia\"","title":"Song list"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"46th Street Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/46th_Street_Theatre"},{"link_name":"Herbert Ross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Ross"},{"link_name":"Jules Fisher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jules_Fisher"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guide-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Tony Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Awards"},{"link_name":"Tony Award for Best Performance by a Leading Actress in a Musical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Award_for_Best_Performance_by_a_Leading_Actress_in_a_Musical"},{"link_name":"Best Original 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Players","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenley_Players"},{"link_name":"Dayton (Ohio)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dayton,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Anita Bryant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anita_Bryant"},{"link_name":"Don Amendolia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Amendolia"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Patrice Munsel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrice_Munsel"},{"link_name":"Richard Kline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Kline"},{"link_name":"Denise Lor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denise_Lor"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Rosalind Harris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosalind_Harris"},{"link_name":"Equity Library Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equity_Library_Theatre"},{"link_name":"New York [City] Public Library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Public_Library"},{"link_name":"Melanie Chartoff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melanie_Chartoff"},{"link_name":"Barbara Lea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbara_Lea"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Worldcat-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"George Street Playhouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Street_Playhouse"},{"link_name":"New Brunswick, New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Brunswick,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Pasadena Playhouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasadena_Playhouse"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Landor Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landor_Theatre"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Park Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Park_Theatre"},{"link_name":"Finsbury Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finsbury_Park_(area)"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Encores!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encores!"},{"link_name":"New York City Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City_Center"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"42nd Street Moon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/42nd_Street_Moon"},{"link_name":"San Francisco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco"},{"link_name":"Darren Criss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darren_Criss"},{"link_name":"Emily Skinner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emily_Skinner_(actress,_born_1970)"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"}],"text":"The musical opened on Broadway on March 18, 1965, at the 46th Street Theatre and closed on September 25, 1965, after 220 performances. Choreography was by Herbert Ross, with scenery and costumes by Beni Montresor and lighting by Jules Fisher.[11] \n[12]Laurents rued the casting - he felt Allen was too young and colorless and Franchi couldn't act - and ignored all the ongoing problems in favor of making his dream a reality, but most of all he regretted the break in his friendship with Sondheim after the show.[13]The musical received three nominations for the Tony Awards: Elizabeth Allen was nominated for the Tony Award for Best Performance by a Leading Actress in a Musical; nominated for Best Original Score; and nominated for Best Scenic Design, but lost in all three categories.In May 1966, Do I Hear a Waltz? made its regional theatrical debut at the Pabst Theater in Milwaukee (Wisconsin): Dorothy Collins as Leona led a cast which also included Ron Holgate (Collins' husband) as Renato, Joel Fabiani as Eddie Yaeger.[14] The production encored at the Paper Mill Playhouse in May–June 1966.[15][16] Also in the summer of 1966 Do I Hear a Waltz made its West Coast premiere, with Anne Jeffreys as Leona leading the Valley Music Theater production in which Richard Torigi played Renato and Fleury D'Antonakis again played Giovanna.[17]Dorothy Collins would reprise her role of Leona in the summer of 1967 when Do I Hear a Waltz? was presented by the St. Louis Municipal Opera, with a cast also including Fleury D'Antonakis (reprising her Broadway role as Giovanna), Clifford David (Eddie Yaeger), Enzo Stuarti (Renato), Monique van Vooren (Fioria) and Karin Wolfe (Jennifer Yaeger).[18] With Holgate encoring as Renato opposite Collins as Leona, the production was scheduled for two subsequent Boston-area engagements of Do I Hear a Waltz? that summer: however Collins' maternity leave mandated Julia Meade instead headlining those two engagements opposite Holgate.[19] Also in the summer of 1967 Monique van Vooren encored as Fioria in the Kenley Players of Dayton (Ohio) production of Do I Hear a Waltz? which starred Anita Bryant as Leona and featured Don Amendolia as Vito (Carol Bruce had originally been announced as encoring her Broadway role of Fioria for Kenley Players).[20]In the summer of 1972 Ronald Holgate again encored as Renato in a tour of Do I Hear a Waltz? with Patrice Munsel headlining as Leona: also in the cast were Richard Kline (Eddie Yaeger) and Denise Lor (Fioria).[21]In March 1975 Rosalind Harris starred as Leona in a revival of Do I Hear a Waltz? by the Equity Library Theatre of the New York [City] Public Library whose cast also included Melanie Chartoff (Jennifer Yaeger) and Barbara Lea (Fioria).[22]In 1997, Sondheim was sent a recording of a concert version of Do I Hear a Waltz? that had been presented in London. It was then he realized the original play did lend itself to musical adaptation, but the score Rodgers composed wasn't very good. He enthusiastically contacted Laurents and the two discussed changes that could be made to improve the show.[23]A revised production was staged at the George Street Playhouse, New Brunswick, New Jersey from October 13, 1999, through November 14, 1999. For this production the dropped song \"Everybody Loves Leona\" was restored, lyrics were altered or added, and Laurents \"revamped quite a bit of the book.\"[24][25]A 2001 revival of the musical was staged at the Pasadena Playhouse, Pasadena, California, where it ran from July 15 through August 19. The production was well received by the critics, and a cast recording was subsequently released on the Fynsworth Alley label.[26]In 2003, the Landor Theatre in London staged the musical[27] and in March 2014, Charles Court Opera further revived the show at Park Theatre in Finsbury Park.[28][29]The musical was presented by Encores! at New York City Center in May 2016. It was directed by Evan Cabnet.[30][31][32][33]The 42nd Street Moon company of San Francisco has mounted two revivals of Do I Hear a Waltz?, the first in 1998 with Darren Criss as Mauro, the second in 2014 with Emily Skinner as Leona.[34]","title":"Productions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Howard Taubman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Taubman"},{"link_name":"The New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Waltz-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"Sergio Franchi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergio_Franchi"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Waltz-35"}],"text":"The original production received mixed reviews. Howard Taubman of The New York Times observed,\"The authors ... have accomplished their conversion from the play with tact and grace. They have not attempted a complete transformation. On the other hand, they have not cheapened or falsified the play ... They were wise not to overload the musical with production numbers; their taste was unexceptionable when they chose not to turn their work into a brash, noisy affair, which would have been out of keeping with their theme. At the same time one cannot suppress a regret that they failed to be bolder: For there are times, particularly in the early stages, when the songs are merely a decoration. They give the impression that they are there because a musical requires music. They do not translate the story into the fresh and marvelous language that the rich resources of the musical stage make possible.\"[35]William Ruhlmann wrote:\"Despite the pedigrees of the creators, the show opened to negative reviews, which is explained only partly by the score as heard on this cast recording. Elizabeth Allen, in the lead role, was criticized with backhanded compliments for being too young and attractive for the part, flaws not apparent on the album. Sergio Franchi, as her romantic partner, also came in for criticism, but comes off much better here. And the small supporting cast, featuring Carol Bruce as the proprietor of a pension, is also impressive. But the songs, for the most part, are not memorable.\"[36]The production did not recoup its investment, but several songs, including the title song, received radio play. RCA released a single[37] of two of the songs recorded by Sergio Franchi (\"Someone Like You\" and \"Take the Moment\"); and he sang them on several televised shows. Franchi generally received excellent reviews of his singing performance on this show, his Broadway debut.[35]","title":"Critical response"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hat-38"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hat-38"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hat-38"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hat-38"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hat-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"My Fair Lady","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My_Fair_Lady"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hat-38"}],"text":"With the passage of time, Sondheim, the longest surviving member of the original creative team, has reflected on what went wrong with Do I Hear a Waltz? To begin with, his reasons for collaborating with Rodgers were prompted out of obligations to others rather than a belief in the material. In his final meeting with Hammerstein, the dying lyricist recommended that Sondheim collaborate with Rodgers. Additionally, Mary Rodgers (the composer's daughter) was a good friend of Sondheim and forcefully urged him to consider a collaboration.[38]In getting to know Rodgers, Sondheim found a \"funny, dour, difficult fellow\" who was plagued with self-doubt, thinking that his musical abilities were failing him.[38] This manifested itself in the composer's adamant unwillingness to consider rewriting anything. Sondheim considered \"What Do We Do? We Fly\" and \"Bargaining\" to be repetitive songs – victims of the lack of desire to rewrite, a type of song he named \"mechanicals\".[38] Sondheim felt that Rodgers need not have been so self-doubting \"as songs like 'Take the Moment' and the show's title tune attest.\" Eventually Rodgers' self-doubt grew into paranoia, with Rodgers thinking that Sondheim and Arthur Laurents were plotting against him.Optimistic at a chance to do something unusual, Sondheim thought that Leona – the lonely and uptight American – should not sing until the end of the show. Rodgers refused to consider such an innovation, bringing Sondheim to recognize that in the Rodgers and Hammerstein collaboration, it was Hammerstein that was the path breaker, because Rodgers was an \"archconservative\", whose innovations were restricted to superficial gimmicks (for example, no string instruments in No Strings).[38] Sondheim felt that Rodgers was not able to write a story in song so he ended up writing many of the lyrics first. Unlike his other partnerships in which composers responded with a collaborative give-and-take between lyrics and music, Sondheim felt that working with Rodgers was like \"a set of assignments, either from me to Rodgers or Rodgers to me.\"[38]One particular incident involved an infamous lyric change referring to a married couple in the song \"We're Gonna Be All-Right\". Sondheim's lyrics for the song tended to lean toward a more cynical view of marriage and his suggestion that the husband and wife might find consolation by having separate affairs, even a homosexual one, was quite revolutionary for 1965. He recalls, \"I wrote lyrics which had some bite to them, and Dick Rodgers thought the song was wonderful. Next day he called a lunch and kept slamming the lyrics against my forearm and saying, 'This will not do, this will not do', and I kept asking, 'Why?' The truth was, he'd shown the lyrics to his wife and she did not like it. He probably showed it to her out of enthusiasm. But you know, it's got stuff about sexuality in it.\"[39]Ultimately Sondheim understood the failure of Do I Hear a Waltz? in the context of Mary Rodgers's formulation of what she called a \"why? musical\". Such a musical is usually based on good source material but raises the question as to what the addition of music does to enhance the original. With rare exceptions (Sondheim cited My Fair Lady as such an exception, because its creators loved and respected the story) \"why? musicals\" gain nothing from having music added, usually resulting in a dilution of the original material. Sondheim accepted responsibility for being naive: Thinking that his participation in Do I Hear a Waltz? was a quick way to make money off of good source material – an effort that failed.[38]","title":"Post mortem"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"original cast recording","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cast_recording"},{"link_name":"Columbia Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_Records"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"Sony Broadway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_Music_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Worldcat-22"},{"link_name":"Fynsworth Alley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fynsworth_Alley&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"}],"text":"The original cast recording was released by Columbia Records in 1965, and was chosen by Billboard as an Original Cast Spotlight Album.[40] A remastered version was released on compact disc and cassette tape by Sony Broadway in 1992. A KeelanMusic review gives a very favorable review to the Original Cast recordings, irrespective of the Broadway criticisms.[41]The 13 March 1975 performance of the 1975 Equity Library production was recorded on audiocassette and is held in the Equity Library Theatre collection.[22]A recording of the Pasadena Playhouse production was released by Fynsworth Alley in 2001. Musical excerpts (not included on the original cast recording) include the overture, Lezione in Inglese, We're Going to the Lido, Everybody Loves Leona.[42]","title":"Recordings"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Awards and nominations"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Original Broadway production","title":"Awards and nominations"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Do I Hear a Waltz? (Kenley Players Production, 1967)\".","urls":[{"url":"https://ovrtur.com/production/2899219","url_text":"\"Do I Hear a Waltz? (Kenley Players Production, 1967)\""}]},{"reference":"Do I hear a waltz?. OCLC 756946852. Retrieved 22 September 2022 – via worldcat.org.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/756946852","url_text":"Do I hear a waltz?"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/756946852","url_text":"756946852"}]},{"reference":"\"42nd Street Moon dances to a new 'Waltz'\". 30 September 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sfexaminer.com/entertainment/42nd-street-moon-dances-to-a-new-waltz/?oid=2907676","url_text":"\"42nd Street Moon dances to a new 'Waltz'\""}]},{"reference":"Taubman, Howard (19 March 1965). \"Do I Hear a Waltz? opens\". Theater. The New York Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/books/98/07/19/specials/sondheim-waltz.html","url_text":"\"Do I Hear a Waltz? opens\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"Ruhlman, William. \"Do I Hear a Waltz?\". allmusic.com. Retrieved 3 April 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.allmusic.com/album/do-i-hear-a-waltz-original-broadway-cast-mw0000273565","url_text":"\"Do I Hear a Waltz?\""}]},{"reference":"Do I Hear a Waltz? original Broadway cast (LP record album). RCA. 21 March 1965. RCS 47–8552.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LP_record","url_text":"LP record"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RCA","url_text":"RCA"}]},{"reference":"Sondheim, Stephen (2010). Do I Hear a Waltz? Finishing the Hat. New York, NY: Alfred A. Knopf. p. 141-143.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Secrest, Meryle (1998). Stephen Sondheim: A life. New York, NY: Alfred A. Knopf. pp. 176–178. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_pathway_of_movement | Direct pathway | ["1 Overview of neuronal connections and normal function","2 Diseases involving the direct pathway","3 References"] | Neural pathway that executes voluntary movements
Depicted are parts of the basal ganglia and their interconnections as revealed by diffusion spectrum imaging based on thirty subjects from the human connectome project (HCP MGH). Direct, indirect and hyperdirect pathways are visualized in different colors (see legend). Subcortical structures are rendered based on the Harvard-Oxford subcortical (Thalamus) as well as the Atlasing of the Basal Ganglia atlas (other structures). Rendering was generated using TrackVis software.
The direct pathway, sometimes known as the direct pathway of movement, is a neural pathway within the central nervous system (CNS) through the basal ganglia which facilitates the initiation and execution of voluntary movement. It works in conjunction with the indirect pathway. Both of these pathways are part of the cortico-basal ganglia-thalamo-cortical loop.
Overview of neuronal connections and normal function
The direct pathway passes through the caudate nucleus, putamen, and globus pallidus, which are parts of the basal ganglia. It also involves another basal ganglia component the substantia nigra, a part of the midbrain. In a resting individual, a specific region of the globus pallidus, the internal globus pallidus (GPi), and a part of the substantia nigra, the pars reticulata (SNpr), send spontaneous inhibitory signals to the ventral lateral nucleus (VL) of the thalamus, through the release of GABA, an inhibitory neurotransmitter. Inhibition of the inhibitory neurons that project to the ventral anterior nucleus (VA), which project to the motor regions of the cerebral cortices of the telencephalon, leads to an increase in activity in the motor cortices, thereby promoting muscular action.
When the pre-frontal region of the cerebral cortex, which is generally involved in decision making and planning, determines that a particular motor activity will be executed, it sends activating signals to the motor cortices. The motor cortices send signals through the basal ganglia to refine the choice of muscles that will participate in the movement and to amplify the activity in the motor cortices that will drive the muscle contractions.
In the direct pathway, the motor cortices send activating signals to the caudate and putamen (which together form the dorsal striatum). The cells of the direct pathway in the caudate and putamen that receive these signals are inhibitory and, once they become activated, send inhibitory signals to the GPi and SNpr and stop activity there. Before activation of the direct pathway, these two nuclei were actively sending inhibitory signals to the ventrolateral nucleus of the thalamus, which prevented the development of significant activity in the motor cerebral cortices. This behavior ceases on activation of the direct pathway. The net effect is to allow the activation of the ventral lateral nucleus which, in turn, sends activating signals to the motor cortices. These events amplify motor cortical activity that will eventually drive muscle contractions.
Diseases involving the direct pathway
Interruption or dysfunction of the direct pathway results in hypokinesia, which is, in general terms, a disease which leads to a lack of motion in our body.
References
^ Nambu A (2004). "A new dynamic model of the cortico-basal ganglia loop". Prog. Brain Res. Progress in Brain Research. 143: 461–466. doi:10.1016/S0079-6123(03)43043-4. ISBN 9780444513892. PMID 14653188.
^ Pollack AE (August 2001). "Anatomy, physiology, and pharmacology of the basal ganglia". Neurol Clin. 19 (3): 523–34, v. doi:10.1016/s0733-8619(05)70032-3. PMID 11532641.
^ Hauber W (December 1998). "Involvement of basal ganglia transmitter systems in movement initiation". Prog. Neurobiol. 56 (5): 507–40. doi:10.1016/S0301-0082(98)00041-0. PMID 9775402. S2CID 9986326.
^ Bolam JP, Hanley JJ, Booth PA, Bevan MD (May 2000). "Synaptic organisation of the basal ganglia". J. Anat. 196 ( Pt 4) (4): 527–42. doi:10.1046/j.1469-7580.2000.19640527.x. PMC 1468095. PMID 10923985.
vteBrain and spinal cord: neural tracts and fasciculiSensoryDCML1°:
Pacinian corpuscle/Meissner's corpuscle → Posterior column (Gracile fasciculus/Cuneate fasciculus) → Gracile nucleus/Cuneate nucleus
2°:
→ sensory decussation/arcuate fibers (Posterior external arcuate fibers, Internal arcuate fibers) → Medial lemniscus/Trigeminal lemniscus → Thalamus (VPL, VPM)
3°:
→ Posterior limb of internal capsule → Postcentral gyrus
Anterolateral/painFast/lateral
1° (Free nerve ending → A delta fiber) → 2° (Anterior white commissure → Lateral and Anterior Spinothalamic tract → Spinal lemniscus → VPL of Thalamus) → 3° (Postcentral gyrus) → 4° (Posterior parietal cortex)
2° (Spinomesencephalic tract → Superior colliculus of Midbrain tectum)
Slow/medial
1° (Group C nerve fiber → Spinoreticular tract → Reticular formation) → 2° (MD of Thalamus) → 3° (Cingulate cortex)
MotorPyramidal
flexion: Primary motor cortex → Posterior limb of internal capsule → Decussation of pyramids → Corticospinal tract (Lateral, Anterior) → Neuromuscular junction
Extrapyramidalflexion:
Primary motor cortex → Genu of internal capsule → Corticobulbar tract → Facial motor nucleus → Facial muscles
flexion:
Red nucleus → Rubrospinal tract
extension:
Vestibulocerebellum → Vestibular nuclei → Vestibulospinal tract
extension:
Vestibulocerebellum → Reticular formation → Reticulospinal tract
Midbrain tectum → Tectospinal tract → muscles of neck
Basal gangliadirect:1° (Motor cortex → Striatum) → 2° (GPi) → 3° (Lenticular fasciculus/Ansa lenticularis → Thalamic fasciculus → VL of Thalamus) → 4° (Thalamocortical radiations → Supplementary motor area) → 5° (Motor cortex)indirect:1° (Motor cortex → Striatum) → 2° (GPe) → 3° (Subthalamic fasciculus → Subthalamic nucleus) → 4° (Subthalamic fasciculus → GPi) → 5° (Lenticular fasciculus/Ansa lenticularis → Thalamic fasciculus → VL of Thalamus) → 6° (Thalamocortical radiations → Supplementary motor area) → 7° (Motor cortex)nigrostriatal pathway:
Pars compacta → Striatum
CerebellarAfferent
Vestibular nuclei → Vestibulocerebellar tract → ICP → Cerebellum → Granule cell
Pontine nuclei → Pontocerebellar fibers → MCP → Deep cerebellar nuclei → Granule cell
Inferior olivary nucleus → Olivocerebellar tract → ICP → Hemisphere → Purkinje cell → Deep cerebellar nuclei
Efferent
Dentate nucleus in Lateral hemisphere/pontocerebellum → SCP → Dentatothalamic tract → Thalamus (VL) → Motor cortex
Interposed nucleus in Intermediate hemisphere/spinocerebellum → SCP → Reticular formation, or → Cerebellothalamic tract → Red nucleus → Thalamus (VL) → Motor cortex
Fastigial nucleus in Flocculonodular lobe/vestibulocerebellum → Vestibulocerebellar tract → Vestibular nuclei
Bidirectional:SpinocerebellarUnconscious proprioception
lower limb → 1° (muscle spindles → DRG) → 2° (Posterior thoracic nucleus → Dorsal/posterior spinocerebellar tract → ICP → Cerebellar vermis)
upper limb → 1° (muscle spindles → DRG) → 2° (Accessory cuneate nucleus → Cuneocerebellar tract → ICP → Anterior lobe of cerebellum)
Reflex arc
lower limb → 1° (Golgi tendon organ) → 2° (Ventral/anterior spinocerebellar tract→ SCP → Cerebellar vermis)
upper limb → 1° (Golgi tendon organ) → 2° (Rostral spinocerebellar tract → ICP → Cerebellum) | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Motor_loop.png"},{"link_name":"neural pathway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neural_pathway"},{"link_name":"central nervous system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_nervous_system"},{"link_name":"basal ganglia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basal_ganglia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nambu_2004-1"},{"link_name":"indirect pathway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indirect_pathway"},{"link_name":"cortico-basal ganglia-thalamo-cortical loop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cortico-basal_ganglia-thalamo-cortical_loop"}],"text":"Depicted are parts of the basal ganglia and their interconnections as revealed by diffusion spectrum imaging based on thirty subjects from the human connectome project (HCP MGH). Direct, indirect and hyperdirect pathways are visualized in different colors (see legend). Subcortical structures are rendered based on the Harvard-Oxford subcortical (Thalamus) as well as the Atlasing of the Basal Ganglia atlas (other structures). Rendering was generated using TrackVis software.The direct pathway, sometimes known as the direct pathway of movement, is a neural pathway within the central nervous system (CNS) through the basal ganglia which facilitates the initiation and execution of voluntary movement.[1] It works in conjunction with the indirect pathway. Both of these pathways are part of the cortico-basal ganglia-thalamo-cortical loop.","title":"Direct pathway"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"caudate nucleus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caudate_nucleus"},{"link_name":"putamen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Putamen"},{"link_name":"globus pallidus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globus_pallidus"},{"link_name":"substantia nigra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substantia_nigra"},{"link_name":"midbrain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midbrain"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pollack_2001-2"},{"link_name":"internal globus pallidus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_globus_pallidus"},{"link_name":"pars reticulata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pars_reticulata"},{"link_name":"ventral lateral nucleus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventral_lateral_nucleus"},{"link_name":"thalamus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thalamus"},{"link_name":"GABA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GABA"},{"link_name":"neurotransmitter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurotransmitter"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hauber_1998-3"},{"link_name":"ventral anterior nucleus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventral_anterior_nucleus"},{"link_name":"telencephalon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telencephalon"},{"link_name":"pre-frontal region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-frontal_cortex"},{"link_name":"cerebral cortex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerebral_cortex"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bolam_2000-4"},{"link_name":"dorsal striatum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Striatum"}],"text":"The direct pathway passes through the caudate nucleus, putamen, and globus pallidus, which are parts of the basal ganglia. It also involves another basal ganglia component the substantia nigra, a part of the midbrain.[2] In a resting individual, a specific region of the globus pallidus, the internal globus pallidus (GPi), and a part of the substantia nigra, the pars reticulata (SNpr), send spontaneous inhibitory signals to the ventral lateral nucleus (VL) of the thalamus, through the release of GABA, an inhibitory neurotransmitter.[3] Inhibition of the inhibitory neurons that project to the ventral anterior nucleus (VA), which project to the motor regions of the cerebral cortices of the telencephalon, leads to an increase in activity in the motor cortices, thereby promoting muscular action.When the pre-frontal region of the cerebral cortex, which is generally involved in decision making and planning, determines that a particular motor activity will be executed, it sends activating signals to the motor cortices. The motor cortices send signals through the basal ganglia to refine the choice of muscles that will participate in the movement and to amplify the activity in the motor cortices that will drive the muscle contractions.[4]In the direct pathway, the motor cortices send activating signals to the caudate and putamen (which together form the dorsal striatum). The cells of the direct pathway in the caudate and putamen that receive these signals are inhibitory and, once they become activated, send inhibitory signals to the GPi and SNpr and stop activity there. Before activation of the direct pathway, these two nuclei were actively sending inhibitory signals to the ventrolateral nucleus of the thalamus, which prevented the development of significant activity in the motor cerebral cortices. This behavior ceases on activation of the direct pathway. The net effect is to allow the activation of the ventral lateral nucleus which, in turn, sends activating signals to the motor cortices. These events amplify motor cortical activity that will eventually drive muscle contractions.","title":"Overview of neuronal connections and normal function"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"hypokinesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypokinesia"}],"text":"Interruption or dysfunction of the direct pathway results in hypokinesia, which is, in general terms, a disease which leads to a lack of motion in our body.","title":"Diseases involving the direct pathway"}] | [{"image_text":"Depicted are parts of the basal ganglia and their interconnections as revealed by diffusion spectrum imaging based on thirty subjects from the human connectome project (HCP MGH). Direct, indirect and hyperdirect pathways are visualized in different colors (see legend). Subcortical structures are rendered based on the Harvard-Oxford subcortical (Thalamus) as well as the Atlasing of the Basal Ganglia atlas (other structures). Rendering was generated using TrackVis software.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Motor_loop.png/220px-Motor_loop.png"}] | null | [{"reference":"Nambu A (2004). \"A new dynamic model of the cortico-basal ganglia loop\". Prog. Brain Res. Progress in Brain Research. 143: 461–466. doi:10.1016/S0079-6123(03)43043-4. ISBN 9780444513892. PMID 14653188.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0079-6123%2803%2943043-4","url_text":"10.1016/S0079-6123(03)43043-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780444513892","url_text":"9780444513892"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14653188","url_text":"14653188"}]},{"reference":"Pollack AE (August 2001). \"Anatomy, physiology, and pharmacology of the basal ganglia\". Neurol Clin. 19 (3): 523–34, v. doi:10.1016/s0733-8619(05)70032-3. 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S2CID 9986326.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0301-0082%2898%2900041-0","url_text":"10.1016/S0301-0082(98)00041-0"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9775402","url_text":"9775402"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:9986326","url_text":"9986326"}]},{"reference":"Bolam JP, Hanley JJ, Booth PA, Bevan MD (May 2000). \"Synaptic organisation of the basal ganglia\". J. Anat. 196 ( Pt 4) (4): 527–42. doi:10.1046/j.1469-7580.2000.19640527.x. PMC 1468095. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%A2 | En with descender | ["1 Usage","2 Computing codes","3 See also"] | Cyrillic letter used for /ŋ/ in various languages
Not to be confused with the Cyrillic letter Ӊ or the Latin letter Ⱨ.
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Cyrillic letter
Cyrillic letterEn with descenderPhonetic usage:, , The Cyrillic scriptSlavic lettersАА̀А̂А̄ӒБВГҐДЂЃЕЀЕ̄Е̂ЁЄЖЗЗ́ЅИІЇꙆЍИ̂ӢЙЈКЛЉМНЊОО̀О̂ŌӦПРСС́ТЋЌУУ̀У̂ӮЎӰФХЦЧЏШЩꙎЪЪ̀ЫЬѢЭЮЮ̀ЯЯ̀Non-Slavic lettersӐА̊А̃Ӓ̄ӔӘӘ́Ә̃ӚВ̌ԜГ̑Г̇Г̣Г̌Г̂Г̆Г̈г̊ҔҒӺҒ̌ғ̊ӶД́Д̌Д̈Д̣Д̆ӖЕ̃Ё̄Є̈ԐԐ̈ҖӜӁЖ̣ҘӞЗ̌З̣З̆ӠИ̃ӤҊҚӃҠҞҜК̣к̊қ̊ԚᴫЛ́ӅԮԒЛ̈ӍᵸН́ӉҢԨӇҤО̆О̃Ӧ̄ӨӨ̄Ө́Ө̆ӪԤП̈ҎР̌С̌ҪС̣С̱Т́Т̈Т̌Т̇Т̣ҬУ̃ӲУ̊Ӱ̄ҰҮҮ́Х̣Х̱Х̮Х̑Х̌ҲӼх̊Ӿӿ̊ҺҺ̈ԦЦ̌Ц̈ҴҶҶ̣ӴӋҸЧ̇Ч̣ҼҾШ̣ꚜЫ̆Ы̄ӸꚝҌҨЭ̆Э̄Э̇ӬӬ́Ӭ̄Ю̆Ю̈Ю̄Я̆Я̄Я̈ӀʼˮArchaic or unused lettersА̨Б̀Б̣Б̱В̀Г̀Г̧Г̄Г̓Г̆Ҕ̀Ҕ̆ԀД̓Д̀Д̨ԂꚀꙢЕ̇Е̨Ж̀Ж̑ꙂꙄЏ̆ꚄꚄ̆ꙀЗ̀З̑ԄԆꚈԪꚂꚔІ̂І̣І̨Ј̵Ј̃ꙈК̓К̀К̆Ӄ̆К̑К̇К̈К̄ԞК̂Л̀ԠꙤԈЛ̑Л̇ԔМ̀М̃ꙦН̀Н̄Н̧Н̃ԊԢН̡ѺꙨꙪꙬꙮꚘꚚП̓П̀П́ҦП̧П̑ҀԚ̆Р́Р̀Р̃ԖС̀С̈ԌҪ̓Т̓Т̀ԎТ̑ꚊТ̧ꚌꚌ̆ОУꙊУ̇У̨ꙋ́Ф̑Ф̓Х́Х̀Х̆Х̇Х̧Х̾Х̓һ̱ѠꙌѼѾꙠЦ̀Ц́Ц̓ꚎꚎ̆ꚐЧ́Ч̀Ч̆Ч̑Ч̓ԬꚒꚆꚆ̆Ҽ̆Ш̀Ш̆Ш̑Щ̆ꚖꚖ̆Ъ̄Ъ̈Ъ̈̄ꙐЫ̂Ы̃Ѣ́Ѣ̈Ѣ̆ꙒЭ̨Э̂ꙔЮ̂ꙖЯ̈Я̂Я̨ԘѤѦꙘѪꙚѨꙜѬѮѰѲѴѶꙞ
List of Cyrillic letters
List of Cyrillic multigraphs
vte
En with descender (Ң ң; italics: Ң ң) is a letter of the Cyrillic script. Its form is derived from the Cyrillic letter En (Н н) by adding a descender to the right leg.
It is used in several mostly Turkic languages to represent the voiced velar nasal /ŋ/, like the pronunciation of ⟨ng⟩ in "sing". In some cases, it also represents allophones of /ŋ/, most commonly the voiced uvular nasal /ɴ/.
The Cyrillic letter En with descender is romanized as ⟨ng⟩ or ⟨ñ⟩.
Usage
The Cyrillic letter En with descender is used in the alphabets of the following languages:
Language
Name of letter
Sound
Bashkir
эң (eñ)
Dungan
ың (eng)
Kalmyk
аң (añ)
Karakalpak
эң (en')
Kazakh
эң (éñ)
Khakas
эң/ың
Kyrgyz
ың
Shor
эң
Tatar
эң (eñ)
Turkmen
эң (eň)
Tuvan
эң
Uyghur
әң (eng)
Computing codes
Character information
Preview
Ң
ң
Unicode name
CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTEREN WITH DESCENDER
CYRILLIC SMALL LETTEREN WITH DESCENDER
Encodings
decimal
hex
dec
hex
Unicode
1186
U+04A2
1187
U+04A3
UTF-8
210 162
D2 A2
210 163
D2 A3
Numeric character reference
Ң
Ң
ң
ң
See also
Ӊ ӊ : Cyrillic letter En with tail
Ӈ ӈ : Cyrillic letter En with hook
Ҥ ҥ : Cyrillic ligature En Ge
Ñ ñ : Latin letter Ñ
Ň ň : Latin letter Ň
Ń ń : Latin letter Ń
Ŋ ŋ : Latin letter Eng
: Latin letter N with descender
Cyrillic characters in Unicode
This article related to the Cyrillic script is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ӊ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%89"},{"link_name":"Ⱨ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B1%A7"},{"link_name":"Cyrillic script","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyrillic_script"},{"link_name":"Cyrillic letter En","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/En_(Cyrillic)"},{"link_name":"Turkic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkic_languages"},{"link_name":"voiced velar nasal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_velar_nasal"},{"link_name":"allophones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allophone"},{"link_name":"voiced uvular nasal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_uvular_nasal"}],"text":"Not to be confused with the Cyrillic letter Ӊ or the Latin letter Ⱨ.Cyrillic letterEn with descender (Ң ң; italics: Ң ң) is a letter of the Cyrillic script. Its form is derived from the Cyrillic letter En (Н н) by adding a descender to the right leg.It is used in several mostly Turkic languages to represent the voiced velar nasal /ŋ/, like the pronunciation of ⟨ng⟩ in \"sing\". In some cases, it also represents allophones of /ŋ/, most commonly the voiced uvular nasal /ɴ/.The Cyrillic letter En with descender is romanized as ⟨ng⟩ or ⟨ñ⟩.","title":"En with descender"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The Cyrillic letter En with descender is used in the alphabets of the following languages:","title":"Usage"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Computing codes"}] | [] | [{"title":"Cyrillic letter En with tail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/En_with_tail"},{"title":"Cyrillic letter En with hook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/En_with_hook"},{"title":"Cyrillic ligature En Ge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%A4"},{"title":"Latin letter Ñ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%91"},{"title":"Latin letter Ň","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%87"},{"title":"Latin letter Ń","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%83"},{"title":"Latin letter Eng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eng_(letter)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:U%2BA790_LATIN_CAPITAL_LETTER_N_WITH_DESCENDER.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:U%2BA791_LATIN_SMALL_LETTER_N_WITH_DESCENDER.svg"},{"title":"Latin letter N with descender","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%9E%90"},{"title":"Cyrillic characters in Unicode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyrillic_characters_in_Unicode"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cyrillic_letter_El_-_uppercase_and_lowercase.svg"},{"title":"Cyrillic script","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyrillic_script"},{"title":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"title":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=En_with_descender&action=edit"},{"title":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cyrillic-alphabet-stub"},{"title":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Cyrillic-alphabet-stub"},{"title":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cyrillic-alphabet-stub"}] | [] | [{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22En+with+descender%22","external_links_name":"\"En with descender\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22En+with+descender%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22En+with+descender%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22En+with+descender%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22En+with+descender%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22En+with+descender%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=En_with_descender&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerhard_Wilck | Gerhard Wilck | ["1 References"] | German commander (1898–1985)
You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in German. (October 2022) Click for important translation instructions.
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Gerhard WilckGerhard Wilck (standing 2nd from left) at Trent ParkBorn(1898-06-17)17 June 1898Löbau, West PrussiaDied5 April 1985(1985-04-05) (aged 86)RheinbreitbachAllegiance Nazi GermanyService/branchArmyYears of service1916 - 1944RankOberstCommands held246th Volksgrenadier DivisionBattles/wars
World War II
Eastern Front
Lvov–Sandomierz Offensive
Western Front
Battle of Aachen
Gerhard Wilck (17 June 1898 – 5 April 1985) was the German commander who defended the German city of Aachen in the Battle of Aachen. He surrendered on 21 October 1944 against the orders of Hitler, after a stubborn defence and bitter urban warfare.
References
Ambrose, S. E. (1997). Citizen Soldiers: The U.S. Army from the Normandy Beaches to the Bulge to the Surrender of Germany, June 7, 1944-May 7, 1945. New York, NY: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0-684-84801-5
Dear, I., Foot, M. R. D., & Dear, I. (2005). The Oxford companion to World War II. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-280666-1
This biographical article related to the military of Germany is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Aachen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aachen"},{"link_name":"Battle of Aachen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Aachen"},{"link_name":"Hitler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler"},{"link_name":"urban warfare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_warfare"}],"text":"Gerhard Wilck (17 June 1898 – 5 April 1985) was the German commander who defended the German city of Aachen in the Battle of Aachen. He surrendered on 21 October 1944 against the orders of Hitler, after a stubborn defence and bitter urban warfare.","title":"Gerhard Wilck"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://translate.google.com/translate?&u=https%3A%2F%2Fde.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FGerhard_Wilck&sl=de&tl=en&prev=_t&hl=en","external_links_name":"View"},{"Link":"https://deepl.com/","external_links_name":"DeepL"},{"Link":"https://translate.google.com/","external_links_name":"Google Translate"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gerhard_Wilck&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malpertuis_(film) | Malpertuis (film) | ["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 Versions","4 Reception","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"] | 1971 film
MalpertuisFilm posterDirected byHarry KümelWritten byJean FerryBased onMalpertuisby Jean RayProduced byPaul LaffargueRitta LaffarguePierre LevieStarringOrson WellesSusan HampshireMichel BouquetMathieu CarrièreJean-Pierre CasselDaniel PilonWalter RillaDora van der GroenCharles JanssensSylvie VartanCinematographyGerry FisherEdited byRichard MardenMusic byGeorges DelerueProductioncompaniesArtemis FilmLes Productions Artistes AssociésDistributed byPremier ReleasingRelease date
1971 (1971)
Running time119 minutesCountriesBelgiumFranceWest GermanyLanguagesDutchFrenchEnglish
Malpertuis (released in the US as The Legend of Doom House) is a 1971 Belgian fantasy horror film directed by Harry Kümel, based on the 1943 novel of the same name. It was selected for the official selection and was presented "in competition" at the 1972 Cannes Film Festival. A Flemish "director's cut" version was released in 1973.
Plot
Jan (Mathieu Carrière), a young sailor, returns to land, and while searching for his childhood home, is mysteriously abducted. He awakens in an isolated old mansion called Malpertuis, where he find himself among various relatives, including his sister Nancy (Susan Hampshire), as well as a strange taxidermist and a resident madman called Lampernisse (Jean-Pierre Cassel). The mansion turns out to be a labyrinth of corridors, staircases, and secret chambers, belonging to his family.
His bedridden occultist uncle Cassavius (Orson Welles) is about to divide the estate among his heirs, but, as it turns out, only if they commit themselves never to leave the premises. They find themselves trapped in a mystery where they enact gods from Greek mythology, which Cassavius believes them to be, while anyone who tries to escape is found horribly murdered. The plot remains obscure to the end, as Jan tries to unravel the mystery, and seems to spiral into a dreamlike madness.
Cast
Orson Welles as Cassavius
Susan Hampshire as Nancy / Euryale / Alice (Alecto) / Nurse / Charlotte
Michel Bouquet as Dideloo
Mathieu Carrière as Jan
Jean-Pierre Cassel as Lampernisse
Daniel Pilon as Mathias Crook
Walter Rilla as Eisengott
Dora van der Groen as Sylvie Dideloo
Charles Janssens as Philarette
Sylvie Vartan as Bets
Versions
The English language version of the film that premiered at the 1972 Cannes Film Festival was 100 minutes, as it had been edited by the American distributor from the original 1971 version, and retitled The Legend of Doom House. It was subsequently edited further by other distributors. The Royal Belgian Film Archive, together with director Harry Kümel, worked to restore the uncut Flemish version of the film, which was released in 1973 as "the director's cut". This version is 20 minutes longer, containing scenes of the film which had been edited out. Although this version is more complete, the original voice of Orson Welles is missing from it.
Reception
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (July 2018)
Neil Smith of the BBC gave the film 2/5 stars, calling it "Bizarre, lurid and baffling". Michael Barrett from PopMatters rated it 7/10 stars, calling it "ragged and dizzy, full of sharp zooms and frantic cuts." On his website Fantastic Movie Musings and Ramblings, Dave Sindelar called it " disorienting, slightly disturbing and sometimes infuriating movie"
See also
Orson Welles filmography
References
^ "Festival de Cannes: Malpertuis". festival-cannes.com. Retrieved 13 July 2017.
^ "25ème Festival International du Film - Cannes". cinema-francais.fr (in French). Retrieved 13 July 2017.
^ a b "Wild Realm Reviews: Malpertuis". weirdwildrealm.com. Retrieved 13 July 2017.
^ a b "Movies - Malpertuis (1971)". BBC. Retrieved 13 July 2017.
^ Barrett, Michael (1 August 2007). "Malpertuis". PopMatters. Retrieved 11 July 2018.
^ Sindelar, Dave (5 August 2015). "The Legend of Doom House (1971)". FantasticMovieMusings.com. Retrieved 11 July 2018.
External links
Malpertuis at AllMovie
Malpertuis at IMDb
Malpertuis: The Legend of the Doom House at Rotten Tomatoes
Malpertuis: Histoire d'une maison Maudite at the TCM Movie Database
vteJean RayNovels
Malpertuis (1943)
The City of Unspeakable Fear (1943)
Saint-Judas-de-la-nuit (1955)
Short fiction
Whiskey Tales (1925)
Cruise of Shadows (1931)
Miscellaneous
Harry Dickson
Malpertuis (1971 film) | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"fantasy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fantasy_film"},{"link_name":"horror film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horror_film"},{"link_name":"Harry Kümel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_K%C3%BCmel"},{"link_name":"the 1943 novel of the same name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malpertuis"},{"link_name":"1972 Cannes Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1972_Cannes_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-festival-cannes.com-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cinemafr-2"}],"text":"Malpertuis (released in the US as The Legend of Doom House) is a 1971 Belgian fantasy horror film directed by Harry Kümel, based on the 1943 novel of the same name. It was selected for the official selection and was presented \"in competition\" at the 1972 Cannes Film Festival. 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The plot remains obscure to the end, as Jan tries to unravel the mystery, and seems to spiral into a dreamlike madness.[3]","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Orson Welles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orson_Welles"},{"link_name":"Susan Hampshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan_Hampshire"},{"link_name":"Euryale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euryale"},{"link_name":"Alecto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alecto"},{"link_name":"Michel Bouquet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michel_Bouquet"},{"link_name":"Mathieu Carrière","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathieu_Carri%C3%A8re"},{"link_name":"Jean-Pierre Cassel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Cassel"},{"link_name":"Daniel Pilon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Pilon"},{"link_name":"Walter Rilla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Rilla"},{"link_name":"Dora van der Groen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dora_van_der_Groen"},{"link_name":"Charles Janssens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Janssens"},{"link_name":"Sylvie Vartan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylvie_Vartan"}],"text":"Orson Welles as Cassavius\nSusan Hampshire as Nancy / Euryale / Alice (Alecto) / Nurse / Charlotte\nMichel Bouquet as Dideloo\nMathieu Carrière as Jan\nJean-Pierre Cassel as Lampernisse\nDaniel Pilon as Mathias Crook\nWalter Rilla as Eisengott\nDora van der Groen as Sylvie Dideloo\nCharles Janssens as Philarette\nSylvie Vartan as Bets","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cannes Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannes_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"Royal Belgian Film Archive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinematek"},{"link_name":"Harry Kümel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_K%C3%BCmel"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-smith02-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wwd-3"}],"text":"The English language version of the film that premiered at the 1972 Cannes Film Festival was 100 minutes, as it had been edited by the American distributor from the original 1971 version, and retitled The Legend of Doom House. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_van_Eyckplein | Jan van Eyckplein | ["1 References"] | Coordinates: 51°12′42″N 3°13′33″E / 51.2116°N 3.2259°E / 51.2116; 3.2259You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Dutch. (November 2014) Click for important translation instructions.
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Square in Bruges, Belgium
Jan van Eyckplein viewed from a nearby canal
The Jan van Eyckplein (English: Jan van Eyck Square) is a square in Bruges, West Flanders, Belgium. The square is named for noted Northern Renaissance painter Jan van Eyck. It is located at the intersection of the Academiestraat, the Spiegelrei and the Spanjaardstraat.
References
^ a b "Jan Van Eyckplein". Retrieved 21 November 2014.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Jan van Eyckplein (Brugge).
Belgium portal
51°12′42″N 3°13′33″E / 51.2116°N 3.2259°E / 51.2116; 3.2259
This Belgium location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jan-van-Eyckplein-view-from-canal.jpg"},{"link_name":"square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Town_square"},{"link_name":"Bruges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruges"},{"link_name":"West Flanders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Flanders"},{"link_name":"Northern Renaissance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Renaissance"},{"link_name":"Jan van Eyck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_van_Eyck"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"}],"text":"Square in Bruges, BelgiumJan van Eyckplein viewed from a nearby canalThe Jan van Eyckplein (English: Jan van Eyck Square) is a square in Bruges, West Flanders, Belgium. The square is named for noted Northern Renaissance painter Jan van Eyck.[1] It is located at the intersection of the Academiestraat, the Spiegelrei and the Spanjaardstraat.[1]","title":"Jan van Eyckplein"}] | [{"image_text":"Jan van Eyckplein viewed from a nearby canal","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Jan-van-Eyckplein-view-from-canal.jpg/300px-Jan-van-Eyckplein-view-from-canal.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"Jan Van Eyckplein\". Retrieved 21 November 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://bezoekers.brugge.be/en/jan-van-eyckplein","url_text":"\"Jan Van Eyckplein\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Jan_van_Eyckplein¶ms=51.2116_N_3.2259_E_source:wikidata","external_links_name":"51°12′42″N 3°13′33″E / 51.2116°N 3.2259°E / 51.2116; 3.2259"},{"Link":"https://translate.google.com/translate?&u=https%3A%2F%2Fnl.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FJan_van_Eyckplein&sl=nl&tl=en&prev=_t&hl=en","external_links_name":"View"},{"Link":"https://deepl.com/","external_links_name":"DeepL"},{"Link":"https://translate.google.com/","external_links_name":"Google Translate"},{"Link":"https://bezoekers.brugge.be/en/jan-van-eyckplein","external_links_name":"\"Jan Van Eyckplein\""},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Jan_van_Eyckplein¶ms=51.2116_N_3.2259_E_source:wikidata","external_links_name":"51°12′42″N 3°13′33″E / 51.2116°N 3.2259°E / 51.2116; 3.2259"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jan_van_Eyckplein&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tendai_Huchu | Tendai Huchu | ["1 Publications","2 References"] | Zimbabwean author
Tendai HuchuTendai Huchu (2019)Born (1982-09-28) September 28, 1982 (age 41)Bindura, ZimbabweOccupationAuthorNationalityZimbabweanAlma materUniversity of ZimbabweNotable worksThe Hairdresser of Harare (2010), The Maestro, The Magistrate & The Mathematician (2014)
Tendai Huchu (born September 28, 1982) who also writes as T. L. Huchu is a Zimbabwean author, best known for his novels The Hairdresser of Harare (2010) and The Maestro, The Magistrate & The Mathematician (2014).
Tendai Huchu's first novel, The Hairdresser of Harare, was released in 2010 to critical acclaim, and has been translated into German, French, Italian and Spanish. His short fiction in multiple genres and nonfiction have appeared in Enkare Review, The Manchester Review, Ellery Queen's Mystery Magazine, Gutter, Interzone, AfroSF, Wasafiri, Warscapes, The Africa Report and elsewhere. In 2013 he received a Hawthornden Fellowship and a Sacatar Fellowship. He was shortlisted for the 2014 Caine Prize.
As of 2015, he is a podiatrist in Edinburgh.
Publications
Edinburgh Nights series
The Library of the Dead. New York, Tor Books, 2021
Our Lady of Mysterious Ailments, New York, Tor Books, 2022, ISBN 9781250767790
The Mystery at Dunvegan Castle, London, Pan Macmillan, 2023, ISBN 9781529097726
Standalone works
The Hairdresser of Harare. Oxford, Weaver Press, 2010
The Maestro, The Magistrate & The Mathematician. Cardigan, AmaBooks, 2014
References
^ "Tendai Huchu". Internationales Literaturfestival Berlin. Retrieved 7 March 2021.
^ "Tendai Huchu". www.litencyc.com. Retrieved 17 March 2023.
^ "Falling in love with a gay man in Harare". BBC News Online. Retrieved 7 March 2021.
^ "Tendai Huchu". African Books Collective. Retrieved 14 August 2018.
^ "Series". US Macmillan. Retrieved 7 March 2021.
^ "Our Lady of Mysterious Ailments". Macmillan. Retrieved 7 September 2021.
^ "The Mystery at Dunvegan Castle by T. L. Huchu". www.panmacmillan.com. Retrieved 23 July 2023.
Specht, Mary Helen (11 August 2015). "The Hairdresser of Harare, by Tendai Huchu". The New York Times. New York City. Retrieved 1 October 2016.
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
France
BnF data
Germany
Israel
United States
Netherlands
Other
IdRef
This article about a Zimbabwean writer or poet is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Zimbabwean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe"},{"link_name":"The Hairdresser of Harare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hairdresser_of_Harare"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"The Maestro, The Magistrate & The Mathematician","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Maestro,_The_Magistrate_%26_The_Mathematician"},{"link_name":"Enkare Review","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enkare_Review"},{"link_name":"Ellery Queen's Mystery Magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellery_Queen%27s_Mystery_Magazine"},{"link_name":"Wasafiri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wasafiri"},{"link_name":"The Africa Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Africa_Report"},{"link_name":"Caine Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caine_Prize"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tendai_Huchu&action=edit"},{"link_name":"podiatrist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Podiatrist"},{"link_name":"Edinburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Tendai Huchu (born September 28, 1982)[1][2] who also writes as T. L. Huchu is a Zimbabwean author, best known for his novels The Hairdresser of Harare (2010)[3] and The Maestro, The Magistrate & The Mathematician (2014).Tendai Huchu's first novel, The Hairdresser of Harare, was released in 2010 to critical acclaim, and has been translated into German, French, Italian and Spanish. His short fiction in multiple genres and nonfiction have appeared in Enkare Review, The Manchester Review, Ellery Queen's Mystery Magazine, Gutter, Interzone, AfroSF, Wasafiri, Warscapes, The Africa Report and elsewhere. In 2013 he received a Hawthornden Fellowship and a Sacatar Fellowship. He was shortlisted for the 2014 Caine Prize.As of 2015,[update] he is a podiatrist in Edinburgh.[4]","title":"Tendai Huchu"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Library of the Dead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Library_of_the_Dead"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Our Lady of Mysterious Ailments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Mysterious_Ailments"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9781250767790","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781250767790"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Pan Macmillan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan_Books"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9781529097726","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781529097726"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"The Hairdresser of Harare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hairdresser_of_Harare"},{"link_name":"The Maestro, The Magistrate & The Mathematician","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Maestro,_The_Magistrate_%26_The_Mathematician"}],"text":"Edinburgh Nights seriesThe Library of the Dead. New York, Tor Books, 2021[5]\nOur Lady of Mysterious Ailments, New York, Tor Books, 2022, ISBN 9781250767790 [6]\nThe Mystery at Dunvegan Castle, London, Pan Macmillan, 2023, ISBN 9781529097726 [7]Standalone worksThe Hairdresser of Harare. Oxford, Weaver Press, 2010\nThe Maestro, The Magistrate & The Mathematician. Cardigan, AmaBooks, 2014","title":"Publications"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Tendai Huchu\". Internationales Literaturfestival Berlin. Retrieved 7 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.literaturfestival.com/autoren-en/autoren-2012-en/tendai-huchu","url_text":"\"Tendai Huchu\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tendai Huchu\". www.litencyc.com. Retrieved 17 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.litencyc.com/php/speople.php?rec=true&UID=13763","url_text":"\"Tendai Huchu\""}]},{"reference":"\"Falling in love with a gay man in Harare\". BBC News Online. Retrieved 7 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.com/news/av/world-africa-17401504","url_text":"\"Falling in love with a gay man in Harare\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News_Online","url_text":"BBC News Online"}]},{"reference":"\"Tendai Huchu\". African Books Collective. Retrieved 14 August 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.africanbookscollective.com/authors-editors/tendai-huchu","url_text":"\"Tendai Huchu\""}]},{"reference":"\"Series\". US Macmillan. Retrieved 7 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://us.macmillan.com/series/","url_text":"\"Series\""}]},{"reference":"\"Our Lady of Mysterious Ailments\". Macmillan. Retrieved 7 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://us.macmillan.com/books/9781250767790/ourladyofmysteriousailments","url_text":"\"Our Lady of Mysterious Ailments\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Mystery at Dunvegan Castle by T. L. Huchu\". www.panmacmillan.com. Retrieved 23 July 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.panmacmillan.com/authors/t-l-huchu/the-mystery-at-dunvegan-castle/9781529097726","url_text":"\"The Mystery at Dunvegan Castle by T. L. Huchu\""}]},{"reference":"Specht, Mary Helen (11 August 2015). \"The Hairdresser of Harare, by Tendai Huchu\". The New York Times. New York City. Retrieved 1 October 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2015/08/16/books/review/the-hairdresser-of-harare-by-tendai-huchu.html","url_text":"\"The Hairdresser of Harare, by Tendai Huchu\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City","url_text":"New York City"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tendai_Huchu&action=edit","external_links_name":"[update]"},{"Link":"https://www.literaturfestival.com/autoren-en/autoren-2012-en/tendai-huchu","external_links_name":"\"Tendai Huchu\""},{"Link":"https://www.litencyc.com/php/speople.php?rec=true&UID=13763","external_links_name":"\"Tendai Huchu\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.com/news/av/world-africa-17401504","external_links_name":"\"Falling in love with a gay man in Harare\""},{"Link":"http://www.africanbookscollective.com/authors-editors/tendai-huchu","external_links_name":"\"Tendai Huchu\""},{"Link":"https://us.macmillan.com/series/","external_links_name":"\"Series\""},{"Link":"https://us.macmillan.com/books/9781250767790/ourladyofmysteriousailments","external_links_name":"\"Our Lady of Mysterious Ailments\""},{"Link":"https://www.panmacmillan.com/authors/t-l-huchu/the-mystery-at-dunvegan-castle/9781529097726","external_links_name":"\"The Mystery at Dunvegan Castle by T. L. Huchu\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2015/08/16/books/review/the-hairdresser-of-harare-by-tendai-huchu.html","external_links_name":"\"The Hairdresser of Harare, by Tendai Huchu\""},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000108077158","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/160428915","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJtH7KmfR4xxKhvwHDW4bd","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb16726243w","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb16726243w","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/142839140","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007337843805171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2010207208","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p341108510","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/176973192","external_links_name":"IdRef"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tendai_Huchu&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bikini_Barbershop | Bikini Barbershop | ["1 Main characters","2 Episodes","3 References","4 External links"] | American reality TV series
Bikini BarbershopGenreRealityCreated byDave Goldberg, Rob Cea, Jordan BermanStarringJeff WulkanCountry of originUnited StatesOriginal languageEnglishNo. of seasons1No. of episodes14ProductionExecutive producersDave Goldberg, Rob Cea, Jordan BermanProduction locationNew JerseyRunning time50 minutesProduction companiesKiller Bunny Entertainment, Sugar Hit Entertainment, Shorn IndustriesOriginal releaseNetworkAXS TV(Formerly HDNET)ReleaseFebruary 19 (2012-02-19) –September 28, 2012 (2012-09-28)
Bikini Barbershop (Also known as Bikini Barbershop: Jersey) is an American reality show which originally ran on AXS TV during 2012. It featured Jeff Wulkan, a man who ran a hair salon/barber shop in Long Branch, New Jersey called "Bikini Barbers". It mainly consisted of female hair stylists, at work, wearing only bikinis. Following Hurricane Sandy, a drop in business forced the closure of the shop.
Main characters
Jeff – The owner and CEO of Bikini Barbers. Although he is unfair to his workers and massively sexist, he is extremely focused and single minded. This extends to other aspects of his life including his relentless, and at times, cringe-worthy pursuit of the opposite sex. However he has a clear desire for business success and is very ambitious.
Ariana – Manager/Hair Stylist. The show focuses a lot on her conflict with Jeff. Ariana, although she comes across as rude and obnoxious at times, is strong and independent. However, Jeff finds her all round attitude highly distasteful. Their constant clashing forms the centerpiece of the show.
Natalie - Hair Stylist. Attractive and likeable, she is Jeff's favorite employee for her agreeable nature and aesthetic qualities.
Alissa - Hair Stylist. Somewhat "ditzy" but attractive to look at and inoffensive in nature. She undergoes a breast augmentation procedure during one of the shows.
Lauren - Hair Stylist. Also undergoes a breast augmentation during the series.
Kim - Hair Stylist.
Episodes
No.TitleOriginal air date1"Open for Business"February 19, 2012 (2012-02-19)
2"Self Defense"February 23, 2012 (2012-02-23)
3"Bachelor Party"March 1, 2012 (2012-03-01)
4"Bikini Contest"March 8, 2012 (2012-03-08)
5"Ariana"March 15, 2012 (2012-03-15)
6"Date Breaker"March 22, 2012 (2012-03-22)
7"Atlantic City"March 29, 2012 (2012-03-29)
8"Sugar Daddy"April 5, 2012 (2012-04-05)
9"Boob Job"April 12, 2012 (2012-04-12)
10"Hostile Takeover"April 19, 2012 (2012-04-19)
11"Wax On Wax Off"April 26, 2012 (2012-04-26)
12"Investor Invasion"May 3, 2012 (2012-05-03)
13"Party Crasher"May 10, 2012 (2012-05-10)
14"Best of: Jeff"September 28, 2012 (2012-09-28)
References
^ Barile, D (17 March 2012). "'Bikini Barbers: A Unique Business Model". WORDontheShore. Archived from the original on 20 March 2012.
^ Dehnart, Andy (11 March 2012). "A show that actually exists: Bikini Barbershop: Jersey, which is more horrifying than it sounds". reality blurred.
^ "Jersey Shore Bikini Barbershop that inspired TV show is Sandy's Latest Victim". nj.com. 9 May 2013.
External links
Bikini Barbers official website (archived)
This article relating to reality television in the United States is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"reality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reality_television"},{"link_name":"AXS TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AXS_TV"},{"link_name":"Jeff Wulkan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Wulkan"},{"link_name":"hair salon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hair_salon"},{"link_name":"barber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barber"},{"link_name":"Long Branch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Branch,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"hair stylists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hairdresser"},{"link_name":"bikinis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bikini"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Hurricane Sandy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Sandy"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Bikini Barbershop (Also known as Bikini Barbershop: Jersey) is an American reality show which originally ran on AXS TV during 2012. It featured Jeff Wulkan, a man who ran a hair salon/barber shop in Long Branch, New Jersey called \"Bikini Barbers\".[1] It mainly consisted of female hair stylists, at work, wearing only bikinis.[2] Following Hurricane Sandy, a drop in business forced the closure of the shop.[3]","title":"Bikini Barbershop"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"CEO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_executive_officer"},{"link_name":"sexist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexism"},{"link_name":"ditzy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stupidity"},{"link_name":"breast augmentation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breast_implant"}],"text":"Jeff – The owner and CEO of Bikini Barbers. Although he is unfair to his workers and massively sexist, he is extremely focused and single minded. This extends to other aspects of his life including his relentless, and at times, cringe-worthy pursuit of the opposite sex. However he has a clear desire for business success and is very ambitious.\nAriana – Manager/Hair Stylist. The show focuses a lot on her conflict with Jeff. Ariana, although she comes across as rude and obnoxious at times, is strong and independent. However, Jeff finds her all round attitude highly distasteful. Their constant clashing forms the centerpiece of the show.\nNatalie - Hair Stylist. Attractive and likeable, she is Jeff's favorite employee for her agreeable nature and aesthetic qualities.\nAlissa - Hair Stylist. Somewhat \"ditzy\" but attractive to look at and inoffensive in nature. She undergoes a breast augmentation procedure during one of the shows.\nLauren - Hair Stylist. Also undergoes a breast augmentation during the series.\nKim - Hair Stylist.","title":"Main characters"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Episodes"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Barile, D (17 March 2012). \"'Bikini Barbers: A Unique Business Model\". WORDontheShore. Archived from the original on 20 March 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120320024847/http://wordontheshore.com/bikini-barbers-a-unique-business-model-cms-1221","url_text":"\"'Bikini Barbers: A Unique Business Model\""},{"url":"http://wordontheshore.com/bikini-barbers-a-unique-business-model-cms-1221","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Dehnart, Andy (11 March 2012). \"A show that actually exists: Bikini Barbershop: Jersey, which is more horrifying than it sounds\". reality blurred.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.realityblurred.com/realitytv/archives/other_shows/2012_Mar_11_bikini-barbershop-jersey","url_text":"\"A show that actually exists: Bikini Barbershop: Jersey, which is more horrifying than it sounds\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jersey Shore Bikini Barbershop that inspired TV show is Sandy's Latest Victim\". nj.com. 9 May 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nj.com/monmouth/index.ssf/2013/05/jersey_shore_bikini_barbershop_that_inspired_tv_show_is_sandys_latest_victim.html","url_text":"\"Jersey Shore Bikini Barbershop that inspired TV show is Sandy's Latest Victim\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120320024847/http://wordontheshore.com/bikini-barbers-a-unique-business-model-cms-1221","external_links_name":"\"'Bikini Barbers: A Unique Business Model\""},{"Link":"http://wordontheshore.com/bikini-barbers-a-unique-business-model-cms-1221","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.realityblurred.com/realitytv/archives/other_shows/2012_Mar_11_bikini-barbershop-jersey","external_links_name":"\"A show that actually exists: Bikini Barbershop: Jersey, which is more horrifying than it sounds\""},{"Link":"http://www.nj.com/monmouth/index.ssf/2013/05/jersey_shore_bikini_barbershop_that_inspired_tv_show_is_sandys_latest_victim.html","external_links_name":"\"Jersey Shore Bikini Barbershop that inspired TV show is Sandy's Latest Victim\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130818041039/http://www.bikinibarbersnj.com/","external_links_name":"Bikini Barbers official website"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bikini_Barbershop&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1956_Egypt_ferry_accident | 1956 Egypt ferry accident | ["1 Accident","2 References"] | Ferry accident in Egypt
1956 Egypt ferry accidentDate13 February 1956TimeMorningLocationNear Dekernes at a tributary of the Nile, EgyptParticipants>45 passengersbuffaloes/cowsdonkeysDeaths22 children
The 1956 Egypt ferry accident occurred in the morning on 13 February 1956 near Dekernes at a small tributary of the Nile, in Egypt. A passenger ferry capsized, killing 22 schoolchildren between 12 years old and 18 years old.
The accident has been listed by Dutch newspaper Het Huisgezin as one of the main international disasters of 1956.
Accident
In February 1956 the foot bridge over the small channel near Dekernes was closed for repairs. People who wanted to cross the channel had to take a small ferry. In the morning of 13 February 1956 fourtyfive children took the ferry to go to school. The children became impatient after the ferryman did not show up. The children persuaded older passengers to lift the anchor and to cross the channel themselves. The ferry was heavily loaded. On board were over 45 passengers and also buffaloes/cows and donkeys. Halfway, a group of buffaloes started to moo loudly. The schoolchildren were startled and ran to the other side of the ferry. This caused the boat to list. A worn-out cable connecting the ferry to both banks snapped due to the tension. The ferry capsized. Twenty-two children between 12 years old and 18 years old (12 boys, 10 girls) drowned in the muddy water. 23 children were able to swim to the other side. The animals survived.
References
^ a b c d e f g "Ramp met een pont in Egypte". Trouw (in Dutch). 14 February 1956 – via Delpher.
^ a b c "22 scholieren verdronken Pont omgeslagen in Egypte". Provinciale Noord-Brabantsche Courant Het Huisgezin (in Dutch). Het huisgezin. 14 February 1956 – via Delpher.
^ a b c d e f "Ruim 20 kinderen in rivier verdronken". Friese Koerier : Onafhankelijk Dagblad voor Friesland en Aangrenzende Gebieden (in Dutch). Friese koerier. 15 February 1956 – via Delpher.
^ "Rampen troffen de wereld" . Het Huisgezin (in Dutch). 29 December 1956 – via Delpher.
^ a b "Een pont kapseisde Twee en twintig scholieren verdronken". Nieuwsblad van het Noorden (in Dutch). 13 February 1956 – via Delpher.
vteShipwrecks and maritime incidents in 1956Shipwrecks
10 Jan: Sirabuen
10 Feb: Conlea
12 Jun: Warri
25 Jul: Andrea Doria
9 Aug: RFA Wave King
31 Oct: Domiat
20 Nov: USS Hartford
21 Nov: M-200
Other incidents
6 Jan: Esso Appalachee
13 Feb: Egypt ferry accident
18 Mar: USS Willis A. Lee
7 May: USS Eaton, USS Wisconsin
9 May: HMS Talent
24 May: SS Orsova
31 May: Caronia
11 Jul: Dea Mazzella
25 Jul: Stockholm
12 Oct: HMS Anchorite
22 Oct: USS Antietam
31 Oct: Ibrahim-El-Awal
11 Nov: Murre II
14 Nov: Port Victor
Unknown date: ARA General Belgrano, ARA Nueve de Julio
1955 1957
This article about transport in Egypt is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This Egyptian history-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dekernes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dekernes"},{"link_name":"Nile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nile"},{"link_name":"Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt"},{"link_name":"passenger ferry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passenger_ferry"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FK-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Trouw-1"},{"link_name":"Het Huisgezin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brabants_Dagblad"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"The 1956 Egypt ferry accident occurred in the morning on 13 February 1956 near Dekernes at a small tributary of the Nile, in Egypt. A passenger ferry capsized, killing 22 schoolchildren between 12 years old and 18 years old.[3][1]The accident has been listed by Dutch newspaper Het Huisgezin as one of the main international disasters of 1956.[4]","title":"1956 Egypt ferry accident"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dekernes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dekernes"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NvhN-5"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Trouw-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FK-3"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NvhN-5"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FK-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Trouw-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FK-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FK-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HH-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HH-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Trouw-1"}],"text":"In February 1956 the foot bridge over the small channel near Dekernes was closed for repairs. People who wanted to cross the channel had to take a small ferry.[5][1] In the morning of 13 February 1956 fourtyfive children took the ferry to go to school.[3][5] The children became impatient after the ferryman did not show up. The children persuaded older passengers to lift the anchor and to cross the channel themselves. The ferry was heavily loaded.[3] On board were over 45 passengers and also buffaloes/cows and donkeys.[1] Halfway, a group of buffaloes started to moo loudly. The schoolchildren were startled and ran to the other side of the ferry. This caused the boat to list. A worn-out cable connecting the ferry to both banks snapped due to the tension. The ferry capsized.[3] Twenty-two children between 12 years old and 18 years old (12 boys, 10 girls) drowned in the muddy water.[3][2] 23 children were able to swim to the other side.[2] The animals survived.[1]","title":"Accident"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Ramp met een pont in Egypte\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Family_Man | The Family Man | ["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 Production","3.1 Development","3.2 Filming","4 Release","4.1 Box office","4.2 Critical reception","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"] | 2000 film directed by Brett Ratner
For other uses, see Family Man.
The Family ManTheatrical release posterDirected byBrett RatnerWritten by
David Diamond
David Weissman
Produced by
Marc Abraham
Howard Rosenman
Tony Ludwig
Alan Riche
Starring
Nicolas Cage
Téa Leoni
Jeremy Piven
Saul Rubinek
Don Cheadle
CinematographyDante SpinottiEdited byMark HelfrichMusic byDanny ElfmanProductioncompanies
Beacon Pictures
Saturn Films
Distributed by
Universal Pictures (North America)
Buena Vista Film Sales (International)
Release date
December 22, 2000 (2000-12-22)
Running time125 minutesCountryUnited StatesLanguageEnglishBudget$60 millionBox office$124.7 million
The Family Man is a 2000 American romantic fantasy comedy-drama film directed by Brett Ratner, from a screenplay by David Diamond and David Weissman. The film stars Nicolas Cage and Téa Leoni, with Don Cheadle, Saul Rubinek, and Jeremy Piven in supporting roles.
The Family Man was theatrically released in the United States on December 22, 2000, by Universal Pictures. The film received mixed reviews from critics and grossed over $124.7 million worldwide against its $60 million budget. At the 27th Saturn Awards, it was nominated for Best Fantasy Film and won Best Actress for Leoni.
Plot
Jack and Kate, who have been together since college, are at JFK Airport, where he is about to leave to take up a twelve-month internship with Barclays in London. She fears the separation will be detrimental to their relationship and asks him not to go, but he reassures her, saying their love is strong enough to last, and he flies out.
Thirteen years later, Jack is a bachelor living a carefree life as a Wall Street executive in New York City, with millions at his disposal. At work, he is putting together a multi-billion dollar merger and has ordered an emergency meeting on Christmas Day. In his office, on Christmas Eve, he gets a message to contact Kate, but, even though he remembers her, he dismisses it and does not return her call.
On his way home, Jack is in a convenience store when a young man, Cash, enters claiming to have a winning lottery ticket worth $238, but the store clerk refuses him, saying the ticket is a forgery. Cash pulls out a gun and threatens him, so Jack offers to buy the ticket and Cash eventually agrees.
Outside, Jack tries to help Cash, to which he responds by asking Jack if anything is missing from his life. Saying he has everything he needs, Cash enigmatically remarks that Jack has brought upon himself what is now going to happen, and walks away. A puzzled Jack returns to his penthouse and sleeps.
Jack wakes up next morning, Christmas Day, in a suburban New Jersey bedroom with Kate and two children. Confused, he rushes out to his condo and office in New York, but both doormen refuse his entrance and do not recognize him. Jack runs out into the street and encounters Cash now smartly dressed and driving Jack's Ferrari. Although Cash offers to explain what is happening, all he says is a vague reference to "The Organization" and that Jack is getting "a glimpse" that will help him to figure out for himself what it's about.
Jack slowly comes to realize that he is living the kind of life he might have had if he had stayed in the United States with Kate as she had asked. He has a modest family life, where he is a car tire salesman for Kate's father and she is a non-profit lawyer. Jack's young daughter, Annie, thinks he is an alien but a friendly one and assists him in fitting into his new life. With a few setbacks, he begins to succeed, bonding with his children, falling in love with Kate again and working hard at his job.
Taking advantage of a chance meeting when his former boss, chairman Peter Lassiter, comes in to have a tire blowout fixed, Jack uses his business savvy to impress Lassiter, who invites Jack to his office, where Jack worked in his 'other' life.
There, after a short interview, Lassiter offers him a position. While he is excited by the potential salary and other perks, it would involve moving to the city and Kate argues that they are very happy and should be thankful for the life they have.
Having decided that he now likes this 'other' life, Jack again sees Cash, now a store clerk. He demands to stay in his 'new' life, but Cash tells him there is no choice: "a glimpse", by definition, is an impermanent thing. That night, Jack tries to stay awake, but fails and wakes the "next day", but again Christmas Day, to find himself in his original life.
Jack forgoes closing the big acquisition deal to find Kate who is moving out of a luxury townhouse before flying to Paris. After their parting, like him, she focused on her career and has become a very wealthy corporate lawyer. She had only called him to return a box of his old possessions, and when Jack asks her to meet for coffee, she suggests that he look her up if he's ever in Paris. Jack chases after her to the airport and, as she is about to board her flight, he describes in detail their life together and their children. Intrigued, she eventually agrees to go with him for a coffee. From a distance, they are seen talking inaudibly and laughing over their coffees.
Cast
Nicolas Cage as Jack Campbell
Téa Leoni as Kate Reynolds / Kate Campbell
Don Cheadle as Cash
Makenzie Vega as Annie Campbell
Jake and Ryan Milkovich as Josh Campbell
Jeremy Piven as Arnie
Lisa Thornhill as Evelyn Thompson
Saul Rubinek as Alan Mintz
Josef Sommer as Peter Lassiter
Harve Presnell as Ed Reynolds
Mary Beth Hurt as Adelle
Francine York as Lorraine Reynolds
Amber Valletta as Paula
Ken Leung as Sam Wong
Kate Walsh as Jeannie
Gianni Russo as Nick
Tom McGowan as Bill
Joel McKinnon Miller as Tommy
Robert Downey Sr. as Man in house
Paul Sorvino (deleted scenes) as Sidney Potter
Production
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Development
Producer Marc Abraham first became aware of the project when veteran producers Alan Riche, Tony Ludwig and Howard Rosenman brought the idea to him as a pitch. He was charmed by the uplifting and universal appeal of the premise, which was reminiscent of many of his favorite films of the 1930s and '40s. With a solid screenplay by David Diamond and David Weissman in hand, the filmmakers began to look for a director who could properly present the funny, poignant and somewhat quirky elements of the material while maintaining a tone of sincerity throughout. It was essential to everyone involved that the story not pass judgment on either of the two different lifestyles of Jack Campbell presented. "The Family Man is not about "good choice vs. bad choice" but rather about the nature of choices themselves" said co-writer Weissman. "The idea was about the path not taken."
Before Brett Ratner signed on to the project, the film was originally offered to director Curtis Hanson, who accepted. Ratner was in the middle of directing Rush Hour when his agent kept offering him scripts to consider directing. Ratner told his agent he was more interested in completing Rush Hour but near the end of the shoot for the film, his agent recommended that he read the script for The Family Man. Ratner originally wasn't interested in directing the film, but after he read the script, he immediately pursued it, saying "It reminded me of the classic films I grew up watching, except it didn't end the way most movies end and that was exciting. I felt this one in my gut. I always follow my instincts and I realized this was something that I really had to do." Ratner was convinced that he was the right choice to direct the film and set his sights on convincing the producers, mostly Abraham.
Abraham, however, wasn't sure about Ratner initially. Meanwhile, Hanson left the project to direct Wonder Boys instead. According to Abraham, "It just didn't seem like his kind of film. But after getting to know him during the entire year he stalked me, I finally figured that maybe he was the right guy for the job. He brought something really original and vibrant to the material". Ratner was officially signed on as the director after the success of Rush Hour.
Like director Ratner, star Nicolas Cage originally wasn't interested in doing a lighthearted romantic comedy drama, as he had already done 8mm and Bringing out the Dead and also finished filming Gone in 60 Seconds, but after he saw Rush Hour with his father, he accepted the part of Jack Campbell as he was inspired to do so after seeing Ratner's enthusiasm for the project. With Cage and director Ratner in place, the filmmakers needed to cast the role of Kate Reynolds, which was the most sought-after role for the film but a difficult one to cast. Both the filmmakers and Cage were impressed with Téa Leoni's ability to convey the intricate subtleties of the role.
Filming
Principal photography began on November 19, 1999, in Teaneck, New Jersey and Sleepy Hollow, New York, where fall foliage was still in evidence. Academy Award-winning special effects supervisor John Richardson, and his team had to transform the neighborhoods into a winter wonderland to set the snowbound Christmas scene. Filming finished on March 14, 2000. The Family Man was the first collaboration between Ratner and Academy Award-nominated cinematographer Dante Spinotti. They later worked together on Red Dragon, After the Sunset, X-Men: The Last Stand, Tower Heist and Hercules.
Release
Box office
The Family Man opened at #3 at the North American box office making $15.1 million in its opening weekend, behind What Women Want and Cast Away, the latter of which opened at the top spot. After 15 weeks in release, the film grossed $75,793,305 in the US and Canada and $48,951,778 elsewhere, bringing the film's worldwide total to $124,745,083.
Critical reception
The Family Man received mixed reviews from critics. Rotten Tomatoes gave the film a score of 53% based on 130 reviews, with an average rating of 5.5/10. The site's consensus states: "Despite good performances by Cage and especially by Leoni, The Family Man is too predictable and derivative to add anything new to the Christmas genre. Also, it sinks under its sentimentality." Metacritic reports a 42 out of 100 rating based on 28 reviews, indicating "mixed or average reviews".
Chris Gore from Film Threat said: "If you're looking for a heartfelt, feel-good holiday movie, just give in and enjoy." Matthew Turner from ViewLondon said: "Perfect feel-good Christmas-period family entertainment. Highly recommended." Common Sense Media rated it four out of five stars. Movie guide.org rates it four of four stars, noting "The Family Man is a heart-rending movie. Very well written, it makes you laugh and cry. Better yet, it’s an intentionally moral movie. It wants to prove that everyone needs love..."
Emma Cochrane from Empire in 2015 wrote: "This is exactly the kind of adult fantasy you want to see at Christmas and, as such, it's highly enjoyable entertainment", and gave the film three stars out of five.
See also
List of Christmas films
References
^ Goodridge, Mike (September 20, 2000). "Buena Vista Film Sales is closed down". Screen International. Retrieved September 27, 2021.
^ a b c "The Family Man (2000)". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved February 1, 2016.
^ "'Cast Away' sails to top of box office". Daily Press. December 25, 2000. p. 2. Archived from the original on August 31, 2022. Retrieved August 31, 2022 – via Newspapers.com.
^ "The Family Man (2000)". Rotten Tomatoes. Fandango. Retrieved January 17, 2023.
^ "The Family Man reviews". Metacritic. CBS Interactive. Retrieved January 17, 2023.
^ "Rotten Tomatoes". Rotten Tomatoes. December 22, 2000.
^ "Parent reviews for The Family Man | Common Sense Media". www.commonsensemedia.org. Archived from the original on September 30, 2019. Retrieved September 30, 2019.
^ "THE FAMILY MAN Review". August 11, 2012.
^ "The Family Man". January 2000.
External links
Wikiquote has quotations related to The Family Man.
The Family Man at IMDb
The Family Man at Box Office Mojo
The Family Man at Rotten Tomatoes
The Family Man at Metacritic
vteFilms directed by Brett Ratner
Money Talks (1997)
Rush Hour (1998)
The Family Man (2000)
Rush Hour 2 (2001)
Red Dragon (2002)
After the Sunset (2004)
X-Men: The Last Stand (2006)
Rush Hour 3 (2007)
New York, I Love You (2008)
Tower Heist (2011)
Movie 43 (2013)
Hercules (2014)
Authority control databases
VIAF | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Family Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_Man_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"romantic fantasy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romantic_fantasy"},{"link_name":"comedy-drama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comedy-drama"},{"link_name":"Brett Ratner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brett_Ratner"},{"link_name":"David Diamond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Diamond_(screenwriter)"},{"link_name":"David Weissman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Weissman"},{"link_name":"Nicolas Cage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Cage"},{"link_name":"Téa Leoni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A9a_Leoni"},{"link_name":"Don Cheadle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Cheadle"},{"link_name":"Saul Rubinek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saul_Rubinek"},{"link_name":"Jeremy Piven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremy_Piven"},{"link_name":"Universal Pictures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Pictures"},{"link_name":"27th Saturn Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/27th_Saturn_Awards"},{"link_name":"Best Fantasy Film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn_Award_for_Best_Fantasy_Film"},{"link_name":"Best Actress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn_Award_for_Best_Actress"}],"text":"For other uses, see Family Man.The Family Man is a 2000 American romantic fantasy comedy-drama film directed by Brett Ratner, from a screenplay by David Diamond and David Weissman. The film stars Nicolas Cage and Téa Leoni, with Don Cheadle, Saul Rubinek, and Jeremy Piven in supporting roles.The Family Man was theatrically released in the United States on December 22, 2000, by Universal Pictures. The film received mixed reviews from critics and grossed over $124.7 million worldwide against its $60 million budget. At the 27th Saturn Awards, it was nominated for Best Fantasy Film and won Best Actress for Leoni.","title":"The Family Man"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"JFK Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JFK_Airport"},{"link_name":"Barclays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barclays"},{"link_name":"bachelor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor"},{"link_name":"Wall Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wall_Street"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"merger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mergers_and_acquisitions"},{"link_name":"New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"Ferrari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferrari"}],"text":"Jack and Kate, who have been together since college, are at JFK Airport, where he is about to leave to take up a twelve-month internship with Barclays in London. She fears the separation will be detrimental to their relationship and asks him not to go, but he reassures her, saying their love is strong enough to last, and he flies out.Thirteen years later, Jack is a bachelor living a carefree life as a Wall Street executive in New York City, with millions at his disposal. At work, he is putting together a multi-billion dollar merger and has ordered an emergency meeting on Christmas Day. In his office, on Christmas Eve, he gets a message to contact Kate, but, even though he remembers her, he dismisses it and does not return her call.On his way home, Jack is in a convenience store when a young man, Cash, enters claiming to have a winning lottery ticket worth $238, but the store clerk refuses him, saying the ticket is a forgery. Cash pulls out a gun and threatens him, so Jack offers to buy the ticket and Cash eventually agrees.Outside, Jack tries to help Cash, to which he responds by asking Jack if anything is missing from his life. Saying he has everything he needs, Cash enigmatically remarks that Jack has brought upon himself what is now going to happen, and walks away. A puzzled Jack returns to his penthouse and sleeps.Jack wakes up next morning, Christmas Day, in a suburban New Jersey bedroom with Kate and two children. Confused, he rushes out to his condo and office in New York, but both doormen refuse his entrance and do not recognize him. Jack runs out into the street and encounters Cash now smartly dressed and driving Jack's Ferrari. Although Cash offers to explain what is happening, all he says is a vague reference to \"The Organization\" and that Jack is getting \"a glimpse\" that will help him to figure out for himself what it's about.Jack slowly comes to realize that he is living the kind of life he might have had if he had stayed in the United States with Kate as she had asked. He has a modest family life, where he is a car tire salesman for Kate's father and she is a non-profit lawyer. Jack's young daughter, Annie, thinks he is an alien but a friendly one and assists him in fitting into his new life. With a few setbacks, he begins to succeed, bonding with his children, falling in love with Kate again and working hard at his job.Taking advantage of a chance meeting when his former boss, chairman Peter Lassiter, comes in to have a tire blowout fixed, Jack uses his business savvy to impress Lassiter, who invites Jack to his office, where Jack worked in his 'other' life.There, after a short interview, Lassiter offers him a position. While he is excited by the potential salary and other perks, it would involve moving to the city and Kate argues that they are very happy and should be thankful for the life they have.Having decided that he now likes this 'other' life, Jack again sees Cash, now a store clerk. He demands to stay in his 'new' life, but Cash tells him there is no choice: \"a glimpse\", by definition, is an impermanent thing. That night, Jack tries to stay awake, but fails and wakes the \"next day\", but again Christmas Day, to find himself in his original life.Jack forgoes closing the big acquisition deal to find Kate who is moving out of a luxury townhouse before flying to Paris. After their parting, like him, she focused on her career and has become a very wealthy corporate lawyer. She had only called him to return a box of his old possessions, and when Jack asks her to meet for coffee, she suggests that he look her up if he's ever in Paris. Jack chases after her to the airport and, as she is about to board her flight, he describes in detail their life together and their children. Intrigued, she eventually agrees to go with him for a coffee. From a distance, they are seen talking inaudibly and laughing over their coffees.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nicolas Cage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Cage"},{"link_name":"Téa Leoni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A9a_Leoni"},{"link_name":"Don Cheadle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Cheadle"},{"link_name":"Makenzie Vega","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makenzie_Vega"},{"link_name":"Jeremy Piven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremy_Piven"},{"link_name":"Lisa Thornhill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisa_Thornhill"},{"link_name":"Saul Rubinek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saul_Rubinek"},{"link_name":"Josef Sommer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josef_Sommer"},{"link_name":"Harve Presnell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harve_Presnell"},{"link_name":"Mary Beth Hurt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Beth_Hurt"},{"link_name":"Francine York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francine_York"},{"link_name":"Amber Valletta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amber_Valletta"},{"link_name":"Ken Leung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Leung"},{"link_name":"Kate Walsh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kate_Walsh_(actress)"},{"link_name":"Gianni Russo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gianni_Russo"},{"link_name":"Tom McGowan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_McGowan"},{"link_name":"Joel McKinnon Miller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joel_McKinnon_Miller"},{"link_name":"Robert Downey Sr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Downey_Sr."},{"link_name":"Paul Sorvino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Sorvino"},{"link_name":"deleted scenes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deleted_scene"}],"text":"Nicolas Cage as Jack Campbell\nTéa Leoni as Kate Reynolds / Kate Campbell\nDon Cheadle as Cash\nMakenzie Vega as Annie Campbell\nJake and Ryan Milkovich as Josh Campbell\nJeremy Piven as Arnie\nLisa Thornhill as Evelyn Thompson\nSaul Rubinek as Alan Mintz\nJosef Sommer as Peter Lassiter\nHarve Presnell as Ed Reynolds\nMary Beth Hurt as Adelle\nFrancine York as Lorraine Reynolds\nAmber Valletta as Paula\nKen Leung as Sam Wong\nKate Walsh as Jeannie\nGianni Russo as Nick\nTom McGowan as Bill\nJoel McKinnon Miller as Tommy\nRobert Downey Sr. as Man in house\nPaul Sorvino (deleted scenes) as Sidney Potter","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Marc Abraham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc_Abraham"},{"link_name":"Alan Riche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Riche"},{"link_name":"Howard Rosenman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Rosenman"},{"link_name":"David Diamond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Diamond_(screenwriter)"},{"link_name":"David Weissman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Weissman"},{"link_name":"Brett Ratner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brett_Ratner"},{"link_name":"Curtis Hanson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curtis_Hanson"},{"link_name":"Rush Hour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rush_Hour_(1998_film)"},{"link_name":"Wonder Boys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wonder_Boys_(film)"},{"link_name":"Nicolas Cage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Cage"},{"link_name":"8mm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/8mm_(film)"},{"link_name":"Bringing out the Dead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bringing_out_the_Dead"},{"link_name":"Gone in 60 Seconds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gone_in_60_Seconds_(2000_film)"},{"link_name":"Téa Leoni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A9a_Leoni"}],"sub_title":"Development","text":"Producer Marc Abraham first became aware of the project when veteran producers Alan Riche, Tony Ludwig and Howard Rosenman brought the idea to him as a pitch. He was charmed by the uplifting and universal appeal of the premise, which was reminiscent of many of his favorite films of the 1930s and '40s. With a solid screenplay by David Diamond and David Weissman in hand, the filmmakers began to look for a director who could properly present the funny, poignant and somewhat quirky elements of the material while maintaining a tone of sincerity throughout. It was essential to everyone involved that the story not pass judgment on either of the two different lifestyles of Jack Campbell presented. \"The Family Man is not about \"good choice vs. bad choice\" but rather about the nature of choices themselves\" said co-writer Weissman. \"The idea was about the path not taken.\"Before Brett Ratner signed on to the project, the film was originally offered to director Curtis Hanson, who accepted. Ratner was in the middle of directing Rush Hour when his agent kept offering him scripts to consider directing. Ratner told his agent he was more interested in completing Rush Hour but near the end of the shoot for the film, his agent recommended that he read the script for The Family Man. Ratner originally wasn't interested in directing the film, but after he read the script, he immediately pursued it, saying \"It reminded me of the classic films I grew up watching, except it didn't end the way most movies end and that was exciting. I felt this one in my gut. I always follow my instincts and I realized this was something that I really had to do.\" Ratner was convinced that he was the right choice to direct the film and set his sights on convincing the producers, mostly Abraham.Abraham, however, wasn't sure about Ratner initially. Meanwhile, Hanson left the project to direct Wonder Boys instead. According to Abraham, \"It just didn't seem like his kind of film. But after getting to know him during the entire year he stalked me, I finally figured that maybe he was the right guy for the job. He brought something really original and vibrant to the material\". Ratner was officially signed on as the director after the success of Rush Hour.Like director Ratner, star Nicolas Cage originally wasn't interested in doing a lighthearted romantic comedy drama, as he had already done 8mm and Bringing out the Dead and also finished filming Gone in 60 Seconds, but after he saw Rush Hour with his father, he accepted the part of Jack Campbell as he was inspired to do so after seeing Ratner's enthusiasm for the project. With Cage and director Ratner in place, the filmmakers needed to cast the role of Kate Reynolds, which was the most sought-after role for the film but a difficult one to cast. Both the filmmakers and Cage were impressed with Téa Leoni's ability to convey the intricate subtleties of the role.","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Teaneck, New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teaneck,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"Sleepy Hollow, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sleepy_Hollow,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Academy Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Award"},{"link_name":"John Richardson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Richardson_(special_effects_designer)"},{"link_name":"Academy Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Award"},{"link_name":"Dante Spinotti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dante_Spinotti"},{"link_name":"Red Dragon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Dragon_(2002_film)"},{"link_name":"After the Sunset","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/After_the_Sunset"},{"link_name":"X-Men: The Last Stand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-Men:_The_Last_Stand"},{"link_name":"Tower Heist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tower_Heist"},{"link_name":"Hercules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hercules_(2014_film)"}],"sub_title":"Filming","text":"Principal photography began on November 19, 1999, in Teaneck, New Jersey and Sleepy Hollow, New York, where fall foliage was still in evidence. Academy Award-winning special effects supervisor John Richardson, and his team had to transform the neighborhoods into a winter wonderland to set the snowbound Christmas scene. Filming finished on March 14, 2000. The Family Man was the first collaboration between Ratner and Academy Award-nominated cinematographer Dante Spinotti. They later worked together on Red Dragon, After the Sunset, X-Men: The Last Stand, Tower Heist and Hercules.","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Release"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"What Women Want","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/What_Women_Want"},{"link_name":"Cast Away","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cast_Away"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mojo-2"}],"sub_title":"Box office","text":"The Family Man opened at #3 at the North American box office making $15.1 million in its opening weekend, behind What Women Want and Cast Away, the latter of which opened at the top spot.[3] After 15 weeks in release, the film grossed $75,793,305 in the US and Canada and $48,951,778 elsewhere, bringing the film's worldwide total to $124,745,083.[2]","title":"Release"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rotten Tomatoes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotten_Tomatoes"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Metacritic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Chris Gore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Gore"},{"link_name":"Film Threat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_Threat"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Common Sense Media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Sense_Media"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_(film_magazine)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"sub_title":"Critical reception","text":"The Family Man received mixed reviews from critics. Rotten Tomatoes gave the film a score of 53% based on 130 reviews, with an average rating of 5.5/10. The site's consensus states: \"Despite good performances by Cage and especially by Leoni, The Family Man is too predictable and derivative to add anything new to the Christmas genre. Also, it sinks under its sentimentality.\"[4] Metacritic reports a 42 out of 100 rating based on 28 reviews, indicating \"mixed or average reviews\".[5]Chris Gore from Film Threat said: \"If you're looking for a heartfelt, feel-good holiday movie, just give in and enjoy.\" Matthew Turner from ViewLondon said: \"Perfect feel-good Christmas-period family entertainment. Highly recommended.\"[6] Common Sense Media rated it four out of five stars.[7] Movie guide.org rates it four of four stars, noting \"The Family Man is a heart-rending movie. Very well written, it makes you laugh and cry. Better yet, it’s an intentionally moral movie. It wants to prove that everyone needs love...\"[8]Emma Cochrane from Empire in 2015 wrote: \"This is exactly the kind of adult fantasy you want to see at Christmas and, as such, it's highly enjoyable entertainment\", and gave the film three stars out of five.[9]","title":"Release"}] | [] | [{"title":"List of Christmas films","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Christmas_films"}] | [{"reference":"Goodridge, Mike (September 20, 2000). \"Buena Vista Film Sales is closed down\". Screen International. Retrieved September 27, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.screendaily.com/buena-vista-film-sales-is-closed-down/403663.article","url_text":"\"Buena Vista Film Sales is closed down\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screen_International","url_text":"Screen International"}]},{"reference":"\"The Family Man (2000)\". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved February 1, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.boxofficemojo.com/title/tt0218967/","url_text":"\"The Family Man (2000)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Box_Office_Mojo","url_text":"Box Office Mojo"}]},{"reference":"\"'Cast Away' sails to top of box office\". Daily Press. December 25, 2000. p. 2. Archived from the original on August 31, 2022. Retrieved August 31, 2022 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/108645434/cast-away-sails-to-top-of-box-office/","url_text":"\"'Cast Away' sails to top of box office\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daily_Press_(Virginia)","url_text":"Daily Press"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220831190334/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/108645434/cast-away-sails-to-top-of-box-office/","url_text":"Archived"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"\"The Family Man (2000)\". Rotten Tomatoes. Fandango. Retrieved January 17, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/family_man","url_text":"\"The Family Man (2000)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotten_Tomatoes","url_text":"Rotten Tomatoes"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fandango_Media","url_text":"Fandango"}]},{"reference":"\"The Family Man reviews\". Metacritic. CBS Interactive. Retrieved January 17, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.metacritic.com/movie/the-family-man","url_text":"\"The Family Man reviews\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic","url_text":"Metacritic"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS_Interactive","url_text":"CBS Interactive"}]},{"reference":"\"Rotten Tomatoes\". Rotten Tomatoes. December 22, 2000.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/family_man/","url_text":"\"Rotten Tomatoes\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotten_Tomatoes","url_text":"Rotten Tomatoes"}]},{"reference":"\"Parent reviews for The Family Man | Common Sense Media\". www.commonsensemedia.org. Archived from the original on September 30, 2019. Retrieved September 30, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190930042836/https://www.commonsensemedia.org/movie-reviews/the-family-man/user-reviews/adult","url_text":"\"Parent reviews for The Family Man | Common Sense Media\""},{"url":"https://www.commonsensemedia.org/movie-reviews/the-family-man/user-reviews/adult","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"THE FAMILY MAN Review\". August 11, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.movieguide.org/reviews/movies/the-family-man.html","url_text":"\"THE FAMILY MAN Review\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Family Man\". January 2000.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.empireonline.com/movies/family-man/review/","url_text":"\"The Family Man\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.screendaily.com/buena-vista-film-sales-is-closed-down/403663.article","external_links_name":"\"Buena Vista Film Sales is closed down\""},{"Link":"https://www.boxofficemojo.com/title/tt0218967/","external_links_name":"\"The Family Man (2000)\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/108645434/cast-away-sails-to-top-of-box-office/","external_links_name":"\"'Cast Away' sails to top of box office\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220831190334/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/108645434/cast-away-sails-to-top-of-box-office/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/family_man","external_links_name":"\"The Family Man (2000)\""},{"Link":"https://www.metacritic.com/movie/the-family-man","external_links_name":"\"The Family Man reviews\""},{"Link":"http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/family_man/","external_links_name":"\"Rotten Tomatoes\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190930042836/https://www.commonsensemedia.org/movie-reviews/the-family-man/user-reviews/adult","external_links_name":"\"Parent reviews for The Family Man | Common Sense Media\""},{"Link":"https://www.commonsensemedia.org/movie-reviews/the-family-man/user-reviews/adult","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.movieguide.org/reviews/movies/the-family-man.html","external_links_name":"\"THE FAMILY MAN Review\""},{"Link":"https://www.empireonline.com/movies/family-man/review/","external_links_name":"\"The Family Man\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0218967/","external_links_name":"The Family Man"},{"Link":"https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=familyman.htm","external_links_name":"The Family Man"},{"Link":"https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/family_man","external_links_name":"The Family Man"},{"Link":"https://www.metacritic.com/movie/the-family-man","external_links_name":"The Family Man"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/316752336","external_links_name":"VIAF"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jambalaya | Jambalaya | ["1 Ingredients","2 Similar dishes","3 Origins","4 Varieties","5 History","5.1 New Orleans style jambalaya vs Acadiana style jambalaya","5.2 Jambalaya in print","5.3 Jambalaya capital of the world","6 Etymology","7 See also","8 References","9 External links"] | Rice dish with meat and vegetables
This article is about the food. For other uses, see Jambalaya (disambiguation).
JambalayaJambalaya with chicken, andouille sausage, rice, shrimp, animal organs,celery and spicesAlternative names"Jumbled", "Mixed up"TypeRicePlace of originUnited StatesRegion or stateLouisianaMain ingredientsMeats, organs, vegetables, stock, rice, seasoning Media: Jambalaya
Jambalaya (/ˌdʒæmbəˈlaɪə/ JAM-bə-LY-ə, /ˌdʒʌm-/ JUM-) is a savory rice dish of mixed organs that developed in the U.S. state of Louisiana apparently with African, Spanish, and French influences, consisting mainly of meat, organs, or seafood (or all), and vegetables mixed with rice and spices.
Ingredients
Traditionally, the meat includes sausage of some sort, often a smoked meat such as andouille, along with pork or chicken, animal organs, and seafood (less common), such as crawfish or shrimp. The vegetables are usually a sofrito-like mixture known as the "trinity" in Creole and Cajun cooking, consisting of onion, celery, and green bell pepper, though other vegetables such as okra, carrots, tomatoes, corn, chilis and garlic are also used.
After browning and sauteing the meat, organs, and vegetables, rice is added with seasonings and broth, and the entire dish is cooked together until the rice is done.
Similar dishes
Jambalaya is similar to (but distinct from) other rice-and-meat dishes known in Louisiana cuisine such as gumbo and étouffée.
Gumbo uses similar sausages, meats, seafood, vegetables and seasonings. However, gumbo usually (though not always) includes filé powder or okra, which are not common in jambalaya. Gumbo is also usually served over white rice, which is prepared separately from the rest of the dish, unlike jambalaya, where the rice is prepared with the other ingredients. Plus, Gumbo does not contain any form of organs.
Étouffée is a stew that always includes shellfish such as shrimp or crawfish but does not have the sausage common to jambalaya and gumbo. Also, like gumbo, étouffée is usually served over separately prepared rice, and does not contain organs.
Origins
Jambalaya is a Creole/Cajun-American dish that has its origins in Louisiana. There are a number of dishes with disparate origins that use some of the same ingredients. In West Africa there is a rice dish called "jollof rice" that according to researcher Kayla Stewart apparently developed from thiéboudienne, a Senegalese dish made of red rice, fish, cassava, and carrots. In Trinidad, there is a rice dish called "Pelau", in Spain there is a dish called "Paella", in Guyana there is a dish called "Cook up", in India it is called "Biryani".
Varieties
There are two primary methods of making jambalaya, differentiated by the presence or absence of tomatoes.
Chicken jambalaya at a restaurant
This video shows the difference between Creole and Cajun jambalaya. Jambalaya is made differently depending on the region and is inspired by the French and Spanish culture.
The first is Creole jambalaya (also called "red jambalaya"). First, meat is added to the trinity of celery, peppers, and onions; the meat is usually chicken and sausage such as andouille or smoked sausage. Next the animal organs are added, as well as the vegetables and tomatoes, which are added to cook, followed by seafood. Rice and stock are added in equal proportions at the very end. The mixture is brought to a boil and left to simmer for 20 to 60 minutes, depending on the recipe, with infrequent stirring. Towards the end of the cooking process, stirring usually ceases. Some versions call for the jambalaya to be baked after the cooking of all the ingredients.
Ingredients for jambalaya in a pot beginning to cook
The second style, more characteristic of southwestern and south-central Louisiana, is Cajun jambalaya, which contains no tomatoes (the idea being the farther away from New Orleans one gets, the less common tomatoes are in dishes). The meat is browned in a cast-iron pot, as well as the organs. The bits of meat and organ that stick to the bottom of the pot (sucs) are what give a Cajun jambalaya its brown color. A little vegetable oil is added if there is not enough fat in the pot. The trinity (of 50% onions, 25% celery, and 25% green or red bell pepper, although proportions can be altered to suit one's taste) is added and sautéed until soft. Stock and seasonings are added in the next step, and then the meats are returned to the pot. This mixture is then simmered, covered, for at least one hour. Lastly, the mixture is brought to a boil and rice is added to the pot. It is then covered and left to simmer over very low heat for at least 1/2 hour without stirring. The dish is finished when the rice has cooked.
In a less common method, meat, organs, and vegetables are cooked separately from the rice. At the same time, rice is cooked in a savory stock. It is added to the meat, organs, and vegetables before serving. This is called "white jambalaya". This dish is rare in Louisiana as it is seen as a "quick" attempt to make jambalaya, popularized outside the state to shorten cooking time.
Many people in the south, and typically in Louisiana, enjoy a simpler jambalaya style. This style is cooked the same as the Cajun style, but there are no vegetables. Many restaurants serve this style as opposed to the others, because it is more child-friendly, has a more consistent texture, and is easier to make.
Jambalaya is considered by most Louisianans to be a filling but simple-to-prepare rice dish; gumbos, étouffées, and creoles are considered more difficult to perfect. Most often a long grain white rice is used in making jambalaya.
Jambalaya is differentiated from gumbo and étouffée by the way in which the rice is included. In these dishes, the rice is cooked separately and is served as a bed on which the main dish is served. In the usual method of preparing jambalaya, a rich stock is created from vegetables, meat, organs, and seafood; raw rice is then added to the broth and the flavor is absorbed by the grains as the rice cooks.
History
The history of Jambalaya points to a West African influence. Rice was and is a traditional staple in West Africa, where one-pot mixed rice dishes such as thiéboudienne, benachin or Jollof rice were common.
Creole jambalaya with shrimp, ham, tomato, and andouille sausage
There is some folklore that claims jambalaya originates from the French Quarter of New Orleans, in the original sector Some culinary scholars argue that it may have been a local version of the Spanish rice dish paella French influence was strong in New Orleans, and native spices from Louisiana, the Gulf Coast and the Caribbean may have changed this pilaf or paella into a unique New World dish.
New Orleans style jambalaya vs Acadiana style jambalaya
In modern Louisiana, the dish has evolved along a variety of different lines.
New Orleans style jambalaya, known in Acadiana as "red jambalaya", is found primarily in and around New Orleans, where it is simply known as "jambalaya". New Orleans style jambalaya includes tomatoes, whereas Acadiana style jambalaya usually does not.
Jambalaya
Acadiana style jambalaya originates from Louisiana's rural, low-lying swamp country where crawfish, shrimp, oysters, alligator, duck, turtle, boar, venison, nutria and other game were readily available. Any variety of organs or combination of meats, including chicken or turkey, may be used to make jambalaya. Acadiana style jambalaya is known as "brown jambalaya" in the Greater New Orleans area (except for the lower Westbank where it can be found among some families); to folks from Acadiana it is simply known as "jambalaya".
Jambalaya in print
The first appearance in print of any variant of the word 'jambalaya' in any language occurred in Leis amours de Vanus; vo, Lou paysan oou théâtré, by Fortuné (Fortunat) Chailan, first published in Provençal dialect in 1837.
The earliest appearance of the word in print in English occurs in the May 1849 issue of the American Agriculturalist, page 161, where Solon Robinson refers to a recipe for "Hopping Johnny (jambalaya)", however he made a mistake in identifying jambalaya as "Hopping Johnny", which is an entirely different dish with different origins and different birth state.
Jambalaya did not appear in a cookbook until 1878, when the Gulf City Cook Book, by the ladies of the St. Francis Street Methodist Episcopal Church, was printed in South Mobile, Alabama. It contains a recipe for "JAM BOLAYA".
Jambalaya had a brief jump in popularity during the 1920s and 1930s because of its flexible recipe. The dish was little more than the rice and vegetables the populace could afford; the recipe grew from humble roots.
Jambalaya capital of the world
In 1968, Louisiana Governor John J. McKeithen proclaimed Gonzales, Louisiana, "the Jambalaya capital of the world". Every spring, the annual Jambalaya Festival is held in Gonzales.
Etymology
The Oxford English Dictionary indicates that jambalaya comes from the Provençal word jambalaia, meaning a mish mash, or mixup, and also meaning a pilaf (pilau) of rice. This is supported by the fact that the first printed appearance of the word is in a Provençal poem published in 1837.
A folk etymology of the word suggests that it is the fusion of two Spanish words: jamón ("ham") + paella (a rice dish). However, the evidence for this idea is thin. Ham is not a featured element of the dish, and Spanish speakers would call a ham paella paella con jamón, not jamón paella.
Another history, per Louisiana chef John Folse, author of The Encyclopedia of Cajun & Creole Cuisine (2004), is that jambalaya is a contraction of jambon à la yaya, meaning "ham and organs with rice", from French jambon and Yoruba yaya.
See also
United States portalFood portal
List of regional dishes of the United States
List of rice dishes
References
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Jambalaya" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
^ a b Brasseaux, Ryan A.; Brasseaux, Carl A. (2014). Edge, John T. (ed.). The New Encyclopedia of Southern Culture: Volume 7: Foodways. UNC Press Books. p. 188. ISBN 978-1-4696-1652-0.
^ Stewart, Kayla (2019-12-05). "400 Years After the Slave Trade Began, Tracing the Roots of Jambalaya to Jollof". Civil Eats. Retrieved 2024-03-24.
^ "Jambalaya and Jollof Rice: 2 Dishes and the History of Forced African Migration - Feet in 2 Worlds". 2019-12-02. Retrieved 2024-03-24.
^ Adcock, Diana. "Jambalaya Recipe - Food.com". www.food.com. Retrieved 2024-03-24.
^ Bienvenu, Marcelle (2011-09-15). "Jambalaya shows both sides of Creole and Cajun influences". nola.com. Retrieved 2019-03-11.
^ Wallach, Jennifer Jensen (2013). How America Eats: A Social History of U.S. Food and Culture. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 66. ISBN 978-1-4422-0874-2.
^ Harris, Mattie (2007). "Nutria Ragondin Sausage Jambalaya". nutria.com. Retrieved 2018-05-17.
^ Randhawa, Jessica (May 3, 2019). "Jambalaya Recipe". theforkedspoon.com. Retrieved 2019-12-20.
^ Sigal, Andrew (2008). "Jambalaya". Retrieved 2018-05-17.
^ Gulf City Cook Book (jpg). Fb &C Limited. 1878. ISBN 9781330084045.
^ "History of the Jambalaya Festival". Jambalaya Festival Association. 2017. Retrieved 2018-05-17.
^ Sigal, Andrew (2008), "Jambalaya By Any Other Name" (Microsoft PowerPoint ‘open’ XML), Culinary history.
^ Gerald Erichsen (March 2, 2017). "Translating Attributive Nouns to Spanish". Archived from the original on April 3, 2017.
^ Ann Maloney (February 15, 2020). "This chicken, sausage and shrimp jambalaya is one big pot of crowd-pleasing fun". The Washington Post.
External links
Wikibooks Cookbook has a recipe/module on
Jambalaya
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Jambalaya.
Jambalaya: history, origins and etymology
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WikiProject Food and drink | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jambalaya (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jambalaya_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"/ˌdʒæmbəˈlaɪə/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"JAM-bə-LY-ə","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key"},{"link_name":"/ˌdʒʌm-/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"JUM-","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key"},{"link_name":"African","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_cuisine"},{"link_name":"Spanish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_cuisine"},{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proven%C3%A7al_cuisine"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BrasseauxBrasseaux2014-1"}],"text":"This article is about the food. For other uses, see Jambalaya (disambiguation).Jambalaya (/ˌdʒæmbəˈlaɪə/ JAM-bə-LY-ə, /ˌdʒʌm-/ JUM-) is a savory rice dish of mixed organs that developed in the U.S. state of Louisiana apparently with African, Spanish, and French influences, consisting mainly of meat, organs, or seafood (or all),[1] and vegetables mixed with rice and spices.","title":"Jambalaya"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"sausage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sausage"},{"link_name":"andouille","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andouille"},{"link_name":"sofrito","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sofrito"},{"link_name":"trinity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinity_(cuisine)"},{"link_name":"Creole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana_Creole_cuisine"},{"link_name":"Cajun cooking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cajun_cuisine"},{"link_name":"broth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broth"}],"text":"Traditionally, the meat includes sausage of some sort, often a smoked meat such as andouille, along with pork or chicken, animal organs, and seafood (less common), such as crawfish or shrimp. The vegetables are usually a sofrito-like mixture known as the \"trinity\" in Creole and Cajun cooking, consisting of onion, celery, and green bell pepper, though other vegetables such as okra, carrots, tomatoes, corn, chilis and garlic are also used.After browning and sauteing the meat, organs, and vegetables, rice is added with seasonings and broth, and the entire dish is cooked together until the rice is done.","title":"Ingredients"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"gumbo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gumbo"},{"link_name":"étouffée","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89touff%C3%A9e"},{"link_name":"Gumbo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gumbo"},{"link_name":"filé powder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fil%C3%A9_powder"},{"link_name":"okra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okra"},{"link_name":"Étouffée","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89touff%C3%A9e"}],"text":"Jambalaya is similar to (but distinct from) other rice-and-meat dishes known in Louisiana cuisine such as gumbo and étouffée.Gumbo uses similar sausages, meats, seafood, vegetables and seasonings. However, gumbo usually (though not always) includes filé powder or okra, which are not common in jambalaya. Gumbo is also usually served over white rice, which is prepared separately from the rest of the dish, unlike jambalaya, where the rice is prepared with the other ingredients. Plus, Gumbo does not contain any form of organs.Étouffée is a stew that always includes shellfish such as shrimp or crawfish but does not have the sausage common to jambalaya and gumbo. Also, like gumbo, étouffée is usually served over separately prepared rice, and does not contain organs.","title":"Similar dishes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"jollof rice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jollof_rice"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Jambalaya is a Creole/Cajun-American dish that has its origins in Louisiana. There are a number of dishes with disparate origins that use some of the same ingredients. In West Africa there is a rice dish called \"jollof rice\" that according to researcher Kayla Stewart apparently developed from thiéboudienne, a Senegalese dish made of red rice, fish, cassava, and carrots.[2] In Trinidad, there is a rice dish called \"Pelau\", in Spain there is a dish called \"Paella\", in Guyana there is a dish called \"Cook up\", in India it is called \"Biryani\".[citation needed]","title":"Origins"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"tomatoes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomato"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chicken_jambalaya_at_Russo%27s.jpg"},{"link_name":"Creole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creole_cuisine"},{"link_name":"trinity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_trinity_(cuisine)"},{"link_name":"chicken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicken_(food)"},{"link_name":"sausage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sausage"},{"link_name":"andouille","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andouille"},{"link_name":"vegetables","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetable"},{"link_name":"seafood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seafood"},{"link_name":"stock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stock_(food)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cooking_Jambalaya.JPG"},{"link_name":"Cajun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cajun"},{"link_name":"sucs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deglazing_(cooking)"},{"link_name":"vegetable oil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetable_oil"},{"link_name":"onions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onions"},{"link_name":"celery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celery"},{"link_name":"bell pepper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_pepper"},{"link_name":"gumbos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gumbo"},{"link_name":"étouffées","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89touff%C3%A9e"},{"link_name":"creoles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrimp_Creole"}],"text":"There are two primary methods of making jambalaya, differentiated by the presence or absence of tomatoes.Chicken jambalaya at a restaurantThis video shows the difference between Creole and Cajun jambalaya. Jambalaya is made differently depending on the region and is inspired by the French and Spanish culture.The first is Creole jambalaya (also called \"red jambalaya\"). First, meat is added to the trinity of celery, peppers, and onions; the meat is usually chicken and sausage such as andouille or smoked sausage. Next the animal organs are added, as well as the vegetables and tomatoes, which are added to cook, followed by seafood. Rice and stock are added in equal proportions at the very end. The mixture is brought to a boil and left to simmer for 20 to 60 minutes, depending on the recipe, with infrequent stirring. Towards the end of the cooking process, stirring usually ceases. Some versions call for the jambalaya to be baked after the cooking of all the ingredients.Ingredients for jambalaya in a pot beginning to cookThe second style, more characteristic of southwestern and south-central Louisiana, is Cajun jambalaya, which contains no tomatoes (the idea being the farther away from New Orleans one gets, the less common tomatoes are in dishes). The meat is browned in a cast-iron pot, as well as the organs. The bits of meat and organ that stick to the bottom of the pot (sucs) are what give a Cajun jambalaya its brown color. A little vegetable oil is added if there is not enough fat in the pot. The trinity (of 50% onions, 25% celery, and 25% green or red bell pepper, although proportions can be altered to suit one's taste) is added and sautéed until soft. Stock and seasonings are added in the next step, and then the meats are returned to the pot. This mixture is then simmered, covered, for at least one hour. Lastly, the mixture is brought to a boil and rice is added to the pot. It is then covered and left to simmer over very low heat for at least 1/2 hour without stirring. The dish is finished when the rice has cooked.In a less common method, meat, organs, and vegetables are cooked separately from the rice. At the same time, rice is cooked in a savory stock. It is added to the meat, organs, and vegetables before serving. This is called \"white jambalaya\". This dish is rare in Louisiana as it is seen as a \"quick\" attempt to make jambalaya, popularized outside the state to shorten cooking time.Many people in the south, and typically in Louisiana, enjoy a simpler jambalaya style. This style is cooked the same as the Cajun style, but there are no vegetables. Many restaurants serve this style as opposed to the others, because it is more child-friendly, has a more consistent texture, and is easier to make.Jambalaya is considered by most Louisianans to be a filling but simple-to-prepare rice dish; gumbos, étouffées, and creoles are considered more difficult to perfect. Most often a long grain white rice is used in making jambalaya.Jambalaya is differentiated from gumbo and étouffée by the way in which the rice is included. In these dishes, the rice is cooked separately and is served as a bed on which the main dish is served. In the usual method of preparing jambalaya, a rich stock is created from vegetables, meat, organs, and seafood; raw rice is then added to the broth and the flavor is absorbed by the grains as the rice cooks.","title":"Varieties"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jambalaya.jpg"},{"link_name":"andouille","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andouille"},{"link_name":"French Quarter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Quarter"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"paella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paella"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wallach2013-6"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BrasseauxBrasseaux2014-1"},{"link_name":"Gulf Coast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_Coast_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Caribbean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caribbean"}],"text":"The history of Jambalaya points to a West African influence. Rice was and is a traditional staple in West Africa, where one-pot mixed rice dishes such as thiéboudienne, benachin or Jollof rice were common.[3][4]Creole jambalaya with shrimp, ham, tomato, and andouille sausageThere is some folklore that claims jambalaya originates from the French Quarter of New Orleans, in the original sector[5] Some culinary scholars argue that it may have been a local version of the Spanish rice dish paella[6][1] French influence was strong in New Orleans, and native spices from Louisiana, the Gulf Coast and the Caribbean may have changed this pilaf or paella into a unique New World dish.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cooking_Jambalaya_near_done.JPG"},{"link_name":"swamp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swamp"},{"link_name":"crawfish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crayfish_(food)"},{"link_name":"shrimp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrimp_and_prawn_as_food"},{"link_name":"oysters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oyster"},{"link_name":"alligator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alligator"},{"link_name":"duck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duck_(food)"},{"link_name":"turtle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turtle"},{"link_name":"boar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boar"},{"link_name":"venison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venison"},{"link_name":"nutria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nutria"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_(food)"},{"link_name":"chicken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicken_(food)"},{"link_name":"turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey_as_food"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-8"}],"sub_title":"New Orleans style jambalaya vs Acadiana style jambalaya","text":"In modern Louisiana, the dish has evolved along a variety of different lines.New Orleans style jambalaya, known in Acadiana as \"red jambalaya\", is found primarily in and around New Orleans, where it is simply known as \"jambalaya\".[citation needed] New Orleans style jambalaya includes tomatoes, whereas Acadiana style jambalaya usually does not.JambalayaAcadiana style jambalaya originates from Louisiana's rural, low-lying swamp country where crawfish, shrimp, oysters, alligator, duck, turtle, boar, venison, nutria[7] and other game were readily available. Any variety of organs or combination of meats, including chicken or turkey, may be used to make jambalaya. Acadiana style jambalaya is known as \"brown jambalaya\" in the Greater New Orleans area (except for the lower Westbank where it can be found among some families); to folks from Acadiana it is simply known as \"jambalaya\".[8]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Provençal dialect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proven%C3%A7al_dialect"},{"link_name":"Solon Robinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solon_Robinson"},{"link_name":"entirely different dish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoppin%27_John"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Gulf City Cook Book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gulf_City_Cook_Book&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"St. Francis Street Methodist Episcopal Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=St._Francis_Street_Methodist_Episcopal_Church&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Mobile, Alabama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile,_Alabama"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"sub_title":"Jambalaya in print","text":"The first appearance in print of any variant of the word 'jambalaya' in any language occurred in Leis amours de Vanus; vo, Lou paysan oou théâtré, by Fortuné (Fortunat) Chailan, first published in Provençal dialect in 1837.The earliest appearance of the word in print in English occurs in the May 1849 issue of the American Agriculturalist, page 161, where Solon Robinson refers to a recipe for \"Hopping Johnny (jambalaya)\", however he made a mistake in identifying jambalaya as \"Hopping Johnny\", which is an entirely different dish with different origins and different birth state.Jambalaya did not appear in a cookbook until 1878,[9] when the Gulf City Cook Book, by the ladies of the St. Francis Street Methodist Episcopal Church, was printed in South Mobile, Alabama. It contains a recipe for \"JAM BOLAYA\".[10]Jambalaya had a brief jump in popularity during the 1920s and 1930s because of its flexible recipe. The dish was little more than the rice and vegetables the populace could afford; the recipe grew from humble roots.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Louisiana Governor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana_Governor"},{"link_name":"John J. McKeithen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_J._McKeithen"},{"link_name":"Gonzales, Louisiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gonzales,_Louisiana"},{"link_name":"Jambalaya Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jambalaya_Festival&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"sub_title":"Jambalaya capital of the world","text":"In 1968, Louisiana Governor John J. McKeithen proclaimed Gonzales, Louisiana, \"the Jambalaya capital of the world\". Every spring, the annual Jambalaya Festival is held in Gonzales.[11]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Oxford English Dictionary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary"},{"link_name":"Provençal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proven%C3%A7al_dialect"},{"link_name":"pilaf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilaf"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"folk etymology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popular_etymology"},{"link_name":"Spanish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_language"},{"link_name":"paella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paella"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"improper synthesis?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Synthesis_of_published_material"},{"link_name":"John Folse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Folse"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"The Oxford English Dictionary indicates that jambalaya comes from the Provençal word jambalaia, meaning a mish mash, or mixup, and also meaning a pilaf (pilau) of rice. This is supported by the fact that the first printed appearance of the word is in a Provençal poem published in 1837.[12]A folk etymology of the word suggests that it is the fusion of two Spanish words: jamón (\"ham\") + paella (a rice dish). However, the evidence for this idea is thin. Ham is not a featured element of the dish, and Spanish speakers would call a ham paella paella con jamón, not jamón paella.[13][improper synthesis?]Another history, per Louisiana chef John Folse, author of The Encyclopedia of Cajun & Creole Cuisine (2004), is that jambalaya is a contraction of jambon à la yaya, meaning \"ham and organs with rice\", from French jambon and Yoruba yaya.[14]","title":"Etymology"}] | [{"image_text":"Chicken jambalaya at a restaurant","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Chicken_jambalaya_at_Russo%27s.jpg/220px-Chicken_jambalaya_at_Russo%27s.jpg"},{"image_text":"This video shows the difference between Creole and Cajun jambalaya. Jambalaya is made differently depending on the region and is inspired by the French and Spanish culture."},{"image_text":"Ingredients for jambalaya in a pot beginning to cook","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Cooking_Jambalaya.JPG/220px-Cooking_Jambalaya.JPG"},{"image_text":"Creole jambalaya with shrimp, ham, tomato, and andouille sausage","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Jambalaya.jpg/220px-Jambalaya.jpg"},{"image_text":"Jambalaya","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Cooking_Jambalaya_near_done.JPG/220px-Cooking_Jambalaya_near_done.JPG"}] | [{"title":"United States portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:United_States"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Foodlogo2.svg"},{"title":"Food portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Food"},{"title":"List of regional dishes of the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_regional_dishes_of_the_United_States"},{"title":"List of rice dishes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rice_dishes"}] | [{"reference":"Brasseaux, Ryan A.; Brasseaux, Carl A. (2014). Edge, John T. (ed.). The New Encyclopedia of Southern Culture: Volume 7: Foodways. UNC Press Books. p. 188. ISBN 978-1-4696-1652-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=s-qnAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA188","url_text":"The New Encyclopedia of Southern Culture: Volume 7: Foodways"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4696-1652-0","url_text":"978-1-4696-1652-0"}]},{"reference":"Stewart, Kayla (2019-12-05). \"400 Years After the Slave Trade Began, Tracing the Roots of Jambalaya to Jollof\". Civil Eats. Retrieved 2024-03-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://civileats.com/2019/12/05/400-years-after-the-slave-trade-began-tracing-the-roots-of-jambalaya-to-jollof/","url_text":"\"400 Years After the Slave Trade Began, Tracing the Roots of Jambalaya to Jollof\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jambalaya and Jollof Rice: 2 Dishes and the History of Forced African Migration - Feet in 2 Worlds\". 2019-12-02. Retrieved 2024-03-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fi2w.org/jambalaya-and-jollof-rice-2-dishes-and-the-history-of-forced-african-migration/","url_text":"\"Jambalaya and Jollof Rice: 2 Dishes and the History of Forced African Migration - Feet in 2 Worlds\""}]},{"reference":"Adcock, Diana. \"Jambalaya Recipe - Food.com\". www.food.com. Retrieved 2024-03-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.food.com/recipe/jambalaya-14625","url_text":"\"Jambalaya Recipe - Food.com\""}]},{"reference":"Bienvenu, Marcelle (2011-09-15). \"Jambalaya shows both sides of Creole and Cajun influences\". nola.com. Retrieved 2019-03-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nola.com/food/2011/09/jambalaya_shows_both_sides_of.html","url_text":"\"Jambalaya shows both sides of Creole and Cajun influences\""}]},{"reference":"Wallach, Jennifer Jensen (2013). How America Eats: A Social History of U.S. Food and Culture. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 66. ISBN 978-1-4422-0874-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=mnuSNvXeqLAC&pg=PA66","url_text":"How America Eats: A Social History of U.S. Food and Culture"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-0874-2","url_text":"978-1-4422-0874-2"}]},{"reference":"Harris, Mattie (2007). \"Nutria Ragondin Sausage Jambalaya\". nutria.com. Retrieved 2018-05-17.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nutria.com/site17.php","url_text":"\"Nutria Ragondin Sausage Jambalaya\""}]},{"reference":"Randhawa, Jessica (May 3, 2019). \"Jambalaya Recipe\". theforkedspoon.com. Retrieved 2019-12-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://theforkedspoon.com/jambalaya-recipe/","url_text":"\"Jambalaya Recipe\""}]},{"reference":"Sigal, Andrew (2008). \"Jambalaya\". Retrieved 2018-05-17.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sigal.org/culinaryhistory/jambalaya/jambalaya.htm","url_text":"\"Jambalaya\""}]},{"reference":"Gulf City Cook Book (jpg). Fb &C Limited. 1878. ISBN 9781330084045.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sigal.org/culinaryhistory/jambalaya/Jambalaya%20-%20Gulf%20City%20Cook%20Book.jpg","url_text":"Gulf City Cook Book"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781330084045","url_text":"9781330084045"}]},{"reference":"\"History of the Jambalaya Festival\". Jambalaya Festival Association. 2017. Retrieved 2018-05-17.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.jambalayafestival.org/about.html","url_text":"\"History of the Jambalaya Festival\""}]},{"reference":"Sigal, Andrew (2008), \"Jambalaya By Any Other Name\" (Microsoft PowerPoint ‘open’ XML), Culinary history","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sigal.org/culinaryhistory/jambalaya/Jambalaya%20By%20Any%20Other%20Name.pptx","url_text":"\"Jambalaya By Any Other Name\""}]},{"reference":"Gerald Erichsen (March 2, 2017). \"Translating Attributive Nouns to Spanish\". Archived from the original on April 3, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170403075529/https://www.thoughtco.com/translating-attributive-nouns-to-spanish-3079275","url_text":"\"Translating Attributive Nouns to Spanish\""},{"url":"https://www.thoughtco.com/translating-attributive-nouns-to-spanish-3079275","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Ann Maloney (February 15, 2020). \"This chicken, sausage and shrimp jambalaya is one big pot of crowd-pleasing fun\". The Washington Post.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/voraciously/wp/2020/02/15/this-chicken-sausage-and-shrimp-jambalaya-is-one-big-pot-of-crowd-pleasing-fun/","url_text":"\"This chicken, sausage and shrimp jambalaya is one big pot of crowd-pleasing fun\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post","url_text":"The Washington Post"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Jambalaya%22","external_links_name":"\"Jambalaya\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Jambalaya%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Jambalaya%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Jambalaya%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Jambalaya%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Jambalaya%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=s-qnAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA188","external_links_name":"The New Encyclopedia of Southern Culture: Volume 7: Foodways"},{"Link":"https://civileats.com/2019/12/05/400-years-after-the-slave-trade-began-tracing-the-roots-of-jambalaya-to-jollof/","external_links_name":"\"400 Years After the Slave Trade Began, Tracing the Roots of Jambalaya to Jollof\""},{"Link":"https://www.fi2w.org/jambalaya-and-jollof-rice-2-dishes-and-the-history-of-forced-african-migration/","external_links_name":"\"Jambalaya and Jollof Rice: 2 Dishes and the History of Forced African Migration - Feet in 2 Worlds\""},{"Link":"https://www.food.com/recipe/jambalaya-14625","external_links_name":"\"Jambalaya Recipe - Food.com\""},{"Link":"https://www.nola.com/food/2011/09/jambalaya_shows_both_sides_of.html","external_links_name":"\"Jambalaya shows both sides of Creole and Cajun influences\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=mnuSNvXeqLAC&pg=PA66","external_links_name":"How America Eats: A Social History of U.S. Food and Culture"},{"Link":"http://www.nutria.com/site17.php","external_links_name":"\"Nutria Ragondin Sausage Jambalaya\""},{"Link":"https://theforkedspoon.com/jambalaya-recipe/","external_links_name":"\"Jambalaya Recipe\""},{"Link":"http://www.sigal.org/culinaryhistory/jambalaya/jambalaya.htm","external_links_name":"\"Jambalaya\""},{"Link":"http://www.sigal.org/culinaryhistory/jambalaya/Jambalaya%20-%20Gulf%20City%20Cook%20Book.jpg","external_links_name":"Gulf City Cook Book"},{"Link":"http://www.jambalayafestival.org/about.html","external_links_name":"\"History of the Jambalaya Festival\""},{"Link":"http://www.sigal.org/culinaryhistory/jambalaya/Jambalaya%20By%20Any%20Other%20Name.pptx","external_links_name":"\"Jambalaya By Any Other Name\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170403075529/https://www.thoughtco.com/translating-attributive-nouns-to-spanish-3079275","external_links_name":"\"Translating Attributive Nouns to Spanish\""},{"Link":"https://www.thoughtco.com/translating-attributive-nouns-to-spanish-3079275","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/voraciously/wp/2020/02/15/this-chicken-sausage-and-shrimp-jambalaya-is-one-big-pot-of-crowd-pleasing-fun/","external_links_name":"\"This chicken, sausage and shrimp jambalaya is one big pot of crowd-pleasing fun\""},{"Link":"http://www.sigal.org/CulinaryHistory/Jambalaya/Jambalaya.htm","external_links_name":"Jambalaya: history, origins and etymology"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland_at_the_2008_Summer_Olympics | Finland at the 2008 Summer Olympics | ["1 Medalists","2 Archery","3 Athletics","4 Badminton","5 Canoeing","5.1 Sprint","6 Diving","7 Equestrian","7.1 Dressage","8 Judo","9 Rowing","10 Sailing","11 Shooting","12 Swimming","13 Tennis","14 Weightlifting","15 Wrestling","16 See also","17 References","18 External links"] | Sporting event delegationFinland at the2008 Summer OlympicsIOC codeFINNOCFinnish Olympic CommitteeWebsitesport.fi/olympiakomitea (in Finnish and Swedish)in BeijingCompetitors58 in 13 sportsFlag bearers Juha Hirvi (opening)Tero Pitkämäki (closing)MedalsRanked 44th
Gold
1
Silver
1
Bronze
2
Total
4
Summer Olympics appearances (overview)190819121920192419281932193619481952195619601964196819721976198019841988199219962000200420082012201620202024Other related appearances1906 Intercalated Games
Finland competed at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, People's Republic of China. The athletes were named in four selections: first took place on December 19, 2007, 2nd on April 16, 3rd on May 20 and 4th on July 21, 2008.
The goal of the Finnish Olympic team in the Beijing 2008 Olympic Games was three medals with at least one gold medal.
Shooter Juha Hirvi and dressage rider Kyra Kyrklund made Finnish olympic history by participating in their sixth Olympic Games. They shared the record with three winter Olympians: cross-country skiers Marja-Liisa Kirvesniemi and Harri Kirvesniemi and ice hockey player Raimo Helminen.
Medalists
Medal
Name
Sport
Event
Date
Gold
Satu Mäkelä-Nummela
Shooting
Women's trap
August 11
Silver
Minna NieminenSanna Stén
Rowing
Women's lightweight double sculls
August 17
Bronze
Henri Häkkinen
Shooting
Men's 10 m air rifle
August 11
Bronze
Tero Pitkämäki
Athletics
Men's javelin throw
August 23
Notes
Satu Mäkelä-Nummela's victory in women's trap was Finland's first ever gold medal in shotgun events at the Olympic Games. She became the third Finnish female athlete to win gold at the Summer Olympics, after Sylvi Saimo and Heli Rantanen.
Minna Nieminen's and Sanna Stén's silver medal in lightweight double sculls is Finland's first Olympic medal in rowing since 1984, when Pertti Karppinen won the last of his three consecutive Olympic gold medals.
Archery
Main article: Archery at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Athlete
Event
Ranking round
Round of 64
Round of 32
Round of 16
Quarterfinals
Semifinals
Final / BM
Score
Seed
OppositionScore
OppositionScore
OppositionScore
OppositionScore
OppositionScore
OppositionScore
Rank
Matti Hatava
Men's individual
619
58
Terry (GBR)W 105–104
Cheng C S (MAS)L 103–110
Did not advance
Athletics
Main article: Athletics at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Key
Note–Ranks given for track events are within the athlete's heat only
Q = Qualified for the next round
q = Qualified for the next round as a fastest loser or, in field events, by position without achieving the qualifying target
NR = National record
N/A = Round not applicable for the event
Bye = Athlete not required to compete in round
Men
Track & road events
Athlete
Event
Heat
Quarterfinal
Semifinal
Final
Result
Rank
Result
Rank
Result
Rank
Result
Rank
Janne Holmén
Marathon
—
2:14:44
19
Visa Hongisto
200 m
20.62
4 q
20.76
6
Did not advance
Antti Kempas
50 km walk
—
3:55:19
20
Jarkko Kinnunen
—
3:52:25
15
Francis Kirwa
Marathon
—
2:14:22
17
Mikko Lahtio
800 m
1:47.20
8
—
Did not advance
Field events
Athlete
Event
Qualification
Final
Distance
Position
Distance
Position
Tommi Evilä
Long jump
7.88
=17
Did not advance
Robert Häggblom
Shot put
NM
—
Did not advance
Tero Järvenpää
Javelin throw
82.34
4 q
83.95
4
Olli-Pekka Karjalainen
Hammer throw
77.07
8 q
79.59
6
Frantz Kruger
Discus throw
62.48
12 q
61.98
11
Mikko Latvala
Pole vault
5.45
=22
Did not advance
Tero Pitkämäki
Javelin throw
82.61
3 Q
86.16
Teemu Wirkkala
79.79
10 q
83.46
5
Combined events – Decathlon
Athlete
Event
100 m
LJ
SP
HJ
400 m
110H
DT
PV
JT
1500 m
Final
Rank
Mikko Halvari
Result
11.18
6.88
13.72
1.93
50.60
16.25
47.71
NM
55.11
5:20.26
6486
25
Points
821
785
711
740
787
705
823
0
665
449
Women
Field events
Athlete
Event
Qualification
Final
Distance
Position
Distance
Position
Mikaela Ingberg
Javelin throw
58.82
17
Did not advance
Merja Korpela
Hammer throw
66.29
30
Did not advance
Vanessa Vandy
Pole vault
4.00
=32
Did not advance
Combined events – Heptathlon
Athlete
Event
100H
HJ
SP
200 m
LJ
JT
800 m
Final
Rank
Niina Kelo
Result
13.95
1.65
14.82
25.90
5.76
51.48
2:20.97
5911
23*
Points
985
795
849
806
777
889
810
* The athlete who finished in second place, Lyudmila Blonska of the Ukraine, tested positive for a banned substance. Both the A and the B tests were positive, therefore Blonska was stripped of her silver medal, and Kelo moved up a position.
Badminton
Main article: Badminton at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Athlete
Event
Round of 64
Round of 32
Round of 16
Quarterfinal
Semifinal
Final / BM
OppositionScore
OppositionScore
OppositionScore
OppositionScore
OppositionScore
OppositionScore
Rank
Ville Lång
Men's singles
Druzchenko (UKR)W 21–12, 21–19
Rai (USA)W 21–9, 21–16
Kuncoro (INA)L 13–21, 18–21
Did not advance
Anu Nieminen
Women's singles
Bye
Xu Hw (GER)L 17–21, 8–21
Did not advance
Canoeing
Main article: Canoeing at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Sprint
Athlete
Event
Heats
Semifinals
Final
Time
Rank
Time
Rank
Time
Rank
Mika HokajärviKalle Mikkonen
Men's K-2 500 m
1:33.785
7 QS
1:34.994
8
Did not advance
Men's K-2 1000 m
3:23.475
6 QS
3:27.018
6
Did not advance
Anne Rikala
Women's K-1 500 m
1:54.294
7 QS
1:54.025
4
Did not advance
Jenni MikkonenAnne Rikala
Women's K-2 500 m
1:45.735
4 QS
1:44.624
2 Q
1:44.176
7
Qualification Legend: QS = Qualify to semi-final; QF = Qualify directly to final
Diving
Main article: Diving at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Athlete
Events
Preliminaries
Semifinal
Final
Points
Rank
Points
Rank
Points
Rank
Joona Puhakka
3 m springboard
469.45
5 Q
451.95
13
Did not advance
Equestrian
Main article: Equestrian at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Dressage
Athlete
Horse
Event
Grand Prix
Grand Prix Special
Grand Prix Freestyle
Overall
Score
Rank
Score
Rank
Score
Rank
Score
Rank
Kyra Kyrklund
Max
Individual
70.583
6 Q
69.720
10 Q
74.250
6
71.985
8
Judo
Main article: Judo at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Athlete
Event
Round of 32
Round of 16
Quarterfinals
Semifinals
Repechage 1
Repechage 2
Repechage 3
Final / BM
OppositionResult
OppositionResult
OppositionResult
OppositionResult
OppositionResult
OppositionResult
OppositionResult
OppositionResult
Rank
Nina Koivumäki
Women's −57 kg
Bye
Xu Y (CHN) L 0000–0020
Did not advance
Latrous (ALG) W 0001–0000
Sato (JPN) L 0000–1011
Did not advance
Johanna Ylinen
Women's −63 kg
Wang C-F (TPE) L 0000–1011
Did not advance
Rowing
Main article: Rowing at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Women
Athlete
Event
Heats
Repechage
Semifinals
Final
Time
Rank
Time
Rank
Time
Rank
Time
Rank
Minna NieminenSanna Stén
Lightweight double sculls
6:56.61
4 R
7:23.80
2 SA/B
7:03.91
2 FA
6:56.03
Qualification Legend: FA=Final A (medal); FB=Final B (non-medal); FC=Final C (non-medal); FD=Final D (non-medal); FE=Final E (non-medal); FF=Final F (non-medal); SA/B=Semifinals A/B; SC/D=Semifinals C/D; SE/F=Semifinals E/F; QF=Quarterfinals; R=Repechage
Sailing
Main article: Sailing at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Men
Athlete
Event
Race
Net points
Final rank
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
M*
Pierre Collura
Laser
25
10
18
41
23
25
20
33
DNF
CAN
EL
198
30
Heikki Elomaa Niklas Lindgren
470
28
22
27
DSQ
25
19
14
23
17
21
EL
196
27
Women
Athlete
Event
Race
Net points
Final rank
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
M*
Tuuli Petäjä
RS:X
14
11
7
16
16
16
12
16
11
14
EL
117
16
Tuula Tenkanen
Laser Radial
10
16
25
21
17
20
20
9
15
CAN
EL
128
22
Silja LehtinenMaria KlemetzLivia Väresmaa
Yngling
6
6
3
8
10
OCS
15
12
CAN
CAN
EL
60
11
Open
Athlete
Event
Race
Net points
Final rank
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
M*
Tapio Nirkko
Finn
18
9
9
9
19
22
16
22
CAN
CAN
EL
102
18
M = Medal race; EL = Eliminated – did not advance into the medal race; CAN = Race cancelled;
Shooting
Satu Mäkelä-Nummela with olympic gold medal
Main article: Shooting at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Men
Athlete
Event
Qualification
Final
Points
Rank
Points
Rank
Henri Häkkinen
10 m air rifle
598
1 Q
699.4
50 m rifle prone
586
47
Did not advance
50 m rifle 3 positions
1161
28
Did not advance
Juha Hirvi
50 m rifle prone
595
5 Q
698.5
7
50 m rifle 3 positions
1168
12
Did not advance
Kai Jahnsson
10 m air pistol
574
30
Did not advance
50 m pistol
553
22
Did not advance
Women
Athlete
Event
Qualification
Final
Points
Rank
Points
Rank
Hanna Etula
50 m rifle 3 positions
577
24
Did not advance
10 m air rifle
394
21
Did not advance
Marjut Heinonen
Skeet
61
17
Did not advance
Mira Nevansuu
10 m air pistol
384
8 Q
480.5
7
Satu Mäkelä-Nummela
Trap
70
2 Q
91 OR
Marjo Yli-Kiikka
50 m rifle 3 positions
579
14
Did not advance
10 m air rifle
389
38
Did not advance
Swimming
Main article: Swimming at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Men
Athlete
Event
Heat
Semifinal
Final
Time
Rank
Time
Rank
Time
Rank
Matti Rajakylä
50 m freestyle
22.48 NR
29
Did not advance
100 m freestyle
49.91
41
Did not advance
Women
Athlete
Event
Heat
Semifinal
Final
Time
Rank
Time
Rank
Time
Rank
Noora Laukkanen
200 m breaststroke
2:38.97
39
Did not advance
Eva Lehtonen
400 m freestyle
4:20.07
35
—
Did not advance
800 m freestyle
8:53.50
33
—
Did not advance
Emilia Pikkarainen
100 m butterfly
1:02.31
46
Did not advance
Hanna-Maria Seppälä
50 m freestyle
25.06
15 Q
25.19
16
Did not advance
100 m freestyle
53.60 NR
1 Q
53.84
=3 Q
53.97
4
100 m backstroke
1:02.39
30
Did not advance
Tennis
Main article: Tennis at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Men
Athlete
Event
Round of 64
Round of 32
Round of 16
Quarterfinals
Semifinals
Final / BM
OppositionScore
OppositionScore
OppositionScore
OppositionScore
OppositionScore
OppositionScore
Rank
Jarkko Nieminen
Men's singles
Johansson (SWE)L 6–4, 4–6, 4–6
Did not advance
Weightlifting
Main article: Weightlifting at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Athlete
Event
Snatch
Clean & Jerk
Total
Rank
Result
Rank
Result
Rank
Antti Everi
Men's +105 kg
171
10
195
11
366
11
Wrestling
Main article: Wrestling at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Key:
VT - Victory by Fall.
PP - Decision by Points - the loser with technical points.
PO - Decision by Points - the loser without technical points.
Men's Greco-Roman
Athlete
Event
Qualification
Round of 16
Quarterfinal
Semifinal
Repechage 1
Repechage 2
Final / BM
OppositionResult
OppositionResult
OppositionResult
OppositionResult
OppositionResult
OppositionResult
OppositionResult
Rank
Jarkko Ala-Huikku
−60 kg
Bye
Tyumenbayev (KGZ)L 1–3 PP
Did not advance
18
See also
Finland at the 2008 Summer Paralympics
References
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Finland at the 2008 Summer Olympics.
^ "Almost all of the members of the Finnish Olympic team nominated - Suomen Olympiakomitea". Archived from the original on 2008-08-17. Retrieved 2008-08-18.
^ "Shooter Juha Hirvi is the Finnish flag bearer in the opening ceremony in Beijing - Suomen Olympiakomitea". Archived from the original on 2008-08-17. Retrieved 2008-08-18.
^ "Blonska thrown out of long jump". BBC Sport. 2008-08-21. Retrieved 2008-08-21.
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Vanuatu | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Finland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland"},{"link_name":"2008 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Beijing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing"},{"link_name":"People's Republic of China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Juha Hirvi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juha_Hirvi"},{"link_name":"Kyra Kyrklund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyra_Kyrklund"},{"link_name":"Marja-Liisa Kirvesniemi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marja-Liisa_Kirvesniemi"},{"link_name":"Harri Kirvesniemi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harri_Kirvesniemi"},{"link_name":"Raimo Helminen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raimo_Helminen"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Finland competed at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, People's Republic of China. The athletes were named in four selections: first took place on December 19, 2007, 2nd on April 16, 3rd on May 20 and 4th on July 21, 2008.The goal of the Finnish Olympic team in the Beijing 2008 Olympic Games was three medals with at least one gold medal.[1]Shooter Juha Hirvi and dressage rider Kyra Kyrklund made Finnish olympic history by participating in their sixth Olympic Games. They shared the record with three winter Olympians: cross-country skiers Marja-Liisa Kirvesniemi and Harri Kirvesniemi and ice hockey player Raimo Helminen.[2]","title":"Finland at the 2008 Summer Olympics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Satu Mäkelä-Nummela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satu_M%C3%A4kel%C3%A4-Nummela"},{"link_name":"Sylvi Saimo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylvi_Saimo"},{"link_name":"Heli Rantanen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heli_Rantanen"},{"link_name":"Minna Nieminen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minna_Nieminen"},{"link_name":"Sanna Stén","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanna_St%C3%A9n"},{"link_name":"Pertti Karppinen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pertti_Karppinen"}],"text":"Notes\nSatu Mäkelä-Nummela's victory in women's trap was Finland's first ever gold medal in shotgun events at the Olympic Games. She became the third Finnish female athlete to win gold at the Summer Olympics, after Sylvi Saimo and Heli Rantanen.\nMinna Nieminen's and Sanna Stén's silver medal in lightweight double sculls is Finland's first Olympic medal in rowing since 1984, when Pertti Karppinen won the last of his three consecutive Olympic gold medals.","title":"Medalists"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Archery"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Decathlon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2008_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_decathlon"},{"link_name":"Heptathlon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2008_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_heptathlon"},{"link_name":"Lyudmila Blonska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyudmila_Blonska"},{"link_name":"Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine_at_the_2008_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Key\nNote–Ranks given for track events are within the athlete's heat only\nQ = Qualified for the next round\nq = Qualified for the next round as a fastest loser or, in field events, by position without achieving the qualifying target\nNR = National record\nN/A = Round not applicable for the event\nBye = Athlete not required to compete in roundMen\nTrack & road eventsField eventsCombined events – DecathlonWomen\nField eventsCombined events – Heptathlon* The athlete who finished in second place, Lyudmila Blonska of the Ukraine, tested positive for a banned substance.[3] Both the A and the B tests were positive, therefore Blonska was stripped of her silver medal, and Kelo moved up a position.","title":"Athletics"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Badminton"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Canoeing"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Sprint","text":"Qualification Legend: QS = Qualify to semi-final; QF = Qualify directly to final","title":"Canoeing"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Diving"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Equestrian"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Dressage","title":"Equestrian"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Judo"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"WomenQualification Legend: FA=Final A (medal); FB=Final B (non-medal); FC=Final C (non-medal); FD=Final D (non-medal); FE=Final E (non-medal); FF=Final F (non-medal); SA/B=Semifinals A/B; SC/D=Semifinals C/D; SE/F=Semifinals E/F; QF=Quarterfinals; R=Repechage","title":"Rowing"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"MenWomenOpenM = Medal race; EL = Eliminated – did not advance into the medal race; CAN = Race cancelled;","title":"Sailing"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Satu_makela-nummela.jpg"},{"link_name":"Satu Mäkelä-Nummela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satu_M%C3%A4kel%C3%A4-Nummela"}],"text":"Satu Mäkelä-Nummela with olympic gold medalMenWomen","title":"Shooting"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"MenWomen","title":"Swimming"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Men","title":"Tennis"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Weightlifting"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Victory by Fall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pin_(amateur_wrestling)"}],"text":"Key:\n\nVT - Victory by Fall.\nPP - Decision by Points - the loser with technical points.\nPO - Decision by Points - the loser without technical points.Men's Greco-Roman","title":"Wrestling"}] | [{"image_text":"Satu Mäkelä-Nummela with olympic gold medal","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Satu_makela-nummela.jpg/220px-Satu_makela-nummela.jpg"}] | [{"title":"Finland at the 2008 Summer Paralympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland_at_the_2008_Summer_Paralympics"}] | [{"reference":"\"Almost all of the members of the Finnish Olympic team nominated - Suomen Olympiakomitea\". Archived from the original on 2008-08-17. Retrieved 2008-08-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080817130708/http://www.noc.fi/in_english/?x126=1035599","url_text":"\"Almost all of the members of the Finnish Olympic team nominated - Suomen Olympiakomitea\""},{"url":"http://www.noc.fi/in_english/?x126=1035599","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Shooter Juha Hirvi is the Finnish flag bearer in the opening ceremony in Beijing - Suomen Olympiakomitea\". Archived from the original on 2008-08-17. Retrieved 2008-08-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080817131113/http://www.noc.fi/in_english/?x126=1069450","url_text":"\"Shooter Juha Hirvi is the Finnish flag bearer in the opening ceremony in Beijing - Suomen Olympiakomitea\""},{"url":"http://www.noc.fi/in_english/?x126=1069450","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Blonska thrown out of long jump\". BBC Sport. 2008-08-21. Retrieved 2008-08-21.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/olympics/athletics/7571867.stm","url_text":"\"Blonska thrown out of long jump\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Sport","url_text":"BBC Sport"}]}] | [{"Link":"http://sport.fi/olympiakomitea","external_links_name":"sport.fi/olympiakomitea"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080817130708/http://www.noc.fi/in_english/?x126=1035599","external_links_name":"\"Almost all of the members of the Finnish Olympic team nominated - Suomen Olympiakomitea\""},{"Link":"http://www.noc.fi/in_english/?x126=1035599","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080817131113/http://www.noc.fi/in_english/?x126=1069450","external_links_name":"\"Shooter Juha Hirvi is the Finnish flag bearer in the opening ceremony in Beijing - Suomen Olympiakomitea\""},{"Link":"http://www.noc.fi/in_english/?x126=1069450","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/olympics/athletics/7571867.stm","external_links_name":"\"Blonska thrown out of long jump\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080703182753/http://www.noc.fi/olympiahistoria/kisasivut/peking-kisasivut/in_english/finnish_team/","external_links_name":"Finnish Team for Beijing 2008"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miss_Fury | Miss Fury | ["1 Overview","2 Other appearances","3 References","4 Further reading","5 External links"] | 1941-1952 superhero comic strip
Miss Fury, on the cover of issue #1; art by Alex Schomburg
Miss Fury is a fictional superheroine from the Golden Age of Comics. She first appeared as The Black Fury on April 6, 1941, a Sunday comic strip distributed by the Bell Syndicate, and created by artist June Tarpé Mills (writing as Tarpé Mills). The strip was retitled Miss Fury in November 1941.
Overview
The character's real identity is wealthy socialite Marla Drake. She has no innate superpowers, but gains increased strength and speed when she dons a special skintight catsuit when fighting crime. The panther skin was bequeathed to her by her uncle, who said that it was used by an African witch doctor in voodoo ceremonies.
Miss Fury combats several recurring villains, including mad scientist Diman Saraf and Nazi agents Baroness Erica von Kampf and General Bruno. Drake was also involved in a love triangle with her former fiancé, Gary Hale, and Detective Dan Carey. A complicated figure, Marla doesn't seem to like being a superhero, resenting the need for a secret identity and the danger it poses. She is sometimes accompanied by an albino Brazilian named Albino Joe.
Although Miss Fury was popular, the revealing outfits worn by the female characters provoked some controversy at the time. When Marla Drake was drawn wearing a bikini in 1947, 37 newspapers dropped the strip in response. The Miss Fury strip ran until 1952.
Marvel Comics (then known as Timely Comics) reprinted her Sunday strips in comic book form from 1942 to 1946 in eight issues published from Winter 1942 to Winter 1945.
In 1979 Archival Press reissued her early adventures in graphic novel format, with a new cover by Mills.
In 2011, IDW's "The Library of American Comics" put out a collection of strips covering 1944–49 and they also published another volume containing the 1941–1944 Miss Fury strips in 2013.
Other appearances
Tarpé Mills's Miss Fury was revived in a four-issue mini-series published in 1991 by Adventure Comics (an imprint of Malibu Comics). In that series, Marlene Hale dons a cat outfit from her family's attic as a Halloween costume only to end up rescuing a thirteen-year-old being assaulted by a drug dealer, after which her grandfather Dan Carey reveals that she is the granddaughter of the original Miss Fury. A caped and bare-legged gun-wielding version of Miss Fury appears calling herself "Black Fury", extorting drug dealers and committing murders. At the same time, Marlene's aunt Stephanie (daughter of Erika von Kampf and Dan Carey) also adopts a jacket-wearing version of the Miss Fury persona. Marlene and her grandfather independently suspect that Stephanie is the Black Fury, while Stephanie suspects the same of Marlene, and a battle between the two ends when both fall into a vat of chemicals. On another night, Marlene defeats Stephanie, who concedes the mantle of the Miss Fury to Marlene, and they realize that the Black Fury must be a third person. As the true Miss Fury, Marlene tracks down and defeats the Black Fury, who is revealed to be the drug dealer Marlene originally fought.
This version of Miss Fury, now with increased strength and aggression from falling into the vat of chemicals, would return in issues 10–12 of Malibu Comics' Protectors series. Black Fury, who Marlene again suspects of being a similarly chemically enhanced version of her aunt Stephanie, has kidnapped the grandson of President Brian O'Brien (the former Clock). Miss Fury helps the Protectors rescue the grandson, but Black Fury slips away. Miss Fury would continue to appear in the pages of The Protectors until the series ended with issue #20 in 1994.
The original Miss Fury also saw a brief cameo reappearance in 2008 when Marvel Comics published the first issue of the series The Twelve. She was depicted as part of an army of 1940s costumed heroes storming Berlin, Nazi Germany during the final days of World War II.
In November 2012, the Golden Age Miss Fury appeared in the eight issue Dynamite Entertainment mini-series Masks, where she joined with other comic and pulp-magazine heroes (including Zorro, the Shadow and the Green Hornet) to combat the villainous "Party of Justice". In April 2013, Dynamite began publishing a comic book series with an updated version of the Golden Age Miss Fury, which ran for eleven issues through 2014, collected as Miss Fury: Anger is an Energy and Miss Fury: Walk Through the Valley. During the same period, she appeared alongside the Sparrow (of The Shadow) in the five issue mini-series Noir, collected in Noir: The Mohawk Templar. In 2015, she reappeared in Swords of Sorrow: Miss Fury and Lady Rawhide, the six issue Swords of Sorrow mini-series, as well as the six issue sequel, Masks 2. A second volume of the Miss Fury series, collected as Miss Fury: The Minor Key, ran for six issues in 2016. A three-issue third volume titled Miss Fury: Joy Division was announced in 2018 for an October release, but was delayed again in favor of a September 15, 2019 release, before finally being announced for an early 2021 release as a trade-paperback following a successful Indiegogo campaign. The new volume was written and drawn by Billy Tucci and Maria Laura Sanapo.
She also appears in Die!namite (2020–2021) as an elderly woman in a modern day retirement home, who is prompted by a zombie outbreak to again don her costume.
References
^ a b Trina Robbins, A Century of Women Cartoonists. Northampton, Mass.: Kitchen Sink Press, 1993. ISBN 0878162062 (pp. 62, 67–70,83).
^ a b Ron Goulart, The Adventurous Decade: Comic Strips in the Thirties. New Rochelle, N.Y.: Arlington House, 1975, ISBN 087000252X (p.180-1)
^ Holtz, Allan (2012). American Newspaper Comics: An Encyclopedic Reference Guide. Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press. p. 267. ISBN 9780472117567.
^ Markstein, Don, Miss Fury, Don Markstein's Toonopedia, archived from the original on 2024-05-25
^ a b Madrid, Mike (2016). The Supergirls: Fashion, Feminism, Fantasy and the History of Comic Book Heroines. Exterminating Angel Press. pp. 8–10. ISBN 978-1-935259-33-6.
^ Nevins, Jess (2013). Encyclopedia of Golden Age Superheroes. High Rock Press. p. 183. ISBN 978-1-61318-023-5.
^ Benton, Mike (1992). Superhero Comics of the Golden Age: The Illustrated History. Dallas: Taylor Publishing Company. p. 173. ISBN 0-87833-808-X. Retrieved 8 April 2020.
^ "IDW Publishing Solicitations for October 2013" Comic Book Resources, July 12th, 2013. Retrieved August 14, 2015.
^ Gerding, Stephen (17 August 2012). "Exclusive First Look: Lee, Syaf & Francavilla Cover "Masks" #1". Comic Book Resources. CBR.com.
^ Collinson, Gary (8 June 2020). "Miss Fury returning to comics with new original graphic novel from Dynamite". Flickering Myth. Flickering Myth Ltd.
^ Carter, RJ (4 November 2020). "DIE! NAMITE #2 Expands Cast, Dials Up Zombie Threat to 11". Critical Blast. Belleville, IL: Howard Price.
Further reading
"Miss Fury" in The Spectacular Sisterhood of Superwomen: Awesome Female Characters from Comic Book History by Hope Nicholson, Quirk Books (2017)
External links
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Supersnipe | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MissFuryTimely.jpg"},{"link_name":"Alex Schomburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Schomburg"},{"link_name":"superheroine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superheroine"},{"link_name":"Golden Age of Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Age_of_Comics"},{"link_name":"Sunday comic strip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunday_strip"},{"link_name":"Bell Syndicate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_Syndicate"},{"link_name":"June Tarpé Mills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June_Tarp%C3%A9_Mills"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tr-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rg-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Holtz-3"}],"text":"Miss Fury, on the cover of issue #1; art by Alex SchomburgMiss Fury is a fictional superheroine from the Golden Age of Comics. She first appeared as The Black Fury on April 6, 1941, a Sunday comic strip distributed by the Bell Syndicate, and created by artist June Tarpé Mills (writing as Tarpé Mills).[1][2] The strip was retitled Miss Fury in November 1941.[3]","title":"Miss Fury"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"socialite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialite"},{"link_name":"witch doctor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Witch_doctor"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Supergirls-5"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rg-2"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Supergirls-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tr-1"},{"link_name":"Marvel Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvel_Comics"},{"link_name":"Timely Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timely_Comics"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"graphic novel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphic_novel"},{"link_name":"IDW","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IDW_Publishing"},{"link_name":"The Library of American Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Library_of_American_Comics"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"The character's real identity is wealthy socialite Marla Drake. She has no innate superpowers, but gains increased strength and speed when she dons a special skintight catsuit when fighting crime. The panther skin was bequeathed to her by her uncle, who said that it was used by an African witch doctor in voodoo ceremonies.[4]Miss Fury combats several recurring villains, including mad scientist Diman Saraf and Nazi agents Baroness Erica von Kampf and General Bruno.[5] Drake was also involved in a love triangle with her former fiancé, Gary Hale, and Detective Dan Carey.[2] A complicated figure, Marla doesn't seem to like being a superhero, resenting the need for a secret identity and the danger it poses.[5] She is sometimes accompanied by an albino Brazilian named Albino Joe.[6]Although Miss Fury was popular, the revealing outfits worn by the female characters provoked some controversy at the time. When Marla Drake was drawn wearing a bikini in 1947, 37 newspapers dropped the strip in response.[1] The Miss Fury strip ran until 1952.Marvel Comics (then known as Timely Comics) reprinted her Sunday strips in comic book form from 1942 to 1946 in eight issues published from Winter 1942 to Winter 1945.[7]In 1979 Archival Press reissued her early adventures in graphic novel format, with a new cover by Mills.In 2011, IDW's \"The Library of American Comics\" put out a collection of strips covering 1944–49 and they also published another volume containing the 1941–1944 Miss Fury strips in 2013.[8]","title":"Overview"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Adventure Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adventure_Publications"},{"link_name":"Malibu Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malibu_Comics"},{"link_name":"Malibu Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malibu_Comics"},{"link_name":"Protectors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protectors_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Clock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clock_(comics)"},{"link_name":"The Twelve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Twelve_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin"},{"link_name":"Nazi Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germany"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Dynamite Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamite_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"Zorro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zorro"},{"link_name":"the Shadow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Shadow"},{"link_name":"Green Hornet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Hornet"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Indiegogo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiegogo"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Die!namite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Die!namite"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"Tarpé Mills's Miss Fury was revived in a four-issue mini-series published in 1991 by Adventure Comics (an imprint of Malibu Comics). In that series, Marlene Hale dons a cat outfit from her family's attic as a Halloween costume only to end up rescuing a thirteen-year-old being assaulted by a drug dealer, after which her grandfather Dan Carey reveals that she is the granddaughter of the original Miss Fury. A caped and bare-legged gun-wielding version of Miss Fury appears calling herself \"Black Fury\", extorting drug dealers and committing murders. At the same time, Marlene's aunt Stephanie (daughter of Erika von Kampf and Dan Carey) also adopts a jacket-wearing version of the Miss Fury persona. Marlene and her grandfather independently suspect that Stephanie is the Black Fury, while Stephanie suspects the same of Marlene, and a battle between the two ends when both fall into a vat of chemicals. On another night, Marlene defeats Stephanie, who concedes the mantle of the Miss Fury to Marlene, and they realize that the Black Fury must be a third person. As the true Miss Fury, Marlene tracks down and defeats the Black Fury, who is revealed to be the drug dealer Marlene originally fought.This version of Miss Fury, now with increased strength and aggression from falling into the vat of chemicals, would return in issues 10–12 of Malibu Comics' Protectors series. Black Fury, who Marlene again suspects of being a similarly chemically enhanced version of her aunt Stephanie, has kidnapped the grandson of President Brian O'Brien (the former Clock). Miss Fury helps the Protectors rescue the grandson, but Black Fury slips away. Miss Fury would continue to appear in the pages of The Protectors until the series ended with issue #20 in 1994.The original Miss Fury also saw a brief cameo reappearance in 2008 when Marvel Comics published the first issue of the series The Twelve. She was depicted as part of an army of 1940s costumed heroes storming Berlin, Nazi Germany during the final days of World War II.In November 2012, the Golden Age Miss Fury appeared in the eight issue Dynamite Entertainment mini-series Masks, where she joined with other comic and pulp-magazine heroes (including Zorro, the Shadow and the Green Hornet) to combat the villainous \"Party of Justice\".[9] In April 2013, Dynamite began publishing a comic book series with an updated version of the Golden Age Miss Fury, which ran for eleven issues through 2014, collected as Miss Fury: Anger is an Energy and Miss Fury: Walk Through the Valley. During the same period, she appeared alongside the Sparrow (of The Shadow) in the five issue mini-series Noir, collected in Noir: The Mohawk Templar. In 2015, she reappeared in Swords of Sorrow: Miss Fury and Lady Rawhide, the six issue Swords of Sorrow mini-series, as well as the six issue sequel, Masks 2. A second volume of the Miss Fury series, collected as Miss Fury: The Minor Key, ran for six issues in 2016. A three-issue third volume titled Miss Fury: Joy Division was announced in 2018 for an October release, but was delayed again in favor of a September 15, 2019 release, before finally being announced for an early 2021 release as a trade-paperback following a successful Indiegogo campaign. The new volume was written and drawn by Billy Tucci and Maria Laura Sanapo.[10]She also appears in Die!namite (2020–2021) as an elderly woman in a modern day retirement home, who is prompted by a zombie outbreak to again don her costume.[11]","title":"Other appearances"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"\"Miss Fury\" in The Spectacular Sisterhood of Superwomen: Awesome Female Characters from Comic Book History by Hope Nicholson, Quirk Books (2017)","title":"Further reading"}] | [{"image_text":"Miss Fury, on the cover of issue #1; art by Alex Schomburg","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/5/5c/MissFuryTimely.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"Holtz, Allan (2012). American Newspaper Comics: An Encyclopedic Reference Guide. Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press. p. 267. ISBN 9780472117567.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780472117567","url_text":"9780472117567"}]},{"reference":"Markstein, Don, Miss Fury, Don Markstein's Toonopedia, archived from the original on 2024-05-25","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20240525211336/https://www.webcitation.org/66nTzorDi?url=http://www.toonopedia.com/missfury.htm","url_text":"Miss Fury"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Markstein%27s_Toonopedia","url_text":"Don Markstein's Toonopedia"},{"url":"http://www.toonopedia.com/missfury.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Madrid, Mike (2016). The Supergirls: Fashion, Feminism, Fantasy and the History of Comic Book Heroines. Exterminating Angel Press. pp. 8–10. ISBN 978-1-935259-33-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-935259-33-6","url_text":"978-1-935259-33-6"}]},{"reference":"Nevins, Jess (2013). Encyclopedia of Golden Age Superheroes. High Rock Press. p. 183. ISBN 978-1-61318-023-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61318-023-5","url_text":"978-1-61318-023-5"}]},{"reference":"Benton, Mike (1992). Superhero Comics of the Golden Age: The Illustrated History. Dallas: Taylor Publishing Company. p. 173. ISBN 0-87833-808-X. Retrieved 8 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/superherocomicso0000bent/page/172","url_text":"Superhero Comics of the Golden Age: The Illustrated History"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87833-808-X","url_text":"0-87833-808-X"}]},{"reference":"Gerding, Stephen (17 August 2012). \"Exclusive First Look: Lee, Syaf & Francavilla Cover \"Masks\" #1\". Comic Book Resources. CBR.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.comicbookresources.com/?page=article&id=40512","url_text":"\"Exclusive First Look: Lee, Syaf & Francavilla Cover \"Masks\" #1\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comic_Book_Resources","url_text":"Comic Book Resources"}]},{"reference":"Collinson, Gary (8 June 2020). \"Miss Fury returning to comics with new original graphic novel from Dynamite\". Flickering Myth. Flickering Myth Ltd.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.flickeringmyth.com/2020/06/miss-fury-returns-to-comics-with-new-original-graphic-novel-from-dynamite/","url_text":"\"Miss Fury returning to comics with new original graphic novel from Dynamite\""}]},{"reference":"Carter, RJ (4 November 2020). \"DIE! NAMITE #2 Expands Cast, Dials Up Zombie Threat to 11\". Critical Blast. Belleville, IL: Howard Price.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.criticalblast.com/articles/2020/11/04/die-namite-2-expands-cast-dials-zombie-threat-11","url_text":"\"DIE! NAMITE #2 Expands Cast, Dials Up Zombie Threat to 11\""}]},{"reference":"Miss Fury, International Heroes","urls":[{"url":"http://www.internationalhero.co.uk/m/missfury.htm","url_text":"Miss Fury"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://archive.today/20240525211336/https://www.webcitation.org/66nTzorDi?url=http://www.toonopedia.com/missfury.htm","external_links_name":"Miss Fury"},{"Link":"http://www.toonopedia.com/missfury.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/superherocomicso0000bent/page/172","external_links_name":"Superhero Comics of the Golden Age: The Illustrated History"},{"Link":"http://www.comicbookresources.com/?page=article&id=46588","external_links_name":"IDW Publishing Solicitations for October 2013"},{"Link":"http://www.comicbookresources.com/?page=article&id=40512","external_links_name":"\"Exclusive First Look: Lee, Syaf & Francavilla Cover \"Masks\" #1\""},{"Link":"https://www.flickeringmyth.com/2020/06/miss-fury-returns-to-comics-with-new-original-graphic-novel-from-dynamite/","external_links_name":"\"Miss Fury returning to comics with new original graphic novel from Dynamite\""},{"Link":"http://www.criticalblast.com/articles/2020/11/04/die-namite-2-expands-cast-dials-zombie-threat-11","external_links_name":"\"DIE! NAMITE #2 Expands Cast, Dials Up Zombie Threat to 11\""},{"Link":"http://www.internationalhero.co.uk/m/missfury.htm","external_links_name":"Miss Fury"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapture_(band) | Rapture (disambiguation) | ["1 Film and television","2 Literature","3 Music","3.1 Bands","3.2 Albums","3.3 Songs and instrumental works","4 Video games","5 Other uses","6 See also"] | Look up Rapture or rapture in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
The rapture is a predicted event in certain systems of Christian eschatology.
Rapture or The Rapture may also refer to:
Rapture (Buddhism), a common translation of the Pali word piti, which is a factor of meditative absorption
A feeling of ecstatic joy or delight, synonymous with ecstasy
Film and television
Rapture (1950 film), an Italian romantic drama film
The Rapture (1954 film), a Mexican drama film
Rapture (1965 film), a film starring Dean Stockwell
The Rapture (1991 film), a film starring Mimi Rogers
Rapture (TV series), a 2018 American docu-series
"Rapture" (Battlestar Galactica), an episode of the re-imagined Battlestar Galactica
"Rapture" (Star Trek: Deep Space Nine), the fifth-season episode of Star Trek: Deep Space Nine
"The Rapture" (Supernatural), an episode of the television series Supernatural
The Rapture (2023 film), a French drama film
Rapture TV, a UK television station
Literature
Rapture (Sosnowski novel), a 1996 novel by David S. Sosnowski
Rapture, a 2002 novel by Susan Minot
The Rapture, a 2009 novel by Liz Jensen
The Rapture (novel), the fifteenth book in the Left Behind series written by Tim LaHaye and Jerry B. Jenkins
The Rapture (audio drama), audio drama based on the British science fiction television series Doctor Who
Rapture (Kate novel), the fourth novel in the Fallen series by American author Lauren Kate
Music
Bands
The Rapture (band), a rock band based in New York City
Rapture (Finnish band), a Finland-based doom metal band
Rapture (hardcore band), a Christian punk band from San Francisco, California
Albums
Rapture (Anita Baker album), 1986
Rapture (Betraying the Martyrs album), 2019
Rapture (Bradley Joseph album), 1997
Rapture (Dragonlord album), 2001
Rapture (Impaled Nazarene album), 1998
Rapture (EP), by Koffee, 2019
Rapture (The Mavis's album), 2001
Rapture (Johnny Mathis album), 1962
Rapture (Trio X album), 1999
Rapture (Peter Mulvey album), 1995
Rapture, a 2012 album by Romeo's Daughter
The Rapture (album), by Siouxsie and the Banshees, released in 1995
Songs and instrumental works
"Rapture" (Blondie song), 1981
"Rapture" (iiO song), 2001
"Rapture" (Hurt song), 2006
"Rapture" (Morbid Angel song), 1993
Rapture (composition), a 2000 orchestral composition by Christopher Rouse
Rapture, a 2001 composition by Michael Torke
"Rapture", a song by Deftones from the 2006 album Saturday Night Wrist
"Rapture", a song by Laura Veirs from the 2004 album Carbon Glacier
"Rapture", the opening theme of anime series Zodiac War by Panama Panorama Town
"The Rapture", a song by Senses Fail from the 2006 album Still Searching
"The Rapture", a song by Puscifer from the 2011 album Conditions of My Parole
Video games
Rapture (video game), a codename for Square Enix's MMORPG video game Final Fantasy XIV
Rapture (BioShock), a fictitious underwater city
Other uses
Rapture, Indiana, an unincorporated community in Posey County, Indiana, United States
Rapture (character), a character from Image Comics
Rapture (engine), the proprietary engine of Iron Realms Entertainment which handles networking issues and supports C-like script
See also
Search for "rapture" on Wikipedia.
All pages with titles beginning with The Rapture
All pages with titles beginning with Rapture
All pages with titles containing Rapture
Rapt (disambiguation)
Raptor (disambiguation)
Raptus (disambiguation)
Rupture (disambiguation)
Topics referred to by the same term
This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Rapture.If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rapture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Rapture"},{"link_name":"rapture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/rapture"},{"link_name":"rapture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapture"},{"link_name":"Rapture (Buddhism)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapture_(Buddhism)"},{"link_name":"ecstasy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecstasy_(emotion)"}],"text":"Look up Rapture or rapture in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.The rapture is a predicted event in certain systems of Christian eschatology.Rapture or The Rapture may also refer to:Rapture (Buddhism), a common translation of the Pali word piti, which is a factor of meditative absorption\nA feeling of ecstatic joy or delight, synonymous with ecstasy","title":"Rapture (disambiguation)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rapture (1950 film)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapture_(1950_film)"},{"link_name":"The Rapture (1954 film)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rapture_(1954_film)"},{"link_name":"Rapture (1965 film)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapture_(1965_film)"},{"link_name":"The Rapture (1991 film)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rapture_(1991_film)"},{"link_name":"Rapture (TV series)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapture_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"\"Rapture\" (Battlestar Galactica)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapture_(Battlestar_Galactica)"},{"link_name":"\"Rapture\" (Star Trek: Deep Space Nine)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapture_(Star_Trek:_Deep_Space_Nine)"},{"link_name":"\"The Rapture\" (Supernatural)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rapture_(Supernatural)"},{"link_name":"The Rapture (2023 film)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rapture_(2023_film)"},{"link_name":"Rapture TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapture_TV"}],"text":"Rapture (1950 film), an Italian romantic drama film\nThe Rapture (1954 film), a Mexican drama film\nRapture (1965 film), a film starring Dean Stockwell\nThe Rapture (1991 film), a film starring Mimi Rogers\nRapture (TV series), a 2018 American docu-series\n\"Rapture\" (Battlestar Galactica), an episode of the re-imagined Battlestar Galactica\n\"Rapture\" (Star Trek: Deep Space Nine), the fifth-season episode of Star Trek: Deep Space Nine\n\"The Rapture\" (Supernatural), an episode of the television series Supernatural\nThe Rapture (2023 film), a French drama film\nRapture TV, a UK television station","title":"Film and television"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rapture (Sosnowski novel)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapture_(Sosnowski_novel)"},{"link_name":"Susan Minot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan_Minot"},{"link_name":"Liz Jensen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liz_Jensen"},{"link_name":"The Rapture (novel)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rapture_(novel)"},{"link_name":"The Rapture (audio drama)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rapture_(audio_drama)"},{"link_name":"Rapture (Kate novel)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapture_(Kate_novel)"}],"text":"Rapture (Sosnowski novel), a 1996 novel by David S. Sosnowski\nRapture, a 2002 novel by Susan Minot\nThe Rapture, a 2009 novel by Liz Jensen\nThe Rapture (novel), the fifteenth book in the Left Behind series written by Tim LaHaye and Jerry B. Jenkins\nThe Rapture (audio drama), audio drama based on the British science fiction television series Doctor Who\nRapture (Kate novel), the fourth novel in the Fallen series by American author Lauren Kate","title":"Literature"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Music"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Rapture (band)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rapture_(band)"},{"link_name":"Rapture (Finnish band)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapture_(Finnish_band)"},{"link_name":"Rapture (hardcore band)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapture_(hardcore_band)"}],"sub_title":"Bands","text":"The Rapture (band), a rock band based in New York City\nRapture (Finnish band), a Finland-based doom metal band\nRapture (hardcore band), a Christian punk band from San Francisco, California","title":"Music"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rapture (Anita Baker album)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapture_(Anita_Baker_album)"},{"link_name":"Rapture (Betraying the Martyrs album)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapture_(Betraying_the_Martyrs_album)"},{"link_name":"Rapture (Bradley Joseph album)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapture_(Bradley_Joseph_album)"},{"link_name":"Rapture (Dragonlord album)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapture_(Dragonlord_album)"},{"link_name":"Rapture (Impaled Nazarene album)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapture_(Impaled_Nazarene_album)"},{"link_name":"Rapture (EP)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapture_(EP)"},{"link_name":"Rapture (The Mavis's album)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapture_(The_Mavis%27s_album)"},{"link_name":"Rapture (Johnny Mathis album)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapture_(Johnny_Mathis_album)"},{"link_name":"Rapture (Trio X album)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapture_(Trio_X_album)"},{"link_name":"Rapture (Peter Mulvey album)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapture_(Peter_Mulvey_album)"},{"link_name":"Romeo's Daughter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romeo%27s_Daughter"},{"link_name":"The Rapture (album)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rapture_(album)"}],"sub_title":"Albums","text":"Rapture (Anita Baker album), 1986\nRapture (Betraying the Martyrs album), 2019\nRapture (Bradley Joseph album), 1997\nRapture (Dragonlord album), 2001\nRapture (Impaled Nazarene album), 1998\nRapture (EP), by Koffee, 2019\nRapture (The Mavis's album), 2001\nRapture (Johnny Mathis album), 1962\nRapture (Trio X album), 1999\nRapture (Peter Mulvey album), 1995\nRapture, a 2012 album by Romeo's Daughter\nThe Rapture (album), by Siouxsie and the Banshees, released in 1995","title":"Music"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Rapture\" (Blondie song)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapture_(Blondie_song)"},{"link_name":"\"Rapture\" (iiO song)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapture_(iiO_song)"},{"link_name":"\"Rapture\" (Hurt song)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapture_(Hurt_song)"},{"link_name":"\"Rapture\" (Morbid Angel song)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapture_(Morbid_Angel_song)"},{"link_name":"Rapture (composition)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapture_(composition)"},{"link_name":"composition by Michael Torke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_compositions_by_Michael_Torke"},{"link_name":"Saturday Night Wrist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturday_Night_Wrist"},{"link_name":"Carbon Glacier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_Glacier_(album)"},{"link_name":"Zodiac War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juni_Taisen:_Zodiac_War_(anime)"},{"link_name":"Still Searching","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Still_Searching"},{"link_name":"Conditions of My Parole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conditions_of_My_Parole"}],"sub_title":"Songs and instrumental works","text":"\"Rapture\" (Blondie song), 1981\n\"Rapture\" (iiO song), 2001\n\"Rapture\" (Hurt song), 2006\n\"Rapture\" (Morbid Angel song), 1993\nRapture (composition), a 2000 orchestral composition by Christopher Rouse\nRapture, a 2001 composition by Michael Torke\n\"Rapture\", a song by Deftones from the 2006 album Saturday Night Wrist\n\"Rapture\", a song by Laura Veirs from the 2004 album Carbon Glacier\n\"Rapture\", the opening theme of anime series Zodiac War by Panama Panorama Town\n\"The Rapture\", a song by Senses Fail from the 2006 album Still Searching\n\"The Rapture\", a song by Puscifer from the 2011 album Conditions of My Parole","title":"Music"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rapture (video game)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapture_(video_game)"},{"link_name":"Rapture (BioShock)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapture_(BioShock)"}],"text":"Rapture (video game), a codename for Square Enix's MMORPG video game Final Fantasy XIV\nRapture (BioShock), a fictitious underwater city","title":"Video games"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rapture, 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_Me_Barbra | Color Me Barbra | ["1 Track listing","2 DVD","3 Singles","4 Accolades","5 Charts","6 Certifications","7 References","8 External links"] | "Starting Here, Starting Now (song)" redirects here. For the stage musical using the song, see Starting Here, Starting Now.
1966 studio album by Barbra StreisandColor Me BarbraCover for compact disc release. Cover drawing by Elinor BuninStudio album by Barbra StreisandReleasedMarch 1966GenrePop, vocalLength34:12LabelColumbiaProducerRobert MerseyBarbra Streisand chronology
My Name Is Barbra, Two...(1965)
Color Me Barbra(1966)
Je m'appelle Barbra(1966)
DVD release
Singles from Color Me Barbra
"Where Am I Going?"Released: February 1966
"Sam, You Made the Pants Too Long"Released: May 1966
"Non C'est Rien"Released: July 1966
Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingAllMusic
Color Me Barbra is the seventh studio album by American singer Barbra Streisand, released on Columbia Records in 1966. The album was a yet another sales success for Streisand, reaching number 3 on the US charts and was certified Gold by the RIAA. It was nominated for Album of the Year and Best Female Pop Vocal Performance at the 1967 Grammy Awards, but failed to win either category.
The initial release coincided with Streisand's first color TV special, color still being a novelty at the time: CBS aired Color Me Barbra on March 30, 1966.
Track listing
Side one
"Yesterdays" (Otto Harbach, Jerome Kern) – 3:05
"One Kiss" (Oscar Hammerstein II, Sigmund Romberg) – 2:11
"The Minute Waltz" (Lan O'Kun, Frédéric Chopin) – 1:59
"Gotta Move" (Peter Matz) – 2:01
"Non C'est Rien" (Michel Jourdan, Armand Canfora) – 3:27
"Where or When" (Lorenz Hart, Richard Rodgers) – 3:06
Side Two
Medley – 9:00
"Animal Crackers in My Soup"
"Funny Face"
"That Face"
"They Didn't Believe Me"
"Were Thine That Special Face"
"I've Grown Accustomed to Her Face"
"Let's Face the Music and Dance"
"Sam, You Made the Pants Too Long"
"What's New Pussycat?"
"Small World"
"I Love You"
"I Stayed Too Long at the Fair"
"Look at That Face"
"C'est si Bon" (André Hornez, Jerry Seelen, Henri Betti) – 3:40
"Where Am I Going?" (Dorothy Fields, Cy Coleman) – 2:50
"Starting Here, Starting Now" (Richard Maltby, Jr., David Shire) – 2:53
DVD
"Draw Me a Circle"
"Yesterdays"
"One Kiss"
"The Minute Waltz"
"Gotta Move"
"Non c'est Rien"
"Where or When"
"Pets"
"Animal Crackers in My Soup"
"Funny Face"
"That Face"
"They Didn't Believe Me"
"Were Thine That Special Face"
"I've Grown Accustomed to Her Face"
"Let's Face the Music and Dance"
"Sam, You Made the Pants Too Long"
"What's New Pussycat?"
"Who's Afraid of the Big Bad Wolf?"
"Small World"
"Try to Remember"
"Spring Again"
"I Stayed Too Long at the Fair"
"Look at That Face"
"Any Place I Hang My Hat Is Home"
"It Had to Be You"
"C'est si bon"
"Where Am I Going?"
"Starting Here, Starting Now"
Singles
"Where Am I Going?" / "You Wanna Bet" 1966
"Sam, You Made the Pants Too Long" / "The Minute Waltz" 1966
"Non C'est Rien" / "Le Mur" 1966
Accolades
Color Me Barbra received Grammy Award nominations for Album of the Year and for Best Female Vocal Performance.
Charts
Chart
Peakposition
Australian Albums (Kent Music Report)
5
German Albums (Offizielle Top 100)
33
Norwegian Albums (VG-lista)
15
US Billboard 200
3
Certifications
Region
Certification
Certified units/sales
United States (RIAA)
Gold
500,000^
United States (RIAA) Music videocassette
Gold
50,000^
^ Shipments figures based on certification alone.
References
^ AllMusic review
^ Edwards, Anne (1997). Streisand: A Biography. New York: Little, Brown & Company. p. 539. ISBN 0-316-21138-9.
^ David Kent (2005). Australian Chart Book 1940 - 1969. Australian Chart Book Pty Ltd, Turramurra, N.S.W. ISBN 0-646-44439-5.
^ "Offiziellecharts.de – Barbra Streisand – Color Me Barbra" (in German). GfK Entertainment Charts. Retrieved 29 November 2021.
^ "Norwegiancharts.com – Barbra Streisand – Color Me Barbra". Hung Medien. Retrieved March 19, 2016.
^ "Barbra Streisand Chart History (Billboard 200)". Billboard. Retrieved March 19, 2016.
^ "American album certifications – Barbra Streisand – Color Me Barbra". Recording Industry Association of America.
^ "American video certifications – Barbra Streisand – Color Me Barbra". Recording Industry Association of America.
External links
Color Me Barbra at Internet Movie Database
vteBarbra Streisand
Accolades
Discography
Studio albums
The Barbra Streisand Album (1963)
The Second Barbra Streisand Album (1963)
The Third Album (1964)
People (1964)
My Name Is Barbra (1965)
My Name Is Barbra, Two... (1965)
Color Me Barbra (1966)
Je m'appelle Barbra (1966)
Simply Streisand (1967)
A Christmas Album (1967)
What About Today? (1969)
Stoney End (1971)
Barbra Joan Streisand (1971)
Barbra Streisand...and Other Musical Instruments (1973)
The Way We Were (1974)
ButterFly (1974)
Lazy Afternoon (1975)
Classical Barbra (1976)
Superman (1977)
Songbird (1978)
Wet (1979)
Guilty (1980)
Emotion (1984)
The Broadway Album (1985)
Till I Loved You (1988)
Back to Broadway (1993)
Higher Ground (1997)
A Love Like Ours (1999)
Christmas Memories (2001)
The Movie Album (2003)
Guilty Pleasures (2005)
Love Is the Answer (2009)
What Matters Most (2011)
Partners (2014)
Encore: Movie Partners Sing Broadway (2016)
Walls (2018)
Live albums
A Happening in Central Park (1968)
Live Concert at the Forum (1972)
One Voice (1987)
Barbra: The Concert (1994)
Timeless: Live in Concert (2000)
Live in Concert 2006 (2007)
Back to Brooklyn (2013)
The Music...The Mem'ries...The Magic! (2017)
Live at the Bon Soir (2022)
Compilations
Barbra Streisand's Greatest Hits (1970)
Barbra Streisand's Greatest Hits Volume 2 (1978)
Memories (1981)
A Collection: Greatest Hits...and More (1989)
Just for the Record... (1991)
The Essential Barbra Streisand (2002)
Duets (2002)
Barbra: The Ultimate Collection (2010)
Release Me (2012)
The Classic Christmas Album (2013)
Release Me 2 (2021)
Evergreens: Celebrating Six Decades on Columbia Records (2023)
Cast recordings and soundtracks
I Can Get It for You Wholesale (1962)
Funny Girl (1964)
Funny Girl (1968)
Hello, Dolly! (1969)
The Owl and the Pussycat (1970)
On a Clear Day You Can See Forever (1970)
The Way We Were (1974)
Funny Lady (1975)
A Star Is Born (1976)
Yentl (1983)
Nuts (1987)
Television specialsand videos
My Name Is Barbra (1965)
Timeless: Live in Concert (2001)
One Night Only: Barbra Streisand and Quartet at The Village Vanguard (2010)
Tours
Barbra Streisand in Concert
Timeless
Streisand
Barbra Live
Barbra: The Music, The Mem'ries, The Magic
Films directed
Yentl (1983)
The Prince of Tides (1991)
The Mirror Has Two Faces (1996)
Related articles
Streisand effect
"Mecha-Streisand"
Harold Sings Arlen (With Friend) (featuring album)
Elliott Gould (first husband)
Jason Gould (son)
James Brolin (second husband)
Roslyn Kind (half-sister)
My Name Is Barbra (2023 memoir)
Category
Authority control databases
MusicBrainz release group
This 1960s album–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Starting Here, Starting Now","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starting_Here,_Starting_Now"},{"link_name":"Barbra Streisand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbra_Streisand"},{"link_name":"Columbia Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_Records"},{"link_name":"RIAA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recording_Industry_Association_of_America"},{"link_name":"Album of the Year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Album_of_the_Year"},{"link_name":"Best Female Pop Vocal Performance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Best_Female_Pop_Vocal_Performance"},{"link_name":"1967 Grammy Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1967_Grammy_Awards"},{"link_name":"color TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_television"},{"link_name":"CBS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"\"Starting Here, Starting Now (song)\" redirects here. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Loner_(TV_series) | The Loner (TV series) | ["1 Synopsis","2 Episodes","3 Home media","4 References","5 External links"] | Television series
The LonerLloyd Bridges as William Colton, 1965.GenreWesternCreated byRod SerlingStarringLloyd BridgesTheme music composerJerry GoldsmithComposers
Alexander Courage
Jerry Goldsmith
Nelson Riddle
Fred Steiner
Country of originUnited StatesOriginal languageEnglishNo. of seasons1No. of episodes26 (list of episodes)ProductionExecutive producerWilliam DozierProducers
Bruce Lansbury
Andy White
Production companiesGreenway Productions, in association with Interlaken Productions and 20th Century-Fox TelevisionOriginal releaseNetworkCBSReleaseSeptember 18, 1965 (1965-09-18) –March 12, 1966 (1966-03-12)
The Loner is an American Western television series that played for one season on CBS from 1965 to 1966, with the alternate sponsorship of Philip Morris and Procter & Gamble. The series was created by Rod Serling a year after the cancellation of the series The Twilight Zone. It was one of the last TV series broadcast by CBS in black-and-white.
Synopsis
The series was set in the years immediately after the American Civil War. Lloyd Bridges played the title character, William Colton, a former Union cavalry captain who went to the American west in search of a new life. Each episode dealt with Colton's encounters with various individuals on his trek west.
Rod Serling was the series' creator. Longtime TV Guide critic Cleveland Amory wrote that Serling "obviously intended The Loner to be a realistic, adult Western," but the show's ratings indicated it was "either too real for a public grown used to the unreal Western or too adult for juvenile Easterners". Serling had expressed dislike for some of the television Westerns of the time in an editorial that described the premise for "Showdown with Rance McGrew", an episode of The Twilight Zone in which a primadonna Western actor encounters the ghost of Jesse James; in that editorial, he is quoted as saying: "it seems a reasonable conjecture that if there are any television sets up in cowboy heaven and any of these rough-and-wooly nail-eaters could see with what careless abandon their names and exploits are being bandied about, they're very likely turning over in their graves - or worse, getting out of them."
The Loner was broadcast Saturday nights at 9:30 Eastern Time. It debuted on September 18, 1965; the final episode was broadcast March 12, 1966; selected repeats continued through April 30.
Episodes
No.TitleDirected byWritten byOriginal air date1"An Echo of Bugles"Alex MarchRod SerlingSeptember 18, 1965 (1965-09-18)
Colton defends a wounded Confederate veteran (Whit Bissell) being taunted by a young bully (Tony Bill), provoking the brash young man to challenge Colton to a duel. Colton reluctantly agrees to duel, but is saddened by the prospect of possibly killing the young man. Colton recalls in flashback his service in the Civil War, revealing insights into Colton's behavior and philosophy. John Hoyt, Lou Krugman and James Sikking also guest feature.
2"The Vespers"Leon BensonRod SerlingSeptember 25, 1965 (1965-09-25)
Colton visits an old friend who saved his life during the Civil War. This friend is now Rev. Booker, a Christian minister who has renounced his gun and the use of violence. Colton intercedes when gunman Deneen comes to avenge an earlier killing by Booker. Guest featuring Jack Lord, Joan Freeman, Ron Soble, and Bill Quinn.
3"The Lonely Calico Queen"Allen H. MinerRod SerlingOctober 2, 1965 (1965-10-02)
Colton finds a letter on a dead man, who is revealed to be a mail-order bridegroom for a dance hall girl named Angela Wheeler. Guest featuring Jeanne Cooper, Tina Hermensen, and Edward Faulkner.
4"The Kingdom of McComb"Leon BensonRod SerlingOctober 9, 1965 (1965-10-09)
Colton intercedes on behalf of a Mennonite sect of pacifists when they run afoul of McComb, the town's ruthless power broker. Guest featuring Leslie Nielsen, Tom Lowell, Ken Drake, and Ed Peck.
5"One of the Wounded"Paul HenreidRod SerlingOctober 16, 1965 (1965-10-16)
Colton is hired as a farmhand by a desperate wife whose husband is a catatonic Union army veteran, a man damaged emotionally by the horrors of the Civil War. Guests featuring Anne Baxter, Paul Richards, and Lane Bradford.
6"The Flight of the Arctic Tern"Don TaylorAndy WhiteOctober 23, 1965 (1965-10-23)
A romantic triangle ensues when Colton rescues a friend's beautiful fiancée from a runaway horse. Guest featuring Janine Gray, Tom Stern, and Larry Ward.
7"Widow on the Evening Stage"Joseph PevneyRod SerlingOctober 30, 1965 (1965-10-30)
Colton helps to collect the dead after an Indian massacre of local citizens. Among the dead was a man he knew in the war, and Colton befriends the man's grieving father. Complications and conflicts ensue when the dead man's wife arrives in town and is revealed to be an Indian woman with an infant son. Guest featuring Katharine Ross, Lloyd Gough, Bill Zuckert, and Alan Baxter.
8"The House Rules at Mrs. Wayne's"Allen H. MinerRod SerlingNovember 6, 1965 (1965-11-06)
Abner Wayne, a friend of Colton's, was murdered trying to defend his wife's honor. Mrs. Wayne's reaction is to forbid guns and any talk of guns around her young son Jamie for fear he'll make the same violent mistakes. Colton must choose between keeping his promise or teaching Jamie what it means to be a man. Guest featuring Nancy Gates, Lee Phillips, Lindy Davis, Jonathan Kidd, and Dick Wilson.
9"The Sheriff of Fetterman's Crossing"Don TaylorRod SerlingNovember 13, 1965 (1965-11-13)
Colton has second thoughts after signing to serve as deputy to bungling Sheriff Walton Tetley. A humorous change-of-pace episode spoofing the famous Western movie High Noon. Guest featuring comedian Allan Sherman, Harold Peary, Dub Taylor, and Hank Patterson.
10"The Homecoming of Lemuel Stove"Joseph PevneyRod SerlingNovember 20, 1965 (1965-11-20)
Colton befriends black Union soldier Lemuel Stove (Brock Peters) who is returning home to see his father. Upon arriving, however, Stove learns his father was lynched the previous evening by the Avengers, a Klan-like hate group. Russ Conway and Don Keefer also appear in this episode scripted by Rod Serling.
11"Westward, the Shoemaker"Joseph PevneyRod SerlingNovember 27, 1965 (1965-11-27)
Colton befriends Hyman Rabinovitch (David Opatoshu), an immigrant shoemaker with his life savings and an indomitable desire to open a cobbler's shop. Warren Stevens and Al Checco also guest feature.
12"The Oath"Alex MarchRod SerlingDecember 4, 1965 (1965-12-04)
Erstwhile The Tall Man and future The Road West actor Barry Sullivan plays a surgeon who, having lost the use of his right hand, must guide Colton verbally through surgery to remove a gunfighter's ruptured appendix. Also guest featuring Joby Baker and Viviane Ventura.
13"Hunt the Man Down"Tay GarnettMilton S. GelmanDecember 11, 1965 (1965-12-11)
Colton is enlisted to join a posse hunting for an old mountaineer. Guest featuring four-time Twilight Zone actor Burgess Meredith, Jason Wingreen, and future Shane co-actors Bert Freed and Tom Tully.
14"Escort for a Dead Man"Norman FosterRobert LewinDecember 18, 1965 (1965-12-18)
Three gunmen complicate Colton's efforts to help an Army deserter surrender. Guest featuring Jack Lambert Sheree North, Corey Allen, and Hal Lynch.
15"The Ordeal of Bud Windom"Paul HenreidNorman KatkovDecember 25, 1965 (1965-12-25)
Colton escorts fugitive Barney Windom (Sonny Tufts) to prison, only to be confronted by Windom's son Bud (Jeff Bridges), who is determined to clear his father's name. LLoyd Bridges' real-life son Jeff Bridges co-features in the title role. Also appearing are Allen Jaffe, Bryan O'Byrne, and John Craven.
16"To the West of Eden"Allen H. MinerEd AdamsonJanuary 1, 1966 (1966-01-01)
Colton reluctantly allows a Mexican girl to accompany him across the desert. Guest featuring Ina Balin, Stewart Moss, and Zalman King.
17"Mantrap"Allen H. MinerGerald SanfordJanuary 8, 1966 (1966-01-08)
Outlaws try to silence Colton after he witnesses a double murder. Guest featuring Bethel Leslie, Pat Conway, and Meg Wylie.
18"A Little Stroll to the End of the Line"Norman FosterRod SerlingJanuary 15, 1966 (1966-01-15)
Colton is deputized to protect rabble-rousing Preacher Whatley (Robert Emhardt) from ex-convict Matthew Reynolds (Dan Duryea). Bart Burns and Norman Leavitt also appear.
19"The Trial in Paradise"Allen ReisnerRod SerlingJanuary 22, 1966 (1966-01-22)
Colton defends Major Dichter (Curt Conway), the commander of an ill-fated Civil War mission, against three maimed survivors of the mission who lure Dichter to the ghost town of Paradise to be tried in a kangaroo court. Guest featuring Robert Lansing, Edward Binns, Joe Mantell, and Deanna Lund.
20"A Question of Guilt"James B. ClarkLes CrutchfieldJanuary 29, 1966 (1966-01-29)
Colton must discover why the soldier he killed attacked him in the dark of night. Guest featuring James Gregory, Jean Hale, Chuck Hayward, and Frank Gerstle.
21"The Mourners for Johnny Sharp: Part 1"Joseph PevneyRod SerlingFebruary 5, 1966 (1966-02-05)
As young gunman Johnny Sharp (Beau Bridges) lays dying in a cave, Bob Pierson (Pat Hingle) plots to steal his loot. James Whitmore also guest features in the series' only two-part episode. Beau Bridges is the son of series protagonist Lloyd Bridges.
22"The Mourners for Johnny Sharp: Part 2"Joseph PevneyRod SerlingFebruary 12, 1966 (1966-02-12)
Colton receives instructions stating that the four people closest to Johnny Sharp are to meet at the undertaker's parlor. Guest featuring James Whitmore, Skip Homeier, John Doucette, and Joyce Van Patten.
23"Incident in the Middle of Nowhere"Joseph PevneyAndy WhiteFebruary 19, 1966 (1966-02-19)
Colton's horse is stolen during a stagecoach robbery, but he later finds a young girl riding it, prompting him to search for the robbers. Guest featuring Peter Mark Richman, Beverly Garland, and Cindy Bridges (daughter of series protagonist Lloyd Bridges).
24"Pick Me Another Time to Die"Alex MarchEd AdamsonFebruary 26, 1966 (1966-02-26)
Colton discovers a sheriff's body, only to be accused of murdering him. Guest featuring Martin E. Brooks, Mike Mazurki, Lewis Charles, Ed Peck, and Joan Adams.
25"The Burden of the Badge"Larry PeerceNorman KatkovMarch 5, 1966 (1966-03-05)
Colton is recruited by a group of reformed outlaws to fight a cattle baron. Guest featuring Victor Jory, Lonny Chapman, Dorothy Rice, John Daniels, and William Henry.
26"To Hang A Dead Man"Alex MarchMilton S. GelmanMarch 12, 1966 (1966-03-12)
In the final episode of the series, Colton joins a sheriff to track an outlaw gang that burned down a town. Guest featuring Howard Da Silva, Bruce Dern, Beverly Allyson, and Jim Drum.
Home media
In June 2016, Shout! Factory, in conjunction with Timeless Media Group, released The Loner as a Region 1 4-DVD set containing all 26 episodes of the series plus a featurette, The Wandering Man's Burden: Making "The Loner". The DVD set was initially made available in North America as a Walmart exclusive (both in-store and online).
In 1998, Jerry Goldsmith's theme music and his two episode scores ("An Echo Of Bugles" and "One Of The Wounded") were released by Film Score Monthly on a limited edition soundtrack album alongside his score for Stagecoach.
References
^ Rod Serling’s The Loner Now Available on DVD. Television Obscurities. Retrieved June 23, 2016.
Amory, C. (1966, January 15–21). Review: The Loner. TV Guide, p. 2
Brooks, T. & Marsh, E. (1979). The Complete Directory To Primetime Network TV Shows. New York: Ballantine Books, p. 357
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Loner.
Tony Albarella's article on The Loner from Filmfax Magazine
The Loner at IMDb | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Western television series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westerns_on_television"},{"link_name":"CBS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS"},{"link_name":"1965","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1965_in_television"},{"link_name":"1966","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1966_in_television"},{"link_name":"Philip Morris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Morris_USA"},{"link_name":"Procter & Gamble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Procter_%26_Gamble"},{"link_name":"Rod Serling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rod_Serling"},{"link_name":"The Twilight Zone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Twilight_Zone_(1959_TV_series)"}],"text":"The Loner is an American Western television series that played for one season on CBS from 1965 to 1966, with the alternate sponsorship of Philip Morris and Procter & Gamble. The series was created by Rod Serling a year after the cancellation of the series The Twilight Zone. It was one of the last TV series broadcast by CBS in black-and-white.","title":"The Loner (TV series)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"American Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Lloyd Bridges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lloyd_Bridges"},{"link_name":"Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_(American_Civil_War)"},{"link_name":"cavalry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cavalry"},{"link_name":"American west","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_west"},{"link_name":"Rod Serling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rod_Serling"},{"link_name":"TV Guide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TV_Guide"},{"link_name":"Cleveland Amory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland_Amory"},{"link_name":"Showdown with Rance McGrew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Showdown_with_Rance_McGrew"},{"link_name":"The Twilight Zone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Twilight_Zone_(1959_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Jesse James","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesse_James"},{"link_name":"Eastern Time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_Eastern_Time_Zone"}],"text":"The series was set in the years immediately after the American Civil War. Lloyd Bridges played the title character, William Colton, a former Union cavalry captain who went to the American west in search of a new life. Each episode dealt with Colton's encounters with various individuals on his trek west.Rod Serling was the series' creator. Longtime TV Guide critic Cleveland Amory wrote that Serling \"obviously intended The Loner to be a realistic, adult Western,\" but the show's ratings indicated it was \"either too real for a public grown used to the unreal Western or too adult for juvenile Easterners\". Serling had expressed dislike for some of the television Westerns of the time in an editorial that described the premise for \"Showdown with Rance McGrew\", an episode of The Twilight Zone in which a primadonna Western actor encounters the ghost of Jesse James; in that editorial, he is quoted as saying: \"it seems a reasonable conjecture that if there are any television sets up in cowboy heaven and any of these rough-and-wooly nail-eaters could see with what careless abandon their names and exploits are being bandied about, they're very likely turning over in their graves - or worse, getting out of them.\"The Loner was broadcast Saturday nights at 9:30 Eastern Time. It debuted on September 18, 1965; the final episode was broadcast March 12, 1966; selected repeats continued through April 30.","title":"Synopsis"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Episodes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Shout! 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Factory, in conjunction with Timeless Media Group, released The Loner as a Region 1 4-DVD set containing all 26 episodes of the series plus a featurette, The Wandering Man's Burden: Making \"The Loner\".[1] The DVD set was initially made available in North America as a Walmart exclusive (both in-store and online).In 1998, Jerry Goldsmith's theme music and his two episode scores (\"An Echo Of Bugles\" and \"One Of The Wounded\") were released by Film Score Monthly on a limited edition soundtrack album alongside his score for Stagecoach.[citation needed]","title":"Home media"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"http://www.tvobscurities.com/2016/06/rod-serlings-the-loner-now-available-on-dvd","external_links_name":"Rod Serling’s The Loner Now Available on DVD"},{"Link":"http://www.tvobscurities.com/","external_links_name":"Television Obscurities"},{"Link":"http://www.rodserling.com/TAloner.htm","external_links_name":"Tony Albarella's article on The Loner from Filmfax Magazine"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0058822/","external_links_name":"The Loner"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanakh_(band) | Tanakh (band) | ["1 Background","2 Discography","3 References","4 External links"] | Music group
For other uses, see Tanakh.
Tanakh is the name of a musical collective from Richmond, Virginia as well as a reference to the music produced by the group. The collective was formed in 2000 by its primary songwriter, producer and recording engineer Jesse Poe.
Background
Poe and Phil Murphy were then working as apprentices under John Morand at Sound of Music Studios to improve their recording skills. The two musicians would take turns recording each other after hours at the studio, using whatever instruments happened to be left around. This included many international instruments that Joan Osborne had recently left in studio. They would layer track upon track taking turns recording while the other played, and vice versa; some recordings from this time appeared on the bonus CD with the band's 2002 debut album Villa Claustrophobia. They also composed and recorded the score for Andrew Carnwath's silent film Greater Than Half which won The Audience Choice Award at Bare Bones International and the Rosebud Film Festival in Washington, D.C.
The duo began to perform live using analogue loops created live on stage with old tape machines and half broken equipment they salvaged from the Sound of Music equipment graveyards and thrift stores. Frustrated with limitations of analogue looping, they enlisted the help of Jeff 'Sanford' Krones, who lived with Poe at the Pyramid Institute, an abandoned Shriners Temple atop the collapsed Church Hill Tunnel, and Pat Best of Pelt. This quartet formed the core of the original Tanakh collective, playing live shows and recording improvisations at the Pyramid Institute and Sound of Music Studios along with many guests who joined performances as they were available.
Inspired in part by John Zorn's Tzadik label, Poe and Murphy's original idea was to provide a name that they could perform under and that anyone who they liked to play could perform or record under, with their dream being that there might be two or three Tanakh shows at the same time in different geographic locations. The band's self-titled 2004 EP on Alien8 Recordings came from a Pyramid Institute performance recorded by Bryan Hoffa who would later start a band Broken Hips with Murphy on guitar, and various instruments. This instrumental double disc was later mixed and mastered by King Crimson engineer Ronan Chris Murphy.
After initial plans to record a studio effort fell through due to other commitments, Poe worked as an engineer in Berlin at the Schaubu:hne am Halleschen Ufer before returning to record Villa Claustrophobia with Brian Paulson as engineer and with previous Tanakh guest performers such as the Dirty Three's Mick Turner, Anomoanon/Palace member Ned Oldham and Ravi Shankar associate Nirmal Bajekal. Via Turner and Oldham's brother Will Oldham, members of Godspeed You! Black Emperor heard the album, leading Montreal label Alien8 to contact Poe and sign Tanakh. Villa Claustrophobia was released in April 2002 to a variety of positive reviews, including Mark Richardson in Pitchfork Media and Ian Penman in The Wire.
Various line-ups of Tanakh performed and toured from this point forward, with a new key member being bassist/singer Michele Poulos, who Poe met around the time of Villa Claustrophobia's release. Poe, Poulos and a further core group of performers, including Agents of Good Roots drummer Brian Jones and guests Jim White and Sparklehorse associate/producer Alan Weatherhead, recorded the band's third full album Dieu Deuil, released in early 2004 on Alien8.
Poe relocated to Italy prior to the release of Dieu Deuil after the offer of an ESL teaching job in Florence; further Tanakh performances and tours were based out that city for the next few years. Most of Tanakh's fourth album, 2006's Ardent Fevers, was written in Italy but recorded in Richmond by Hoffa during a return visit to the city in the summer of 2004. Guest performers on Ardent Fevers included Isobel Campbell and Alex Neilson, who had been introduced to Poe by Alasdair Roberts after the two had played shows together in Scotland.
Taken from the same recording period as the Ardent Fevers sessions, Tanakh's fifth album, the 2007 release Saunders Hollow, was distinctly different from the collective's previous work in that Poulos was the lead vocalist throughout, with Poe concentrating on producing and performing and Hoffa once again recording an expanded lineup of the band, again featuring Campbell and Neilson as guest performers. Saunders Hollow was also unique in being released on Australian label Camera Obscura rather than Alien8, home to all the band's previous releases.
Other than singles on compilations, no further Tanakh releases have appeared since Saunders Hollow but the collective has continued to perform irregularly, including the opening set at the sixth Terrastock festival in Providence, Rhode Island in April 2006 and a one-off performance at the seventh Terrastock festival in Louisville, Kentucky in June 2008. This latter performance featured a unique lineup of Poe, Acid Mothers Temple lead figure Kawabata Makoto and members of Abunai! and United Bible Studies.
As of summer 2010 Poe is reported to be working on a series of collaborative singles; it is not certain if they will appear under the Tanakh name.
Discography
Villa Claustrophobia (released April 2002 on Alien8 Recordings)
Dieu Deuil (released January 28, 2004 on Alien8 Recordings)
Tanakh EP (released September 20, 2004 on Alien8 Recordings)
Ardent Fevers (released March 7, 2006 on Alien8 Recordings)
Saunders Hollow (released February 14, 2007 on Camera Obscura)
References
^ "Tanakh interview". Retrieved 23 August 2010.
^ "Villa Claustraphobia Vinyl Only Bonus CD". Archived from the original on 22 July 2011. Retrieved 23 August 2010.
^ "Blackbird Filmworks: About Us". Retrieved 23 August 2010.
^ "Tanakh interview". Retrieved 23 August 2010.
^ "Tanakh". Archived from the original on 25 May 2010. Retrieved 23 August 2010.
^ "Ronan Chris Murphy". Retrieved 23 August 2010.
^ "Villa Claustrophobia". Archived from the original on 26 May 2010. Retrieved 23 August 2010.
^ "Pitchfork: Album Reviews: Tanakh: Villa Claustrophobia". Pitchfork. Retrieved 23 August 2010.
^ "Villa Claustrophobia Reviews". Archived from the original on 26 May 2010. Retrieved 23 August 2010.
^ "Dieu Deuil". Archived from the original on 25 May 2010. Retrieved 23 August 2010.
^ "Ardent Fevers". Archived from the original on 25 May 2010. Retrieved 23 August 2010.
^ "Tanakh interview". Retrieved 23 August 2010.
^ "Saunders Hollow". Archived from the original on 25 May 2010. Retrieved 23 August 2010.
^ "Terrastock Schedule". Archived from the original on 22 July 2012. Retrieved 23 August 2010.
^ "Terrastock 7". Retrieved 23 August 2010.
^ "The Tanakh Collective, Terrastock 7". 23 June 2008. Retrieved 23 August 2010.
External links
Tanakh bio, page hosted at Alien8 recordings, band's label
Tanakh at AllMusic
Tanakh on MySpace
Review of Saunders Hollow at Pitchfork Media
Authority control databases: Artists
MusicBrainz | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tanakh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanakh"},{"link_name":"musical collective","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_collective"},{"link_name":"Richmond, Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richmond,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Jesse Poe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesse_Poe"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"For other uses, see Tanakh.Tanakh is the name of a musical collective from Richmond, Virginia as well as a reference to the music produced by the group. The collective was formed in 2000 by its primary songwriter, producer and recording engineer Jesse Poe.[1]","title":"Tanakh (band)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John Morand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Morand&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sound of Music Studios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sound_of_Music_Studios&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Joan Osborne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan_Osborne"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Andrew Carnwath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Carnwath"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Pyramid Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pyramid_Institute&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Shriners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shriners"},{"link_name":"Church Hill Tunnel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_Hill_Tunnel"},{"link_name":"Pelt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelt_(band)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"John Zorn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Zorn"},{"link_name":"Tzadik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tzadik"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Alien8 Recordings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alien8_Recordings"},{"link_name":"Bryan Hoffa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bryan_Hoffa&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Broken Hips","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Broken_Hips&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"King Crimson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Crimson"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Schaubu:hne am Halleschen Ufer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schaubu:hne_am_Halleschen_Ufer"},{"link_name":"Brian Paulson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Paulson"},{"link_name":"Dirty Three","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dirty_Three"},{"link_name":"Mick Turner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mick_Turner"},{"link_name":"Anomoanon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anomoanon&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ned Oldham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ned_Oldham&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ravi Shankar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravi_Shankar_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Nirmal Bajekal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nirmal_Bajekal&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Will Oldham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Will_Oldham"},{"link_name":"Godspeed You! Black Emperor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godspeed_You!_Black_Emperor"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Mark Richardson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mark_Richardson_(writer)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Pitchfork Media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitchfork_Media"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Ian Penman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Penman"},{"link_name":"The Wire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wire_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Michele Poulos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Michele_Poulos&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Agents of Good Roots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agents_of_Good_Roots"},{"link_name":"Jim White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_White_(guitarist)"},{"link_name":"Sparklehorse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sparklehorse"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Isobel Campbell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isobel_Campbell"},{"link_name":"Alex Neilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Neilson"},{"link_name":"Alasdair Roberts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alasdair_Roberts_(musician)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Camera Obscura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camera_Obscura_(record_label)"},{"link_name":"Terrastock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrastock"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Acid Mothers Temple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid_Mothers_Temple"},{"link_name":"Kawabata Makoto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kawabata_Makoto"},{"link_name":"Abunai!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abunai!"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"text":"Poe and Phil Murphy were then working as apprentices under John Morand at Sound of Music Studios to improve their recording skills. The two musicians would take turns recording each other after hours at the studio, using whatever instruments happened to be left around. This included many international instruments that Joan Osborne had recently left in studio. They would layer track upon track taking turns recording while the other played, and vice versa; some recordings from this time appeared on the bonus CD with the band's 2002 debut album Villa Claustrophobia.[2] They also composed and recorded the score for Andrew Carnwath's silent film Greater Than Half which won The Audience Choice Award at Bare Bones International and the Rosebud Film Festival in Washington, D.C.[3]The duo began to perform live using analogue loops created live on stage with old tape machines and half broken equipment they salvaged from the Sound of Music equipment graveyards and thrift stores. Frustrated with limitations of analogue looping, they enlisted the help of Jeff 'Sanford' Krones, who lived with Poe at the Pyramid Institute, an abandoned Shriners Temple atop the collapsed Church Hill Tunnel, and Pat Best of Pelt. This quartet formed the core of the original Tanakh collective, playing live shows and recording improvisations at the Pyramid Institute and Sound of Music Studios along with many guests who joined performances as they were available.[4]Inspired in part by John Zorn's Tzadik label, Poe and Murphy's original idea was to provide a name that they could perform under and that anyone who they liked to play could perform or record under, with their dream being that there might be two or three Tanakh shows at the same time in different geographic locations. The band's self-titled 2004 EP [5] on Alien8 Recordings came from a Pyramid Institute performance recorded by Bryan Hoffa who would later start a band Broken Hips with Murphy on guitar, and various instruments. This instrumental double disc was later mixed and mastered by King Crimson engineer Ronan Chris Murphy.[6]After initial plans to record a studio effort fell through due to other commitments, Poe worked as an engineer in Berlin at the Schaubu:hne am Halleschen Ufer before returning to record Villa Claustrophobia with Brian Paulson as engineer and with previous Tanakh guest performers such as the Dirty Three's Mick Turner, Anomoanon/Palace member Ned Oldham and Ravi Shankar associate Nirmal Bajekal. Via Turner and Oldham's brother Will Oldham, members of Godspeed You! Black Emperor heard the album, leading Montreal label Alien8 to contact Poe and sign Tanakh. Villa Claustrophobia was released in April 2002 [7] to a variety of positive reviews, including Mark Richardson in Pitchfork Media[8] and Ian Penman in The Wire.[9]Various line-ups of Tanakh performed and toured from this point forward, with a new key member being bassist/singer Michele Poulos, who Poe met around the time of Villa Claustrophobia's release. Poe, Poulos and a further core group of performers, including Agents of Good Roots drummer Brian Jones and guests Jim White and Sparklehorse associate/producer Alan Weatherhead, recorded the band's third full album Dieu Deuil, released in early 2004 on Alien8.[10]Poe relocated to Italy prior to the release of Dieu Deuil after the offer of an ESL teaching job in Florence; further Tanakh performances and tours were based out that city for the next few years. Most of Tanakh's fourth album, 2006's Ardent Fevers, [11] was written in Italy but recorded in Richmond by Hoffa during a return visit to the city in the summer of 2004. Guest performers on Ardent Fevers included Isobel Campbell and Alex Neilson, who had been introduced to Poe by Alasdair Roberts after the two had played shows together in Scotland.[12]Taken from the same recording period as the Ardent Fevers sessions, Tanakh's fifth album, the 2007 release Saunders Hollow, [13] was distinctly different from the collective's previous work in that Poulos was the lead vocalist throughout, with Poe concentrating on producing and performing and Hoffa once again recording an expanded lineup of the band, again featuring Campbell and Neilson as guest performers. Saunders Hollow was also unique in being released on Australian label Camera Obscura rather than Alien8, home to all the band's previous releases.Other than singles on compilations, no further Tanakh releases have appeared since Saunders Hollow but the collective has continued to perform irregularly, including the opening set at the sixth Terrastock festival in Providence, Rhode Island in April 2006 [14] and a one-off performance at the seventh Terrastock festival in Louisville, Kentucky in June 2008.[15] This latter performance featured a unique lineup of Poe, Acid Mothers Temple lead figure Kawabata Makoto and members of Abunai! and United Bible Studies.[16]As of summer 2010 Poe is reported to be working on a series of collaborative singles; it is not certain if they will appear under the Tanakh name.","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alien8 Recordings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alien8_Recordings"},{"link_name":"Camera Obscura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camera_Obscura_(record_label)"}],"text":"Villa Claustrophobia (released April 2002 on Alien8 Recordings)\nDieu Deuil (released January 28, 2004 on Alien8 Recordings)\nTanakh EP (released September 20, 2004 on Alien8 Recordings)\nArdent Fevers (released March 7, 2006 on Alien8 Recordings)\nSaunders Hollow (released February 14, 2007 on Camera Obscura)","title":"Discography"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Tanakh interview\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drunk_Tank_(album) | Drunk Tank (album) | ["1 Critical reception","2 Track listing","3 Personnel","4 Release history","5 References","6 External links"] | 1991 studio album by Drunk TankDrunk TankStudio album by Drunk TankReleased1991 (1991)RecordedMarch 9 – March 10, 1991 (1991-03-10)StudioWaterfront Studios, NJGenreNoise rock, post-hardcoreLength27:01LabelRadialDrunk Tank chronology
Drunk Tank(1991)
Missing(1995)
Drunk Tank is the eponymously titled debut studio album of Drunk Tank, released in 1991 by Radial Records. The CD release of the album is appended with tracks taken from the band's first two 7" singles.
Critical reception
Drunk Tank garnered favorable reviews upon its release. Mark Woodlief of Option praised the group for their "unpredictability, sheer raging force and antisociality" and that their music "rattles the innards of the brain, shaking the listener awake to the possibilities of making fingernails on a chalkboard sound darn good." Ian Christie of Alternative Press noted the band's more focused direction and that major label interest might be forthcoming.
Track listing
All tracks are written by Alex Barker, Steven Cerio and Julian MillsNo.TitleLength1."Hog Ditch"2:372."Diesel Slug"3:073."Honeysuckle"2:134."End Bits"3:285."Pin-Up Girl"3:466."Stranger Danger"2:267."Nap Time"2:438."Lamb's Farm"4:209."Freak of Nature"2:15
CD bonus tracksNo.TitleLength10."Hayride"1:5511."Mary Worth"2:2312."Leadfoot"2:3613."Scissors"3:00
Personnel
Adapted from Drunk Tank liner notes.
Drunk Tank
Alex Barker – electric guitar
Steven Cerio – drums
Julian Mills – vocals, bass guitar
Production and additional personnel
Steve Albini – recording
Laura Brem – cover art
Release history
Region
Date
Label
Format
Catalog
United States
1991
Radial
CD, CS, LP
RDL 03
References
^ "Drunk Tank: Drunk Tank > Overview". Allmusic. Retrieved December 18, 2015.
^ Woodlief, Mark (1992). "Drunk Tank: Drunk Tank". Option. 42–47. Sonic Options Network: 99. Retrieved December 18, 2015.
^ Christie, Ian (1992). "Drunk Tank: Drunk Tank". Alternative Press. 48. Alternative Press Magazine, Inc.
^ Drunk Tank (booklet). Drunk Tank. Chicago, Illinois: Radial Records. 1991.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link)
External links
Drunk Tank at Discogs (list of releases)
Authority control databases
MusicBrainz release group | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"eponymously","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eponym"},{"link_name":"studio album","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Album#Studio_album"},{"link_name":"Drunk Tank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drunk_Tank_(band)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-allmusic-1"}],"text":"Drunk Tank is the eponymously titled debut studio album of Drunk Tank, released in 1991 by Radial Records.[1] The CD release of the album is appended with tracks taken from the band's first two 7\" singles.","title":"Drunk Tank (album)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Option","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Option_(music_magazine)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-optionmag92-2"},{"link_name":"Alternative Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_Press_(music_magazine)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-altpress92-3"}],"text":"Drunk Tank garnered favorable reviews upon its release. Mark Woodlief of Option praised the group for their \"unpredictability, sheer raging force and antisociality\" and that their music \"rattles the innards of the brain, shaking the listener awake to the possibilities of making fingernails on a chalkboard sound darn good.\"[2] Ian Christie of Alternative Press noted the band's more focused direction and that major label interest might be forthcoming.[3]","title":"Critical reception"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"All tracks are written by Alex Barker, Steven Cerio and Julian MillsNo.TitleLength1.\"Hog Ditch\"2:372.\"Diesel Slug\"3:073.\"Honeysuckle\"2:134.\"End Bits\"3:285.\"Pin-Up Girl\"3:466.\"Stranger Danger\"2:267.\"Nap Time\"2:438.\"Lamb's Farm\"4:209.\"Freak of Nature\"2:15CD bonus tracksNo.TitleLength10.\"Hayride\"1:5511.\"Mary Worth\"2:2312.\"Leadfoot\"2:3613.\"Scissors\"3:00","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-linearnotes-4"},{"link_name":"Steve Albini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Albini"},{"link_name":"recording","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound_recording_and_reproduction"},{"link_name":"cover art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cover_art"}],"text":"Adapted from Drunk Tank liner notes.[4]Drunk Tank\nAlex Barker – electric guitar\nSteven Cerio – drums\nJulian Mills – vocals, bass guitar\n\n\nProduction and additional personnel\nSteve Albini – recording\nLaura Brem – cover art","title":"Personnel"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Release history"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Drunk Tank: Drunk Tank > Overview\". Allmusic. Retrieved December 18, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/mw0000276472","url_text":"\"Drunk Tank: Drunk Tank > Overview\""}]},{"reference":"Woodlief, Mark (1992). \"Drunk Tank: Drunk Tank\". Option. 42–47. Sonic Options Network: 99. Retrieved December 18, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=7ytLAAAAYAAJ","url_text":"\"Drunk Tank: Drunk Tank\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Option_(music_magazine)","url_text":"Option"}]},{"reference":"Christie, Ian (1992). \"Drunk Tank: Drunk Tank\". Alternative Press. 48. Alternative Press Magazine, Inc.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_Press_(music_magazine)","url_text":"Alternative Press"}]},{"reference":"Drunk Tank (booklet). Drunk Tank. Chicago, Illinois: Radial Records. 1991.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drunk_Tank_(band)","url_text":"Drunk Tank"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/mw0000276472","external_links_name":"\"Drunk Tank: Drunk Tank > Overview\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=7ytLAAAAYAAJ","external_links_name":"\"Drunk Tank: Drunk Tank\""},{"Link":"https://www.discogs.com/master/227601","external_links_name":"Drunk Tank"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/release-group/e3fe120f-c401-4a05-bb42-bda02617fc13","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz release group"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tax_farmers | Farm (revenue leasing) | ["1 Etymology","1.1 Derivation from classical Latin","1.2 Derivation from Old English","2 Valuation of a farm","3 Historical use","3.1 Roman Empire","3.2 Feudal England","3.3 Medieval Egypt","3.4 Ottoman Empire","3.5 Other uses","4 Advantages","5 Disadvantages","6 Modern-day","6.1 Indian sub-continent","6.2 United States of America","7 Disambiguation","7.1 Privatized tax collection","7.2 Factoring","7.3 Simple commutation","8 See also","9 References","10 Further reading","11 External links"] | Technique of financial management
For other uses, see Farm (disambiguation).
"Tax farmer" redirects here. For the notorious tax farmers of pre-revolutionary France, see Ferme générale.
Farming or tax-farming is a technique of financial management in which the management of a variable revenue stream is assigned by legal contract to a third party and the holder of the revenue stream receives fixed periodic rents from the contractor. It is most commonly used in public finance, where governments (the lessors) lease or assign the right to collect and retain the whole of the tax revenue to a private financier (the farmer), who is charged with paying fixed sums (sometimes called "rents", but with a different meaning from the common modern term) into the treasury.
Farming in this sense has nothing to do with agriculture, other than in a metaphorical sense.
Etymology
There are two possible origins for farm.
Derivation from classical Latin
Some sources derive "farm" with its French version ferme, most notably used in the context of the Fermiers Generaux, from the mediaeval Latin firma, meaning "a fixed agreement, contract", ultimately from the classical Latin adjective firmus, firma, firmum, meaning "firm, strong, stout, steadfast, immoveable, sure, to be relied upon". The modern agricultural sense of the word stems from the same origin, in that a medieval land-"holder" (none "owned" land but the king himself under his allodial title) under feudal land tenure might let it (i.e. lease it out) under a contract as a going concern (not as a sub-infeudated fee), that is to say as a unit producing a revenue stream, together with its workers and livestock, for exploitation by a tenant who was licensed by the contract, or firma, to keep all the revenue he could extract from the holding in exchange for fixed rents. Thus the rights to the revenue stream produced by the land had been farmed by the lessor. Because this was the form of the farming transaction most known to popular society, the word "farmer" became synonymous with a tenant of an agricultural holding.
Derivation from Old English
According to other sources, the word farm comes from Middle English ferme ("farm, rent, revenue; revenue collected from a farmer; factor, stewardship, meal, feast"), from Old English feorm, farm ("provision, stores of food, supplies, possessions; provisions supplied to the king or a lord by a tenant or vassal; rent, feast, benefit, assylum"), from Proto-Germanic *firmō, *firχumō ("means of living, subsistence"), from Proto-Indo-European *perkwu- ("life, strength, force"). It is related to other Old English words such as feormehām ("farm"), feormere ("purveyor, grocer"), feormian ("to provision, sustain"), and feorh ("life, spirit"). The Old English word is stated by these sources as having unusually been borrowed by Medieval Latin as firma or ferma and to have provided the Old French ferme "farm", Occitan ferma "farm". This is refuted by those sources which state firma to derive from classical Latin firmus. The word continued the same senses of "rent, farmed office, source of revenue, feast". The meaning "rent, fixed payment", which was already present in the Old English word, was further strengthened due to the word's resemblance to the unrelated (so say these sources) Latin firmus ("firm, solid"), and firmitas ("security, firmness").
Valuation of a farm
The tenant of a farm can only make a profit after carefully assessing its value. While modern financial management theory employs scientific formulae for such calculations, astute financiers of the past would have understood them well, whether done mentally or by making marks in the sand.
To determine the maximum rent they are willing to pay, the tenant estimates the long-term average yearly gross value of the revenue stream, based on past records and accounts, adjusting for any new circumstances affecting the future. They then deduct a risk element and a discount for the time value of money.
The risk is related to the possibility of some debts forming the revenue stream being defaulted on or paid late, leading to variability in the revenue. The resulting figure becomes the maximum rent the tenant offers to the farm's lessor. The tenant's profit is the excess of revenues extracted from the farm, less the rents, administration, levying, and collection expenses.
The tenant's skills lie in negotiating a favorable rent by overstating the riskiness of the cash flow stream and effectively managing the assigned debts as a skilled debt-collector and manager. They must ensure their ability to enforce debt payments, including resorting to legal action and paying standard fees for bringing a lawsuit under the government authority that is the farm's lessor. The tenant acts as a principal, not the lessor's agent.
Historical use
Roman Empire
Main article: Publican
Tax farming was originally a Roman practice whereby the burden of tax collection was reassigned by the Roman State to private individuals or groups. In essence, these individuals or groups paid the taxes for a certain area and for a certain period of time and then attempted to cover their outlay by collecting money or saleable goods from the people within that area. The system was set up by Gaius Gracchus in 123 BC primarily to increase the efficiency of tax collection within Rome itself but the system quickly spread to the Provinces. Within the Roman Empire, these private individuals and groups which collected taxes in lieu of the bid (i.e. rent) they had paid to the state were known as publicani, of whom the best known is the disciple of Jesus Matthew the Apostle, a publicanus in the village of Capernaum in the province of Galilee. The system was widely abused, and reforms were enacted by Augustus and Diocletian. Tax farming practices are believed to have contributed to the fall of the Western Roman Empire in Western Europe.
Feudal England
Medieval English kings frequently made grants "in fee-farm", a form of feudal tenure. An example is the following writ of King William II (1087–1100) granting a hundred court to be held in fee-farm by Thorney Abbey:
William, king of the English, to all the sheriffs and barons of Huntingdonshire, greeting. Know that I have granted the Hundred of Normancross to the abbot and monks of Thorney to be held in fee-farm for an annual rent of 100 shillings which I order them to pay to my sheriff at Huntingdon. And I forbid any of my officers to do them injury or insult in respect of this.
Medieval Egypt
The Chief Rabbi of Egypt, Sar Shalom ben Moses was accused of tax farming, which led to his excommunication by Maimonides.
Ottoman Empire
Main article: Iltizam
See also: Taxation in the Ottoman Empire
The iltizam (Ottoman Turkish: التزام) is a non-heritable tax-farming system and was established under Sultan Mehmet II; however this changed by the 18th century and holders of grants-for-life (malikâne) developed their own landowning class. It was officially terminated in 1856 during the Tanzimat reforms.
Other uses
Besides the Romans, historical examples include the tax collection methods of the Ptolemies, Seljuks, Mamluks, Ottomans, the French State prior to Louis XVI (see ferme générale), and Russia prior to 1862 and the Dutch East Indies (see pacht) prior to the twentieth century. In many cases, such as the Abbasid practice of Iqta, these rights were granted by an authority, in this example the caliph, for services rendered or promised. In the Byzantine pronoia system, similar rights were often purchased from the crown. Though such arrangements in some respects seem similar to the feudal system, there are significant disparities, including continuance of state power and, at least in the case of pronoia, theoretical time limits on the grant. In many cases, including those mentioned, tax rights were not transferable or divisible, unlike feudal fiefdoms.
Sometimes, as in the case of Miguel de Cervantes, the tax farmer was a government employee, paid a salary, and all money collected went to the government.
Advantages
Tax farming was an important step in the history of economic development by providing a method for collecting taxes across a large area without the need for a tax-collecting bureaucracy, or during periods when such a bureaucracy is unworkable or impossible to maintain. Systems of tax farming similar to the Roman model were used in Ptolemaic Egypt, various medieval Western European countries, the Ottoman and Mughal empires, and in Qing dynasty China. As states become stronger, buoyed up by revenues brought in by tax farming, the practice was discontinued in favour of centralized tax collection systems. In part this was because tax farming systems tended to rely on wealthy individuals outside the state machinery, gangs, and secret societies.
Disadvantages
The key flaw in the tax farming system is the tension between the state, which seeks a long-term source of taxation revenue, and the tax farmers, who seek to make a profit on their investment in as short a time as possible. As a result, tax-farmers often abuse the taxpayers in various ways, tending them to switch their economic activity from strategic long-term projects to short-term revenue generation. In barter systems, tax farmers commonly undervalue taxes in kind, reselling the goods to create a second profit source. Such abuses stifle economic growth by restricting the ability of the tradesman to reinvest in his business, limiting the quantity of taxes generated over the long-term.
Modern-day
Indian sub-continent
In Bangladesh and India tolls on bridges and roads and dues from public properties such as lakes and forests are often leased to private persons or firms.
United States of America
After the 2008 financial crisis, the city of Chicago needed money and a deal was made to sell all 36,000 of the parking meter spots in the city for 75 years for 1.15 billion dollars to a firm called Chicago Parking Meters.
Disambiguation
Privatized tax collection
Tax farming is not synonymous with modern privatized tax collection, where private individuals or companies collect taxes and pass them to the state in return for a commission or fee, without bearing any risk consequent of default by the taxpayer. Tax farming is speculative, meaning that the tenant of the farm bears the full risk of defaulted debts. In addition, a tenant is often required as a term of the lease to make an early rent payment, which must be financed from his own resources until the revenue stream subject to the farm has started to be collected.
Factoring
In the United Kingdom, some tax collection of "lower value debts" by HMRC has been outsourced to debt collection agencies from July 2010. However, debt collection agencies, like invoice factors, are not truly farmers of revenue streams, as they do not bear any risk of default. Rather they make loans in expectation of future receipts, such loans being always recoverable and secured on the income stream itself.
Simple commutation
In 1999 the National Board of Revenue in Bangladesh (NBR) negotiated with cigarette producing firms a minimum amount of value added tax (VAT) that should be paid per month even though VAT is an ad valorem tax, that is to say of variable yield. The NBR took this step because under the self-clearance system monitoring of production and sales of cigarettes proved to be difficult. It was agreed that if the cigarette producing firms paid the minimum revenue fixed by the NBR, physical monitoring would be withdrawn. The NBR resorted to this technique of financial management to avoid the large costs of monitoring while gaining more in revenue with certainty.
See also
Fee farm grant
Hollow state
Maona
Octroi
Pacht: the system of tax farming in the Dutch East Indies
Privatized tax collection
Public-private partnership
References
^ Larousse Dictionnaire de la Langue Francaise Lexis, Paris, 1993 "Ferme: contrat par lequel un proprietaire abandonne a un locataire l'exploitation d'un domaine moyennant le paiement d'un loyer" (contract by which a proprietor transfers the exploitation of a holding to a tenant by means of the payment of a rent); Cassell's Latin Dictionary, ed. Marchant & Charles
^ Larousse, op.cit.
^ Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia, "farm".
^ Mantello, Rigg, Medieval Latin: an introduction and bibliographical guide, 11.3
^ Howatson M. C.: Oxford Companion to Classical Literature, Oxford University Press, 1989, ISBN 0-19-866121-5
^ Balsdon J.: Roman Civilization, Pelican, 1965
^ Roman-taxes at unrv.com
^ Cahill, Thomas. How the Irish saved civilization: the untold story of Ireland's heroic role from the fall of Rome to the rise of medieval Europe. Anchor Books, Doubleday, 1996, p. 26.
^ Douglas, David C. & Greenaway, George W., (eds.), English Historical Documents 1042–1189, London, 1959. Part II, Government & Administration, part C, The Sheriff & Local Government, p. 433
^ Rustow, Marina (2010-10-01). "Sar Shalom ben Moses ha-Levi". Encyclopedia of Jews in the Islamic World.
^ Hourani, Albert (1991). A History of the Arab Peoples. England, UK: Faber and Faber Limited. p. 234. ISBN 978-0-674-39565-7.
^ "Iltizām | tax system". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2021-09-23.
^ John Butcher and Howard Dick, The Rise and Fall of Revenue Farming: Business Elites and the Emergence of the Modern State. St. Martin's Press, 1993
^ Archived 2011-05-14 at the Wayback Machine Archived 2010-07-31 at the Wayback Machine
^ Chowdhury, Faizul L. NBR's attempt at Tax Farming - fixed amount of VAT on Cigarettes in 1999, 2007 : Desh Prokashon, Dhaka.
Further reading
Chowdhury, F. L. (2007), NBR's attempt at Tax Farming – fixed VAT on Cigarettes in 1999, Desh Prokashon, Dhaka.
Levi, M. Of (1988), Rule and Revenue, California Series on Social Choice and Political Economy (13), University of California Press.
Stella, P. (1992), Tax Farming: A Radical Solution for Developing Country Tax Problems? (September 1992). IMF Working Paper No. 92/70.
External links
Roman Taxes
Authority control databases: National
France
BnF data
Israel
United States | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Farm (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Ferme générale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferme_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale"},{"link_name":"financial management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_management"},{"link_name":"legal contract","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract"},{"link_name":"public finance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_finance"},{"link_name":"lessors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lease"},{"link_name":"treasury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treasury"},{"link_name":"agriculture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture"}],"text":"For other uses, see Farm (disambiguation).\"Tax farmer\" redirects here. For the notorious tax farmers of pre-revolutionary France, see Ferme générale.Farming or tax-farming is a technique of financial management in which the management of a variable revenue stream is assigned by legal contract to a third party and the holder of the revenue stream receives fixed periodic rents from the contractor. It is most commonly used in public finance, where governments (the lessors) lease or assign the right to collect and retain the whole of the tax revenue to a private financier (the farmer), who is charged with paying fixed sums (sometimes called \"rents\", but with a different meaning from the common modern term) into the treasury.Farming in this sense has nothing to do with agriculture, other than in a metaphorical sense.","title":"Farm (revenue leasing)"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"There are two possible origins for farm.","title":"Etymology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fermiers Generaux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farmers-General"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"allodial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allodial"},{"link_name":"feudal land tenure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feudal_land_tenure"},{"link_name":"going concern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Going_concern"},{"link_name":"sub-infeudated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subinfeudation"},{"link_name":"fee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fief"}],"sub_title":"Derivation from classical Latin","text":"Some sources derive \"farm\" with its French version ferme, most notably used in the context of the Fermiers Generaux, from the mediaeval Latin firma, meaning \"a fixed agreement, contract\", ultimately from the classical Latin adjective firmus, firma, firmum, meaning \"firm, strong, stout, steadfast, immoveable, sure, to be relied upon\".[1] The modern agricultural sense of the word stems from the same origin, in that a medieval land-\"holder\" (none \"owned\" land but the king himself under his allodial title) under feudal land tenure might let it (i.e. lease it out) under a contract as a going concern (not as a sub-infeudated fee), that is to say as a unit producing a revenue stream, together with its workers and livestock, for exploitation by a tenant who was licensed by the contract, or firma, to keep all the revenue he could extract from the holding in exchange for fixed rents. Thus the rights to the revenue stream produced by the land had been farmed by the lessor. Because this was the form of the farming transaction most known to popular society, the word \"farmer\" became synonymous with a tenant of an agricultural holding.","title":"Etymology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Middle English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_English"},{"link_name":"Old English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_English"},{"link_name":"Proto-Germanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Germanic"},{"link_name":"Proto-Indo-European","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language"},{"link_name":"Medieval Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval_Latin"},{"link_name":"Old French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_French"},{"link_name":"Occitan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occitan_language"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_language"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"sub_title":"Derivation from Old English","text":"According to other sources, the word farm comes from Middle English ferme (\"farm, rent, revenue; revenue collected from a farmer; factor, stewardship, meal, feast\"), from Old English feorm, farm (\"provision, stores of food, supplies, possessions; provisions supplied to the king or a lord by a tenant or vassal; rent, feast, benefit, assylum\"), from Proto-Germanic *firmō, *firχumō (\"means of living, subsistence\"), from Proto-Indo-European *perkwu- (\"life, strength, force\"). It is related to other Old English words such as feormehām (\"farm\"), feormere (\"purveyor, grocer\"), feormian (\"to provision, sustain\"), and feorh (\"life, spirit\"). The Old English word is stated by these sources as having unusually been borrowed by Medieval Latin as firma or ferma and to have provided the Old French ferme \"farm\", Occitan ferma \"farm\". This is refuted by those sources which state firma to derive from classical Latin firmus.[2] The word continued the same senses of \"rent, farmed office, source of revenue, feast\". The meaning \"rent, fixed payment\", which was already present in the Old English word, was further strengthened due to the word's resemblance to the unrelated (so say these sources) Latin firmus (\"firm, solid\"), and firmitas (\"security, firmness\").[3][4]","title":"Etymology"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The tenant of a farm can only make a profit after carefully assessing its value. While modern financial management theory employs scientific formulae for such calculations, astute financiers of the past would have understood them well, whether done mentally or by making marks in the sand.To determine the maximum rent they are willing to pay, the tenant estimates the long-term average yearly gross value of the revenue stream, based on past records and accounts, adjusting for any new circumstances affecting the future. They then deduct a risk element and a discount for the time value of money.The risk is related to the possibility of some debts forming the revenue stream being defaulted on or paid late, leading to variability in the revenue. The resulting figure becomes the maximum rent the tenant offers to the farm's lessor. The tenant's profit is the excess of revenues extracted from the farm, less the rents, administration, levying, and collection expenses.The tenant's skills lie in negotiating a favorable rent by overstating the riskiness of the cash flow stream and effectively managing the assigned debts as a skilled debt-collector and manager. They must ensure their ability to enforce debt payments, including resorting to legal action and paying standard fees for bringing a lawsuit under the government authority that is the farm's lessor. The tenant acts as a principal, not the lessor's agent.","title":"Valuation of a farm"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Historical use"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Roman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Rome"},{"link_name":"tax collection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tax_collection"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Gaius Gracchus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaius_Gracchus"},{"link_name":"Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome"},{"link_name":"Provinces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Province"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"publicani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publicani"},{"link_name":"disciple of Jesus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disciple_(Christianity)"},{"link_name":"Matthew the Apostle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_the_Apostle"},{"link_name":"Capernaum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capernaum"},{"link_name":"Galilee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilee"},{"link_name":"Augustus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustus"},{"link_name":"Diocletian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diocletian"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"fall of the Western Roman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_of_the_Western_Roman_Empire"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"sub_title":"Roman Empire","text":"Tax farming was originally a Roman practice whereby the burden of tax collection was reassigned by the Roman State to private individuals or groups. In essence, these individuals or groups paid the taxes for a certain area and for a certain period of time and then attempted to cover their outlay by collecting money or saleable goods from the people within that area.[5] The system was set up by Gaius Gracchus in 123 BC primarily to increase the efficiency of tax collection within Rome itself but the system quickly spread to the Provinces.[6] Within the Roman Empire, these private individuals and groups which collected taxes in lieu of the bid (i.e. rent) they had paid to the state were known as publicani, of whom the best known is the disciple of Jesus Matthew the Apostle, a publicanus in the village of Capernaum in the province of Galilee. The system was widely abused, and reforms were enacted by Augustus and Diocletian.[7] Tax farming practices are believed to have contributed to the fall of the Western Roman Empire in Western Europe.[8]","title":"Historical use"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"fee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fief"},{"link_name":"feudal tenure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feudal_land_tenure"},{"link_name":"writ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Writ"},{"link_name":"William II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_II_of_England"},{"link_name":"hundred court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hundred_(county_subdivision)"},{"link_name":"Thorney Abbey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thorney_Abbey"},{"link_name":"sheriffs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheriff"},{"link_name":"barons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_feudal_barony"},{"link_name":"Huntingdonshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntingdonshire"},{"link_name":"Hundred of Normancross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hundred_of_Normancross"},{"link_name":"abbot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbot"},{"link_name":"shillings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shilling"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"sub_title":"Feudal England","text":"Medieval English kings frequently made grants \"in fee-farm\", a form of feudal tenure. An example is the following writ of King William II (1087–1100) granting a hundred court to be held in fee-farm by Thorney Abbey:William, king of the English, to all the sheriffs and barons of Huntingdonshire, greeting. Know that I have granted the Hundred of Normancross to the abbot and monks of Thorney to be held in fee-farm for an annual rent of 100 shillings which I order them to pay to my sheriff at Huntingdon. And I forbid any of my officers to do them injury or insult in respect of this.[9]","title":"Historical use"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chief Rabbi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Rabbi"},{"link_name":"Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt"},{"link_name":"Sar Shalom ben Moses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sar_Shalom_ben_Moses"},{"link_name":"Maimonides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maimonides"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-10"}],"sub_title":"Medieval Egypt","text":"The Chief Rabbi of Egypt, Sar Shalom ben Moses was accused of tax farming, which led to his excommunication by Maimonides.[10]","title":"Historical use"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Taxation in the Ottoman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxation_in_the_Ottoman_Empire"},{"link_name":"iltizam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iltizam"},{"link_name":"Ottoman Turkish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Turkish_language"},{"link_name":"Mehmet II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehmed_the_Conqueror"},{"link_name":"malikâne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malik%C3%A2ne"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Tanzimat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanzimat"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"sub_title":"Ottoman Empire","text":"See also: Taxation in the Ottoman EmpireThe iltizam (Ottoman Turkish: التزام) is a non-heritable tax-farming system and was established under Sultan Mehmet II; however this changed by the 18th century and holders of grants-for-life (malikâne) developed their own landowning class.[11] It was officially terminated in 1856 during the Tanzimat reforms.[12]","title":"Historical use"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ptolemies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptolemaic_Egypt"},{"link_name":"Seljuks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seljuks"},{"link_name":"Mamluks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamluk_Sultanate_(Cairo)"},{"link_name":"Ottomans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire"},{"link_name":"French State prior to Louis XVI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancien_R%C3%A9gime"},{"link_name":"ferme générale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferme_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale"},{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Empire"},{"link_name":"Dutch East Indies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies"},{"link_name":"pacht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacht"},{"link_name":"Abbasid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate"},{"link_name":"Iqta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iqta"},{"link_name":"Miguel de Cervantes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miguel_de_Cervantes"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Other uses","text":"Besides the Romans, historical examples include the tax collection methods of the Ptolemies, Seljuks, Mamluks, Ottomans, the French State prior to Louis XVI (see ferme générale), and Russia prior to 1862 and the Dutch East Indies (see pacht) prior to the twentieth century. In many cases, such as the Abbasid practice of Iqta, these rights were granted by an authority, in this example the caliph, for services rendered or promised. In the Byzantine pronoia system, similar rights were often purchased from the crown. Though such arrangements in some respects seem similar to the feudal system, there are significant disparities, including continuance of state power and, at least in the case of pronoia, theoretical time limits on the grant. In many cases, including those mentioned, tax rights were not transferable or divisible, unlike feudal fiefdoms.Sometimes, as in the case of Miguel de Cervantes, the tax farmer was a government employee, paid a salary, and all money collected went to the government.[citation needed]","title":"Historical use"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"economic development","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_development"},{"link_name":"bureaucracy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bureaucracy"},{"link_name":"Ptolemaic Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptolemaic_Egypt"},{"link_name":"Ottoman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Mughal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mughal_Empire"},{"link_name":"Qing dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qing_dynasty"},{"link_name":"gangs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gang"},{"link_name":"secret societies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secret_societies"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"Tax farming was an important step in the history of economic development by providing a method for collecting taxes across a large area without the need for a tax-collecting bureaucracy, or during periods when such a bureaucracy is unworkable or impossible to maintain. Systems of tax farming similar to the Roman model were used in Ptolemaic Egypt, various medieval Western European countries, the Ottoman and Mughal empires, and in Qing dynasty China. As states become stronger, buoyed up by revenues brought in by tax farming, the practice was discontinued in favour of centralized tax collection systems. In part this was because tax farming systems tended to rely on wealthy individuals outside the state machinery, gangs, and secret societies.[13]","title":"Advantages"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"barter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barter"},{"link_name":"taxes in kind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tax_in_kind"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"The key flaw in the tax farming system is the tension between the state, which seeks a long-term source of taxation revenue, and the tax farmers, who seek to make a profit on their investment in as short a time as possible. As a result, tax-farmers often abuse the taxpayers in various ways, tending them to switch their economic activity from strategic long-term projects to short-term revenue generation. In barter systems, tax farmers commonly undervalue taxes in kind, reselling the goods to create a second profit source. Such abuses stifle economic growth by restricting the ability of the tradesman to reinvest in his business, limiting the quantity of taxes generated over the long-term.[citation needed]","title":"Disadvantages"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Modern-day"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Indian sub-continent","text":"In Bangladesh and India tolls on bridges and roads and dues from public properties such as lakes and forests are often leased to private persons or firms.[citation needed]","title":"Modern-day"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chicago Parking Meters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Parking_Meters"}],"sub_title":"United States of America","text":"After the 2008 financial crisis, the city of Chicago needed money and a deal was made to sell all 36,000[4] of the parking meter spots in the city for 75 years for 1.15 billion dollars to a firm called Chicago Parking Meters.","title":"Modern-day"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Disambiguation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"privatized tax collection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privatized_tax_collection"},{"link_name":"speculative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speculation"}],"sub_title":"Privatized tax collection","text":"Tax farming is not synonymous with modern privatized tax collection, where private individuals or companies collect taxes and pass them to the state in return for a commission or fee, without bearing any risk consequent of default by the taxpayer. Tax farming is speculative, meaning that the tenant of the farm bears the full risk of defaulted debts. In addition, a tenant is often required as a term of the lease to make an early rent payment, which must be financed from his own resources until the revenue stream subject to the farm has started to be collected.","title":"Disambiguation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"HMRC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMRC"},{"link_name":"debt collection agencies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debt_collection_agency"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"sub_title":"Factoring","text":"In the United Kingdom, some tax collection of \"lower value debts\" by HMRC has been outsourced to debt collection agencies from July 2010.[14] However, debt collection agencies, like invoice factors, are not truly farmers of revenue streams, as they do not bear any risk of default. Rather they make loans in expectation of future receipts, such loans being always recoverable and secured on the income stream itself.","title":"Disambiguation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"value added tax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Value_added_tax"},{"link_name":"ad valorem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ad_valorem_tax"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"sub_title":"Simple commutation","text":"In 1999 the National Board of Revenue in Bangladesh (NBR) negotiated with cigarette producing firms a minimum amount of value added tax (VAT) that should be paid per month even though VAT is an ad valorem tax, that is to say of variable yield. The NBR took this step because under the self-clearance system monitoring of production and sales of cigarettes proved to be difficult. It was agreed that if the cigarette producing firms paid the minimum revenue fixed by the NBR, physical monitoring would be withdrawn. The NBR resorted to this technique of financial management to avoid the large costs of monitoring while gaining more in revenue with certainty.[15]","title":"Disambiguation"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Chowdhury, F. L. (2007), NBR's attempt at Tax Farming – fixed VAT on Cigarettes in 1999, Desh Prokashon, Dhaka.\nLevi, M. Of (1988), Rule and Revenue, California Series on Social Choice and Political Economy (13), University of California Press.\nStella, P. (1992), Tax Farming: A Radical Solution for Developing Country Tax Problems? (September 1992). IMF Working Paper No. 92/70.","title":"Further reading"}] | [] | [{"title":"Fee farm grant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fee_farm_grant"},{"title":"Hollow state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollow_state"},{"title":"Maona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maona"},{"title":"Octroi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octroi"},{"title":"Pacht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacht"},{"title":"Dutch East Indies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies"},{"title":"Privatized tax collection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privatized_tax_collection"},{"title":"Public-private partnership","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public-private_partnership"}] | [{"reference":"Rustow, Marina (2010-10-01). \"Sar Shalom ben Moses ha-Levi\". Encyclopedia of Jews in the Islamic World.","urls":[{"url":"https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopedia-of-jews-in-the-islamic-world/sar-shalom-ben-moses-ha-levi-SIM_0019250","url_text":"\"Sar Shalom ben Moses ha-Levi\""}]},{"reference":"Hourani, Albert (1991). A History of the Arab Peoples. England, UK: Faber and Faber Limited. p. 234. ISBN 978-0-674-39565-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=kYq5AAAAIAAJ","url_text":"A History of the Arab Peoples"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-39565-7","url_text":"978-0-674-39565-7"}]},{"reference":"\"Iltizām | tax system\". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2021-09-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.britannica.com/topic/iltizam-tax-system","url_text":"\"Iltizām | tax system\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.unrv.com/economy/roman-taxes.php","external_links_name":"Roman-taxes at unrv.com"},{"Link":"https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopedia-of-jews-in-the-islamic-world/sar-shalom-ben-moses-ha-levi-SIM_0019250","external_links_name":"\"Sar Shalom ben Moses ha-Levi\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=kYq5AAAAIAAJ","external_links_name":"A History of the Arab Peoples"},{"Link":"https://www.britannica.com/topic/iltizam-tax-system","external_links_name":"\"Iltizām | tax system\""},{"Link":"http://nds.coi.gov.uk/content/detail.aspx?NewsAreaId=2&ReleaseID=414723&SubjectId=2","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110514172951/http://nds.coi.gov.uk/content/detail.aspx?NewsAreaId=2&ReleaseID=414723&SubjectId=2","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.accountancyage.com/accountancyage/news/2267273/taxman-farms-debt-collection","external_links_name":"[2]"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100731091243/http://www.accountancyage.com/accountancyage/news/2267273/taxman-farms-debt-collection","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.unrv.com/economy/roman-taxes.php","external_links_name":"Roman Taxes"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12501897z","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12501897z","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007563358205171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85132883","external_links_name":"United States"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_desktop | Desktop environment | ["1 Implementation","2 History and common use","3 Desktop environments for the X Window System","4 Examples of desktop environments","4.1 Gallery","5 See also","6 References"] | Implementation of graphical user interface
This article is about the operating system and user interface schema. For desktop computing in general, see desktop computer.
In computing, a desktop environment (DE) is an implementation of the desktop metaphor made of a bundle of programs running on top of a computer operating system that share a common graphical user interface (GUI), sometimes described as a graphical shell. The desktop environment was seen mostly on personal computers until the rise of mobile computing. Desktop GUIs help the user to easily access and edit files, while they usually do not provide access to all of the features found in the underlying operating system. Instead, the traditional command-line interface (CLI) is still used when full control over the operating system is required.
A desktop environment typically consists of icons, windows, toolbars, folders, wallpapers and desktop widgets (see Elements of graphical user interfaces and WIMP). A GUI might also provide drag and drop functionality and other features that make the desktop metaphor more complete. A desktop environment aims to be an intuitive way for the user to interact with the computer using concepts which are similar to those used when interacting with the physical world, such as buttons and windows.
While the term desktop environment originally described a style of user interfaces following the desktop metaphor, it has also come to describe the programs that realize the metaphor itself. This usage has been popularized by projects such as the Common Desktop Environment, KDE, and
GNOME.
Implementation
On a system that offers a desktop environment, a window manager in conjunction with applications written using a widget toolkit are generally responsible for most of what the user sees. The window manager supports the user interactions with the environment, while the toolkit provides developers a software library for applications with a unified look and behavior.
A windowing system of some sort generally interfaces directly with the underlying operating system and libraries. This provides support for graphical hardware, pointing devices, and keyboards. The window manager generally runs on top of this windowing system. While the windowing system may provide some window management functionality, this functionality is still considered to be part of the window manager, which simply happens to have been provided by the windowing system.
Applications that are created with a particular window manager in mind usually make use of a windowing toolkit, generally provided with the operating system or window manager. A windowing toolkit gives applications access to widgets that allow the user to interact graphically with the application in a consistent way.
History and common use
Further information: History of the graphical user interface
The first desktop environment was created by Xerox and was sold with the Xerox Alto in the 1970s. The Alto was generally considered by Xerox to be a personal office computer; it failed in the marketplace because of poor marketing and a very high price tag. With the Lisa, Apple introduced a desktop environment on an affordable personal computer, which also failed in the market.
The desktop metaphor was popularized on commercial personal computers by the original Macintosh from Apple in 1984, and was popularized further by Windows from Microsoft since the 1990s. As of 2014, the most popular desktop environments are descendants of these earlier environments, including the Windows shell used in Microsoft Windows, and the Aqua environment used in macOS. When compared with the X-based desktop environments available for Unix-like operating systems such as Linux and BSD, the proprietary desktop environments included with Windows and macOS have relatively fixed layouts and static features, with highly integrated "seamless" designs that aim to provide mostly consistent customer experiences across installations.
Microsoft Windows dominates in marketshare among personal computers with a desktop environment. Computers using Unix-like operating systems such as macOS, ChromeOS, Linux, BSD or Solaris are much less common; however, as of 2015 there is a growing market for low-cost Linux PCs using the X Window System or Wayland with a broad choice of desktop environments. Among the more popular of these are Google's Chromebooks and Chromeboxes, Intel's NUC, the Raspberry Pi, etc.
On tablets and smartphones, the situation is the opposite, with Unix-like operating systems dominating the market, including the iOS (BSD-derived), Android, Tizen, Sailfish and Ubuntu (all Linux-derived). Microsoft's Windows phone, Windows RT and Windows 10 are used on a much smaller number of tablets and smartphones. However, the majority of Unix-like operating systems dominant on handheld devices do not use the X11 desktop environments used by other Unix-like operating systems, relying instead on interfaces based on other technologies.
Desktop environments for the X Window System
A brief timeline of the most popular modern desktop environments for Unix-like operating systems (greyscale logos indicate when the project's development started, while colorized logos indicate the project's first release)
Further information: Comparison of X Window System desktop environments
On systems running the X Window System (typically Unix-family systems such as Linux, the BSDs, and formal UNIX distributions), desktop environments are much more dynamic and customizable to meet user needs. In this context, a desktop environment typically consists of several separate components, including a window manager (such as Mutter or KWin), a file manager (such as Files or Dolphin), a set of graphical themes, together with toolkits (such as GTK+ and Qt) and libraries for managing the desktop. All these individual modules can be exchanged and independently configured to suit users, but most desktop environments provide a default configuration that works with minimal user setup.
Some window managers—such as IceWM, Fluxbox, Openbox, ROX Desktop and Window Maker—contain relatively sparse desktop environment elements, such as an integrated spatial file manager, while others like evilwm and wmii do not provide such elements. Not all of the program code that is part of a desktop environment has effects which are directly visible to the user. Some of it may be low-level code. KDE, for example, provides so-called KIO slaves which give the user access to a wide range of virtual devices. These I/O slaves are not available outside the KDE environment.
In 1996 the KDE was announced, followed in 1997 by the announcement of GNOME. Xfce is a smaller project that was also founded in 1996, and focuses on speed and modularity, just like LXDE which was started in 2006. A comparison of X Window System desktop environments demonstrates the differences between environments. GNOME and KDE were usually seen as dominant solutions, and these are still often installed by default on Linux systems. Each of them offers:
To programmers, a set of standard APIs, a programming environment, and human interface guidelines.
To translators, a collaboration infrastructure. KDE and GNOME are available in many languages.
To artists, a workspace to share their talents.
To ergonomics specialists, the chance to help simplify the working environment.
To developers of third-party applications, a reference environment for integration. OpenOffice.org is one such application.
To users, a complete desktop environment and a suite of essential applications. These include a file manager, web browser, multimedia player, email client, address book, PDF reader, photo manager, and system preferences application.
In the early 2000s, KDE reached maturity. The Appeal and ToPaZ projects focused on bringing new advances to the next major releases of both KDE and GNOME respectively. Although striving for broadly similar goals, GNOME and KDE do differ in their approach to user ergonomics. KDE encourages applications to integrate and interoperate, is highly customizable, and contains many complex features, all whilst trying to establish sensible defaults. GNOME on the other hand is more prescriptive, and focuses on the finer details of essential tasks and overall simplification. Accordingly, each one attracts a different user and developer community. Technically, there are numerous technologies common to all Unix-like desktop environments, most obviously the X Window System. Accordingly, the freedesktop.org project was established as an informal collaboration zone with the goal being to reduce duplication of effort.
As GNOME and KDE focus on high-performance computers, users of less powerful or older computers often prefer alternative desktop environments specifically created for low-performance systems. Most commonly used lightweight desktop environments include LXDE and Xfce; they both use GTK+, which is the same underlying toolkit GNOME uses. The MATE desktop environment, a fork of GNOME 2, is comparable to Xfce in its use of RAM and processor cycles, but is often considered more as an alternative to other lightweight desktop environments.
For a while, GNOME and KDE enjoyed the status of the most popular Linux desktop environments; later, other desktop environments grew in popularity. In April 2011, GNOME introduced a new interface concept with its version 3, while a popular Linux distribution Ubuntu introduced its own new desktop environment, Unity. Some users preferred to keep the traditional interface concept of GNOME 2, resulting in the creation of MATE as a GNOME 2 fork.
Examples of desktop environments
The most common desktop environment on personal computers is Windows Shell in Microsoft Windows. Microsoft has made significant efforts in making Windows shell visually pleasing. As a result, Microsoft has introduced theme support in Windows 98, the various Windows XP visual styles, the Aero brand in Windows Vista, the Microsoft design language (codenamed "Metro") in Windows 8, and the Fluent Design System and Windows Spotlight in Windows 10. Windows shell can be extended via Shell extensions.
Many mainstream desktop environments for Unix-like operating systems, including KDE, GNOME, Xfce, and LXDE, use the X Window System or Wayland, any of which may be selected by users, and are not tied exclusively to the operating system in use. The desktop environment for macOS, which is also a Unix-like system, is Aqua, which uses the Quartz graphics layer, rather than using X or Wayland.
A number of other desktop environments also exist, including (but not limited to) CDE, EDE, GEM, IRIX Interactive Desktop, Sun's Java Desktop System, Jesktop, Mezzo, Project Looking Glass, ROX Desktop, UDE, Xito, XFast. Moreover, there exists FVWM-Crystal, which consists of a powerful configuration for the FVWM window manager, a theme and further adds, altogether forming a "construction kit" for building up a desktop environment.
X window managers that are meant to be usable stand-alone — without another desktop environment — also include elements reminiscent of those found in typical desktop environments, most prominently Enlightenment. Other examples include OpenBox, Fluxbox, WindowLab, Fvwm, as well as Window Maker and AfterStep, which both feature the NeXTSTEP GUI look and feel. However newer versions of some operating systems make self configure.
The Amiga approach to desktop environment was noteworthy: the original Workbench desktop environment in AmigaOS evolved through time to originate an entire family of descendants and alternative desktop solutions. Some of those descendants are the Scalos, the Ambient desktop of MorphOS, and the Wanderer desktop of the AROS open source OS. WindowLab also contains features reminiscent of the Amiga UI. Third-party Directory Opus software, which was originally just a navigational file manager program, evolved to become a complete Amiga desktop replacement called Directory Opus Magellan.
OS/2 (and derivatives such as eComStation and ArcaOS) use the Workplace Shell. Earlier versions of OS/2 used the Presentation Manager.
The BumpTop project was an experimental desktop environment. Its main objective is to replace the 2D paradigm with a "real-world" 3D implementation, where documents can be freely manipulated across a virtual table.
Gallery
See also: History of the graphical user interface
Ambient
Budgie
CDE
Cinnamon
Deepin DE
Enlightenment
GNOME Shell
GNUstep/Window Maker
KDE Plasma 5
Lumina
LXDE
LXQt
MATE
Pantheon
ROX Desktop
Sugar
Trinity
UKUI (desktop environment)
Unity
Xfce
See also
Wayland – an alternative to X Windows which can run several different desktop environments
Comparison of X Window System desktop environments
References
^ "Window managers and desktop environments – Linux 101". clemsonlinux.org. Archived from the original on 2008-07-04.
^ Lineback, Nathan. "The Xerox Alto". Toastytech.com. Archived from the original on 2021-07-04. Retrieved 2012-02-04.
^ "Operating System Market Share". Marketshare.hitslink.com. Archived from the original on 2012-03-04. Retrieved 2012-02-04.
^ Then, Ewdison (6 February 2009), Xfce creator talks Linux, Moblin, netbooks and open-source, SlashGear, archived from the original on 16 July 2011, retrieved 5 February 2011
^ "KDE Localization". L10n.kde.org. Archived from the original on 2013-04-21. Retrieved 2012-02-04.
^ "GNOME Internationalization". Gnome.org. 2011-10-23. Archived from the original on 2011-03-14. Retrieved 2012-02-04.
^ Link 27 Dec Personalized Golf Ball Sign» (2011-12-27). "Where life imitates art". KDE-Artists. Archived from the original on 2012-02-07. Retrieved 2012-02-04.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
^ "GNOME Art: Artwork and Themes". Art.gnome.org. Archived from the original on 2007-03-11. Retrieved 2012-02-04.
^ "OpenUsability". OpenUsability. Archived from the original on 2012-02-04. Retrieved 2012-02-04.
^ GNOME Human Interface Guidelines Archived February 1, 2004, at the Wayback Machine
^ KDE User Interface Guidelines Archived January 6, 2004, at the Wayback Machine
^ "KDE OpenOffice.org". KDE OpenOffice.org. Archived from the original on 2010-07-13. Retrieved 2012-02-04.
^ "GNOME OpenOffice.org". Gnome.org. Archived from the original on 2008-10-18. Retrieved 2012-02-04.
^ "Linux Usability Report v1.01" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-19. Retrieved 2012-02-04.
^ "Appeal". KDE. Archived from the original on 2007-01-06.
^ "GNOME 3.0". GNOME wiki. Archived from the original on 2012-10-30. Retrieved 2012-02-04.
^ Thorsten Leemhuis (usinglinux1173.blogspot.com), August 5, 2012: Comment: Desktop Fragmentation
^ Chris Haynes. "Scalos – The Amiga Desktop Replacement". Scalos.noname.fr. Archived from the original on 2018-09-22. Retrieved 2012-02-04.
vteDesktop environments and window managers based on X11 or WaylandDesktopenvironments(comparison)GTK-based
Budgie
Cinnamon
GNOME
GPE
Java Desktop System
LXDE
MATE
ROX Desktop
Sugar
Xfce
Qt-based
Deepin DE
KDE SC
Lumina
LXQt
Razor-qt
Trinity
UKUI
Motif-based
CDE
IRIX Interactive Desktop
VUE
X.desktop
Other
Looking Glass
OpenWindows (OLIT-based)
UDE (Xlib/XCB-based)
Shells
GNOME Shell
KDesktop
Phosh
Plasma
Plasma Bigscreen
Plasma Mobile
Maynard
Unity
X windowmanagers(comparison)Compositing
Compiz
Enlightenment
KWin
Metacity
Metisse
Moksha
Muffin
Mutter
Project Looking Glass
Xfwm
Stacking
4Dwm
AfterStep
amiwm
Blackbox
CTWM
cwm
Fluxbox
FLWM
FVWM
IceWM
Matchbox
Motif Window Manager
olwm
Openbox
Qvwm
Sawfish
swm
twm
tvtwm
vtwm
Window Maker
WindowLab
wm2
Tiling
awesome
dwm
i3
Ion
larswm
ratpoison
StumpWM
wmii
xmonad
Waylandcompositors
Enlightenment
Gala
KWin
Mir
Mutter
Muffin
Budgie-wm
sway
Weston
Related
Display server
Desktop metaphor
GUI
GUI widget
Painter's algorithm
Resolution independence
Shell
Virtual desktop
Widget toolkit
WIMP
Windowing system
vteOperating systemsGeneral
Comparison
Forensic engineering
History
List
Timeline
Usage share
User features comparison
Variants
Disk operating system
Distributed operating system
Embedded operating system
Hobbyist operating system
Just enough operating system
Mobile operating system
Network operating system
Object-oriented operating system
Real-time operating system
Supercomputer operating system
KernelArchitectures
Exokernel
Hybrid
Microkernel
Monolithic
Multikernel
vkernel
Rump kernel
Unikernel
Components
Device driver
Loadable kernel module
User space and kernel space
Process managementConcepts
Computer multitasking (Cooperative, Preemptive)
Context switch
Interrupt
IPC
Process
Process control block
Real-time
Thread
Time-sharing
Schedulingalgorithms
Fixed-priority preemptive
Multilevel feedback queue
Round-robin
Shortest job next
Memory management,resource protection
Bus error
General protection fault
Memory paging
Memory protection
Protection ring
Segmentation fault
Virtual memory
Storage access,file systems
Boot loader
Defragmentation
Device file
File attribute
Inode
Journal
Partition
Virtual file system
Virtual tape library
Supporting concepts
API
Computer network
HAL
Live CD
Live USB
Shell
CLI
User interface
PXE | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"desktop computer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desktop_computer"},{"link_name":"computing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computing"},{"link_name":"desktop metaphor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desktop_metaphor"},{"link_name":"operating system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system"},{"link_name":"graphical user interface","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphical_user_interface"},{"link_name":"graphical shell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphical_shell"},{"link_name":"personal computers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_computer"},{"link_name":"mobile computing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_computing"},{"link_name":"command-line interface","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Command-line_interface"},{"link_name":"icons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icon_(computing)"},{"link_name":"windows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Window_(computing)"},{"link_name":"toolbars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toolbars"},{"link_name":"folders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Directory_(file_systems)"},{"link_name":"wallpapers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_wallpaper"},{"link_name":"desktop widgets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Widget_engine"},{"link_name":"Elements of graphical user interfaces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elements_of_graphical_user_interfaces"},{"link_name":"WIMP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WIMP_(computing)"},{"link_name":"drag and drop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drag_and_drop"},{"link_name":"desktop metaphor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desktop_metaphor"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Common Desktop Environment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Desktop_Environment"},{"link_name":"KDE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KDE#KDE_Projects"},{"link_name":"GNOME","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNOME"}],"text":"This article is about the operating system and user interface schema. For desktop computing in general, see desktop computer.In computing, a desktop environment (DE) is an implementation of the desktop metaphor made of a bundle of programs running on top of a computer operating system that share a common graphical user interface (GUI), sometimes described as a graphical shell. The desktop environment was seen mostly on personal computers until the rise of mobile computing. Desktop GUIs help the user to easily access and edit files, while they usually do not provide access to all of the features found in the underlying operating system. Instead, the traditional command-line interface (CLI) is still used when full control over the operating system is required.A desktop environment typically consists of icons, windows, toolbars, folders, wallpapers and desktop widgets (see Elements of graphical user interfaces and WIMP). A GUI might also provide drag and drop functionality and other features that make the desktop metaphor more complete. 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The Alto was generally considered by Xerox to be a personal office computer; it failed in the marketplace because of poor marketing and a very high price tag.[dubious – discuss][2] With the Lisa, Apple introduced a desktop environment on an affordable personal computer, which also failed in the market.The desktop metaphor was popularized on commercial personal computers by the original Macintosh from Apple in 1984, and was popularized further by Windows from Microsoft since the 1990s. As of 2014[update], the most popular desktop environments are descendants of these earlier environments, including the Windows shell used in Microsoft Windows, and the Aqua environment used in macOS. When compared with the X-based desktop environments available for Unix-like operating systems such as Linux and BSD, the proprietary desktop environments included with Windows and macOS have relatively fixed layouts and static features, with highly integrated \"seamless\" designs that aim to provide mostly consistent customer experiences across installations.Microsoft Windows dominates in marketshare among personal computers with a desktop environment. Computers using Unix-like operating systems such as macOS, ChromeOS, Linux, BSD or Solaris are much less common;[3] however, as of 2015[update] there is a growing market for low-cost Linux PCs using the X Window System or Wayland with a broad choice of desktop environments. Among the more popular of these are Google's Chromebooks and Chromeboxes, Intel's NUC, the Raspberry Pi, etc.[citation needed]On tablets and smartphones, the situation is the opposite, with Unix-like operating systems dominating the market, including the iOS (BSD-derived), Android, Tizen, Sailfish and Ubuntu (all Linux-derived). Microsoft's Windows phone, Windows RT and Windows 10 are used on a much smaller number of tablets and smartphones. However, the majority of Unix-like operating systems dominant on handheld devices do not use the X11 desktop environments used by other Unix-like operating systems, relying instead on interfaces based on other technologies.","title":"History and common use"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Popular_free_desktop_environments.svg"},{"link_name":"Comparison of X Window System desktop environments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_X_Window_System_desktop_environments"},{"link_name":"X Window System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X_Window_System"},{"link_name":"Linux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux"},{"link_name":"the BSDs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_BSD_operating_systems"},{"link_name":"UNIX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNIX"},{"link_name":"window manager","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Window_manager"},{"link_name":"Mutter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutter_(software)"},{"link_name":"KWin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KWin"},{"link_name":"file manager","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File_manager"},{"link_name":"Files","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNOME_Files"},{"link_name":"Dolphin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolphin_(file_manager)"},{"link_name":"graphical themes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skin_(computing)"},{"link_name":"toolkits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Widget_toolkit"},{"link_name":"GTK+","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GTK%2B"},{"link_name":"Qt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qt_(framework)"},{"link_name":"libraries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_(computing)"},{"link_name":"IceWM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IceWM"},{"link_name":"Fluxbox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluxbox"},{"link_name":"Openbox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Openbox"},{"link_name":"ROX Desktop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ROX_Desktop"},{"link_name":"Window Maker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Window_Maker"},{"link_name":"spatial file manager","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spatial_file_manager"},{"link_name":"evilwm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Evilwm&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"wmii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wmii"},{"link_name":"KDE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KDE"},{"link_name":"KIO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KIO"},{"link_name":"KDE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KDE"},{"link_name":"GNOME","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNOME"},{"link_name":"Xfce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xfce"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Then-4"},{"link_name":"LXDE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LXDE"},{"link_name":"comparison of X Window System desktop environments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_X_Window_System_desktop_environments"},{"link_name":"GNOME","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNOME"},{"link_name":"KDE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KDE"},{"link_name":"human interface guidelines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_interface_guidelines"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"X Window System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X_Window_System"},{"link_name":"freedesktop.org","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedesktop.org"},{"link_name":"LXDE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LXDE"},{"link_name":"Xfce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xfce"},{"link_name":"GTK+","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GTK%2B"},{"link_name":"MATE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MATE_(software)"},{"link_name":"version 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNOME_3"},{"link_name":"Ubuntu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubuntu_(operating_system)"},{"link_name":"Unity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unity_(user_interface)"},{"link_name":"GNOME 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNOME_2"},{"link_name":"MATE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MATE_(software)"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"A brief timeline of the most popular modern desktop environments for Unix-like operating systems (greyscale logos indicate when the project's development started, while colorized logos indicate the project's first release)Further information: Comparison of X Window System desktop environmentsOn systems running the X Window System (typically Unix-family systems such as Linux, the BSDs, and formal UNIX distributions), desktop environments are much more dynamic and customizable to meet user needs. In this context, a desktop environment typically consists of several separate components, including a window manager (such as Mutter or KWin), a file manager (such as Files or Dolphin), a set of graphical themes, together with toolkits (such as GTK+ and Qt) and libraries for managing the desktop. All these individual modules can be exchanged and independently configured to suit users, but most desktop environments provide a default configuration that works with minimal user setup.Some window managers—such as IceWM, Fluxbox, Openbox, ROX Desktop and Window Maker—contain relatively sparse desktop environment elements, such as an integrated spatial file manager, while others like evilwm and wmii do not provide such elements. Not all of the program code that is part of a desktop environment has effects which are directly visible to the user. Some of it may be low-level code. KDE, for example, provides so-called KIO slaves which give the user access to a wide range of virtual devices. These I/O slaves are not available outside the KDE environment.In 1996 the KDE was announced, followed in 1997 by the announcement of GNOME. Xfce is a smaller project that was also founded in 1996,[4] and focuses on speed and modularity, just like LXDE which was started in 2006. A comparison of X Window System desktop environments demonstrates the differences between environments. GNOME and KDE were usually seen as dominant solutions, and these are still often installed by default on Linux systems. Each of them offers:To programmers, a set of standard APIs, a programming environment, and human interface guidelines.\nTo translators, a collaboration infrastructure. KDE and GNOME are available in many languages.[5][6]\nTo artists, a workspace to share their talents.[7][8]\nTo ergonomics specialists, the chance to help simplify the working environment.[9][10][11]\nTo developers of third-party applications, a reference environment for integration. OpenOffice.org is one such application.[12][13]\nTo users, a complete desktop environment and a suite of essential applications. These include a file manager, web browser, multimedia player, email client, address book, PDF reader, photo manager, and system preferences application.In the early 2000s, KDE reached maturity.[14] The Appeal[15] and ToPaZ[16] projects focused on bringing new advances to the next major releases of both KDE and GNOME respectively. Although striving for broadly similar goals, GNOME and KDE do differ in their approach to user ergonomics. KDE encourages applications to integrate and interoperate, is highly customizable, and contains many complex features, all whilst trying to establish sensible defaults. GNOME on the other hand is more prescriptive, and focuses on the finer details of essential tasks and overall simplification. Accordingly, each one attracts a different user and developer community. Technically, there are numerous technologies common to all Unix-like desktop environments, most obviously the X Window System. Accordingly, the freedesktop.org project was established as an informal collaboration zone with the goal being to reduce duplication of effort.As GNOME and KDE focus on high-performance computers, users of less powerful or older computers often prefer alternative desktop environments specifically created for low-performance systems. Most commonly used lightweight desktop environments include LXDE and Xfce; they both use GTK+, which is the same underlying toolkit GNOME uses. The MATE desktop environment, a fork of GNOME 2, is comparable to Xfce in its use of RAM and processor cycles, but is often considered more as an alternative to other lightweight desktop environments.For a while, GNOME and KDE enjoyed the status of the most popular Linux desktop environments; later, other desktop environments grew in popularity. In April 2011, GNOME introduced a new interface concept with its version 3, while a popular Linux distribution Ubuntu introduced its own new desktop environment, Unity. Some users preferred to keep the traditional interface concept of GNOME 2, resulting in the creation of MATE as a GNOME 2 fork.[17]","title":"Desktop environments for the X Window System"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Windows Shell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Shell"},{"link_name":"Microsoft Windows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Windows"},{"link_name":"theme support","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theme_(computing)"},{"link_name":"Windows 98","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_98"},{"link_name":"Windows XP visual styles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_XP_visual_styles"},{"link_name":"Aero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Aero"},{"link_name":"Windows Vista","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Vista"},{"link_name":"Microsoft design language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_design_language"},{"link_name":"Windows 8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_8"},{"link_name":"Fluent Design System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluent_Design_System"},{"link_name":"Windows Spotlight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Spotlight"},{"link_name":"Windows 10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_10"},{"link_name":"Shell extensions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shell_extension"},{"link_name":"KDE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KDE"},{"link_name":"GNOME","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNOME"},{"link_name":"Xfce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xfce"},{"link_name":"LXDE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LXDE"},{"link_name":"Wayland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayland_(protocol)"},{"link_name":"macOS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacOS"},{"link_name":"Aqua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aqua_(user_interface)"},{"link_name":"Quartz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quartz_(graphics_layer)"},{"link_name":"CDE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Desktop_Environment"},{"link_name":"EDE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Equinox_Desktop_Environment&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"GEM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphics_Environment_Manager"},{"link_name":"IRIX Interactive Desktop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IRIX_Interactive_Desktop"},{"link_name":"Java Desktop System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_Desktop_System"},{"link_name":"Jesktop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jesktop&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Project Looking Glass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Looking_Glass"},{"link_name":"ROX Desktop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ROX_Desktop"},{"link_name":"UDE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UDE"},{"link_name":"Xito","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xito"},{"link_name":"FVWM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FVWM"},{"link_name":"X window managers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X_window_manager"},{"link_name":"Enlightenment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enlightenment_(window_manager)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"OpenBox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenBox"},{"link_name":"Fluxbox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluxbox"},{"link_name":"WindowLab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WindowLab"},{"link_name":"Fvwm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fvwm"},{"link_name":"Window Maker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Window_Maker"},{"link_name":"AfterStep","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AfterStep"},{"link_name":"NeXTSTEP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NeXTSTEP"},{"link_name":"GUI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphical_user_interface"},{"link_name":"clarification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"Amiga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amiga"},{"link_name":"Workbench","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workbench_(AmigaOS)"},{"link_name":"AmigaOS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AmigaOS"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Ambient","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambient_(desktop_environment)"},{"link_name":"MorphOS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MorphOS"},{"link_name":"Wanderer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wanderer_(AROS)"},{"link_name":"AROS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AROS"},{"link_name":"Directory Opus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Directory_Opus"},{"link_name":"navigational file manager","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navigational_file_manager"},{"link_name":"OS/2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OS/2"},{"link_name":"eComStation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EComStation"},{"link_name":"ArcaOS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArcaOS"},{"link_name":"Workplace Shell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workplace_Shell"},{"link_name":"Presentation Manager","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presentation_Manager"},{"link_name":"BumpTop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BumpTop"}],"text":"The most common desktop environment on personal computers is Windows Shell in Microsoft Windows. Microsoft has made significant efforts in making Windows shell visually pleasing. As a result, Microsoft has introduced theme support in Windows 98, the various Windows XP visual styles, the Aero brand in Windows Vista, the Microsoft design language (codenamed \"Metro\") in Windows 8, and the Fluent Design System and Windows Spotlight in Windows 10. Windows shell can be extended via Shell extensions.Many mainstream desktop environments for Unix-like operating systems, including KDE, GNOME, Xfce, and LXDE, use the X Window System or Wayland, any of which may be selected by users, and are not tied exclusively to the operating system in use. The desktop environment for macOS, which is also a Unix-like system, is Aqua, which uses the Quartz graphics layer, rather than using X or Wayland.A number of other desktop environments also exist, including (but not limited to) CDE, EDE, GEM, IRIX Interactive Desktop, Sun's Java Desktop System, Jesktop, Mezzo, Project Looking Glass, ROX Desktop, UDE, Xito, XFast. Moreover, there exists FVWM-Crystal, which consists of a powerful configuration for the FVWM window manager, a theme and further adds, altogether forming a \"construction kit\" for building up a desktop environment.X window managers that are meant to be usable stand-alone — without another desktop environment — also include elements reminiscent of those found in typical desktop environments, most prominently Enlightenment.[citation needed] Other examples include OpenBox, Fluxbox, WindowLab, Fvwm, as well as Window Maker and AfterStep, which both feature the NeXTSTEP GUI look and feel. However newer versions of some operating systems make self configure.[clarification needed]The Amiga approach to desktop environment was noteworthy: the original Workbench desktop environment in AmigaOS evolved through time to originate an entire family of descendants and alternative desktop solutions. Some of those descendants are the Scalos,[18] the Ambient desktop of MorphOS, and the Wanderer desktop of the AROS open source OS. WindowLab also contains features reminiscent of the Amiga UI. Third-party Directory Opus software, which was originally just a navigational file manager program, evolved to become a complete Amiga desktop replacement called Directory Opus Magellan.OS/2 (and derivatives such as eComStation and ArcaOS) use the Workplace Shell. Earlier versions of OS/2 used the Presentation Manager.The BumpTop project was an experimental desktop environment. Its main objective is to replace the 2D paradigm with a \"real-world\" 3D implementation, where documents can be freely manipulated across a virtual table.","title":"Examples of desktop environments"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"History of the graphical user interface","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_graphical_user_interface"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:AmbientDesktop.png"},{"link_name":"Ambient","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambient_(desktop_environment)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Solus_4.1_Budgie.jpg"},{"link_name":"Budgie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budgie_(desktop_environment)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CDE_2012_on_Linux.png"},{"link_name":"CDE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Desktop_Environment"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cinnamon_4.2.3_screenshot.png"},{"link_name":"Cinnamon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinnamon_(desktop_environment)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:VirtualBox_Linux_Deepin_20.1_LARGE_17_03_2021_11_00_50.png"},{"link_name":"Deepin DE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepin"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Enlightenment_0.26.0.png"},{"link_name":"Enlightenment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enlightenment_(software)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:GNOME_Shell_40_(applications_grid).png"},{"link_name":"GNOME Shell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNOME_Shell"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gnustep.png"},{"link_name":"GNUstep","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNUstep"},{"link_name":"Window Maker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Window_Maker"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:KDE_Plasma_5.26_screenshot.png"},{"link_name":"KDE Plasma 5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KDE_Plasma_5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lumina1.0.0-TrueOS.png"},{"link_name":"Lumina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumina_(desktop_environment)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:LXDE_desktop_full.png"},{"link_name":"LXDE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LXDE"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:LXQt_1.0.0_Ambiance_screenshot.png"},{"link_name":"LXQt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LXQt"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ubuntu_Mate_18.04.1_with_MATE_1.20.1.png"},{"link_name":"MATE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MATE_(software)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Elementary_OS_5.1_Hera.png"},{"link_name":"Pantheon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elementary_(operating_system)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rox-desktop-2004.png"},{"link_name":"ROX Desktop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ROX_Desktop"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sugar-home-view-0.82.jpg"},{"link_name":"Sugar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugar_(desktop_environment)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Screenshot_of_Trinity_Desktop_Environment_(TDE)_R14.0.5_Development.png"},{"link_name":"Trinity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinity_(desktop_environment)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Desktop_environment.png"},{"link_name":"UKUI (desktop environment)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UKUI_(desktop_environment)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ubuntu_Unity_22.10_desktop_screenshot.png"},{"link_name":"Unity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unity_(user_interface)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:XFCE-4.12-Desktop-standard.png"},{"link_name":"Xfce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xfce"}],"sub_title":"Gallery","text":"See also: History of the graphical user interfaceAmbient\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tBudgie\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tCDE\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tCinnamon\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tDeepin DE\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tEnlightenment\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tGNOME Shell\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tGNUstep/Window Maker\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tKDE Plasma 5\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tLumina\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tLXDE\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tLXQt\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMATE\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPantheon\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tROX Desktop\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSugar\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tTrinity\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tUKUI (desktop environment)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tUnity\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tXfce","title":"Examples of desktop environments"}] | [{"image_text":"A brief timeline of the most popular modern desktop environments for Unix-like operating systems (greyscale logos indicate when the project's development started, while colorized logos indicate the project's first release)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Popular_free_desktop_environments.svg/350px-Popular_free_desktop_environments.svg.png"}] | [{"title":"Wayland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayland_(display_server_protocol)"},{"title":"Comparison of X Window System desktop environments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_X_Window_System_desktop_environments"}] | [{"reference":"\"Window managers and desktop environments – Linux 101\". clemsonlinux.org. 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L10n.kde.org. Archived from the original on 2013-04-21. Retrieved 2012-02-04.","urls":[{"url":"http://l10n.kde.org/","url_text":"\"KDE Localization\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130421082912/http://l10n.kde.org/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"GNOME Internationalization\". Gnome.org. 2011-10-23. Archived from the original on 2011-03-14. Retrieved 2012-02-04.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gnome.org/i18n/","url_text":"\"GNOME Internationalization\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110314090255/http://www.gnome.org/i18n/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Link 27 Dec Personalized Golf Ball Sign» (2011-12-27). \"Where life imitates art\". KDE-Artists. Archived from the original on 2012-02-07. Retrieved 2012-02-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120207004157/http://www.kde-artists.org/","url_text":"\"Where life imitates art\""},{"url":"http://www.kde-artists.org/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"GNOME Art: Artwork and Themes\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actes_et_Paroles | Actes et Paroles | ["1 History","2 References","3 External links"] | Actes et Paroles Depuis l’exil, 1870-1885 cover pageAuthorVictor HugoOriginal titleActes et ParolesLanguageFrenchPublisherJ HetzelPublication date1880-1926Publication placeFrance
French Wikisource has original text related to this article:
Actes et paroles
Actes et Paroles (words and deeds) is a collection of Victor Hugo's political utterances from 1841 to 1876. It contains his speeches, largely unchanged, and a record of his political career.
History
This collection of texts was published after the return to France of Hugo, who had gone into exile after Napoleon III coup d'état of December 2, 1851. It is divided into three volumes:
Avant l'exil, 1841-1851 (before the exile)
Pendant l'exil, 1852-1870 (during the exile)
Depuis l'exil, 1870-1876 (since the exile)
References
^ Graham Robb (1999), Victor Hugo, W.W. Norton & Company, pp. 499–, ISBN 978-0-393-31899-9
^ John Pringle Nichol (1893), Victor Hugo: A Sketch of His Life and Work, S. Sonnenschein, p. 144
External links
Victor Hugo (1875). Actes et paroles: Avant l'exil, 1841-1851. M. Lévy.
Victor Hugo (1875). Actes et paroles: Pendant l'exil, 1852-1870. M. Lévy.
Victor Hugo (1876). Actes et paroles: Depuis l'exil, 1870-1876. M. Lévy.
Link to ebook
vteVictor HugoNovels
Hans of Iceland (1823)
Bug-Jargal (1826)
The Last Day of a Condemned Man (1829)
The Hunchback of Notre-Dame (1831)
Les Misérables (1862)
Toilers of the Sea (1866)
The Man Who Laughs (1869)
Ninety-Three (1874)
Plays
Inez de Castro (1820; published in 1863)
Cromwell (1827)
Amy Robsart (1828)
Hernani (1830)
Marion de Lorme (1831)
Le roi s'amuse (1832)
Lucrezia Borgia (1833)
Marie Tudor (1833)
Angelo, Tyrant of Padua (1835)
La Esmeralda (1836; libretto only)
Ruy Blas (1838)
Les Burgraves (1843)
Torquemada (1882)
Short stories
"Claude Gueux" (1834)
Poetrycollections
Odes et poésies diverses (1822)
Nouvelles Odes (1824)
Odes et Ballades (1828)
Les Orientales (1829)
Les Feuilles d'automne (1831)
Les Chants du crépuscule (1835)
Les Voix intérieures (1837)
Les Rayons et les Ombres (1840)
Les Châtiments (1853)
Les Contemplations (1856)
La Légende des siècles (Part One 1859)
Les Chansons des rues et des bois (1865)
L'Année terrible (1872)
L'Art d'être grand-père (1877)
La Légende des siècles (Part Two 1877)
Le Pape (1878)
La Pitié suprême (1879)
L'Âne (1880)
Les Quatre Vents de l'esprit (1881)
Final part of La Légende des siècles (1883)
La Fin de Satan (1886)
Dieu (1891, 1941)
Toute la Lyre (1888, 1893, 1897, 1935-1937)
Les Années funestes (1898)
Dernière Gerbe (1902, 1941)
Océan, Tas de pierres (1942)
Le Verso de la page (1960)
Œuvres d'enfance et de jeunesse, 1814-20 (juvenilia, 1964)
Other writings
Le Rhin (1842)
Napoléon le Petit (1852 pamphlet)
William Shakespeare (1864 essay)
Actes et Paroles (1875)
The History of a Crime (1877)
Religions et religion (1880)
Family
Léopoldine Hugo (daughter)
Charles Hugo (son)
François-Victor Hugo (son)
Adèle Hugo (daughter)
Jeanne Hugo (granddaughter)
Joseph Léopold Sigisbert Hugo (father)
Others
Association Littéraire et Artistique Internationale
Berne Convention
Hauteville House
Maison de Victor Hugo
Juliette Drouet
Avenue Victor-Hugo (Paris)
Bust of Victor Hugo
La Soeur de la reine
Hugo (crater)
This article about a biographical book on writers or poets is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wikisource","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikisource"},{"link_name":"Actes et paroles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/fr:Actes_et_paroles"},{"link_name":"Victor Hugo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Hugo"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Robb1999-1"}],"text":"French Wikisource has original text related to this article:\nActes et parolesActes et Paroles (words and deeds) is a collection of Victor Hugo's political utterances from 1841 to 1876. It contains his speeches, largely unchanged, and a record of his political career.[1]","title":"Actes et Paroles"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Napoleon III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleon_III"},{"link_name":"coup d'état","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat"},{"link_name":"December 2, 1851","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1851_French_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nichol18932-2"}],"text":"This collection of texts was published after the return to France of Hugo, who had gone into exile after Napoleon III coup d'état of December 2, 1851. It is divided into three volumes:[2]Avant l'exil, 1841-1851 (before the exile)\nPendant l'exil, 1852-1870 (during the exile)\nDepuis l'exil, 1870-1876 (since the exile)","title":"History"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Graham Robb (1999), Victor Hugo, W.W. Norton & Company, pp. 499–, ISBN 978-0-393-31899-9","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=kU9LloPylhQC&pg=PA499","url_text":"Victor Hugo"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-31899-9","url_text":"978-0-393-31899-9"}]},{"reference":"John Pringle Nichol (1893), Victor Hugo: A Sketch of His Life and Work, S. Sonnenschein, p. 144","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=TXhHAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA144","url_text":"Victor Hugo: A Sketch of His Life and Work"}]},{"reference":"Victor Hugo (1875). Actes et paroles: Avant l'exil, 1841-1851. M. Lévy.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=8nItAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"Actes et paroles: Avant l'exil, 1841-1851"}]},{"reference":"Victor Hugo (1875). Actes et paroles: Pendant l'exil, 1852-1870. M. Lévy.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=QccFAAAAQAAJ","url_text":"Actes et paroles: Pendant l'exil, 1852-1870"}]},{"reference":"Victor Hugo (1876). Actes et paroles: Depuis l'exil, 1870-1876. M. Lévy.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=_nEtAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"Actes et paroles: Depuis l'exil, 1870-1876"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=kU9LloPylhQC&pg=PA499","external_links_name":"Victor Hugo"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=TXhHAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA144","external_links_name":"Victor Hugo: A Sketch of His Life and Work"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=8nItAAAAMAAJ","external_links_name":"Actes et paroles: Avant l'exil, 1841-1851"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=QccFAAAAQAAJ","external_links_name":"Actes et paroles: Pendant l'exil, 1852-1870"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=_nEtAAAAMAAJ","external_links_name":"Actes et paroles: Depuis l'exil, 1870-1876"},{"Link":"http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/8186","external_links_name":"Link to ebook"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Actes_et_Paroles&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emii | Emii | ["1 Life and career","2 Discography","2.1 Extended plays","2.2 Singles","3 References","4 External links"] | American singer-songwriter
EmiiEmii, West Hollywood, California on May 16, 2013Background informationAlso known asEmily Rose MorrisonBorn (1984-12-04) December 4, 1984 (age 39)OriginYoungstown, Ohio, United StatesGenresRock, popOccupation(s)Singer, songwriterInstrument(s)Vocals, piano, guitarLabelsSlippery EelMusical artist
Emily Rose Morrison (born December 4, 1984) known professionally as Emii, is an American singer and songwriter originally from Youngstown, Ohio.
Life and career
Emii (formerly Emily Rose Morrison) was a competitor on SyFy's "Geeks Who Drink" hosted by Zachary Levi, was initially featured in the June 2013 issue of Billboard as the Spotlight Artist, and her November 2012 feature in Inked magazine highlighted her extensive martial arts background and passion for science fiction and comic books. Emii was also the first female citizen to complete five rounds of TORIS life-or-death combat training. She signed with theatrical/commercial agent Media Artists Group after starring in two sci-fi feature films at the tail end of 2012.
Emii's first hit single "Magic", which was released on April 6, 2010, reached #32 on The Pop Indicator Chart and held the #66 position on the R&R/Mediabase Top 40 Pop Chart. The music video for "Magic" was the most viewed music-related video on YouTube on the day of its release and the sixth most viewed video overall. After performing in Beirut for the NRJ Music Tour with Flo Rida, 'Iyaz, and Inna, for her first major audience of 25,000 fans, Emii met DJ Osane and the two collaborated on the hit song "Emergency" which was called a "club smash" by Rolling Stone magazine. Her song "Magic" is featured in the YouTube television show Dance On. YouTube star Hannah Hart of My Drunk Kitchen fame learns to dance to the song from So You Think You Can Dance winner Lauren Froderman.
Emii then released a five song EP Magic on iTunes . On October 26, 2010, Emii released her follow-up single, "Mr. Romeo" featuring rapper Snoop Dogg. She accompanied the release with a collection of remixes, including mixes by critically acclaimed DJs Seamus Haji and Mike Rizzo. A music video for "Mr. Romeo" featuring Snoop Dogg was released January 2011 and hit over 1,000,000 views on YouTube.
Emii's follow-up EP, "Time To Move On" was awarded three stars in a Rolling Stone Magazine review. "Time To Move On" reached #4 on the UK Pop Club Music Chart, in June 2013. Her science fiction-themed music video for "Freakier Freak" premiered on the gaming and Sci-Fi website IGN April 2, 2013 and her 2014 summertime single "Fiesta" reached #67 on the Mediabase Top 40 Pop charts and was #32 on the BDS Pop Indicator Charts.
Emii's 2014 fall single, “Leaving You Behind”, landed her in the Top 5 Most Active Independent Artists on both the Top 40 and A/C Mediabase Charts for a total of twenty-two consecutive weeks, hitting #29 on the BDS A/C Indicator Chart. Her music video for "Leaving You Behind", released on January 21, 2015, is the empowering story of a young woman who escapes an all too common domestic abuse situation in hopes of taking control of her own destiny. The stunt-laden video brings together a team of experts with credits in some of Hollywood’s biggest films and television shows including Twilight (Mitch Gould), Batman v Superman, Man of Steel, Thor: The Dark World (Wayne Dalglish), and The Amazing Spiderman (Danielle Burgio). Following the release of "Leaving You Behind", Emii became an official ambassador for No More, a non-profit organization dedicated to raising public awareness in an effort to end domestic violence.
As of August 2015, Emii's new song "Heart in a Box" is rising up the Top 40 Mediabase radio charts, currently in the top 100. She is the 3rd most active independent artist on US Top 40 radio. On June 17, 2015, she released a "Heart in the Box - Remixes" compilation on iTunes featuring DJ Mike D, Peter Antal (Euro Mix), and club-favorite Danny Olsen. In July 2015 "Heart in a Box" reached #7 on the Billboard Hot Singles sales charts.
Emily Rose Morrison (Emii) is also an avid gamer, and a known fan of Marvel Comics and science fiction. She was featured on Marvel.com in March 2013 after touring the New York City Headquarters with Editor Ryan Penagos and staff. In May 2015 she was featured in Vogue (Vogue.com) as a Leading Lady of Star Wars, following her appearance at Star Wars Celebration in Anaheim, CA. .
Emii is very active on social networking sites, often answering fans on Twitter, Facebook, YouTube, Reddit, and Instagram.
She currently lives in Los Angeles, California.
Discography
Extended plays
Magic EP (2010)
Mr. Romeo EP (2011)
Time To Move On + Freakier Freak (2013)
Heart in a Box (2015)
Singles
2010: "Magic"
2011: "Mr. Romeo" (featuring Snoop Dogg)
2011: "Zombie Boyfriend"
2011: "Stilettos"
2012: "Emergency"
2013: "Freakier Freak + Time To Move On"
2014: "Fiesta"
2014: "Leaving You Behind"
2015: "Heart in a Box"
2015: "Heart in a Box: The Remixes"
2016: "Wait"
References
^ "Emii Gets Her Freak On… « HIM Magazine". Him-magazine.com. 2013-05-01. Retrieved 2015-04-10.
^ "Emii : Inked Magazine". Archived from the original on 2013-07-19. Retrieved 2012-11-13.
^ "Spotlight On Emii". Billboard. 2013-06-21. Retrieved 2013-06-21.
^ "Emii". Inked. 2012-11-13. Archived from the original on 2013-07-19. Retrieved 2012-11-13.
^ "20 Funny Facts about Pop Singer Emii - Entertainment World". Archived from the original on December 8, 2014. Retrieved January 28, 2015.
^ "Spotlight On Emii". Billboard.com. 2012-02-18. Retrieved 2015-04-10.
^ "Emii Premieres New Song "Time to Move On" - Entertainment World - Entertainment World". Archived from the original on May 19, 2013. Retrieved July 19, 2013.
^ https://web.archive.org/web/20150413095035/http://www.rollingstoneme.com/indexphp?option=com_content&id=1890. Archived from the original on April 13, 2015. Retrieved April 10, 2015. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
^ "Dance Showdown Presented by D-trix - Hannah Hart Episode 1 Rehearsal". YouTube.com. 2012-04-05. Archived from the original on 2021-12-21. Retrieved 2015-04-10.
^ Marshall, Yanis (2014-10-17). "DanceOn". YouTube.com. Retrieved 2015-04-10.
^ "Band Spotlight: Emii". Seventeen Magazine. 2010-04-29. Retrieved 2010-07-26.
^ "Emii Delivers Magic Hit". AntiMusic Inc. 2010-04-09. Retrieved 2010-07-26.
^ Von Pip, Andy (2010-06-02). "Emii - Magic". ALTsounds. Archived from the original on 2010-07-15. Retrieved 2010-07-27.
^ Stafford, Holly (2010-05-05). "Hollywood Dame Exclusive Interview – Emii". Hollywood Dame. Archived from the original on 2013-01-25. Retrieved 2010-08-16.
^ "Emii Will Release "Mr Romeo" Mid-September". East Sleep Breath Music. 2010-09-03. Retrieved 2010-09-20.
^ "Emii Releases Behind The Scenes Video of Photoshoot for "Mr. Romeo" feat Snoop Dogg". ALTsounds. 2010-10-16. Archived from the original on 2010-10-19. Retrieved 2010-10-18.
^ "365bet亚洲官方投注-365bet在线注册-365bet投注备用网址". Archived from the original on April 13, 2015. Retrieved April 10, 2013.
^ "Emii Time to Move on Music Video - Entertainment World - Entertainment World". Archived from the original on July 19, 2013. Retrieved July 19, 2013.
^ Archived April 16, 2013, at the Wayback Machine
^ "Emii Releases Music Video for A/C and Pop Hit "Leaving You Behind"". Businesswire.com. 2015-01-27. Retrieved 2015-04-10.
^ "The Marvel Life: Emii". Marvel. 2013-03-21. Retrieved 2013-03-21.
^ http://www.axs.com/the-wait-is-over-emii-s-next-hit-is-out-today-105481. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
External links
Emii on MySpace
Authority control databases: Artists
MusicBrainz
2 | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Youngstown, Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Youngstown,_Ohio"}],"text":"Musical artistEmily Rose Morrison (born December 4, 1984) known professionally as Emii, is an American singer[1] and songwriter[2] originally from Youngstown, Ohio.","title":"Emii"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-billboard-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-inked-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"YouTube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube"},{"link_name":"NRJ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NRJ"},{"link_name":"Rolling Stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stone"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"YouTube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"My Drunk Kitchen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My_Drunk_Kitchen"},{"link_name":"So You Think You Can Dance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/So_You_Think_You_Can_Dance"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"iTunes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITunes"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-seventeen-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-antimusic-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-altsounds-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hollywood_Dame-14"},{"link_name":"Snoop Dogg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snoop_Dogg"},{"link_name":"Seamus Haji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seamus_Haji"},{"link_name":"Mike Rizzo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Rizzo"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Eat_Sleep_Breath_Music-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-altsounds2-16"},{"link_name":"Rolling Stone Magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stone_Magazine"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"IGN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGN"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Marvel Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvel_Comics"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-marvel-21"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"Twitter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter"},{"link_name":"Facebook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook"},{"link_name":"YouTube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube"},{"link_name":"Reddit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reddit"},{"link_name":"Instagram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instagram"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles"}],"text":"Emii (formerly Emily Rose Morrison) was a competitor on SyFy's \"Geeks Who Drink\" hosted by Zachary Levi, was initially featured in the June 2013 issue of Billboard as the Spotlight Artist,[3] and her November 2012 feature in Inked magazine[4] highlighted her extensive martial arts background and passion for science fiction and comic books. Emii was also the first female citizen to complete five rounds of TORIS life-or-death combat training.[5] She signed with theatrical/commercial agent Media Artists Group[6] after starring in two sci-fi feature films at the tail end of 2012.[7]Emii's first hit single \"Magic\", which was released on April 6, 2010, reached #32 on The Pop Indicator Chart and held the #66 position on the R&R/Mediabase Top 40 Pop Chart. The music video for \"Magic\" was the most viewed music-related video on YouTube on the day of its release and the sixth most viewed video overall. After performing in Beirut for the NRJ Music Tour with Flo Rida, 'Iyaz, and Inna, for her first major audience of 25,000 fans, Emii met DJ Osane and the two collaborated on the hit song \"Emergency\" which was called a \"club smash\" by Rolling Stone magazine.[8] Her song \"Magic\" is featured in the YouTube television show Dance On.[9] YouTube star Hannah Hart of My Drunk Kitchen fame learns to dance to the song from So You Think You Can Dance winner Lauren Froderman.[10]Emii then released a five song EP Magic on iTunes .[11][12][13][14] On October 26, 2010, Emii released her follow-up single, \"Mr. Romeo\" featuring rapper Snoop Dogg. She accompanied the release with a collection of remixes, including mixes by critically acclaimed DJs Seamus Haji and Mike Rizzo. A music video for \"Mr. Romeo\" featuring Snoop Dogg was released January 2011 and hit over 1,000,000 views on YouTube.[15][16]Emii's follow-up EP, \"Time To Move On\" was awarded three stars in a Rolling Stone Magazine review.[17] \"Time To Move On\" reached #4 on the UK Pop Club Music Chart,[18] in June 2013. Her science fiction-themed music video for \"Freakier Freak\" premiered on the gaming and Sci-Fi website IGN April 2, 2013[19] and her 2014 summertime single \"Fiesta\" reached #67 on the Mediabase Top 40 Pop charts and was #32 on the BDS Pop Indicator Charts.Emii's 2014 fall single, “Leaving You Behind”, landed her in the Top 5 Most Active Independent Artists on both the Top 40 and A/C Mediabase Charts for a total of twenty-two consecutive weeks, hitting #29 on the BDS A/C Indicator Chart. Her music video for \"Leaving You Behind\", released on January 21, 2015, is the empowering story of a young woman who escapes an all too common domestic abuse situation in hopes of taking control of her own destiny. The stunt-laden video brings together a team of experts with credits in some of Hollywood’s biggest films and television shows including Twilight (Mitch Gould), Batman v Superman, Man of Steel, Thor: The Dark World (Wayne Dalglish), and The Amazing Spiderman (Danielle Burgio).[20] Following the release of \"Leaving You Behind\", Emii became an official ambassador for No More, a non-profit organization dedicated to raising public awareness in an effort to end domestic violence.As of August 2015, Emii's new song \"Heart in a Box\" is rising up the Top 40 Mediabase radio charts, currently in the top 100. She is the 3rd most active independent artist on US Top 40 radio. On June 17, 2015, she released a \"Heart in the Box - Remixes\" compilation on iTunes featuring DJ Mike D, Peter Antal (Euro Mix), and club-favorite Danny Olsen. In July 2015 \"Heart in a Box\" reached #7 on the Billboard Hot Singles sales charts.Emily Rose Morrison (Emii) is also an avid gamer, and a known fan of Marvel Comics and science fiction. She was featured on Marvel.com in March 2013[21] after touring the New York City Headquarters with Editor Ryan Penagos and staff. In May 2015 she was featured in Vogue (Vogue.com) as a Leading Lady of Star Wars, following her appearance at Star Wars Celebration in Anaheim, CA. .Emii is very active on social networking sites, often answering fans on Twitter, Facebook, YouTube, Reddit, and Instagram.She currently lives in Los Angeles, California.","title":"Life and career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Extended plays","text":"Magic EP (2010)\nMr. Romeo EP (2011)\nTime To Move On + Freakier Freak (2013)\nHeart in a Box (2015)","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Snoop Dogg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snoop_Dogg"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wait-22"}],"sub_title":"Singles","text":"2010: \"Magic\"\n2011: \"Mr. Romeo\" (featuring Snoop Dogg)\n2011: \"Zombie Boyfriend\"\n2011: \"Stilettos\"\n2012: \"Emergency\"\n2013: \"Freakier Freak + Time To Move On\"\n2014: \"Fiesta\"\n2014: \"Leaving You Behind\"\n2015: \"Heart in a Box\"\n2015: \"Heart in a Box: The Remixes\"\n2016: \"Wait\"[22]","title":"Discography"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Emii Gets Her Freak On… « HIM Magazine\". Him-magazine.com. 2013-05-01. Retrieved 2015-04-10.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.him-magazine.com/2013/05/01/emii-gets-her-freak-on/","url_text":"\"Emii Gets Her Freak On… « HIM Magazine\""}]},{"reference":"\"Emii : Inked Magazine\". Archived from the original on 2013-07-19. Retrieved 2012-11-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20130719023620/http://www.inkedmag.com/features/inked-people/emii/page/1/","url_text":"\"Emii : Inked Magazine\""},{"url":"http://www.inkedmag.com/features/inked-people/emii/page/1/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Spotlight On Emii\". Billboard. 2013-06-21. Retrieved 2013-06-21.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.billboard.com/articles/1559997/spotlight-on-emii","url_text":"\"Spotlight On Emii\""}]},{"reference":"\"Emii\". Inked. 2012-11-13. Archived from the original on 2013-07-19. 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Retrieved 2015-04-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/user/DanceOn","url_text":"\"DanceOn\""}]},{"reference":"\"Band Spotlight: Emii\". Seventeen Magazine. 2010-04-29. Retrieved 2010-07-26.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.seventeen.com/cosmogirl/band-spotlight-emii","url_text":"\"Band Spotlight: Emii\""}]},{"reference":"\"Emii Delivers Magic Hit\". AntiMusic Inc. 2010-04-09. Retrieved 2010-07-26.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.antimusic.com/news/10/april/09Emii_Delivers_Magic_Hit.shtml","url_text":"\"Emii Delivers Magic Hit\""}]},{"reference":"Von Pip, Andy (2010-06-02). \"Emii - Magic\". ALTsounds. Archived from the original on 2010-07-15. Retrieved 2010-07-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100715202650/http://hangout.altsounds.com/reviews/118567-emii-magic-ep.html","url_text":"\"Emii - Magic\""},{"url":"http://hangout.altsounds.com/reviews/118567-emii-magic-ep.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Stafford, Holly (2010-05-05). \"Hollywood Dame Exclusive Interview – Emii\". Hollywood Dame. Archived from the original on 2013-01-25. Retrieved 2010-08-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20130125221418/http://hollywooddame.com/2010/05/05/hollywood-dame-exclusive-interview-emii/","url_text":"\"Hollywood Dame Exclusive Interview – Emii\""},{"url":"http://hollywooddame.com/2010/05/05/hollywood-dame-exclusive-interview-emii/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Emii Will Release \"Mr Romeo\" Mid-September\". East Sleep Breath Music. 2010-09-03. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sekondi | Sekondi-Takoradi | ["1 History","2 Demographics","3 Culture and tourism","4 Economy","5 Transportation","6 Tourist attractions","7 Education","8 Stadiums and sports","8.1 Stadiums","8.2 Sports","9 Institutions","10 Climate","11 Sister cities","12 Gallery","13 See also","14 References","15 External links"] | Coordinates: 04°55′N 01°46′W / 4.917°N 1.767°W / 4.917; -1.767City in Ghana
"Sekondi" redirects here. For the constituency, see Sekondi (Ghana parliament constituency).
City in Western Region, GhanaSekondi-Takoradi
City of Sekondi-TakoradiCityTop left picture: Arterial road and highway with the Sekondi-Takoradi Stadium, First top right picture: Shoreline of Sekondi-Takoradi, Second top right picture: Railway station of Sekondi-Takoradi, Bottom picture: Sekondi-Takoradi harbour with intermodal containers and private housing estates.
Logo of the City Metropolitan AssemblySekondi-TakoradiLocation of Sekondi-Takoradi in Western Region, GhanaCoordinates: 04°55′00″N 01°46′00″W / 4.91667°N 1.76667°W / 4.91667; -1.76667CountryGhanaAdmin. RegionWestern RegionDistrictSekondi Takoradi MetropolitanElevation10 m (30 ft)Population (2012) • Total445,205Time zoneUTC+0 (GMT)Postal codesWS000-WS792Area code031Websitewww.stma.gov.gh
Sekondi-Takoradi is a city in Ghana comprising the twin cities of Sekondi and Takoradi. It is the capital of Sekondi – Takoradi Metropolitan Assembly and the Western Region of Ghana. Sekondi-Takoradi is the region's and largest Fante city as well as an industrial and commercial center, with a population of 2,060,585 people (2021).
The chief industries in Sekondi-Takoradi are timber, cocoa processing, plywood, shipbuilding, its harbour and railway repair, and recently, sweet crude oil and crude oil. The fundamental job in Sekondi-Takoradi is fishing. Sekondi-Takoradi lies on the main railway lines to Kumasi.
History
The Desert Air Force, 1943; Royal Air Force (RAF) airmen in tropical dress work on the Allison V-1710 Aircraft engine of a Tomahawk aircraft in a makeshift hangar. The photograph is believed to have been taken at RAF Takoradi.
Sekondi, an older town, was the site of Dutch Fort Orange (1642) and English Fort Sekondi (1682). It prospered from a railroad built in 1903 to hinterland mineral and timber resources. Takoradi was the site of Dutch Fort Witsen (1665) and has an important deepwater seaport, Ghana's first, built in 1928.
During World War II, RAF Takoradi was an important staging point for British aircraft destined for Egypt. Spitfire fighter planes were shipped in crates from England to Takoradi where they were assembled then flown via Nigeria and Sudan to the war in Libya. 26 Squadron SAAF was also based in Takoradi during World War II, flying anti-submarine and convoy protection patrols over the Atlantic. A number of South African airmen are buried in the Takoradi European Public cemetery.
The cities combined in 1946. On 20 November 1969, the city became the seat of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Sekondi–Takoradi.
The city is currently named (although not officially) as the Oil City of Ghana due to the massive discovery of oil in the Western region and has attracted massive migration from people all around the world. For example, of the 248,680 people in the Sekondi-Takoradi metro area in 2010, some 148,000, or well above half, were indigenous Ahanta people, 30,000 came from the central region of Ghana, 60,000 are from other regions of Ghana and 10,000 are foreign nationals.
Demographics
Sekondi-Takoradi's population is overwhelmingly Christian. 35% of the region are Pentecostal/Charismatic, 26% are Protestant and 14% are Catholic with the remaining 12% comprising numerous minor denominations. 9% of the population are Muslim, 3.5% identify as non-religious and 0.2% practice traditional African religions. The major ethnic group found in Sekondi are the Fanti people.
Culture and tourism
Sekondi has a rich cultural heritage, and the city is home to several landmarks and tourist attractions. The city's most notable landmark is the Sekondi European Town, which was built by the British during the colonial era. The town features several well-preserved colonial buildings, including the Governor's Residence, the Post Office, and the District Commissioner's Office.
Economy
Main article: Takoradi Harbour
Sekondi is a bustling commercial center with a thriving economy. The city's location on the coast makes it an essential hub for fishing and trading activities. The Sekondi Fishing Harbour is the largest fishing port in Ghana and provides employment to thousands of people in the region. The city is also a center for the timber and cocoa industries, which are vital to the country's economy. Takoradi houses the Harbour and has timber, energy and technology industries. Over the years it has attracted a good number of investors, including miners, as the city is close to the mining towns in the western part of Ghana. Ghana's recent discovery of oil gave the Sekondi-Takoradi township to be known as the Oil City.
Transportation
Sekondi is well-connected to other parts of Ghana and neighboring countries through a network of roads and railways. The city's port is a vital transportation hub, with several shipping lines providing regular services to other West African countries and Europe. The Takoradi Airport (TDI), located about 5 km from Sekondi, provides air transportation to other parts of Ghana and international destinations. There are public transport connections from Takoradi to major cities such as Accra; Kumasi; Mim; Cape Coast; Sunyani; Tamale; Tema; Ho; Wa; Bolgatanga; Elubo; Aflao; and Techiman.
Tourist attractions
Sekondi-Takoradi has plenty of beaches, however they are not a major tourist attraction. Many of the beaches are found to the west of Takoradi, with small resorts such as Fanta's Folly, The Hideout, Allan Beach and Vienna Beach. It also has an annual street carnival, which is popular with tourists.
Education
Sekondi-Takoradi city has several secondary schools, colleges, and special schools, ranging from single-sex to coeducational institutions. Among the tertiary institutions are: Takoradi Technical University (a public institution), Nurses and Midwifery Training College, Holy Child Teachers Training College (now a College of Education). The Sekondi-Takoradi city currently has several secondary schools and Special schools, ranging from single-sex to coeducational institutions. These include:
St. John's School (The Saints)
Ghana Senior High Technical School (GSTS)
Baidoo Bonsoe Senior High Technical School (BBSTS)
St. Mary's Boys' Senior High School (MARISCO)
Takoradi Secondary School (Tadisco)
Methodist senior high school ( The Young legend)
Sekondi College (Sekco)
Ahantaman Senior High School
Fijai Secondary School
Adiembra Secondary School
Bompeh senior high technical school
Archbishop Porter Girls Secondary School and many others.
Takoradi Technical Institute houses a fab lab, equipped by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), which is the first of its kind in Africa.
Takoradi has a well-equipped technical training center (Takoradi Technical Institute, TTI, 1,400 students in two shifts) assisted by the German government through GIZ / GOPA. Apart from TTI, Takoradi has a technical university and other renowned secondary schools including Ghana Secondary Technical School, St. Mary Secondary School, Bompeh Secondary School, Takoradi Secondary School and many others. Sekondi-Takoradi has many internet cafés and computer training centers to encourage familiarity with computers and acquire computer skills.
The Western Regional Library was established in Sekondi in 1955.
Stadiums and sports
Sekondi-Takoradi StadiumInterior design of Sekondi-Takoradi Stadium
Stadiums
Essipong Stadium
Gyandu Park
Sports
Professional sports teams based in Sekondi-Takoradi include:
FC Takoradi
Sekondi Hasaacas
Sekondi Wise Fighters
Institutions
Empire FM
Climate
Sekondi-Takoradi has a tropical savanna climate (Köppen climate classification: Aw).
Climate data for Sekondi-Takoradi
Month
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Year
Record high °C (°F)
35.0(95.0)
35.5(95.9)
35.0(95.0)
34.6(94.3)
34.6(94.3)
32.3(90.1)
31.8(89.2)
30.4(86.7)
31.2(88.2)
32.0(89.6)
34.5(94.1)
34.2(93.6)
35.5(95.9)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)
30.4(86.7)
31.0(87.8)
31.3(88.3)
31.1(88.0)
30.2(86.4)
28.4(83.1)
27.3(81.1)
26.8(80.2)
27.6(81.7)
28.8(83.8)
30.0(86.0)
30.3(86.5)
29.4(84.9)
Daily mean °C (°F)
26.2(79.2)
26.9(80.4)
27.2(81.0)
27.2(81.0)
26.7(80.1)
25.6(78.1)
24.8(76.6)
24.1(75.4)
24.6(76.3)
25.5(77.9)
26.2(79.2)
26.2(79.2)
26.0(78.8)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)
21.8(71.2)
22.6(72.7)
23.1(73.6)
23.2(73.8)
23.1(73.6)
22.8(73.0)
21.8(71.2)
21.1(70.0)
21.7(71.1)
22.1(71.8)
22.2(72.0)
22.1(71.8)
22.3(72.1)
Record low °C (°F)
16.1(61.0)
18.3(64.9)
20.6(69.1)
20.6(69.1)
20.0(68.0)
19.4(66.9)
17.2(63.0)
16.1(61.0)
17.8(64.0)
18.9(66.0)
18.9(66.0)
16.1(61.0)
16.1(61.0)
Average rainfall mm (inches)
31(1.2)
35(1.4)
79(3.1)
115(4.5)
250(9.8)
346(13.6)
120(4.7)
43(1.7)
57(2.2)
138(5.4)
77(3.0)
31(1.2)
1,322(51.8)
Average rainy days (≥ 0.3 mm)
3
4
7
10
17
19
13
11
13
14
10
5
126
Average relative humidity (%)
86
85
83
84
84
86
87
87
87
87
86
85
86
Mean monthly sunshine hours
207.7
209.1
229.4
216.0
192.2
132.0
148.8
133.3
126.0
195.3
243.0
229.4
2,262.2
Mean daily sunshine hours
6.7
7.4
7.4
7.2
6.2
4.4
4.8
4.3
4.2
6.3
8.1
7.4
6.2
Source: Deutscher Wetterdienst
Sister cities
Palermo, Italy (2021)
Boston, United States (2001)
Oakland, United States (1975)
Gallery
Sekondi-Takoradi in pictures
Virgin Island in Sekondi-Takoradi.
Beach on Virgin Island in Sekondi-Takoradi.
Aerial view of Takoradi Harbour.
Sekondi-Takoradi Stadium at night.
Aerial view of the Sekondi-Takoradi Shores.
Highway in Sekondi-Takoradi.
Commuters on street in Sekondi-Takoradi.
Takoradi Airport (Sekondi-Takoradi Airport).
A house in Takoradi (Sekondi-Takoradi).
See also
Takoradi Airport
Takoradi Harbour
Market Circle, Takoradi
Railway stations in Ghana
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sekondi-Takoradi.
References
^ a b "World Gazetteer online". World-gazetteer.com. Archived from the original on 30 September 2007. Retrieved 8 February 2014.
^ "Betway extends support to Volleyball Teams in the Western and Western North Regions". Citi Sports Online. 21 May 2021. Retrieved 21 May 2021.
^ "Twin-Cities project to plant 5,000 fruit-trees in Sekondi-Takoradi". Citinewsroom - Comprehensive News in Ghana. 4 February 2022. Retrieved 22 July 2023.
^ "Ghana Statistical Services". www.statsghana.gov.gh. Retrieved 11 May 2024.
^ a b "Private Tutor". Infoplease.com. Retrieved 8 February 2014.
^ "Ministry of Railways Development - Ghana - railways development construction on western and eastern lines speeds off steadily". www.mrd.gov.gh. Retrieved 22 July 2023.
^ a b "Takoradi Port", Ghana Ports and Harbour Authority. Archived 31 December 2007 at the Wayback Machine
^ Nancy Lawler (2002). Soldiers, Airmen, Spies, and Whisperers: The Gold Coast in World War II. Ohio University Press. ISBN 9780821414309. Retrieved 8 February 2014 – via BiblioVault.
^ "South Africa War Graves Project". Southafricawargraves.org. 8 October 2011. Retrieved 8 February 2014.
^ Obeng-Odoom F., 2014, Oiling the Urban Economy: Land, Labour, Capital, and the State in Sekondi-Takoradi, Ghana, Routledge, London.
^ Stats Ghana report on Sekondi-Takoradi population
^ Ghana Statistical Service report on Sekondi-Takoradi
^ "Sekondi-Takoradi Masqueraders Street Carnival". CNN iReport. Retrieved 2 September 2016.
^ a b c Archived 25 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine
^ World Guide to Libraries (25th ed.), De Gruyter Saur, 2011, ISBN 9783110230710
^ Starrfm.com.gh (15 July 2021). "Tarkwa: Awudua Gyaasehene reportedly kidnapped – Starr Fm". Retrieved 22 May 2022.
^
"Klimatafel von Takoradi (Sekondi-Takoradi) / Ghana" (PDF). Baseline climate means (1961-1990) from stations all over the world (in German). Deutscher Wetterdienst. Retrieved 18 October 2016.
Afrosages.com, Tourist Destinations Of Western Ghana, January 13, 2020
Wildcat Beauty, Cosmetics & More, Market Circle (behind Bank of Africa (Takoradi, Ghana
External links
Mytakoradi.com
Ghana-pedia webpage – Takoradi
Media related to Sekondi-Takoradi at Wikimedia Commons
vteCities and towns of Ghana by population2,000,000+
Kumasi (Ashanti)
Accra (Greater Accra)
National Seal of GhanaFlag Map of Ghana1,000,000+
Sekondi-Takoradi (Western)
Tamale (Northern)
800,000+
Sunyani (Brong-Ahafo)
Cape Coast (Central)
Obuasi (Ashanti)
Koforidua (Eastern)
100,000+
Tema (Greater Accra)
Techiman (Brong-Ahafo)
Ashaiman (Greater Accra)
Teshie (Greater Accra)
Madina (Greater Accra)
Wa (Upper West)
80,000+
Ho (Volta)
Nungua (Greater Accra)
Lashibi (Greater Accra)
Dome (Greater Accra)
Gbawe (Greater Accra)
Kasoa (Central)
60,000+
Ejura (Ashanti)
Taifa (Greater Accra)
Bawku (Upper East)
Aflao (Volta)
Agona Swedru (Central)
Bolgatanga (Upper East)
Tafo (Ashanti)
Berekum (Brong-Ahafo)
Nkawkaw (Eastern)
Akim Oda (Eastern)
Winneba (Central)
40,000+
Hohoe (Volta)
Yendi (Northern)
Suhum (Eastern)
Kintampo (Brong-Ahafo)
Adenta East (Greater Accra)
Nsawam (Eastern)
Mampong (Ashanti)
Konongo (Ashanti)
20,000+
Asamankese (Eastern)
Wenchi (Brong-Ahafo)
Japekrom (Brong-Ahafo)
Savelugu (Northern)
Agogo (Ashanti)
Anloga (Volta)
Prestea (Western)
Effiakuma (Western)
Tarkwa (Western)
Elmina (Central)
Dunkwa-on-Offin (Central)
Begoro (Eastern)
Kpandu (Volta)
Navrongo (Upper East)
Axim (Western)
Apam (Central)
Salaga (Northern)
Saltpond (Central)
Akwatia (Eastern)
Shama (Western)
Keta (Volta)
Nyakrom (Central)
Bibiani (Western)
Somanya (Eastern)
Assin Foso (Central)
5,000+
Aburi (Eastern)
Banda Ahenkro (Brong-Ahafo)
Mumford (Central)
Bechem (Brong-Ahafo)
Duayaw Nkwanta (Brong-Ahafo)
Kade (Eastern)
Anomabu (Central)
Akropong (Eastern)
Kete Krachi (Volta)
Kibi (Eastern)
Kpandae (Northern)
Mpraeso (Eastern)
Akim Swedru (Eastern)
Aboso (Western)
Bekwai (Ashanti)
Regional capitals in bold
Kumasi
Accra
Sekondi-Takoradi
Tamale
Sunyani
Cape Coast
Koforidua
Wa
Ho
Bolgatanga
Administrative Divisions of Ghana
Regions of Ghana
Districts of Ghana
Parliament Constituencies of Ghana
Settlements in Ghana
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
Israel
Geographic
MusicBrainz area
04°55′N 01°46′W / 4.917°N 1.767°W / 4.917; -1.767 | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sekondi (Ghana parliament constituency)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sekondi_(Ghana_parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Ghana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana"},{"link_name":"twin cities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twin_cities_(geographical_proximity)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Sekondi – Takoradi Metropolitan Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sekondi_Takoradi_Metropolitan_Assembly"},{"link_name":"Western Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Region_(Ghana)"},{"link_name":"Ghana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana"},{"link_name":"Fante","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fante_people"},{"link_name":"industrial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_city"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-World_Gazetteer-1"},{"link_name":"shipbuilding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shipbuilding"},{"link_name":"harbour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harbour"},{"link_name":"sweet crude oil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweet_crude_oil"},{"link_name":"crude oil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petroleum"},{"link_name":"fishing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fishing"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-info-5"},{"link_name":"railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railway_stations_in_Ghana"},{"link_name":"Kumasi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumasi"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"City in Ghana\"Sekondi\" redirects here. For the constituency, see Sekondi (Ghana parliament constituency).City in Western Region, GhanaSekondi-Takoradi is a city in Ghana comprising the twin cities of Sekondi and Takoradi.[2][3] It is the capital of Sekondi – Takoradi Metropolitan Assembly and the Western Region of Ghana. Sekondi-Takoradi is the region's and largest Fante city as well as an industrial and commercial center, with a population of 2,060,585 people (2021)[4].[1]\nThe chief industries in Sekondi-Takoradi are timber, cocoa processing, plywood, shipbuilding, its harbour and railway repair, and recently, sweet crude oil and crude oil. The fundamental job in Sekondi-Takoradi is fishing.[5] Sekondi-Takoradi lies on the main railway lines to Kumasi.[6]","title":"Sekondi-Takoradi"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Desert_Air_Force,_1943_TR824.jpg"},{"link_name":"Desert Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desert_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"Royal Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"Allison V-1710","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allison_V-1710"},{"link_name":"Aircraft engine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aircraft_engine"},{"link_name":"Tomahawk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curtiss_P-40_Warhawk"},{"link_name":"Fort Orange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Orange_(Ghana)"},{"link_name":"Fort Sekondi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Sekondi"},{"link_name":"mineral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mining"},{"link_name":"Fort Witsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Witsen"},{"link_name":"deepwater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_deep_water_ports"},{"link_name":"seaport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port"},{"link_name":"Ghana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-info-5"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Port_of_Takoradi-7"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"RAF Takoradi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAF_Takoradi"},{"link_name":"Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Nigeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria"},{"link_name":"Sudan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan"},{"link_name":"26 Squadron SAAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/26_Squadron_SAAF"},{"link_name":"South African","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa"},{"link_name":"Takoradi European Public cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takoradi_European_Public_cemetery"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Roman Catholic Diocese of Sekondi–Takoradi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Sekondi%E2%80%93Takoradi"},{"link_name":"Ghana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana"},{"link_name":"Western region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Region_(Ghana)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Ahanta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahanta_people"},{"link_name":"Ghana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana"},{"link_name":"Ghana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"The Desert Air Force, 1943; Royal Air Force (RAF) airmen in tropical dress work on the Allison V-1710 Aircraft engine of a Tomahawk aircraft in a makeshift hangar. The photograph is believed to have been taken at RAF Takoradi.Sekondi, an older town, was the site of Dutch Fort Orange (1642) and English Fort Sekondi (1682). It prospered from a railroad built in 1903 to hinterland mineral and timber resources. Takoradi was the site of Dutch Fort Witsen (1665) and has an important deepwater seaport, Ghana's first, built in 1928.[5][7]During World War II, RAF Takoradi was an important staging point for British aircraft destined for Egypt.[8] Spitfire fighter planes were shipped in crates from England to Takoradi where they were assembled then flown via Nigeria and Sudan to the war in Libya. 26 Squadron SAAF was also based in Takoradi during World War II, flying anti-submarine and convoy protection patrols over the Atlantic. A number of South African airmen are buried in the Takoradi European Public cemetery.[9]The cities combined in 1946. On 20 November 1969, the city became the seat of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Sekondi–Takoradi.The city is currently named (although not officially) as the Oil City of Ghana due to the massive discovery of oil in the Western region and has attracted massive migration from people all around the world.[10] For example, of the 248,680 people in the Sekondi-Takoradi metro area in 2010, some 148,000, or well above half, were indigenous Ahanta people, 30,000 came from the central region of Ghana, 60,000 are from other regions of Ghana and 10,000 are foreign nationals.[11]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"traditional African religions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_African_religions#West_Africa"},{"link_name":"Fanti people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fanti_people"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"Sekondi-Takoradi's population is overwhelmingly Christian. 35% of the region are Pentecostal/Charismatic, 26% are Protestant and 14% are Catholic with the remaining 12% comprising numerous minor denominations. 9% of the population are Muslim, 3.5% identify as non-religious and 0.2% practice traditional African religions. The major ethnic group found in Sekondi are the Fanti people.[12]","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Sekondi has a rich cultural heritage, and the city is home to several landmarks and tourist attractions. The city's most notable landmark is the Sekondi European Town, which was built by the British during the colonial era. The town features several well-preserved colonial buildings, including the Governor's Residence, the Post Office, and the District Commissioner's Office.","title":"Culture and tourism"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ghana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana"},{"link_name":"Harbour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harbor"},{"link_name":"miners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miner"},{"link_name":"mining towns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mining_community"},{"link_name":"Ghana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Port_of_Takoradi-7"},{"link_name":"Ghana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana"}],"text":"Sekondi is a bustling commercial center with a thriving economy. The city's location on the coast makes it an essential hub for fishing and trading activities. The Sekondi Fishing Harbour is the largest fishing port in Ghana and provides employment to thousands of people in the region. The city is also a center for the timber and cocoa industries, which are vital to the country's economy. Takoradi houses the Harbour and has timber, energy and technology industries. Over the years it has attracted a good number of investors, including miners, as the city is close to the mining towns in the western part of Ghana.[7] Ghana's recent discovery of oil gave the Sekondi-Takoradi township to be known as the Oil City.","title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ghana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana"},{"link_name":"West African","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Africa"},{"link_name":"Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe"},{"link_name":"Ghana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana"},{"link_name":"Accra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accra"},{"link_name":"Kumasi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumasi"},{"link_name":"Mim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mim,_Ahafo"},{"link_name":"Cape Coast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Coast"},{"link_name":"Sunyani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunyani"},{"link_name":"Tamale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamale"},{"link_name":"Tema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tema"},{"link_name":"Ho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ho,_Ghana"},{"link_name":"Wa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wa,_Ghana"},{"link_name":"Bolgatanga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolgatanga"},{"link_name":"Elubo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elubo"},{"link_name":"Aflao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aflao"},{"link_name":"Techiman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Techiman"}],"text":"Sekondi is well-connected to other parts of Ghana and neighboring countries through a network of roads and railways. The city's port is a vital transportation hub, with several shipping lines providing regular services to other West African countries and Europe. The Takoradi Airport (TDI), located about 5 km from Sekondi, provides air transportation to other parts of Ghana and international destinations. There are public transport connections from Takoradi to major cities such as Accra; Kumasi; Mim; Cape Coast; Sunyani; Tamale; Tema; Ho; Wa; Bolgatanga; Elubo; Aflao; and Techiman.","title":"Transportation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"street carnival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Street_Carnival_In_Takoradi"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"Sekondi-Takoradi has plenty of beaches, however they are not a major tourist attraction. Many of the beaches are found to the west of Takoradi, with small resorts such as Fanta's Folly, The Hideout, Allan Beach and Vienna Beach. It also has an annual street carnival, which is popular with tourists.[13]","title":"Tourist attractions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Takoradi Technical University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takoradi_Technical_University"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Schools_in_Ghana-14"},{"link_name":"St. John's School (The Saints)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._John%27s_School,_Sekondi"},{"link_name":"Ghana Senior High Technical School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana_Senior_High_Technical_School"},{"link_name":"Baidoo Bonsoe Senior High Technical School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_schools_in_Ghana"},{"link_name":"Methodist senior high school ( The Young legend)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_schools_in_Ghana"},{"link_name":"Sekondi College (Sekco)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sekondi_College"},{"link_name":"Ahantaman Senior High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahantaman_Girls_Senior_High_School"},{"link_name":"Fijai Secondary School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fijai_Senior_High_School"},{"link_name":"Bompeh senior high technical school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bompeh_Senior_High_Technical_School"},{"link_name":"Archbishop Porter Girls Secondary School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archbishop_Porter_Girls_Secondary_School"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Schools_in_Ghana-14"},{"link_name":"fab lab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fab_lab"},{"link_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Schools_in_Ghana-14"},{"link_name":"Takoradi Technical Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takoradi_Technical_Institute"},{"link_name":"GIZ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsche_Gesellschaft_f%C3%BCr_Internationale_Zusammenarbeit"},{"link_name":"Ghana Secondary Technical School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana_Secondary_Technical_School"},{"link_name":"Bompeh Secondary School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bompeh_Senior_High_Technical_School"},{"link_name":"internet cafés","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_caf%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"computer training","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_training"},{"link_name":"Western Regional Library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_libraries_in_Ghana"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-saur_2011-15"}],"text":"Sekondi-Takoradi city has several secondary schools, colleges, and special schools, ranging from single-sex to coeducational institutions. Among the tertiary institutions are: Takoradi Technical University (a public institution), Nurses and Midwifery Training College, Holy Child Teachers Training College (now a College of Education).[14] The Sekondi-Takoradi city currently has several secondary schools and Special schools, ranging from single-sex to coeducational institutions. These include:St. John's School (The Saints)\nGhana Senior High Technical School (GSTS)\nBaidoo Bonsoe Senior High Technical School (BBSTS)\nSt. Mary's Boys' Senior High School (MARISCO)\nTakoradi Secondary School (Tadisco)\nMethodist senior high school ( The Young legend)\nSekondi College (Sekco)\nAhantaman Senior High School\nFijai Secondary School\nAdiembra Secondary School\nBompeh senior high technical school\nArchbishop Porter Girls Secondary School and many others.[14]Takoradi Technical Institute houses a fab lab, equipped by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), which is the first of its kind in Africa.[14]Takoradi has a well-equipped technical training center (Takoradi Technical Institute, TTI, 1,400 students in two shifts) assisted by the German government through GIZ / GOPA. Apart from TTI, Takoradi has a technical university and other renowned secondary schools including Ghana Secondary Technical School, St. Mary Secondary School, Bompeh Secondary School, Takoradi Secondary School and many others. Sekondi-Takoradi has many internet cafés and computer training centers to encourage familiarity with computers and acquire computer skills.The Western Regional Library was established in Sekondi in 1955.[15]","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sekondi-Takoradi_Stadium.jpg"},{"link_name":"Sekondi-Takoradi Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sekondi-Takoradi_Stadium"}],"text":"Sekondi-Takoradi StadiumInterior design of Sekondi-Takoradi Stadium","title":"Stadiums and sports"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Essipong Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essipong_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Gyandu Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gyandu_Park"}],"sub_title":"Stadiums","text":"Essipong Stadium\nGyandu Park","title":"Stadiums and sports"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"FC Takoradi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F.C._Takoradi"},{"link_name":"Sekondi Hasaacas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sekondi_Hasaacas_F.C."},{"link_name":"Sekondi Wise Fighters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sekondi_Wise_Fighters"}],"sub_title":"Sports","text":"Professional sports teams based in Sekondi-Takoradi include:FC Takoradi\nSekondi Hasaacas\nSekondi Wise Fighters","title":"Stadiums and sports"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"text":"Empire FM[16]","title":"Institutions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"tropical savanna climate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_savanna_climate"},{"link_name":"Köppen climate classification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification"},{"link_name":"relative humidity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relative_humidity"},{"link_name":"sunshine hours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunshine_duration"},{"link_name":"sunshine hours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunshine_duration"},{"link_name":"Deutscher Wetterdienst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutscher_Wetterdienst"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DWD-17"}],"text":"Sekondi-Takoradi has a tropical savanna climate (Köppen climate classification: Aw).Climate data for Sekondi-Takoradi\n\n\nMonth\n\nJan\n\nFeb\n\nMar\n\nApr\n\nMay\n\nJun\n\nJul\n\nAug\n\nSep\n\nOct\n\nNov\n\nDec\n\nYear\n\n\nRecord high °C (°F)\n\n35.0(95.0)\n\n35.5(95.9)\n\n35.0(95.0)\n\n34.6(94.3)\n\n34.6(94.3)\n\n32.3(90.1)\n\n31.8(89.2)\n\n30.4(86.7)\n\n31.2(88.2)\n\n32.0(89.6)\n\n34.5(94.1)\n\n34.2(93.6)\n\n35.5(95.9)\n\n\nMean daily maximum °C (°F)\n\n30.4(86.7)\n\n31.0(87.8)\n\n31.3(88.3)\n\n31.1(88.0)\n\n30.2(86.4)\n\n28.4(83.1)\n\n27.3(81.1)\n\n26.8(80.2)\n\n27.6(81.7)\n\n28.8(83.8)\n\n30.0(86.0)\n\n30.3(86.5)\n\n29.4(84.9)\n\n\nDaily mean °C (°F)\n\n26.2(79.2)\n\n26.9(80.4)\n\n27.2(81.0)\n\n27.2(81.0)\n\n26.7(80.1)\n\n25.6(78.1)\n\n24.8(76.6)\n\n24.1(75.4)\n\n24.6(76.3)\n\n25.5(77.9)\n\n26.2(79.2)\n\n26.2(79.2)\n\n26.0(78.8)\n\n\nMean daily minimum °C (°F)\n\n21.8(71.2)\n\n22.6(72.7)\n\n23.1(73.6)\n\n23.2(73.8)\n\n23.1(73.6)\n\n22.8(73.0)\n\n21.8(71.2)\n\n21.1(70.0)\n\n21.7(71.1)\n\n22.1(71.8)\n\n22.2(72.0)\n\n22.1(71.8)\n\n22.3(72.1)\n\n\nRecord low °C (°F)\n\n16.1(61.0)\n\n18.3(64.9)\n\n20.6(69.1)\n\n20.6(69.1)\n\n20.0(68.0)\n\n19.4(66.9)\n\n17.2(63.0)\n\n16.1(61.0)\n\n17.8(64.0)\n\n18.9(66.0)\n\n18.9(66.0)\n\n16.1(61.0)\n\n16.1(61.0)\n\n\nAverage rainfall mm (inches)\n\n31(1.2)\n\n35(1.4)\n\n79(3.1)\n\n115(4.5)\n\n250(9.8)\n\n346(13.6)\n\n120(4.7)\n\n43(1.7)\n\n57(2.2)\n\n138(5.4)\n\n77(3.0)\n\n31(1.2)\n\n1,322(51.8)\n\n\nAverage rainy days (≥ 0.3 mm)\n\n3\n\n4\n\n7\n\n10\n\n17\n\n19\n\n13\n\n11\n\n13\n\n14\n\n10\n\n5\n\n126\n\n\nAverage relative humidity (%)\n\n86\n\n85\n\n83\n\n84\n\n84\n\n86\n\n87\n\n87\n\n87\n\n87\n\n86\n\n85\n\n86\n\n\nMean monthly sunshine hours\n\n207.7\n\n209.1\n\n229.4\n\n216.0\n\n192.2\n\n132.0\n\n148.8\n\n133.3\n\n126.0\n\n195.3\n\n243.0\n\n229.4\n\n2,262.2\n\n\nMean daily sunshine hours\n\n6.7\n\n7.4\n\n7.4\n\n7.2\n\n6.2\n\n4.4\n\n4.8\n\n4.3\n\n4.2\n\n6.3\n\n8.1\n\n7.4\n\n6.2\n\n\nSource: Deutscher Wetterdienst[17]","title":"Climate"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Palermo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palermo"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Boston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Oakland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oakland,_California"}],"text":"Palermo, Italy (2021)\n Boston, United States (2001)\n Oakland, United States (1975)","title":"Sister cities"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sekondi-Takoradi_(Virgin_Island).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Virgin_Island_Beach_(Sekondi-Takoradi).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Takoradi_Oilfield_and_Harbour_2.jpg"},{"link_name":"Aerial view","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bird%27s-eye_view"},{"link_name":"Takoradi Harbour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takoradi_Harbour"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sekondi-Takoradi_Stadium_2008.jpg"},{"link_name":"Sekondi-Takoradi Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sekondi-Takoradi_Stadium"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sekondi-Takoradi_Shores.jpg"},{"link_name":"Aerial view","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bird%27s-eye_view"},{"link_name":"Shores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shore"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sekondi-Takoradi_street_3.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sekondi-Takoradi_street_2.jpg"},{"link_name":"Commuters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commuter"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Takoradi_Airport_(Sekondi-Takoradi_Airport).jpg"},{"link_name":"Takoradi Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takoradi_Airport"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:A_residential_house_in_Takoradi_1.jpg"}],"text":"Sekondi-Takoradi in pictures\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tVirgin Island in Sekondi-Takoradi.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tBeach on Virgin Island in Sekondi-Takoradi.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tAerial view of Takoradi Harbour.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSekondi-Takoradi Stadium at night.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tAerial view of the Sekondi-Takoradi Shores.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tHighway in Sekondi-Takoradi.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tCommuters on street in Sekondi-Takoradi.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tTakoradi Airport (Sekondi-Takoradi Airport).\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tA house in Takoradi (Sekondi-Takoradi).","title":"Gallery"}] | [{"image_text":"The Desert Air Force, 1943; Royal Air Force (RAF) airmen in tropical dress work on the Allison V-1710 Aircraft engine of a Tomahawk aircraft in a makeshift hangar. The photograph is believed to have been taken at RAF Takoradi.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/The_Desert_Air_Force%2C_1943_TR824.jpg/273px-The_Desert_Air_Force%2C_1943_TR824.jpg"},{"image_text":"National Seal of Ghana","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/55px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Flag Map of Ghana","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Flag-map_of_Ghana.svg/55px-Flag-map_of_Ghana.svg.png"}] | [{"title":"Takoradi Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takoradi_Airport"},{"title":"Takoradi Harbour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takoradi_Harbour"},{"title":"Market Circle, Takoradi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Market_Circle,_Takoradi,_Ghana"},{"title":"Railway stations in Ghana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railway_stations_in_Ghana"},{"title":"Sekondi-Takoradi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Sekondi-Takoradi"}] | [{"reference":"\"World Gazetteer online\". World-gazetteer.com. Archived from the original on 30 September 2007. Retrieved 8 February 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070930155500/http://bevoelkerungsstatistik.de/wg.php?x=1170623253&men=gcis&lng=de&dat=32&geo=-85&srt=npan&col=aohdq&pt=c&va=x","url_text":"\"World Gazetteer online\""},{"url":"http://bevoelkerungsstatistik.de/wg.php?x=1170623253&men=gcis&lng=de&dat=32&geo=-85&srt=npan&col=aohdq&pt=c&va=x","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Betway extends support to Volleyball Teams in the Western and Western North Regions\". Citi Sports Online. 21 May 2021. Retrieved 21 May 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://citisportsonline.com/2021/05/21/betway-extends-support-to-volleyball-teams-in-the-western-and-western-north-regions/","url_text":"\"Betway extends support to Volleyball Teams in the Western and Western North Regions\""}]},{"reference":"\"Twin-Cities project to plant 5,000 fruit-trees in Sekondi-Takoradi\". Citinewsroom - Comprehensive News in Ghana. 4 February 2022. Retrieved 22 July 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://citinewsroom.com/2022/02/twin-cities-project-to-plant-5000-fruit-trees-in-sekondi-takoradi/","url_text":"\"Twin-Cities project to plant 5,000 fruit-trees in Sekondi-Takoradi\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ghana Statistical Services\". www.statsghana.gov.gh. Retrieved 11 May 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.statsghana.gov.gh/regionalpopulation.php?population=MTQ1MTUyODEyMC43MDc1&&Western®id=7","url_text":"\"Ghana Statistical Services\""}]},{"reference":"\"Private Tutor\". Infoplease.com. Retrieved 8 February 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/world/A0844338.html","url_text":"\"Private Tutor\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ministry of Railways Development - Ghana - railways development construction on western and eastern lines speeds off steadily\". www.mrd.gov.gh. Retrieved 22 July 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mrd.gov.gh/4/16/71/railways-development-construction-on-western-and-eastern-lines-speeds-off-steadily","url_text":"\"Ministry of Railways Development - Ghana - railways development construction on western and eastern lines speeds off steadily\""}]},{"reference":"Nancy Lawler (2002). Soldiers, Airmen, Spies, and Whisperers: The Gold Coast in World War II. Ohio University Press. ISBN 9780821414309. Retrieved 8 February 2014 – via BiblioVault.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bibliovault.org/BV.book.epl?BookId=3985","url_text":"Soldiers, Airmen, Spies, and Whisperers: The Gold Coast in World War II"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780821414309","url_text":"9780821414309"}]},{"reference":"\"South Africa War Graves Project\". Southafricawargraves.org. 8 October 2011. Retrieved 8 February 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.southafricawargraves.org/lists/ghana.htm","url_text":"\"South Africa War Graves Project\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sekondi-Takoradi Masqueraders Street Carnival\". CNN iReport. Retrieved 2 September 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://ireport.cnn.com/docs/DOC-1071449","url_text":"\"Sekondi-Takoradi Masqueraders Street Carnival\""}]},{"reference":"World Guide to Libraries (25th ed.), De Gruyter Saur, 2011, ISBN 9783110230710","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783110230710","url_text":"9783110230710"}]},{"reference":"Starrfm.com.gh (15 July 2021). \"Tarkwa: Awudua Gyaasehene reportedly kidnapped – Starr Fm\". Retrieved 22 May 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://starrfm.com.gh/2021/07/tarkwa-awudua-gyaasehene-reportedly-kidnapped/","url_text":"\"Tarkwa: Awudua Gyaasehene reportedly kidnapped – Starr Fm\""}]},{"reference":"\"Klimatafel von Takoradi (Sekondi-Takoradi) / Ghana\" (PDF). Baseline climate means (1961-1990) from stations all over the world (in German). Deutscher Wetterdienst. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_rostrata | Carex rostrata | ["1 Range and habitat","2 References"] | Species of grass-like plant
Carex rostrata
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Plantae
Clade:
Tracheophytes
Clade:
Angiosperms
Clade:
Monocots
Clade:
Commelinids
Order:
Poales
Family:
Cyperaceae
Genus:
Carex
Subgenus:
Carex subg. Carex
Section:
Carex sect. Vesicariae
Species:
C. rostrata
Binomial name
Carex rostrataStokes, 1787
Carex rostrata, the bottle sedge or beaked sedge, is a perennial species of sedge in the family Cyperaceae.
Range and habitat
The species is native to Holarctic fens and can be found in Canada and the northern part of the United States, and most of Europe, including Britain, north to 71° N, and W. Asia, in wet peaty places with a high water table.
References
^ a b "Carex rostrata". USDA. Retrieved March 28, 2013.
^ "PFAF (Carex rostrata)". Retrieved 1 August 2014.
Taxon identifiersCarex rostrata
Wikidata: Q157924
Wikispecies: Carex rostrata
BioLib: 42352
BOLD: 159544
CoL: RBLR
EoL: 1123468
EPPO: CRXRO
FNA: 242357436
FoC: 242357436
GBIF: 2726725
GRIN: 9114
IFPNI: 9F8ED547-D2E7-4161-9E1E-BF927B589D78
iNaturalist: 152956
IPNI: 302002-1
IRMNG: 11066020
ITIS: 39464
IUCN: 167845
MichiganFlora: 1041
NatureServe: 2.132537
NBN: NBNSYS0000002426
NCBI: 241230
Observation.org: 6556
Open Tree of Life: 682864
Panartic Flora: 3309004
PFI: 7924
Plant List: kew-230464
PLANTS: CARO6
POWO: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:302002-1
Tropicos: 9900283
VASCAN: 5059
WisFlora: 2998
WFO: wfo-0000350804
This Carex article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-plants-1"},{"link_name":"sedge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex"},{"link_name":"Cyperaceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyperaceae"}],"text":"Carex rostrata, the bottle sedge or beaked sedge,[1] is a perennial species of sedge in the family Cyperaceae.","title":"Carex rostrata"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Holarctic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boreal_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"fens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fen"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-plants-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"The species is native to Holarctic fens and can be found in Canada and the northern part of the United States,[1] and most of Europe, including Britain, north to 71° N, and W. Asia, in wet peaty places with a high water table.[2]","title":"Range and habitat"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Carex rostrata\". USDA. Retrieved March 28, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=caro6","url_text":"\"Carex rostrata\""}]},{"reference":"\"PFAF (Carex rostrata)\". Retrieved 1 August 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Carex+rostrata","url_text":"\"PFAF (Carex rostrata)\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=caro6","external_links_name":"\"Carex rostrata\""},{"Link":"http://www.pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Carex+rostrata","external_links_name":"\"PFAF (Carex rostrata)\""},{"Link":"https://www.biolib.cz/en/taxon/id42352","external_links_name":"42352"},{"Link":"http://www.boldsystems.org/index.php/TaxBrowser_TaxonPage?taxid=159544","external_links_name":"159544"},{"Link":"https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/RBLR","external_links_name":"RBLR"},{"Link":"https://eol.org/pages/1123468","external_links_name":"1123468"},{"Link":"https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/CRXRO","external_links_name":"CRXRO"},{"Link":"http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=242357436","external_links_name":"242357436"},{"Link":"http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=242357436","external_links_name":"242357436"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/2726725","external_links_name":"2726725"},{"Link":"https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomydetail.aspx?id=9114","external_links_name":"9114"},{"Link":"http://www.ifpni.org/species.htm?id=9F8ED547-D2E7-4161-9E1E-BF927B589D78","external_links_name":"9F8ED547-D2E7-4161-9E1E-BF927B589D78"},{"Link":"https://inaturalist.org/taxa/152956","external_links_name":"152956"},{"Link":"https://www.ipni.org/n/302002-1","external_links_name":"302002-1"},{"Link":"https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=11066020","external_links_name":"11066020"},{"Link":"https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=39464","external_links_name":"39464"},{"Link":"https://apiv3.iucnredlist.org/api/v3/taxonredirect/167845","external_links_name":"167845"},{"Link":"https://michiganflora.net/species.aspx?id=1041","external_links_name":"1041"},{"Link":"https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.132537/","external_links_name":"2.132537"},{"Link":"https://data.nbn.org.uk/Taxa/NBNSYS0000002426","external_links_name":"NBNSYS0000002426"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=241230","external_links_name":"241230"},{"Link":"https://observation.org/species/6556/","external_links_name":"6556"},{"Link":"https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=682864","external_links_name":"682864"},{"Link":"http://panarcticflora.org/results?name=#paf-3309004","external_links_name":"3309004"},{"Link":"http://dryades.units.it/floritaly/index.php?procedure=taxon_page&tipo=all&id=7924","external_links_name":"7924"},{"Link":"http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-230464","external_links_name":"kew-230464"},{"Link":"https://plants.sc.egov.usda.gov/home/plantProfile?symbol=CARO6","external_links_name":"CARO6"},{"Link":"https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn%3Alsid%3Aipni.org%3Anames%3A302002-1","external_links_name":"urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:302002-1"},{"Link":"http://legacy.tropicos.org/Name/9900283","external_links_name":"9900283"},{"Link":"https://data.canadensys.net/vascan/taxon/5059","external_links_name":"5059"},{"Link":"https://wisflora.herbarium.wisc.edu/taxa/index.php?taxon=2998","external_links_name":"2998"},{"Link":"https://list.worldfloraonline.org/wfo-0000350804","external_links_name":"wfo-0000350804"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_rostrata&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casta%C3%B1eda_v._Pickard | Castañeda v. Pickard | ["1 References","2 Bibliography","3 External links"] | 1981 court case regarding language education in the United States
Castañeda v. PickardCourtUnited States Court of Appeals for the Fifth CircuitFull case nameElizabeth and Katherine Castañeda, by their father and next friend, Roy C. Castañeda, et al v. Mrs. A. M. "Billy" Pickard, President, Raymondville Independent School District, Board of Trustees, et alDecidedJune 23, 1981Citation648 F.2d 989 (5th Cir. 1981)Case historySubsequent history781 F.2d 456 (5th Cir. 1986)Court membershipJudges sittingHomer Thornberry, Randall, Albert Tate Jr.Case opinionsMajorityRandallLaws appliedEqual Educational Opportunities Act of 1974
The case of Castañeda v. Pickard was tried in the United States District Court for the Southern District of Texas in 1978. This case was filed against the Raymondville Independent School District (RISD) in Texas by Roy Castañeda, the father of two Mexican-American children. Castañeda claimed that the RISD was discriminating against his children because of their ethnicity. He argued that the classroom his children were being taught in was segregated, using a grouping system for classrooms based on criteria that were both ethnically and racially discriminating.
Castañeda also claimed the Raymondville Independent School District failed to establish sufficient bilingual education programs, which would have aided his children in overcoming the language barriers that prevented them from participating equally in the classroom.
According to Lau v. Nichols, 414 U.S. 563 (1974), a case decided by the U.S. Supreme Court, school districts in this country are required to take the necessary actions in order to provide students who do not speak English as their first language the ability to overcome the educational barriers associated with not being able to properly comprehend what is being taught to them. Castañeda argued that there was no way to sufficiently measure the Raymondville Independent School District's approach to overcoming this barrier.
The Castañeda v. Pickard case was tried, and on August 17, 1978, the court system ultimately ruled in favor of the Raymondville Independent School District, stating they had not violated any of the Castañeda children's constitutional or statutory rights. As a result of the District Court ruling, Castañeda filed for an appeal, arguing that the District Court made a mistake in its ruling.
In 1981 the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit ruled in favor of the Castañedas, and as a result, the court decision established a three-part assessment for determining how bilingual education programs would be held responsible for meeting the requirements of the Equal Educational Opportunities Act of 1974. The criteria are listed below:
The bilingual education program must be “based on sound educational theory.”
The program must be “implemented effectively with resources for personnel, instructional materials, and space.”
After a trial period, the program must be proven effective in overcoming language barriers/handicaps.
References
^ Lau v. Nichols, 414 U.S. 563 (1974).
^ Castañeda v. Pickard, 648 F.2d 989 (5th Cir. 1981).
Bibliography
Mora, Jill Kerper, "Legal History of Bilingual Education." San Diego State University. 26 January 2005. San Diego State University. 12 February 2007. <https://web.archive.org/web/20070203130033/http://coe.sdsu.edu/people/jmora/Pages/HistoryBE.htm>.
Larsen, Ann. "Office of Educational Services and Support." South Dakota Department of Education. 2004. SD Dept. of Education. 12 February 2007. <https://web.archive.org/web/20070212003908/http://doe.sd.gov/oess/title/IIIela/rationale.asp>.
Hakuta, Kenji, "Castañeda vs. Pickard (1981) " LAU - A resource for students, teachers, researchers, and policymakers. Stanford University School of Education. 12 February 2007. #
Temple, Charles et al. (2005). “Bilingual Education.” All Children Read: Teaching for Literacy in Today’s Diverse Classrooms. Pearson/Merrill/Prentice Hall Publishers. Page 54.
External links
Graph of the Castañeda Model | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"tried","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trial_(law)"},{"link_name":"United States District Court for the Southern District of Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Southern_District_of_Texas"},{"link_name":"Raymondville Independent School District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymondville_Independent_School_District"},{"link_name":"Mexican-American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican-American"},{"link_name":"bilingual education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilingual_education"},{"link_name":"Lau v. 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He argued that the classroom his children were being taught in was segregated, using a grouping system for classrooms based on criteria that were both ethnically and racially discriminating.Castañeda also claimed the Raymondville Independent School District failed to establish sufficient bilingual education programs, which would have aided his children in overcoming the language barriers that prevented them from participating equally in the classroom.According to Lau v. Nichols, 414 U.S. 563 (1974),[1] a case decided by the U.S. Supreme Court, school districts in this country are required to take the necessary actions in order to provide students who do not speak English as their first language the ability to overcome the educational barriers associated with not being able to properly comprehend what is being taught to them. Castañeda argued that there was no way to sufficiently measure the Raymondville Independent School District's approach to overcoming this barrier.The Castañeda v. Pickard case was tried, and on August 17, 1978, the court system ultimately ruled in favor of the Raymondville Independent School District, stating they had not violated any of the Castañeda children's constitutional or statutory rights. 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San Diego State University. 12 February 2007. <https://web.archive.org/web/20070203130033/http://coe.sdsu.edu/people/jmora/Pages/HistoryBE.htm>.\nLarsen, Ann. \"Office of Educational Services and Support.\" South Dakota Department of Education. 2004. SD Dept. of Education. 12 February 2007. <https://web.archive.org/web/20070212003908/http://doe.sd.gov/oess/title/IIIela/rationale.asp>.\nHakuta, Kenji, \"Castañeda vs. Pickard (1981) \" LAU - A resource for students, teachers, researchers, and policymakers. Stanford University School of Education. 12 February 2007. #[1]\nTemple, Charles et al. (2005). “Bilingual Education.” All Children Read: Teaching for Literacy in Today’s Diverse Classrooms. Pearson/Merrill/Prentice Hall Publishers. Page 54.","title":"Bibliography"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Lau v. Nichols","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lau_v._Nichols","url_text":"Lau v. Nichols"}]},{"reference":"Castañeda v. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_1:18 | John 1:18 | ["1 Content","2 Analysis","3 Commentary from the Church Fathers","4 References","5 Sources","6 External links"] | Verse of the bible
This article uses bare URLs, which are uninformative and vulnerable to link rot. Please consider converting them to full citations to ensure the article remains verifiable and maintains a consistent citation style. Several templates and tools are available to assist in formatting, such as reFill (documentation) and Citation bot (documentation). (August 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
John 1:18← 1:171:19 →John 1:18-20 in Codex Harcleianus (Lectionary 150) from 995 AD.BookGospel of JohnChristian Bible partNew Testament
John 1:18 is the eighteenth verse in the first chapter of the Gospel of John in the New Testament of the Christian Bible.
Content
In the original Greek according to Westcott-Hort this verse is:
Θεὸν οὐδεὶς ἑώρακε πώποτε· ὁ μονογενὴς θεὸς, ὁ ὢν εἰς τὸν κόλπον τοῦ πατρός, ἐκεῖνος ἐξηγήσατο.
The New International Version translates the passage as:
No one has ever seen God, but the one and only Son, who is himself God and is in closest relationship with the Father, has made him known.
In the King James Version of the Bible the text reads:
No man hath seen God at any time; the only begotten Son, which is in the bosom of the Father, he hath declared him.
In the Good News Translation of the Bible the text reads:
No one has ever seen God. The only Son, who is the same as God and is at the Father's side, he has made him known.
Analysis
By the verse "No man hath seen God," Witham believes it means that no mortal in this life has ever had a perfect union and enjoyment of God, and that no one can perfectly comprehend his infinite greatness, except the only-begotten divine Son who is with the Father. For as Christ said, (John 14:11) "I am in the Father, and the Father in me."
See also: Monogenēs § Textual issues in John 1:18
This verse closes the prologue of the Gospel of John, which is also called "Hymn to the Word", as it recalls verse 1, that there is no other possibility for humans to know God except through Jesus Christ.
Commentary from the Church Fathers
Chrysostom: "Or thus; the Evangelist after showing the great superiority of Christ’s gifts, compared with those dispensed by Moses, wishes in the next place to supply an adequate reason for the difference. The one being a servant was made a minister of a lesser dispensation: but the other Who was Lord, and Son of the King, brought us far higher things, being ever coexistent with the Father, and beholding Him. Then follows, No man hath seen God at any time, &c."
Augustine: "What is that then which Jacob said, I have seen God face to face; and that which is written of Moses, he talked with God face to face; and that which the prophet Isaiah saith of himself, I saw the Lord sitting upon a throne? "
Gregory the Great: "It is plainly given us to understand here, that while we are in this mortal state, we can see God only through the medium of certain images, not in the reality of His own nature. A soul influenced by the grace of the Spirit may see God through certain figures, but cannot penetrate into his absolute essence. And hence it is that Jacob, who testifies that he saw God, saw nothing but an Angel: and that Moses, who talked with God face to face, says, Shew me Thy way, that I may know Thee: (Exodus 33:13) meaning that he ardently desired to see in the brightness of His own infinite Nature, Him Whom he had only as yet seen reflected in images."
Chrysostom: "If the old fathers had seen That very Nature, they would not have contemplated It so variously, for It is in Itself simple and without shape; It sits not, It walks not; these are the qualities of bodies. Whence he saith through the Prophet, I have multiplied visions, and used similitudes, by the ministry of the Prophets: (Hosea 12:10) i. e. I have condescended to them, I appeared that which I was not. For inasmuch as the Son of God was about to manifest Himself to us in actual flesh, men were at first raised to the sight of God, in such ways as allowed of their seeing Him."
Augustine: "Now it is said, Blessed are the pure in heart, for they shall see God; (Matthew 5:8) and again, When He shall appear, we shall be like unto Him, for we shall see Him as He is. (1 John 3:2) What is the meaning then of the words here: No man hath seen God at any time? The reply is easy: those passages speak of God, as to be seen, not as already seen. They shall see God, it is said, not, they have seen Him: nor is it, we have seen Him, but, we shall see Him as He is. For, No man hath seen God at any time, neither in this life, nor yet in the Angelic, as He is; in the same way in which sensible things are perceived by the bodily vision."
Gregory the Great: "If however any, while inhabiting this corruptible flesh, can advance to such an immeasurable height of virtue, as to be able to discern by the contemplative vision, the eternal brightness of God, their case affects not what we say. For whoever seeth wisdom, that is, God, is dead wholly to this life, being no longer occupied by the love of it."
Augustine: "For unless any in some sense die to this life, either by leaving the body altogether, or by being so withdrawn and alienated from carnal perceptions, that he may well not know, as the Apostle says, whether he be in the body or out of the body, (2 Corinthians 12:2) he cannot be carried away, and borne aloft to that vision."
Gregory the Great: "Some hold that in the place of bliss, God is visible in His brightness, but not in His nature. This is to indulge in over much subtlety. For in that simple and unchangeable essence, no division can be made between the nature and the brightness."
Augustine: "If we say, that the text, No oned hath seen God at any time, (1 Timothy 6:16) applies only to men; so that, as the Apostle more plainly interprets it, Whom no man hath seen nor can see, no one is to be understood here to mean, no one of men: the question may be solved in a way not to contradict what our Lord says, Their Angels do always behold the face of My Father; (Matthew 18:10) so that we must believe that Angels see, what no one, i. e. of men, hath ever seen."
Gregory the Great: "Some however there are who conceive that not even the Angels see God."
Chrysostom: "That very existence which is God, neither Prophets, nor even Angels, nor yet Archangels, have seen. For enquire of the Angels; they say nothing concerning His Substance; but sing, Glory to God in the highest, and Peace on earth to men of good will. (Luke 2:14) Nay, ask even Cherubim and Seraphim; thou wilt hear only in reply the mystic melody of devotion, and that heaven and earth are full of His glory. (Is. 6:3)"
Augustine: "Which indeed is true so far, that no bodily or even mental vision of man hath ever embraced the fulness of God; for it is one thing to see, another to embrace the whole of what thou seest. A thing is seen, if only the sight of it be caught; but we only see a thing fully, when we have no part of it unseen, when we see round its extreme limits."
Chrysostom: "In this complete sense only the Son and the Holy Ghost see the Father. For how can created nature see that which is uncreated? So then no man knoweth the Father as the Son knoweth Him: and hence what follows, The Only-Begotten Son, Who is in the bosom of the Father, He hath declared Him. That we might not be led by the identity of the name, to confound Him with the sons made so by grace, the article is annexed in the first place; and then, to put an end to all doubt, the name Only-Begotten is introduced."
Hilary of Poitiers: "The Truth of His Nature did not seem sufficiently explained by the name of Son, unless, in addition, its peculiar force as proper to Him were expressed, so signifying its distinctness from all beside. For in that, besides Son, he calleth Him also the Only-Begotten, he cut off altogether all suspicion of adoption, the Nature of the Only-Begotten guaranteeing the truth of the name."
Chrysostom: "He adds, Which is in the bosom of the Father. To dwell in the bosom is much more than simply to see. For he who sees simply, hath not the knowledge thoroughly of that which he sees; but he who dwells in the bosom, knoweth every thing. When you hear then that no one knoweth the Father save the Son, do not by any means suppose that he only knows the Father more than any other, and does not know Him fully. For the Evangelist sets forth His residing in the bosom of the Father on this very account: viz. to show us the intimate converse of the Only-Begotten, and His coeternity with the Father."
Augustine: "In the bosom of the Father, i. e. in the secret Presence1 of the Father: for God hath not the folde on the bosom, as we have; nor must be imagined to sit, as we do; nor is He bound with a girdle, so as to have a fold: but from the fact of our bosom being placed innermost, the secret Presence of the Father is called the bosom of the Father. He then who, in the secret Presence of the Father, knew the Father, the same hath declared what He saw."
Chrysostom: "But what hath He declared? That God is one. But this the rest of the Prophets and Moses proclaim: what else have we learnt from the Son Who was in the bosom of the Father? In the first place, that those very truths, which the others declared, were declared through the operation of the Only Begotten: in the next place, we have received a far greater doctrine from the Only Begotten; viz. that God is a Spirit, and those who worship Him must worship Him in spirit and in truth; and that God is the Father of the Only Begotten."
Bede: "Farther, if the word declared have reference to the past, it must be considered that He, being made man, declared the doctrine of the Trinity in unity, and how, and by what acts we should prepare ourselves for the contemplation of it. If it have reference to the future, then it means that He will declare Him, when He shall introduce His elect to the vision of His brightness."
Augustine: "Yet have there been men, who, deceived by the vanity of their hearts, maintained that the Father is invisible, the Son visible. Now if they call the Son visible, with respect to His connexion with the flesh, we object not; it is the Catholic doctrine. But it is madness in them to say He was so before His incarnation; i. e. if it be true that Christ is the Wisdom of God, and the Power of God. The Wisdom of God cannot be seen by the eye. If the human word cannot be seen by the eye, how can the Word of God?"
Chrysostom: "The text then, No man hath seen God at any time, applies not to the Father only, but also to the Son: for He, as Paul saith, is the Image of the invisible God; but He who is the Image of the Invisible, must Himself also be invisible."
References
^ https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Westcott_and_Hort_The_New_Testament_in_the_Original_Greek_1881.pdf&page=284
^ Robert Witham, Annotations on the New Testament of Jesus Christ. Dublin: 1730.
^ Guthrie 1994, p. 1027.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t "Catena aurea: commentary on the four Gospels, collected out of the works of the Fathers: Volume 6, St. John. Oxford: Parker, 1874. Thomas Aquinas". 1874. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
Sources
Guthrie, Donald (1994). "John". In Carson, D. A.; France, R. T.; Motyer, J. A.; Wenham, G. J. (eds.). New Bible Commentary: 21st Century Edition (4, illustrated, reprint, revised ed.). Inter-Varsity Press. pp. 1021–1065. ISBN 9780851106489.
External links
Other translations of John 1:18 at BibleHub
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Acts of the Apostles (chapter 1) → | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"verse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chapters_and_verses_of_the_Bible"},{"link_name":"the first chapter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_1"},{"link_name":"Gospel of John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gospel_of_John"},{"link_name":"New Testament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Testament"},{"link_name":"Christian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity"},{"link_name":"Bible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bible"}],"text":"John 1:18 is the eighteenth verse in the first chapter of the Gospel of John in the New Testament of the Christian Bible.","title":"John 1:18"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Westcott-Hort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westcott-Hort"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"New International Version","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_International_Version"},{"link_name":"King James Version","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_James_Version"},{"link_name":"Bible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bible"},{"link_name":"Good News Translation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_News_Translation"},{"link_name":"Bible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bible"}],"text":"In the original Greek according to Westcott-Hort this verse is:Θεὸν οὐδεὶς ἑώρακε πώποτε· ὁ μονογενὴς θεὸς, ὁ ὢν εἰς τὸν κόλπον τοῦ πατρός, ἐκεῖνος ἐξηγήσατο.[1]The New International Version translates the passage as:No one has ever seen God, but the one and only Son, who is himself God and is in closest relationship with the Father, has made him known.In the King James Version of the Bible the text reads:No man hath seen God at any time; the only begotten Son, which is in the bosom of the Father, he hath declared him.In the Good News Translation of the Bible the text reads:No one has ever seen God. 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The one being a servant was made a minister of a lesser dispensation: but the other Who was Lord, and Son of the King, brought us far higher things, being ever coexistent with the Father, and beholding Him. Then follows, No man hath seen God at any time, &c.\"[4]Augustine: \"What is that then which Jacob said, I have seen God face to face; and that which is written of Moses, he talked with God face to face; and that which the prophet Isaiah saith of himself, I saw the Lord sitting upon a throne? \"[4]Gregory the Great: \"It is plainly given us to understand here, that while we are in this mortal state, we can see God only through the medium of certain images, not in the reality of His own nature. A soul influenced by the grace of the Spirit may see God through certain figures, but cannot penetrate into his absolute essence. And hence it is that Jacob, who testifies that he saw God, saw nothing but an Angel: and that Moses, who talked with God face to face, says, Shew me Thy way, that I may know Thee: (Exodus 33:13) meaning that he ardently desired to see in the brightness of His own infinite Nature, Him Whom he had only as yet seen reflected in images.\"[4]Chrysostom: \"If the old fathers had seen That very Nature, they would not have contemplated It so variously, for It is in Itself simple and without shape; It sits not, It walks not; these are the qualities of bodies. Whence he saith through the Prophet, I have multiplied visions, and used similitudes, by the ministry of the Prophets: (Hosea 12:10) i. e. I have condescended to them, I appeared that which I was not. For inasmuch as the Son of God was about to manifest Himself to us in actual flesh, men were at first raised to the sight of God, in such ways as allowed of their seeing Him.\"[4]Augustine: \"Now it is said, Blessed are the pure in heart, for they shall see God; (Matthew 5:8) and again, When He shall appear, we shall be like unto Him, for we shall see Him as He is. (1 John 3:2) What is the meaning then of the words here: No man hath seen God at any time? The reply is easy: those passages speak of God, as to be seen, not as already seen. They shall see God, it is said, not, they have seen Him: nor is it, we have seen Him, but, we shall see Him as He is. For, No man hath seen God at any time, neither in this life, nor yet in the Angelic, as He is; in the same way in which sensible things are perceived by the bodily vision.\"[4]Gregory the Great: \"If however any, while inhabiting this corruptible flesh, can advance to such an immeasurable height of virtue, as to be able to discern by the contemplative vision, the eternal brightness of God, their case affects not what we say. For whoever seeth wisdom, that is, God, is dead wholly to this life, being no longer occupied by the love of it.\"[4]Augustine: \"For unless any in some sense die to this life, either by leaving the body altogether, or by being so withdrawn and alienated from carnal perceptions, that he may well not know, as the Apostle says, whether he be in the body or out of the body, (2 Corinthians 12:2) he cannot be carried away, and borne aloft to that vision.\"[4]Gregory the Great: \"Some hold that in the place of bliss, God is visible in His brightness, but not in His nature. This is to indulge in over much subtlety. For in that simple and unchangeable essence, no division can be made between the nature and the brightness.\"[4]Augustine: \"If we say, that the text, No oned hath seen God at any time, (1 Timothy 6:16) applies only to men; so that, as the Apostle more plainly interprets it, Whom no man hath seen nor can see, no one is to be understood here to mean, no one of men: the question may be solved in a way not to contradict what our Lord says, Their Angels do always behold the face of My Father; (Matthew 18:10) so that we must believe that Angels see, what no one, i. e. of men, hath ever seen.\"[4]Gregory the Great: \"Some however there are who conceive that not even the Angels see God.\"[4]Chrysostom: \"That very existence which is God, neither Prophets, nor even Angels, nor yet Archangels, have seen. For enquire of the Angels; they say nothing concerning His Substance; but sing, Glory to God in the highest, and Peace on earth to men of good will. (Luke 2:14) Nay, ask even Cherubim and Seraphim; thou wilt hear only in reply the mystic melody of devotion, and that heaven and earth are full of His glory. (Is. 6:3)\"[4]Augustine: \"Which indeed is true so far, that no bodily or even mental vision of man hath ever embraced the fulness of God; for it is one thing to see, another to embrace the whole of what thou seest. A thing is seen, if only the sight of it be caught; but we only see a thing fully, when we have no part of it unseen, when we see round its extreme limits.\"[4]Chrysostom: \"In this complete sense only the Son and the Holy Ghost see the Father. For how can created nature see that which is uncreated? So then no man knoweth the Father as the Son knoweth Him: and hence what follows, The Only-Begotten Son, Who is in the bosom of the Father, He hath declared Him. That we might not be led by the identity of the name, to confound Him with the sons made so by grace, the article is annexed in the first place; and then, to put an end to all doubt, the name Only-Begotten is introduced.\"[4]Hilary of Poitiers: \"The Truth of His Nature did not seem sufficiently explained by the name of Son, unless, in addition, its peculiar force as proper to Him were expressed, so signifying its distinctness from all beside. For in that, besides Son, he calleth Him also the Only-Begotten, he cut off altogether all suspicion of adoption, the Nature of the Only-Begotten guaranteeing the truth of the name.\"[4]Chrysostom: \"He adds, Which is in the bosom of the Father. To dwell in the bosom is much more than simply to see. For he who sees simply, hath not the knowledge thoroughly of that which he sees; but he who dwells in the bosom, knoweth every thing. When you hear then that no one knoweth the Father save the Son, do not by any means suppose that he only knows the Father more than any other, and does not know Him fully. For the Evangelist sets forth His residing in the bosom of the Father on this very account: viz. to show us the intimate converse of the Only-Begotten, and His coeternity with the Father.\"[4]Augustine: \"In the bosom of the Father, i. e. in the secret Presence1 of the Father: for God hath not the folde on the bosom, as we have; nor must be imagined to sit, as we do; nor is He bound with a girdle, so as to have a fold: but from the fact of our bosom being placed innermost, the secret Presence of the Father is called the bosom of the Father. He then who, in the secret Presence of the Father, knew the Father, the same hath declared what He saw.\"[4]Chrysostom: \"But what hath He declared? That God is one. But this the rest of the Prophets and Moses proclaim: what else have we learnt from the Son Who was in the bosom of the Father? In the first place, that those very truths, which the others declared, were declared through the operation of the Only Begotten: in the next place, we have received a far greater doctrine from the Only Begotten; viz. that God is a Spirit, and those who worship Him must worship Him in spirit and in truth; and that God is the Father of the Only Begotten.\"[4]Bede: \"Farther, if the word declared have reference to the past, it must be considered that He, being made man, declared the doctrine of the Trinity in unity, and how, and by what acts we should prepare ourselves for the contemplation of it. If it have reference to the future, then it means that He will declare Him, when He shall introduce His elect to the vision of His brightness.\"[4]Augustine: \"Yet have there been men, who, deceived by the vanity of their hearts, maintained that the Father is invisible, the Son visible. Now if they call the Son visible, with respect to His connexion with the flesh, we object not; it is the Catholic doctrine. But it is madness in them to say He was so before His incarnation; i. e. if it be true that Christ is the Wisdom of God, and the Power of God. The Wisdom of God cannot be seen by the eye. If the human word cannot be seen by the eye, how can the Word of God?\"[4]Chrysostom: \"The text then, No man hath seen God at any time, applies not to the Father only, but also to the Son: for He, as Paul saith, is the Image of the invisible God; but He who is the Image of the Invisible, must Himself also be invisible.\"[4]","title":"Commentary from the Church Fathers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Guthrie, Donald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Guthrie_(theologian)"},{"link_name":"Carson, D. A.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D._A._Carson"},{"link_name":"France, R. T.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R._T._France"},{"link_name":"Motyer, J. A.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Alec_Motyer"},{"link_name":"Wenham, G. J.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_Wenham"},{"link_name":"New Bible Commentary: 21st Century Edition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=uveHQgAACAAJ"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780851106489","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780851106489"}],"text":"Guthrie, Donald (1994). \"John\". In Carson, D. A.; France, R. T.; Motyer, J. A.; Wenham, G. J. (eds.). New Bible Commentary: 21st Century Edition (4, illustrated, reprint, revised ed.). Inter-Varsity Press. pp. 1021–1065. ISBN 9780851106489.","title":"Sources"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Catena aurea: commentary on the four Gospels, collected out of the works of the Fathers: Volume 6, St. John. Oxford: Parker, 1874. Thomas Aquinas\". 1874.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/CatenaAureaNewEdV6/page/n9/mode/2up","url_text":"\"Catena aurea: commentary on the four Gospels, collected out of the works of the Fathers: Volume 6, St. John. Oxford: Parker, 1874. Thomas Aquinas\""}]},{"reference":"Guthrie, Donald (1994). \"John\". In Carson, D. A.; France, R. T.; Motyer, J. A.; Wenham, G. J. (eds.). New Bible Commentary: 21st Century Edition (4, illustrated, reprint, revised ed.). Inter-Varsity Press. pp. 1021–1065. ISBN 9780851106489.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Guthrie_(theologian)","url_text":"Guthrie, Donald"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D._A._Carson","url_text":"Carson, D. A."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R._T._France","url_text":"France, R. T."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Alec_Motyer","url_text":"Motyer, J. A."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_Wenham","url_text":"Wenham, G. J."},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=uveHQgAACAAJ","url_text":"New Bible Commentary: 21st Century Edition"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780851106489","url_text":"9780851106489"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://refill.toolforge.org/ng/result.php?page=John_1:18&defaults=y","external_links_name":"reFill"},{"Link":"https://citations.toolforge.org/process_page.php?edit=automated_tools&slow=1&page=John_1:18","external_links_name":"Citation bot"},{"Link":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Westcott_and_Hort_The_New_Testament_in_the_Original_Greek_1881.pdf&page=284","external_links_name":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Westcott_and_Hort_The_New_Testament_in_the_Original_Greek_1881.pdf&page=284"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/CatenaAureaNewEdV6/page/n9/mode/2up","external_links_name":"\"Catena aurea: commentary on the four Gospels, collected out of the works of the Fathers: Volume 6, St. John. Oxford: Parker, 1874. Thomas Aquinas\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=uveHQgAACAAJ","external_links_name":"New Bible Commentary: 21st Century Edition"},{"Link":"http://biblehub.com/matthew/1-18.htm","external_links_name":"Other translations of John 1:18 at BibleHub"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleazar_ben_Pedat | Eleazar ben Pedat | ["1 Early life and study","2 Scholarly career","3 His views","3.1 On study","3.2 On charity","4 References","5 Bibliography"] | 3rd-century Jewish scholar from Babylon
Not to be confused with Eleazar ben Shammua.For other early Jewish rabbis with the same name, see Rabbi Eleazar (disambiguation).
Rabbinical eras
Chazal
Zugot
Tannaim
Amoraim
Savoraim
Geonim
Rishonim
Acharonim
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Eleazar ben Pedat (Hebrew: רבי אלעזר בן פדת) was a second and third-generation amora or Talmudist from Babylon who lived in Syria Palaestina during the 3rd century.
He became a scholar at the Talmudic academy at Tiberias, where he was held in great esteem and served as head master, becoming known as "master of the land of Israel".
Early life and study
He was a Babylonian by birth and of priestly descent. In his native country he was a disciple of Samuel, and more especially of Rav, whom he in after years generally cited by the appellation "our teacher", and whose academy he revered above all others, recognizing in it the "lesser sanctuary" of the Diaspora, as promised (Ezekiel 11:16) to the exiles in Babylonia.
When and why he left Babylonia is not stated; but from the data extant it appears that his ardent love for the Land of Israel, and the superior opportunities which Palestine afforded for religious practices, impelled him to emigrate to there—and at a comparatively early age, since some of Rabbi's contemporaries were still alive and active. Indeed, it seems that for a time Eleazar even attended the lectures of Hiyya the Great and of Hoshaiah Rabbah. This was for him a period of hard study, which gave rise to the homiletic remark that the Biblical saying, "Be thou ravished always with her love," was well illustrated by Eleazar ben Pedat at Sepphoris, who was so absorbed in his studies as to be unconscious of all worldly needs.
Scholarly career
Later, Eleazar became attached to the Talmudic academy founded by R. Johanan at Tiberias, where his scholarship procured him great honors. In Tiberias he was associated with Simon b. Eliakim in the office of judge, and at the academy he occupied the position of colleague-disciple (חבר ותלמיד) of Johanan, who himself repeatedly admitted that Eleazar had enlightened him, once declaring that "the son of Pedat sits and interprets the Law as did Moses at the direct inspiration from the Almighty". After the death of Shimon ben Lakish, Eleazar was chosen to fill the position of assistant to Johanan. When Johanan became disabled through grief at Shimon's death, Eleazar presided over the academy, and after the death of Johanan succeeded him in the office of head master.
Eleazar's fame as an expert expounder of the Law having reached Babylonia, his most prominent contemporaries there addressed to him intricate halakhic questions, to which he returned satisfactory answers. This happened so often that he became known in his native country as the "master of the land of Israel"; and anonymous decisions introduced in the Babylonian schools with the statement "They sent word from there" were understood, as a matter of course, to emanate from Eleazar ben Pedat.
There are no data to show how long Eleazar survived R. Johanan, but he probably died about 279 C.E.
His views
On study
Eleazar was averse to the study of esoteric matters. With reference to this study, he would cite the saying of Ben Sira, "Seek not things that are too hard for you, and search not out things that are above your strength". He prized knowledge above all things; therefore he remarked," He who possesses knowledge is as great as if the Temple were rebuilt in his days"; and from Job 20:21 he teaches that he who does not contribute toward the support of scholars will not be blessed in his property.
On charity
He frequently sang the praises of charity. "The practice of charity," he was wont to say, "is more meritorious than all oblations; as the Bible says, 'To do justice and judgment is more acceptable to the Lord than sacrifice'. He who practices charity secretly is greater than Moses himself; for Moses himself admitted 'I was afraid of the anger,' while of secret charity the Bible says, 'A gift in secret pacifies anger'". Benevolence and acts of loving-kindness (גמילות חסדים) are, according to Eleazar's interpretation, even greater than charity; as the Bible says, "Sow to yourselves in righteousness , reap in mercy ." With reference to צדקה, the Bible uses "sowing," indicating an operation that leaves it in doubt whether the sower will or will not enjoy the fruit; while with reference to mercy "reaping" is used, an occupation that renders the enjoying of the results very probable. From the same Scriptural expression Eleazar draws the lesson, "Charity is rewarded only in proportion to the kindness in it"; that is, the pleasant and thoughtful way in which it is given, and the personal sacrifice it involves.
Eleazar was exceedingly poor, and often lacked the necessaries of life. Nevertheless, he would never accept any gifts, or even invitations to the patriarch's table. When any were extended to him, he would decline them with the remark, "It seems that you do not wish me to live long, since the Bible says, 'He that hates gifts shall live'". His scant earnings he would share with other needy scholars; thus, he once purposely lost a coin in order that poverty-stricken Shimon bar Abba, who was following him, might find it. When the latter did find it and offered to restore it, Eleazar assured him that he had renounced its ownership and forfeited all rights thereto, and that consequently it was the property of the finder. It is also reported as his custom first to offer a prutah to the poor, and then to offer prayer to God. Even to impostors he would never refuse charity. "Were it not for the existence of impostors, not a single refusal of charity could ever be atoned for; we therefore ought to show gratitude to them".
References
^ Bokser, B. M. (1983). "The Wall Separating God and Israel". Jewish Quarterly Review. 73 (4): 349–374. doi:10.2307/1454547. JSTOR 1454547. Pedat, a 3rd century Babylonian emigre to Palestine
^ Feldman, L. H. (1992). "Some Observations on Rabbinic Reaction to Roman Rule in Third Century Palestine". Hebrew Union College Annual. 63: 39–81. JSTOR 23508128. Eleazar ben Pedat, the third century scholar who lived in both Palestine and Babylonia
^ Neusner, J.; Avery-Peck, A. J.; Chilton, B. D., eds. (2001). Judaism in Late Antiquity. Vol. 16. Brill. p. 193. ISBN 0391041533. the story is in part a Babylonian critique of the actions of Palestinian rabbis. It disapproves either of specific individuals (Yohanan, Resh Laqish, and Eleazar ben Pedat) or of Palestinian Amoraim in general
^ Schechter, S.; Mendelsohn, S. "ELEAZAR II. (LAZAR)". Jewish Encyclopedia.
^ Yerushalmi Berachot 2 4b; Yerushalmi Shekalim 2 47a
^ Yerushalmi Berachot 5 9d; Moed Kattan 28a
^ Eruvin 66a; Bava Batra 82b
^ Bava Batra 135b; Hullin 111b
^ Gittin 9b; Bava Batra 152a
^ Megillah 29a; Yalkut Shimoni Ezekiel 352
^ Ketuvot 111a
^ Yerushalmi Rosh Hashana 2 58b; Ketuvot 112a
^ Bava Batra 87a; Hullin 110a
^ Yerushalmi Ketuvot 9 33b; Yerushalmi Bava Metzia 10 12c
^ Yerushalmi Yevamot 4 5d
^ Proverbs 5:19
^ Eruvin 54b
^ Yerushalmi Berachot 2 4b; Temurah 25b; Keritot 27a
^ Bava Kamma 117b
^ Yerushalmi Sanhedrin 1 18b
^ Yerushalmi Megillah 1 72c; Yerushalmi Sanhedrin 3 21b
^ Yevamot 72b
^ Bava Metzia 84a
^ Yerushalmi Megillah 1 72b
^ Beitzah 16b; Yerushalmi Kiddushin 1 60c; Bava Batra 135b; Hullin 86b
^ Yoma 9b; Gittin 19b; Niddah 20b
^ שלחו מתם; Beitzah 4b; Gittin 73a
^ Sanhedrin 17b
^ Hagigah 13a
^ Ecclus. 3:21
^ Yerushalmi Hagigah 2 77c
^ a b Sanhedrin 92a
^ Proverbs 21:3
^ a b c Sukkah 49b
^ Deuteronomy 9:19
^ Proverbs 21:14
^ Bava Batra 9b
^ Hosea 10:12
^ Ta'anit 25a
^ Proverbs 15:27
^ Megillah 28a; Hullin 44b
^ Yerushalmi Bava Metzia 2 8c
^ Bava Batra 10a
^ Yerushalmi Peah 8 21b; Ketuvot 68a
Bibliography
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Singer, Isidore; et al., eds. (1901–1906). "Eleazar II". The Jewish Encyclopedia. New York: Funk & Wagnalls. with the following bibliography:
Bacher, Ag. Pal. Amor. ii. 1 et seq.;
Frankel, Mebo, p. 111b et seq.; Breslau, 1870;
Heilprin, Seder ha-Dorot, ii., s.v.; Warsaw, 1882.
Weiss, Dor, iii. 85 et seq.;
Zacuto, Yuasin, ed. Filipowski, pp. 113a et seq.
vteAmoraimAmoraim of Eretz IsraelFirst Generation (until 250 CE):
Gamaliel III
R. Hiyya
Rabbi Yannai
Hoshaiah Rabbah
Epes the Southerner
Joshua ben Levi
Hanina bar Hama
Levi ben Sisi
Bar Kappara
Jeremiah (I)
Simeon ben Jehozadak
Simeon ben Judah ha-Nasi
Second Generation (until 280 CE):
Judah II (Nesi'ah I)
Johanan bar Nappaha
Shimon ben Lakish
Eleazar ben Pedat
Isaac Nappaha
Jose bar Hanina
Rav Kahana II
Jacob bar Idi
Hezekiah
Judah b. Hiyya
Abba of Jaffa
Hama bar Hanina
Shimon bar Abba
Simlai
Hillel, son of Gamaliel III
Zeiri
Third Generation (until 310 CE):
Gamaliel IV
Rabbi Ammi
Rabbi Assi
Abbahu
Ulla
Rabbi Yitzchak
Hama bar Ukva
Zeira
Helbo
Samuel ben Nahman
Abin I
Hiyya bar Abba
Rabbah bar bar Hana
Levi II
Rabbi Ilai II
Abba bar Kahana
Rav Avira
Hanina bar Papi
Hanina ben Pappa
Jose of Yokereth
Jeremiah (II)
Hoshaiah II
Hanina
Abba bar Memel
Tachlifa of the West
Avdimi of Haifa
Luliani ben Tabrin
Abba of Acre
Shimon ben Pazi
Me'asha
Shila of Kefar Tamarta
Anani ben Sason
Alexandri
Kahana bar Tahlifa
Ḥiyya bar Ami
Fourth Generation (until 340 CE):
Judah III (Nesi'ah II)
Jeremiah (III)
Rabbi Aha
Rabbi Berekhiah
Jose bar Zevida
Rabbi Jonah
Rabbi Hilkiah
Zerika
Isaac ben Eliashiv
Rabbi Aibu
Hasa of Eshtemoa
Abba bar Hiyya bar Abba
Rabin
Abba bar Zemina
Pedat ben Eleazar
Abba bar Pappai
Acha bar Hanina
Fifth Generation (until 380 CE):
Hillel II
Gamaliel V
Jose ben Abin
Rabbi Mana II
Sixth Generation (until 410 CE):
Judah IV (Nesi'ah III)
Tanhuma bar Abba
Hanina of Sepphoris
Samuel b. Jose b. Boon
Amoraim of BabylonFirst Generation (until 250 CE):
Abba Arikha (Rav)
Samuel of Nehardea
Mar Ukva
Karna
Rav Shela
Rav Assi
Abba bar Abba
Second Generation (until 280 CE):
Rav Huna
Judah bar Ezekiel
Hamnuna II
Hamnuna Saba
Rabbah bar Abuha
Jeremiah bar Abba
Rav Kahana II
Rav Berona
Hiyya bar Joseph
Rav Giddel
Hiyya bar Ashi
Raba Bar Jeremiah (Abba)
Adda bar Ahavah
Anan
Third Generation (until 310 CE):
Rabbah bar Nahmani (Rabbah)
Rav Nachman
Sheshet
Rav Chisda
Hamnuna III
Rav Yosef bar Hiyya
Rabbah bar Rav Huna
Joseph bar Hama
Ammi b. Abba
Rav Shmuel bar Yehudah
Rav Shmuel bar Rav Yitzchak
Fourth Generation (until 340 CE):
Abaye
Rava
Rami bar Hama
Aha bar Jacob
Rav Safra
Rav Kahana III
Idi b. Abin Naggara
Hiyya b. Abin Naggara
Mar son of Ravina
Rav Shizbi
Isaac b. Judah
Rabbah b. Shela
Mari bar Rachel
Acha Bar Yosef
Fifth Generation (until 380 CE):
Rav Nachman bar Yitzchak
Rav Papa
Rav Papi
Huna ben Joshua
Rav Zevid
Amemar
Mar Zutra
Rav Mesharshiya
Hanina of Sura
Bevai bar Abaye
Sixth Generation (until 430 CE):
Rav Ashi
Ravina I
Maremar
Rami b. Abba
Huna bar Nathan
Rav Kahana IV
Sama bar Raqta
Seventh Generation (until 465 CE):
Rav Yemar
Mar bar Rav Ashi
Rafram II
Aha b. Rava
Judah b. Meremar
Eighth Generation (until 500 CE):
Rabbah Tosafa'ah
Ravina II
Rabbah Jose
Rav Rahumi III
Samuel b. Abbahu | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Eleazar ben Shammua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleazar_ben_Shammua"},{"link_name":"Rabbi Eleazar (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabbi_Eleazar_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Hebrew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_language"},{"link_name":"amora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amoraim"},{"link_name":"Babylon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babylon"},{"link_name":"Syria Palaestina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syria_Palaestina"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Talmudic academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talmudic_academies_in_Syria_Palaestina"},{"link_name":"Tiberias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiberias"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Not to be confused with Eleazar ben Shammua.For other early Jewish rabbis with the same name, see Rabbi Eleazar (disambiguation).Eleazar ben Pedat (Hebrew: רבי אלעזר בן פדת) was a second and third-generation amora or Talmudist from Babylon who lived in Syria Palaestina during the 3rd century.[1][2][3]He became a scholar at the Talmudic academy at Tiberias, where he was held in great esteem and served as head master, becoming known as \"master [i.e., legal authority] of the land of Israel\".[4]","title":"Eleazar ben Pedat"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Babylonian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babylonia"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Samuel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_of_Nehardea"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Rav","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abba_Aricha"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Ezekiel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ezekiel"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Land of Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_of_Israel"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Rabbi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judah_haNasi"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Hiyya the Great","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiyya_the_Great"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Hoshaiah Rabbah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoshaiah_Rabbah"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Sepphoris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sepphoris"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"He was a Babylonian by birth[5] and of priestly descent.[6] In his native country he was a disciple of Samuel,[7] and more especially of Rav,[8] whom he in after years generally cited by the appellation \"our teacher\",[9] and whose academy he revered above all others, recognizing in it the \"lesser sanctuary\" of the Diaspora, as promised (Ezekiel 11:16) to the exiles in Babylonia.[10]When and why he left Babylonia is not stated; but from the data extant it appears that his ardent love for the Land of Israel,[11] and the superior opportunities which Palestine afforded for religious practices,[12] impelled him to emigrate to there—and at a comparatively early age, since some of Rabbi's contemporaries were still alive and active.[13] Indeed, it seems that for a time Eleazar even attended the lectures of Hiyya the Great[14] and of Hoshaiah Rabbah.[15] This was for him a period of hard study, which gave rise to the homiletic remark that the Biblical saying, \"Be thou ravished always with her love,\"[16] was well illustrated by Eleazar ben Pedat at Sepphoris, who was so absorbed in his studies as to be unconscious of all worldly needs.[17]","title":"Early life and study"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Talmudic academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talmudic_academies_in_Syria_Palaestina"},{"link_name":"R. Johanan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johanan_bar_Nappaha"},{"link_name":"Tiberias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiberias"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Shimon ben Lakish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shimon_ben_Lakish"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"}],"text":"Later, Eleazar became attached to the Talmudic academy founded by R. Johanan at Tiberias,[18] where his scholarship procured him great honors. In Tiberias he was associated with Simon b. Eliakim in the office of judge,[19] and at the academy he occupied the position of colleague-disciple (חבר ותלמיד) of Johanan,[20] who himself repeatedly admitted that Eleazar had enlightened him,[21] once declaring that \"the son of Pedat sits and interprets the Law as did Moses at the direct inspiration from the Almighty\".[22] After the death of Shimon ben Lakish, Eleazar was chosen to fill the position of assistant to Johanan.[23] When Johanan became disabled through grief at Shimon's death, Eleazar presided over the academy,[24] and after the death of Johanan succeeded him in the office of head master.Eleazar's fame as an expert expounder of the Law having reached Babylonia, his most prominent contemporaries there addressed to him intricate halakhic questions, to which he returned satisfactory answers.[25] This happened so often that he became known in his native country as the \"master [i.e., legal authority] of the land of Israel\";[26] and anonymous decisions introduced in the Babylonian schools with the statement \"They sent word from there\"[27] were understood, as a matter of course, to emanate from Eleazar ben Pedat.[28]There are no data to show how long Eleazar survived R. Johanan, but he probably died about 279 C.E.","title":"Scholarly career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"His views"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-s92-32"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-s92-32"}],"sub_title":"On study","text":"Eleazar was averse to the study of esoteric matters.[29] With reference to this study, he would cite the saying of Ben Sira,[30] \"Seek not things that are too hard for you, and search not out things that are above your strength\".[31] He prized knowledge above all things; therefore he remarked,\" He who possesses knowledge is as great as if the Temple were rebuilt in his days\";[32] and from Job 20:21 he teaches that he who does not contribute toward the support of scholars will not be blessed in his property.[32]","title":"His views"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-s49-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-s49-34"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-s49-34"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"Shimon bar Abba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shimon_bar_Abba"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"prutah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prutah"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"}],"sub_title":"On charity","text":"He frequently sang the praises of charity. \"The practice of charity,\" he was wont to say, \"is more meritorious than all oblations; as the Bible says,[33] 'To do justice [Hebr. צדקה] and judgment is more acceptable to the Lord than sacrifice'.[34] He who practices charity secretly is greater [in the sight of God] than Moses himself; for Moses himself admitted 'I was afraid of the anger,'[35] while of secret charity the Bible says,[36] 'A gift in secret pacifies anger'\".[37] Benevolence and acts of loving-kindness (גמילות חסדים) are, according to Eleazar's interpretation, even greater than charity; as the Bible says,[38] \"Sow to yourselves in righteousness [Hebr. צדקה], reap in mercy [חסד].\" With reference to צדקה, the Bible uses \"sowing,\" indicating an operation that leaves it in doubt whether the sower will or will not enjoy the fruit; while with reference to mercy \"reaping\" is used, an occupation that renders the enjoying of the results very probable.[34] From the same Scriptural expression Eleazar draws the lesson, \"Charity is rewarded only in proportion to the kindness in it\";[34] that is, the pleasant and thoughtful way in which it is given, and the personal sacrifice it involves.Eleazar was exceedingly poor, and often lacked the necessaries of life.[39] Nevertheless, he would never accept any gifts, or even invitations to the patriarch's table. When any were extended to him, he would decline them with the remark, \"It seems that you do not wish me to live long, since the Bible says,[40] 'He that hates gifts shall live'\".[41] His scant earnings he would share with other needy scholars; thus, he once purposely lost a coin in order that poverty-stricken Shimon bar Abba, who was following him, might find it. When the latter did find it and offered to restore it, Eleazar assured him that he had renounced its ownership and forfeited all rights thereto, and that consequently it was the property of the finder.[42] It is also reported as his custom first to offer a prutah to the poor, and then to offer prayer to God.[43] Even to impostors he would never refuse charity. \"Were it not for the existence of impostors, not a single refusal of charity could ever be atoned for; we therefore ought to show gratitude to them\".[44]","title":"His views"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"public domain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_domain"},{"link_name":"Singer, Isidore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isidore_Singer"},{"link_name":"\"Eleazar II\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?letter=E&artid=134"},{"link_name":"The Jewish Encyclopedia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Jewish_Encyclopedia"},{"link_name":"Heilprin, Seder ha-Dorot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heilprin,_Seder_ha-Dorot"},{"link_name":"Filipowski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herschell_Filipowski"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Amoraim"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Amoraim"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Amoraim"},{"link_name":"Amoraim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amoraim"},{"link_name":"Eretz Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_of_Israel"},{"link_name":"Gamaliel III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamaliel_III"},{"link_name":"R. Hiyya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiyya_the_Great"},{"link_name":"Rabbi Yannai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabbi_Yannai"},{"link_name":"Hoshaiah Rabbah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoshaiah_Rabbah"},{"link_name":"Epes the Southerner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epes_the_Southerner"},{"link_name":"Joshua ben Levi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joshua_ben_Levi"},{"link_name":"Hanina bar Hama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanina_bar_Hama"},{"link_name":"Levi ben Sisi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levi_ben_Sisi"},{"link_name":"Bar Kappara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bar_Kappara"},{"link_name":"Jeremiah (I)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremiah_(I)"},{"link_name":"Simeon ben Jehozadak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simeon_ben_Jehozadak"},{"link_name":"Simeon ben Judah ha-Nasi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simeon_ben_Judah_ha-Nasi"},{"link_name":"Judah II (Nesi'ah I)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judah_II"},{"link_name":"Johanan bar Nappaha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johanan_bar_Nappaha"},{"link_name":"Shimon ben Lakish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shimon_ben_Lakish"},{"link_name":"Eleazar ben Pedat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Isaac Nappaha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabbi_Isaac_Nappaha"},{"link_name":"Jose bar Hanina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jose_bar_Hanina"},{"link_name":"Rav Kahana II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rav_Kahana_II"},{"link_name":"Jacob bar Idi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob_bar_Idi"},{"link_name":"Hezekiah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hezekiah_(Amora)"},{"link_name":"Judah b. Hiyya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judah_b._Hiyya"},{"link_name":"Abba of Jaffa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abba_of_Jaffa"},{"link_name":"Hama bar Hanina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hama_bar_Hanina"},{"link_name":"Shimon bar Abba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shimon_bar_Abba"},{"link_name":"Simlai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simlai"},{"link_name":"Hillel, son of Gamaliel III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hillel,_son_of_Gamaliel_III"},{"link_name":"Zeiri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeiri"},{"link_name":"Gamaliel IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamaliel_IV"},{"link_name":"Rabbi Ammi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabbi_Ammi"},{"link_name":"Rabbi Assi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabbi_Assi"},{"link_name":"Abbahu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbahu"},{"link_name":"Ulla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulla_(Talmudist)"},{"link_name":"Rabbi Yitzchak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabbi_Yitzchak"},{"link_name":"Hama bar Ukva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hama_bar_Ukva"},{"link_name":"Zeira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeira"},{"link_name":"Helbo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helbo"},{"link_name":"Samuel ben Nahman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_ben_Nahman"},{"link_name":"Abin I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abin_I"},{"link_name":"Hiyya bar Abba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiyya_bar_Abba"},{"link_name":"Rabbah bar bar Hana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabbah_bar_bar_Hana"},{"link_name":"Levi II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levi_II"},{"link_name":"Rabbi Ilai II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabbi_Ilai_II"},{"link_name":"Abba bar Kahana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abba_bar_Kahana"},{"link_name":"Rav Avira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rav_Avira"},{"link_name":"Hanina bar Papi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanina_bar_Papi"},{"link_name":"Hanina ben Pappa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanina_ben_Pappa"},{"link_name":"Jose of Yokereth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jose_of_Yokereth"},{"link_name":"Jeremiah (II)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremiah_(II)"},{"link_name":"Hoshaiah II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoshaiah_II"},{"link_name":"Hanina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanina"},{"link_name":"Abba bar Memel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abba_bar_Memel"},{"link_name":"Tachlifa of the West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tachlifa_of_the_West"},{"link_name":"Avdimi of Haifa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avdimi_of_Haifa"},{"link_name":"Luliani ben Tabrin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luliani_ben_Tabrin"},{"link_name":"Abba of Acre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abba_of_Acre"},{"link_name":"Shimon ben Pazi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shimon_ben_Pazi"},{"link_name":"Me'asha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Me%27asha_(amora)"},{"link_name":"Shila of Kefar Tamarta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shila_of_Kefar_Tamarta"},{"link_name":"Anani ben Sason","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anani_ben_Sason"},{"link_name":"Alexandri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandri_(amora)"},{"link_name":"Kahana bar Tahlifa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kahana_bar_Tahlifa"},{"link_name":"Ḥiyya bar Ami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B8%A4iyya_bar_Ami"},{"link_name":"Judah III (Nesi'ah II)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judah_III"},{"link_name":"Jeremiah (III)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremiah_(III)"},{"link_name":"Rabbi Aha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabbi_Aha"},{"link_name":"Rabbi Berekhiah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabbi_Berekhiah"},{"link_name":"Jose bar Zevida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jose_bar_Zevida"},{"link_name":"Rabbi Jonah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabbi_Jonah"},{"link_name":"Rabbi Hilkiah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabbi_Hilkiah"},{"link_name":"Zerika","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zerika"},{"link_name":"Isaac ben Eliashiv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_ben_Eliashiv"},{"link_name":"Rabbi Aibu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabbi_Aibu"},{"link_name":"Hasa of Eshtemoa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasa_of_Eshtemoa"},{"link_name":"Abba bar Hiyya bar Abba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abba_bar_Hiyya_bar_Abba"},{"link_name":"Rabin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabin_(amora)"},{"link_name":"Abba bar Zemina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abba_bar_Zemina"},{"link_name":"Pedat ben Eleazar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedat_ben_Eleazar"},{"link_name":"Abba bar Pappai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abba_bar_Pappai"},{"link_name":"Acha bar Hanina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acha_bar_Hanina"},{"link_name":"Hillel II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hillel_II"},{"link_name":"Gamaliel V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamaliel_V"},{"link_name":"Jose ben Abin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jose_ben_Abin"},{"link_name":"Rabbi Mana II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabbi_Mana_II"},{"link_name":"Judah IV (Nesi'ah III)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judah_IV"},{"link_name":"Tanhuma bar Abba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanhuma_bar_Abba"},{"link_name":"Hanina of Sepphoris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanina_of_Sepphoris"},{"link_name":"Samuel b. Jose b. Boon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_b._Jose_b._Boon"},{"link_name":"Babylon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babylon"},{"link_name":"Abba Arikha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abba_Arikha"},{"link_name":"Samuel of Nehardea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_of_Nehardea"},{"link_name":"Mar Ukva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar_Ukva"},{"link_name":"Karna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rav_Karna"},{"link_name":"Rav Shela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rav_Shela"},{"link_name":"Rav Assi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rav_Assi"},{"link_name":"Abba bar Abba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abba_bar_Abba"},{"link_name":"Rav Huna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rav_Huna"},{"link_name":"Judah bar Ezekiel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judah_bar_Ezekiel"},{"link_name":"Hamnuna II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamnuna_II"},{"link_name":"Hamnuna Saba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamnuna_Saba"},{"link_name":"Rabbah bar Abuha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabbah_bar_Abuha"},{"link_name":"Jeremiah bar Abba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremiah_bar_Abba"},{"link_name":"Rav Kahana II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rav_Kahana_II"},{"link_name":"Rav Berona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rav_Berona"},{"link_name":"Hiyya bar Joseph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiyya_bar_Joseph"},{"link_name":"Rav Giddel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rav_Giddel"},{"link_name":"Hiyya bar Ashi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiyya_bar_Ashi"},{"link_name":"Raba Bar Jeremiah (Abba)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raba_Bar_Jeremiah"},{"link_name":"Adda bar Ahavah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adda_bar_Ahavah"},{"link_name":"Anan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anan_(amora)"},{"link_name":"Rabbah bar Nahmani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabbah_bar_Nahmani"},{"link_name":"Rav Nachman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rav_Nachman"},{"link_name":"Sheshet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheshet"},{"link_name":"Rav Chisda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rav_Chisda"},{"link_name":"Hamnuna III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamnuna_III"},{"link_name":"Rav Yosef bar Hiyya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rav_Yosef_bar_Hiyya"},{"link_name":"Rabbah bar Rav Huna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabbah_bar_Rav_Huna"},{"link_name":"Joseph bar Hama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_bar_Hama"},{"link_name":"Ammi b. Abba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammi_b._Abba"},{"link_name":"Rav Shmuel bar Yehudah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rav_Shmuel_bar_Yehudah"},{"link_name":"Rav Shmuel bar Rav Yitzchak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_bar_Isaac"},{"link_name":"Abaye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abaye"},{"link_name":"Rava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rava_(amora)"},{"link_name":"Rami bar Hama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rami_bar_Hama"},{"link_name":"Aha bar Jacob","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aha_bar_Jacob"},{"link_name":"Rav Safra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rav_Safra"},{"link_name":"Rav Kahana III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rav_Kahana_III"},{"link_name":"Idi b. Abin Naggara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idi_b._Abin_Naggara"},{"link_name":"Hiyya b. Abin Naggara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiyya_b._Abin_Naggara"},{"link_name":"Mar son of Ravina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar_son_of_Ravina"},{"link_name":"Rav Shizbi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rav_Shizbi"},{"link_name":"Isaac b. Judah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_b._Judah"},{"link_name":"Rabbah b. Shela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabbah_b._Shela"},{"link_name":"Mari bar Rachel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mari_bar_Rachel"},{"link_name":"Acha Bar Yosef","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acha_Bar_Yosef"},{"link_name":"Rav Nachman bar Yitzchak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rav_Nachman_bar_Yitzchak"},{"link_name":"Rav Papa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rav_Papa"},{"link_name":"Rav Papi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rav_Papi"},{"link_name":"Huna ben Joshua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huna_ben_Joshua"},{"link_name":"Rav Zevid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rav_Zevid"},{"link_name":"Amemar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amemar"},{"link_name":"Mar Zutra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar_Zutra"},{"link_name":"Rav Mesharshiya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rav_Mesharshiya"},{"link_name":"Hanina of Sura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanina_of_Sura"},{"link_name":"Bevai bar Abaye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bevai_bar_Abaye"},{"link_name":"Rav Ashi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rav_Ashi"},{"link_name":"Ravina I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravina_I"},{"link_name":"Maremar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maremar"},{"link_name":"Rami b. Abba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rami_b._Abba"},{"link_name":"Huna bar Nathan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huna_bar_Nathan"},{"link_name":"Rav Kahana IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rav_Kahana_IV"},{"link_name":"Sama bar Raqta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sama_bar_Raqta"},{"link_name":"Rav Yemar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rav_Yemar"},{"link_name":"Mar bar Rav Ashi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar_bar_Rav_Ashi"},{"link_name":"Rafram II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafram_II"},{"link_name":"Aha b. Rava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aha_b._Rava"},{"link_name":"Judah b. Meremar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judah_b._Meremar"},{"link_name":"Rabbah Tosafa'ah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabbah_Tosafa%27ah"},{"link_name":"Ravina II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravina_II"},{"link_name":"Rabbah Jose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabbah_Jose"},{"link_name":"Rav Rahumi III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rav_Rahumi_III"},{"link_name":"Samuel b. Abbahu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_b._Abbahu"}],"text":"This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Singer, Isidore; et al., eds. (1901–1906). \"Eleazar II\". The Jewish Encyclopedia. New York: Funk & Wagnalls. with the following bibliography:Bacher, Ag. Pal. Amor. ii. 1 et seq.;\nFrankel, Mebo, p. 111b et seq.; Breslau, 1870;\nHeilprin, Seder ha-Dorot, ii., s.v.; Warsaw, 1882.\nWeiss, Dor, iii. 85 et seq.;\nZacuto, Yuasin, ed. Filipowski, pp. 113a et seq.vteAmoraimAmoraim of Eretz IsraelFirst Generation (until 250 CE):\nGamaliel III\nR. Hiyya\nRabbi Yannai\nHoshaiah Rabbah\nEpes the Southerner\nJoshua ben Levi\nHanina bar Hama\nLevi ben Sisi\nBar Kappara\nJeremiah (I)\nSimeon ben Jehozadak\nSimeon ben Judah ha-Nasi\nSecond Generation (until 280 CE):\nJudah II (Nesi'ah I)\nJohanan bar Nappaha\nShimon ben Lakish\nEleazar ben Pedat\nIsaac Nappaha\nJose bar Hanina\nRav Kahana II\nJacob bar Idi\nHezekiah\nJudah b. Hiyya\nAbba of Jaffa\nHama bar Hanina\nShimon bar Abba\nSimlai\nHillel, son of Gamaliel III\nZeiri\nThird Generation (until 310 CE):\nGamaliel IV\nRabbi Ammi\nRabbi Assi\nAbbahu\nUlla\nRabbi Yitzchak\nHama bar Ukva\nZeira\nHelbo\nSamuel ben Nahman\nAbin I\nHiyya bar Abba\nRabbah bar bar Hana\nLevi II\nRabbi Ilai II\nAbba bar Kahana\nRav Avira\nHanina bar Papi\nHanina ben Pappa\nJose of Yokereth\nJeremiah (II)\nHoshaiah II\nHanina\nAbba bar Memel\nTachlifa of the West\nAvdimi of Haifa\nLuliani ben Tabrin\nAbba of Acre\nShimon ben Pazi\nMe'asha\nShila of Kefar Tamarta\nAnani ben Sason\nAlexandri\nKahana bar Tahlifa\nḤiyya bar Ami\nFourth Generation (until 340 CE):\nJudah III (Nesi'ah II)\nJeremiah (III)\nRabbi Aha\nRabbi Berekhiah\nJose bar Zevida\nRabbi Jonah\nRabbi Hilkiah\nZerika\nIsaac ben Eliashiv\nRabbi Aibu\nHasa of Eshtemoa\nAbba bar Hiyya bar Abba\nRabin\nAbba bar Zemina\nPedat ben Eleazar\nAbba bar Pappai\nAcha bar Hanina\nFifth Generation (until 380 CE):\nHillel II\nGamaliel V\nJose ben Abin\nRabbi Mana II\nSixth Generation (until 410 CE):\nJudah IV (Nesi'ah III)\nTanhuma bar Abba\nHanina of Sepphoris\nSamuel b. Jose b. Boon\nAmoraim of BabylonFirst Generation (until 250 CE):\nAbba Arikha (Rav)\nSamuel of Nehardea\nMar Ukva\nKarna\nRav Shela\nRav Assi\nAbba bar Abba\nSecond Generation (until 280 CE):\nRav Huna\nJudah bar Ezekiel\nHamnuna II\nHamnuna Saba\nRabbah bar Abuha\nJeremiah bar Abba\nRav Kahana II\nRav Berona\nHiyya bar Joseph\nRav Giddel\nHiyya bar Ashi\nRaba Bar Jeremiah (Abba)\nAdda bar Ahavah\nAnan\nThird Generation (until 310 CE):\nRabbah bar Nahmani (Rabbah)\nRav Nachman\nSheshet\nRav Chisda\nHamnuna III\nRav Yosef bar Hiyya\nRabbah bar Rav Huna\nJoseph bar Hama\nAmmi b. Abba\nRav Shmuel bar Yehudah\nRav Shmuel bar Rav Yitzchak\nFourth Generation (until 340 CE):\nAbaye\nRava\nRami bar Hama\nAha bar Jacob\nRav Safra\nRav Kahana III\nIdi b. Abin Naggara\nHiyya b. Abin Naggara\nMar son of Ravina\nRav Shizbi\nIsaac b. Judah\nRabbah b. Shela\nMari bar Rachel\nAcha Bar Yosef\nFifth Generation (until 380 CE):\nRav Nachman bar Yitzchak\nRav Papa\nRav Papi\nHuna ben Joshua\nRav Zevid\nAmemar\nMar Zutra\nRav Mesharshiya\nHanina of Sura\nBevai bar Abaye\nSixth Generation (until 430 CE):\nRav Ashi\nRavina I\nMaremar\nRami b. Abba\nHuna bar Nathan\nRav Kahana IV\nSama bar Raqta\nSeventh Generation (until 465 CE):\nRav Yemar\nMar bar Rav Ashi\nRafram II\nAha b. Rava\nJudah b. Meremar\nEighth Generation (until 500 CE):\nRabbah Tosafa'ah\nRavina II\nRabbah Jose\nRav Rahumi III\nSamuel b. Abbahu","title":"Bibliography"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Bokser, B. M. (1983). \"The Wall Separating God and Israel\". Jewish Quarterly Review. 73 (4): 349–374. doi:10.2307/1454547. JSTOR 1454547. Pedat, a 3rd century Babylonian emigre to Palestine","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/1454547","url_text":"\"The Wall Separating God and Israel\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1454547","url_text":"10.2307/1454547"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/1454547","url_text":"1454547"}]},{"reference":"Feldman, L. H. (1992). \"Some Observations on Rabbinic Reaction to Roman Rule in Third Century Palestine\". Hebrew Union College Annual. 63: 39–81. JSTOR 23508128. Eleazar ben Pedat, the third century scholar who lived in both Palestine and Babylonia","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Feldman","url_text":"Feldman, L. H."},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/23508128","url_text":"\"Some Observations on Rabbinic Reaction to Roman Rule in Third Century Palestine\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/23508128","url_text":"23508128"}]},{"reference":"Neusner, J.; Avery-Peck, A. J.; Chilton, B. D., eds. (2001). Judaism in Late Antiquity. Vol. 16. Brill. p. 193. ISBN 0391041533. the story is in part a Babylonian critique of the actions of Palestinian rabbis. It disapproves either of specific individuals (Yohanan, Resh Laqish, and Eleazar ben Pedat) or of Palestinian Amoraim in general","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob_Neusner","url_text":"Neusner, J."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Chilton","url_text":"Chilton, B. D."},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=cizIRs0iAkAC","url_text":"Judaism in Late Antiquity"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0391041533","url_text":"0391041533"}]},{"reference":"Schechter, S.; Mendelsohn, S. \"ELEAZAR II. (LAZAR)\". Jewish Encyclopedia.","urls":[{"url":"https://jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/5523-eleazar-ii-lazar","url_text":"\"ELEAZAR II. (LAZAR)\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/1454547","external_links_name":"\"The Wall Separating God and Israel\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1454547","external_links_name":"10.2307/1454547"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/1454547","external_links_name":"1454547"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/23508128","external_links_name":"\"Some Observations on Rabbinic Reaction to Roman Rule in Third Century Palestine\""},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/23508128","external_links_name":"23508128"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=cizIRs0iAkAC","external_links_name":"Judaism in Late Antiquity"},{"Link":"https://jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/5523-eleazar-ii-lazar","external_links_name":"\"ELEAZAR II. (LAZAR)\""},{"Link":"http://jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?letter=E&artid=134","external_links_name":"\"Eleazar II\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxybelis_fulgidus | Oxybelis fulgidus | ["1 Common names","2 Geographic range","3 Description","4 Catching prey","5 Behavior in captivity","6 Images","7 References","8 Further reading","9 External links"] | Species of snake
Oxybelis fulgidus
A green vine snake in Yasuni National Park, Ecuador
Conservation status
Least Concern (IUCN 3.1)
Scientific classification
Domain:
Eukaryota
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Chordata
Class:
Reptilia
Order:
Squamata
Suborder:
Serpentes
Family:
Colubridae
Genus:
Oxybelis
Species:
O. fulgidus
Binomial name
Oxybelis fulgidus(Daudin, 1803)
Synonyms
Coluber fulgidus Daudin, 1803
Dryophis fulgidus — Fitzinger, 1826
Oxybelis fulgidus — A.M.C. Duméril & Bibron, 1854
Oxybelis fulgidus, commonly known as the green vine snake or the flatbread snake (not to be confused with green-colored species in the genus Ahaetulla, which are also referred as "green vine snake"), is a species of long, slender, arboreal colubrid snake, which is endemic to Central America and northern South America.
Common names
Common names used in South America for this species include bejuca lora, bejuquilla verde, cobra-cipó, and cobra-bicuda.
Geographic range
It is found in Belize, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, El Salvador, French Guiana, Guatemala, Guyana, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Peru, Suriname, and Venezuela.
Description
This snake is very slender, roughly 2 cm (0.79 in) thick, and may attain a total length of about 1.5–2 m (59–79 in). The tail is long and very delicate, but mostly used to hold on while reaching for prey. The head is aerodynamically shaped and very pointy, the mouth is very large and extends almost the whole length of the head. The tongue is long and green; when in use it is kept outside the mouth and moved up and down. this behavior is reflected in other species of vine snake and it is believed that they are using their tongues as sights the way a cat uses its whiskers, as they move very quickly through branches and brush.
It is bright green dorsally, and yellowish green ventrally and on the upper lip. There is a narrow yellowish-white stripe along each side of the belly and tail.
Snout very prominent, about three times as long as the diameter of the eye. No loreal, prefrontal contacting 2 or 3 upper labials. 9-10 upper labials, 4th, 5th, and 6th (or 5th, 6th, and 7th) entering the eye. Temporals very large, 1 + 2.
Dorsal scales weakly keeled, arranged in 17 rows at midbody. Ventrals 198-217; anal plate divided; subcaudals 139-165, also divided.
Catching prey
The green vine snake stays high on trees and looks down to the ground. When a mouse, lizard or nest is found, the snake follows the prey a short distance and smells it carefully. If the snake is content with it, it bites into the head and lifts the prey 20–40 cm (8–15.5 in) from the ground. With this the snake prevents the prey from using its physical strength. The vine snake has two larger upper teeth at the back of its mouth; these teeth permit the toxic saliva to penetrate the wounds and to immobilize the prey. Then it is rapidly swallowed. Once the prey is completely in the snake's body, the vine snake searches for a resting place, usually in the highest point of a tree. The venom of Oxybelis fulgidus is fast acting on small animals, but has little or no effect on humans. Envenomation of human beings is rare as the rear fangs require the snake to grab and chew to get its venom in, something most people will not stand for. In the rare instance of human envenomation, slight tingling to temporary numbness at the site of the bite is reported. As with all venomous creatures, serious allergic reactions are possible so caution should still be taken when handling these snakes.
Behavior in captivity
Vine snakes must be kept in large terrariums with a height of at least 2 m (79 in) and a surface of 6–16 square meters (65–172 square feet). The behavior towards humans is neutral and the snake usually goes to the other end of the terrarium. Some adapt very well and even come closer. Unlike their Asian look-alikes, these snakes will readily take mice and some are even large enough to eat rats. This fact makes them a prized choice among reptile collectors. Captive life spans are estimated at 9–15 years.
Images
Oxybelis fulgidus in Tortuguero National Park, Costa Rica
Oxybelis fulgidus in Tortuguero National Park, Costa Rica
Oxybelis fulgidus in Cahuita, Costa Rica
Close-up of head of Oxybelis fulgidus (Culebra Chocoya in Nicaragua) in El Crucero, Managua, Nicaragua.
Oxibelis fulgidus on a tropical almond (Terminalia catappa?) branch, in El Crucero, Managua, Nicaragua.
Close-up of head of Oxybelis fulgidus
References
^ a b c d Boulenger, G.A. 1896. Catalogue of the Snakes in the British Museum (Natural History). Volume III., Containing the Colubridæ (Opisthoglyphæ and Proteroglyphæ), ... Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History). (Taylor and Francis, Printers.) xiv + 727 pp. + Plates I.- XXV. (Oxybelis fulgidus, pp. 191-192.)
^ Discovery (December 5, 2016). "This is the green vine snake, also known as the flatbread snake" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
^ Freiberg, M. 1982. Snakes of South America. T.F.H. Publications. Hong Kong. 189 pp. ISBN 0-87666-912-7. (Oxybelis fulgidus, pp. 104, 137 + photographs on pp. 134-135.)
^ The Reptile Database. www.reptile-database.org.
^ Mackessy, S.P. (2009). Handbook of Venoms and Toxins of Reptiles. CRC Press. p. 6. ISBN 9781420008661. Retrieved 13 April 2015.
Further reading
Daudin, F.M. 1803. Histoire Naturelle, Générale et Particulière des Reptiles. Volume 6. F. Dufart. Paris. 365 pp. (Coluber fulgidus, p. 352 + Plate LXXX.)
External links
Honduras Silvestre - Biodiversity Database for Honduras Archived 2010-03-15 at the Wayback Machine
"Oxybelis fulgidus". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 22 April 2006.
Species Oxybelis fulgidus at The Reptile Database
Taxon identifiersOxybelis fulgidus
Wikidata: Q619964
Wikispecies: Oxybelis fulgidus
ADW: Oxybelis_fulgidus
CoL: 4BCKB
EoL: 1055709
GBIF: 2453625
iNaturalist: 29178
IRMNG: 10641756
ITIS: 209387
IUCN: 198389
NCBI: 121355
Observation.org: 101885
Open Tree of Life: 10062
RD: fulgidus | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Ahaetulla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahaetulla"},{"link_name":"species","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species"},{"link_name":"arboreal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arboreal"},{"link_name":"colubrid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colubridae"},{"link_name":"endemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endemism"},{"link_name":"Central America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_America"},{"link_name":"South America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_America"}],"text":"Oxybelis fulgidus, commonly known as the green vine snake or the flatbread snake[2] (not to be confused with green-colored species in the genus Ahaetulla, which are also referred as \"green vine snake\"), is a species of long, slender, arboreal colubrid snake, which is endemic to Central America and northern South America.","title":"Oxybelis fulgidus"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Common names used in South America for this species include bejuca lora, bejuquilla verde, cobra-cipó, and cobra-bicuda.[3]","title":"Common names"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Belize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belize"},{"link_name":"Bolivia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolivia"},{"link_name":"Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil"},{"link_name":"Colombia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombia"},{"link_name":"Costa Rica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costa_Rica"},{"link_name":"Ecuador","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecuador"},{"link_name":"El Salvador","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Salvador"},{"link_name":"French Guiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Guiana"},{"link_name":"Guatemala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guatemala"},{"link_name":"Guyana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guyana"},{"link_name":"Honduras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honduras"},{"link_name":"Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico"},{"link_name":"Nicaragua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicaragua"},{"link_name":"Panama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama"},{"link_name":"Peru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru"},{"link_name":"Suriname","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suriname"},{"link_name":"Venezuela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"It is found in Belize, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, El Salvador, French Guiana, Guatemala, Guyana, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Peru, Suriname, and Venezuela.[4]","title":"Geographic range"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"dorsally","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorsum_(anatomy)"},{"link_name":"ventrally","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventral"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Blgr1896-1"},{"link_name":"loreal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loreal_scale"},{"link_name":"prefrontal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prefrontal_scales"},{"link_name":"upper labials","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supralabial_scale"},{"link_name":"Temporals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temporal_scales"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Blgr1896-1"},{"link_name":"Dorsal scales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorsal_scales"},{"link_name":"Ventrals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventral_scales"},{"link_name":"anal plate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anal_scale"},{"link_name":"subcaudals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subcaudal_scales"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Blgr1896-1"}],"text":"This snake is very slender, roughly 2 cm (0.79 in) thick, and may attain a total length of about 1.5–2 m (59–79 in). The tail is long and very delicate, but mostly used to hold on while reaching for prey. The head is aerodynamically shaped and very pointy, the mouth is very large and extends almost the whole length of the head. The tongue is long and green; when in use it is kept outside the mouth and moved up and down. this behavior is reflected in other species of vine snake and it is believed that they are using their tongues as sights the way a cat uses its whiskers, as they move very quickly through branches and brush.It is bright green dorsally, and yellowish green ventrally and on the upper lip. There is a narrow yellowish-white stripe along each side of the belly and tail.[1]Snout very prominent, about three times as long as the diameter of the eye. No loreal, prefrontal contacting 2 or 3 upper labials. 9-10 upper labials, 4th, 5th, and 6th (or 5th, 6th, and 7th) entering the eye. Temporals very large, 1 + 2.[1]Dorsal scales weakly keeled, arranged in 17 rows at midbody. Ventrals 198-217; anal plate divided; subcaudals 139-165, also divided.[1]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-google-5"}],"text":"The green vine snake stays high on trees and looks down to the ground. When a mouse, lizard or nest is found, the snake follows the prey a short distance and smells it carefully. If the snake is content with it, it bites into the head and lifts the prey 20–40 cm (8–15.5 in) from the ground. With this the snake prevents the prey from using its physical strength. The vine snake has two larger upper teeth at the back of its mouth; these teeth permit the toxic saliva to penetrate the wounds and to immobilize the prey. Then it is rapidly swallowed. Once the prey is completely in the snake's body, the vine snake searches for a resting place, usually in the highest point of a tree. The venom of Oxybelis fulgidus is fast acting on small animals, but has little or no effect on humans. Envenomation of human beings is rare as the rear fangs require the snake to grab and chew to get its venom in, something most people will not stand for. In the rare instance of human envenomation, slight tingling to temporary numbness at the site of the bite is reported. As with all venomous creatures, serious allergic reactions are possible so caution should still be taken when handling these snakes.[5]","title":"Catching prey"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Vine snakes must be kept in large terrariums with a height of at least 2 m (79 in) and a surface of 6–16 square meters (65–172 square feet). The behavior towards humans is neutral and the snake usually goes to the other end of the terrarium. Some adapt very well and even come closer. Unlike their Asian look-alikes, these snakes will readily take mice and some are even large enough to eat rats. This fact makes them a prized choice among reptile collectors. Captive life spans are estimated at 9–15 years.","title":"Behavior in captivity"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Oxybelis-fulgidus-3.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Oxybelis-fulgidus-1.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Oxybelis_fulgidus_5.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CulebraChocoya1.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CulebraChocoya2.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Oxybelis_fulgidus_4.jpg"}],"text":"Oxybelis fulgidus in Tortuguero National Park, Costa Rica\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tOxybelis fulgidus in Tortuguero National Park, Costa Rica\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tOxybelis fulgidus in Cahuita, Costa Rica\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tClose-up of head of Oxybelis fulgidus (Culebra Chocoya in Nicaragua) in El Crucero, Managua, Nicaragua.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tOxibelis fulgidus on a tropical almond (Terminalia catappa?) branch, in El Crucero, Managua, Nicaragua.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tClose-up of head of Oxybelis fulgidus","title":"Images"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Daudin, F.M.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Marie_Daudin"}],"text":"Daudin, F.M. 1803. Histoire Naturelle, Générale et Particulière des Reptiles. Volume 6. F. Dufart. Paris. 365 pp. (Coluber fulgidus, p. 352 + Plate LXXX.)","title":"Further reading"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Discovery [@Discovery] (December 5, 2016). \"This is the green vine snake, also known as the flatbread snake\" (Tweet) – via Twitter.","urls":[{"url":"https://x.com/Discovery/status/805806908254879744","url_text":"\"This is the green vine snake, also known as the flatbread snake\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)","url_text":"Tweet"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter","url_text":"Twitter"}]},{"reference":"Mackessy, S.P. (2009). Handbook of Venoms and Toxins of Reptiles. CRC Press. p. 6. ISBN 9781420008661. 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Retrieved 22 April 2006.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=209387","url_text":"\"Oxybelis fulgidus\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System","url_text":"Integrated Taxonomic Information System"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://x.com/Discovery/status/805806908254879744","external_links_name":"\"This is the green vine snake, also known as the flatbread snake\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=x_vME799de4C","external_links_name":"Handbook of Venoms and Toxins of Reptiles"},{"Link":"http://www.hondurassilvestre.com/","external_links_name":"Honduras Silvestre - Biodiversity Database for Honduras"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100315131944/http://www.hondurassilvestre.com/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=209387","external_links_name":"\"Oxybelis fulgidus\""},{"Link":"http://reptile-database.reptarium.cz/species.php?genus=Oxybelis&species=fulgidus","external_links_name":"Oxybelis fulgidus"},{"Link":"http://www.reptile-database.org/","external_links_name":"The Reptile Database"},{"Link":"https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Oxybelis_fulgidus/","external_links_name":"Oxybelis_fulgidus"},{"Link":"https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/4BCKB","external_links_name":"4BCKB"},{"Link":"https://eol.org/pages/1055709","external_links_name":"1055709"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/2453625","external_links_name":"2453625"},{"Link":"https://inaturalist.org/taxa/29178","external_links_name":"29178"},{"Link":"https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=10641756","external_links_name":"10641756"},{"Link":"https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=209387","external_links_name":"209387"},{"Link":"https://apiv3.iucnredlist.org/api/v3/taxonredirect/198389","external_links_name":"198389"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=121355","external_links_name":"121355"},{"Link":"https://observation.org/species/101885/","external_links_name":"101885"},{"Link":"https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=10062","external_links_name":"10062"},{"Link":"https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?url_prefix=https%3A%2F%2Freptile-database.reptarium.cz%2Fspecies%3F&id=genus%3DOxybelis%26species%3Dfulgidus","external_links_name":"fulgidus"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Hayes_(disambiguation) | Brian Hayes | ["1 See also"] | Brian Hayes may refer to:
Brian Hayes (politician) (born 1969), Irish Fine Gael politician
Brian Hayes (scientist), American scientist, columnist and author
Brian Hayes (civil servant) (1929–2022), English civil servant
Brian Hayes (broadcaster) (born 1937), Australian broadcaster, worked in the UK for the BBC and Independent Radio, and on Not Today, Thank You
Brian Hayes (rugby union) (born 1990), Irish rugby union player
Brian Hayes (lawyer), South Australian lawyer
Brian Hayes (dual player), Irish Gaelic footballer and hurler
Brian Hayes, former Republican Labor Policy Director and member of the National Labor Relations Board
See also
Bryan Hayes (born 1958), Canadian Member of Parliament
Bryan Hayes (radio host) (born 1983), Canadian sports radio host
Topics referred to by the same termThis disambiguation page lists articles about people with the same name. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Brian Hayes (politician)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Hayes_(politician)"},{"link_name":"Brian Hayes (scientist)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Hayes_(scientist)"},{"link_name":"Brian Hayes (civil servant)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Hayes_(civil_servant)"},{"link_name":"Brian Hayes (broadcaster)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Hayes_(broadcaster)"},{"link_name":"Brian Hayes (rugby union)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Hayes_(rugby_union)"},{"link_name":"Brian Hayes (lawyer)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Hayes_(lawyer)"},{"link_name":"Brian Hayes (dual player)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Hayes_(dual_player)"},{"link_name":"National Labor Relations Board","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Labor_Relations_Board"}],"text":"Brian Hayes (politician) (born 1969), Irish Fine Gael politician\nBrian Hayes (scientist), American scientist, columnist and author\nBrian Hayes (civil servant) (1929–2022), English civil servant\nBrian Hayes (broadcaster) (born 1937), Australian broadcaster, worked in the UK for the BBC and Independent Radio, and on Not Today, Thank You\nBrian Hayes (rugby union) (born 1990), Irish rugby union player\nBrian Hayes (lawyer), South Australian lawyer\nBrian Hayes (dual player), Irish Gaelic footballer and hurler\nBrian Hayes, former Republican Labor Policy Director and member of the National Labor Relations Board","title":"Brian Hayes"}] | [] | [{"title":"Bryan Hayes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryan_Hayes"},{"title":"Bryan Hayes (radio host)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryan_Hayes_(radio_host)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Disambig_gray.svg"},{"title":"disambiguation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Disambiguation"},{"title":"internal link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Whatlinkshere/Brian_Hayes&namespace=0"}] | [] | [{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Whatlinkshere/Brian_Hayes&namespace=0","external_links_name":"internal link"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_New_York_Film_Festival | 2020 New York Film Festival | ["1 Main slate","2 Currents","3 Spotlight","4 Revivals","5 Short films","6 References"] | 2020 film festival edition
The 58th New York Film Festival took place from September 17 to October 11, 2020. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, it was staged through outdoor and online screenings.
Main slate
English title
Original title
Director(s)
Country
Ref
Atarrabi and Mikelats
Atarrabi et Mikelats
Eugène Green
Belgium, France
Beginning
Dasatskisi
Déa Kulumbegashvili
Georgia
The Calming
Song Fang
China
City Hall
Frederick Wiseman
United States
Days
日子
Tsai Ming-liang
Taiwan
The Disciple
Chaitanya Tamhane
India
French Exit
Azazel Jacobs
United Kingdom, Canada
Gunda
Viktor Kossakovsky
United States, Norway
I Carry You With Me
Te Llevo Conmigo
Heidi Ewing
United States, Mexico
Isabella
Matías Piñeiro
Argentina
Lovers Rock
Steve McQueen
United Kingdom
Malmkrog
Cristi Puiu
Romania
Mangrove
Steve McQueen
United Kingdom
MLK/FBI
Sam Pollard
United States
Night of the Kings
La Nuit des rois
Philippe Lacôte
France, Côte d'Ivoire, Canada, Senegal
Nomadland
Chloé Zhao
United States
Notturno
Gianfranco Rosi
Italy
Red, White & Blue
Steve McQueen
United Kingdom
The Salt of Tears
Le Sel des larmes
Philippe Garrel
France
Swimming Out Till the Sea Turns Blue
Jia Zhangke
China
Time
Garrett Bradley
United States
Tragic Jungle
Yulene Olaizola
Mexico
The Truffle Hunters
Michael Dweck, Gregory Kershaw
United States, Greece, Italy
Undine
Christian Petzold
Germany
The Woman Who Ran
도망친 여자
Hong Sang-soo
South Korea
Currents
English title
Original title
Director(s)
Country
Ref
Apparition
Ismaïl Bahri
Tunisia, France
Fauna
Flora y fauna
Nicolás Pereda
Mexico/Canada
Her Name Was Europa
Anja Dornieden, Juan David González Monroy
Germany
Her Socialist Smile
John Gianvito
United States
Hidden
Jafar Panahi
France
The Inheritance
Ephraim Asili
United States
Its Distorting Mirror
Raúl Ruiz, Valeria Sarmiento
Chile
King of Sanwi
Akosua Adoma Owusu
USA/Ghana
The Last City
Heinz Emigholz
Germany
The Lobby
Heinz Emigholz
Germany/Argentina
My Mexican Bretzel
Nuria Giménez
Spain
Ouvertures
The Living and the Dead Ensemble
United Kingdom/France
The Plastic House
Alison Chhorn
Australia
A Revolt Without Images
Pilar Monsell
Spain
Slow Machine
Joe DeNardo, Paul Felten
United States
The Tango of the Widower
Raúl Ruiz, Valeria Sarmiento
Chile
There Are Not Thirty-Six Ways of Showing a Man Getting on a Horse
No existen treinta y seis maneras de mostrar cómo un hombre se sube a un caballo
Nicolás Zukerfeld
Argentina
This Day Won't Last
Mouaad el Salem
Tunisia/Belgium
Untitled Sequence of Gaps
Vika Kirchenbauer
Germany
The Works and Days (of Tayoko Shiojiri in the Shiotani Basin)
C.W. Winter, Anders Edström
United States, Sweden, Japan, United Kingdom
The Year of the Discovery
Luis López Carrasco
Spain
Spotlight
English title
Original title
Director(s)
Country
Ref
All In: The Fight for Democracy
Liz Garbus, Lisa Cortés
United States
David Byrne's American Utopia
Spike Lee
United States
Hopper/Welles
Orson Welles
United States
The Human Voice
Pedro Almodóvar
Spain
The Monopoly of Violence
David Dufresne
France
On the Rocks
Sofia Coppola
United States
Revivals
English title
Original title
Director(s)
Country
Ref
The Chess Game of the Wind
Shatranj-e-Baad
Mohammad Reza Aslani
Iran
Climax
Gaspar Noé
France, Belgium
Damnation
Kárhozat
Béla Tarr
Hungary
Flowers of Shanghai
海上花
Hou Hsiao-hsien
Taiwan
The Hourglass Sanatorium
Sanatorium pod klepsydrą
Wojciech Has
Poland
In the Mood for Love
花樣年華
Wong Kar-wai
Hong Kong
Meeting the Man: James Baldwin in Paris
Terence Dixon
United Kingdom, France
Muhammad Ali, the Greatest
William Klein
France
Salò, or the 120 Days of Sodom
Salò o le 120 giornate di Sodoma
Pier Paolo Pasolini
Italy, France
Simone Barbes or Virtue
Simone Barbès ou la vertu
Marie-Claude Treilhou
France
Smooth Talk
Joyce Chopra
United States
The Spook Who Sat by the Door
Ivan Dixon
United States
Xiao Wu (The Pickpocket)
小武
Jia Zhangke
China
Zero for Conduct
Zéro de conduite
Jean Vigo
France
Short films
English title
Original title
Director(s)
Country
Ref
Apiyemiyekî?
Ana Vaz
Brazil, France, Portugal, Netherlands
Aquí y allá
Melisa Liebenthal
Argentina, France
An Arrow Pointing to a Hole
Steve Reinke
United States, Canada
August 22, This Year
Graham Foy
Canada
Autoficcion
Laida Lertxundi
Spain, United States, New Zealand
The Chicken
Neo Sora
United States
Claudette's Star
Ayo Akingbade
United Kingdom
Correspondence
Carla Simón, Dominga Sotomayor
Spain/Chile
Drills
Sarah Friedland
United States
Ekphrasis
Riccardo Giacconi
Italy
The End of Suffering (a proposal)
Jacqueline Lentzou
Greece
Episodes – Spring 2018
Mathilde Girard
France
Extractions
Thirza Cuthand
Canada
Figure Minus Fact
Mary Helena Clark
United States
– force –
Simon Liu, Jennie MaryTai Liu
Hong Kong, United States
Glimpses from a Visit to Orkney in Summer 1995
Ute Aurand
Germany
Hard, Cracked the Wind
Mark Jenkin
United Kingdom
Humongous!
Aya Kawazoe
Japan
In Sudden Darkness
Tayler Montague
United States
In the Air Tonight
Andrew Norman Wilson
United States
The Isolated
Jay Giampietro
United States
Labor of Love
Sylvia Schedelbauer
Germany
Letter From Your Far-Off Country
Suneil Sanzgiri
United States, India
Look Then Below
Ben Rivers
United Kingdom
Malembe
Luis Arnías
Venezuela, United States
A Night at the Opera
Sergei Loznitza
France
Notes, Imprints (On Love): Part I
Alexandra Cuesta
United States, Ecuador
Object Lessons, or: What Happened Whitsunday
Ricky D'Ambrose
United States
Once Removed
Lawrence Abu Hamdan
Lebanon
Point and Line to Plane
Sofia Bohdanowicz
Canada
Sanfield
Kevin Jerome Everson
United States
See You in My Dreams
Shun Ikezoe
Japan
Shots in the Dark with David Godlis
Noah Kloster, Lewie Kloster
United States
Single Copy
Hsu Che-Yu
Taiwan
Stump the Guesser
Guy Maddin, Evan Johnson, Galen Johnson
Canada
To the Harbour
Anonymous
Hong Kong
Trust Study #1
Shobun Baile
United States
The Unseen River
Phạm Ngọc Lân
Vietnam, Laos
While Cursed by Specters
Burak Çevik
Turkey
Wild Bill Horsecock
Oliver Shahery
United States
References
^ "The New York Film Festival Goes Virtual". The New Yorker, September 18, 2020.
^ Rebecca Rubin, "New York Film Festival Unveils Main Slate". Variety, August 13, 2020.
^ a b Leonard Pearce, "NYFF's Inaugural Currents Lineup Features Intrepid Filmmaking Voices from Around the World". The Film Stage, August 24, 2020.
^ Dade Hayes, "New York Film Festival Sets Spotlight Lineup, With 'Hopper/Welles', Sofia Coppola's 'On The Rocks' & More". Deadline Hollywood, August 27, 2020.
^ "Revivals Lineup Announced for the 58th New York Film Festival". Film at Lincoln Center, August 18, 2020.
vteNew York Film Festival
2008
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shadows_of_the_Past_(1922_film) | Shadows of the Past (1922 film) | ["1 Cast","2 References","3 Bibliography","4 External links"] | 1922 film
Shadows of the PastDirected byRudolf BiebrachWritten byWilhelm AuspitzerProduced byPaul EbnerMaxim GalitzensteinStarringGertrude WelckerErnst HofmannErich Kaiser-TitzCinematographyGeorg SchubertProductioncompanyMaxim-FilmDistributed byUFARelease date
15 March 1922 (1922-03-15)
CountryGermanyLanguagesSilentGerman intertitles
Shadows of the Past (German: Schatten der Vergangenheit) is a 1922 German silent film directed by Rudolf Biebrach and starring Gertrude Welcker, Ernst Hofmann and Erich Kaiser-Titz.
Cast
Gertrude Welcker as Helga
Ernst Hofmann as Arvid Paulsen - Secretary
Erich Kaiser-Titz as Löwenborg
Anton Edthofer as Jens Holmberg - Artist
Heinrich Schroth as Henrik Krag - Private Detective
Rudolf Biebrach as Christensen
Josefine Dora as Mrs. Hendersen
Erna Hauk as Gerda
References
^ Das Ufa-Buch p. 77
Bibliography
Hans-Michael Bock & Michael Töteberg. Das Ufa-Buch. Zweitausendeins, 1992.
External links
Shadows of the Past at IMDb
This article related to a German film of the 1920s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language"},{"link_name":"silent film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silent_film"},{"link_name":"Rudolf Biebrach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Biebrach"},{"link_name":"Gertrude Welcker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gertrude_Welcker"},{"link_name":"Ernst Hofmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Hofmann"},{"link_name":"Erich Kaiser-Titz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erich_Kaiser-Titz"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Shadows of the Past (German: Schatten der Vergangenheit) is a 1922 German silent film directed by Rudolf Biebrach and starring Gertrude Welcker, Ernst Hofmann and Erich Kaiser-Titz.[1]","title":"Shadows of the Past (1922 film)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gertrude Welcker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gertrude_Welcker"},{"link_name":"Ernst Hofmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Hofmann"},{"link_name":"Erich Kaiser-Titz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erich_Kaiser-Titz"},{"link_name":"Anton Edthofer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_Edthofer"},{"link_name":"Heinrich Schroth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Schroth"},{"link_name":"Rudolf Biebrach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Biebrach"},{"link_name":"Josefine Dora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josefine_Dora"},{"link_name":"Erna Hauk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Erna_Hauk&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Gertrude Welcker as Helga\nErnst Hofmann as Arvid Paulsen - Secretary\nErich Kaiser-Titz as Löwenborg\nAnton Edthofer as Jens Holmberg - Artist\nHeinrich Schroth as Henrik Krag - Private Detective\nRudolf Biebrach as Christensen\nJosefine Dora as Mrs. Hendersen\nErna Hauk as Gerda","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Hans-Michael Bock & Michael Töteberg. Das Ufa-Buch. Zweitausendeins, 1992.","title":"Bibliography"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0442464/","external_links_name":"Shadows of the Past"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shadows_of_the_Past_(1922_film)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_DSM | DSM (company) | ["1 History","1.1 Acquisitions","1.2 Divestments","1.3 Partnerships","2 Organization","2.1 Nutrition","2.2 Materials","2.3 Innovation Center","3 Current strategy","3.1 Financial targets","3.2 Environmental targets","4 Shares","5 References"] | Dutch multinational corporation
Royal DSM N.V.Company typeNaamloze vennootschapTraded asEuronext Amsterdam: DSMAEX componentISINNL0000009827IndustryChemicalsFounded1902; 122 years ago (1902)HeadquartersHeerlen, NetherlandsKey peopleDimitri de Vreeze (co-CEO) Geraldine Matchett (co-CEO) Edith Schippers (President) Rob Routs (Chairman of the Supervisory board)ProductsNutritional ingredients, specialty food ingredients, engineering plastics, Dyneema, coatings, biomedical materials, biomass conversion technology, solar efficiency technology.Revenue€8.632 billion (2017)Operating income€957 million (2017)Net income€649 million (2017)Total assets€12.802 billion (2017)Total equity€7.065 billion (2017)Number of employees21,054 (2017)Websitewww.dsm.com
DSM Headquarters in Heerlen, the Netherlands, pictured in 2011
Koninklijke DSM N.V. (Royal DSM, commonly known as DSM, which is the acronym for Dutch State Mines), was a Dutch multinational corporation active in the fields of health, nutrition and materials. Headquartered in Heerlen, at the end of 2017 DSM employed 21,054 people in approximately 50 countries and posted net sales of €8.632 billion in 2018 and €9.204 billion in 2021. In May 2023 it merged with the Swiss company Firmenich to form a new entity named dsm-firmenich.
History
DSM was formed by the Dutch state in 1902 to mine coal reserves in southern Limburg and although the company had diversified into commodity chemicals and petrochemicals by 1973, when the last mine closed, DSM retains a link to its origins by continuing to use the initials, originally an abbreviation for Dutch State Mines, to this day.
During World War II researchers worked on penicillin. The code name Bacinol was used to keep the research secret from the Germans. The research was done at the company Nederlandsche Gist- en Spiritusfabriek, Dutch Yeast and Spirits Factory, later becoming DSM Sinochem Pharmaceuticals, in Delft.
In 1989, the government floated 70% of its shares in the company on the Amsterdam Stock Exchange (now Euronext Amsterdam) with the remaining 30% floated in 1996, thereby completing DSM's privatization. The 21st century has seen DSM follow successive five-year strategic periods of portfolio transformation and internationalization involving acquisitions, divestments and partnerships. In 2001, 48% of DSM's workforce was based in the Netherlands; in 2017, this was 18%.
In 2022, DSM and Swiss privately owned group Firmenich announced their intention to form a "merger of equals" to form a new group named "dsm-firmenich".
Acquisitions
1998: Gist-brocades (food ingredients, pharmaceuticals, yeast- and enzyme-based production process technology).
2000: Catalytica Pharmaceuticals (pharmaceutical intermediates).
2003: Roche's vitamin division.
2005: NeoResins (water-based coating resins).
2011: Martek (nutritional products derived from microalgae and fermentation technology).
2011: Vitatene (natural carotenoids derived from fermentation of Blakeslea trispora fungus).
2012: Verenium's food enzymes and oilseed processing business.
2012: Kensey Nash (biomedical regenerative medicine).
2012: Ocean Nutrition Canada (fish-oil derived nutritional products).
2012: Cargill's cultures and enzymes business.
2012: Fortitech (customized nutrient premixes).
2013: Unitech (micronutrient premixes and macronutrient blends).
2013: Andre Pectin (food hydrocolloids).
2013: Tortuga (nutritional supplements for pasture raised cattle).
2015: Åland (vitamin C).
2015: Cubic Tech (high-performance, ultra-lightweight, flexible laminates and fabrics).
2020: Erber Group – Biomin and Romer Labs (mycotoxin and allergen tests in food).
2020: Glycom (human milk oligosaccharides, infant formula supplement).
2021: Amyris Flavor & Fragrance business.
Divestments
2002: Petrochemicals (hydrocarbons, polyethylenes, polypropylenes, polyolefins).
2001: Quinine and Cinchona Alcaloids to Buchler GmbH.
2010: Ammonia, fertilizer and melamine.
2010: Thermoplastic elastomers.
2010: EP(D)M rubber.
2010: Toluene oxidation.
2017: Patheon, a pharmaceutical contract development and manufacturing organization (CDMO) joint venture with JLL Partners, to Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc.
2021: Resins & Functional Materials business to Covestro AG.
2022: Protective Materials business to Avient Corporation
2022: Engineering Materials business to Advent International and LANXESS
Partnerships
DSM has stated that these partnerships have been created with a view to the company's ultimate exit from the businesses concerned.
2009: DSM and NCPC sign contracts to establish nutrition and anti-infectives joint ventures in China
2011: DSM Sinochem Pharmaceuticals, joint venture (DSM 50%) with the Sinochem Group. DSM Sinochem Pharmaceuticals is a manufacturer of generic anti-infective molecules.
2015: ChemicaInvest, joint venture (DSM 35%) with CVC Capital Partners. ChemicaInvest consists of three business units; Aliancys (composite resins), AnQore (acrylonitrile) and Fibrant (caprolactam).
DSM has applied IFRS 11 to its associates and joint ventures since 2013.
Organization
DSM's five business groups are clustered according to product and market combinations, with the business group directors reporting directly to the Managing Board. Since 2015, DSM's activities have been grouped into three clusters: Nutrition, Materials and Innovation Center.
Nutrition
The Nutrition cluster is made up of DSM Nutritional Products and DSM Food Specialties. DSM Nutritional Products produces essential nutrients such as synthetic vitamins, carotenoids, human milk oligosaccharides, nutritional lipids and other ingredients for the feed, food, pharmaceutical and personal care industries. DSM Food Specialties manufactures food enzymes, cultures, yeast extracts, savory flavors, hydrocolloids and other specialty ingredients for the dairy, baking, beverage and savory segments. DSM also manufacturers a novel cattle feed additive (Bovaer) to reduce methane production from dairy production. In 2021, DSM was ranked 6th on FoodTalks' list of Top 30 Global Probiotic Food Ingredient Companies.
Materials
The Materials cluster is made up of DSM Engineering Materials, DSM Protective Materials and DSM Resins & Functional Materials. DSM Engineering Materials’ specialty plastics are used in components for the electrical and electronics, automotive, flexible food packaging and consumer goods industries. DSM Protective Materials is the inventor, manufacturer and marketer of Dyneema. DSM Resins & Functional Materials manufacture resins solutions for paints, inks, stereolithography, and industrial and optical fiber coatings.
Innovation Center
In addition to the role of supporting innovation in the businesses and DSM's venturing activities, the Innovation Center is responsible for the company's ‘Emerging Business Areas’; DSM Biomedical (biomaterials and regenerative medical devices), DSM Bio-based Products & Services (biomass-conversion technology) and DSM Advanced Solar (AR-coatings and Photovoltaic-films for solar modules).
Current strategy
Financial targets
In November 2015, DSM announced that up to 2018 it was targeting a high single-digit annual percentage increase in EBITDA and a high double-digit annual basis point increase in Return on capital employed (ROCE). It will focus on organic sales growth, reducing costs and strict capital allocation and does not expect to engage in large acquisitions in the near future.
Environmental targets
Within its corporate strategy the company also defines long-term sustainability aspirations, which include targets to improve the eco-efficiency of its operations. In November 2015, DSM set the following environmental reduction targets:
Indicators
New targets
GHG efficiency improvement
45% by 2025 (reference 2008)
Energy efficiency improvement
1% annually (>10% from 2015 to 2025)
Renewable electricity
50% by 2025
Reduction of emissions to air per unit of product (VOC, NOX, SO2)
40% in 2020 (reference 2015)
Waste
80–90% recycled by 2020
Water
Water risk assessments completed on 90% of selected sites by 2020
Since 2010, the Short- and Long-Term incentive elements of the remuneration of DSM's Managing Board and executive bonuses relate to the company's financial and environmental performance in equal measure. Since 2004, DSM has been either the Materials industry group leader, (7 years) or among the leaders in the annual Dow Jones Sustainability Index.
Shares
DSM is listed on Euronext Amsterdam and is a constituent of the AEX index. Options on DSM shares are traded on the European Option Exchange in Amsterdam. In the US, a sponsored unlisted American Depositary Receipts (ADR) programme is provided by Deutsche Bank Trust Co. Americas. These ADR's are listed on the OTCQX International Premier Marketplace.
References
^ a b c d e f g h i j "Annual Report 2017". DSM. Archived from the original on 5 November 2019. Retrieved 12 June 2017.
^ "Our heritage | DSM". @corporate. Retrieved 19 May 2023.
^ "DSM reports 2021 results | DSM". @corporate. Retrieved 16 February 2022.
^ a b "dsm-firmenich |". @corporate. Retrieved 22 May 2024.
^ Messing, F.A.M. (1988). De Mijnsluiting in Limburg. Leiden: Nijhoff. p. 224. ISBN 90-6890-241-5.
^ Gaynes, Robert (2017). "The Discovery of Penicillin—New Insights After More Than 75 Years of Clinical Use". Emerg Infect Dis. 23 (5): 849–853. doi:10.3201/eid2305.161556. PMC 5403050.
^ Volberda, Henk (2013). Re-inventing Business. Assen: Van Gorcum. p. 270. ISBN 978-90-232-5146-0.
^ a b c d e Jeannet, Jean-Pierre, Schreuder, Hein (2015). From Coal to Biotech: The Transformation of DSM with Business School Support. Berlin Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag. pp. 198, 207, 215, 233. ISBN 978-3-662-46299-7.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ Cassiman, Bruno; Colombo, Massimo G (2006). Mergers & Acquisitions: The Innovation Impact. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing. p. 145. ISBN 978-18-472-0158-4.
^ Yakowicz, Will. "With A $120 Million War Chest, Brightseed Is Unlocking The Fat-Fighting Power Of Hemp". Forbes.
^ "DSM completes acquisition of Vitatene S.A.U." AllAboutFeed. 5 July 2011. Retrieved 8 March 2016.
^ "DSM Acquires Verenium Assets". www.cancernetwork.com. 28 March 2012. Retrieved 8 March 2016.
^ Jones, Kristin. "Royal DSM to buy Kensey Nash for $337M". MarketWatch. Retrieved 8 March 2016.
^ Steinglass, Matt (18 May 2012). "DSM to acquire Canadian nutrition group". Financial Times. ISSN 0307-1766. Retrieved 8 March 2016.
^ "Cargill confirms signing of agreement with DSM on sale of cultures and enzymes business". www.cargill.com. Retrieved 8 March 2016.
^ NutraIngredients.com (8 November 2012). "DSM buys Fortitech for €495m; "We are done for awhile"". NutraIngredients.com. Retrieved 8 March 2016.
^ "NZ Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment". www.business.govt.nz. Retrieved 8 March 2016.
^ "DSM Closes Acquisition Of Andre Pectin's Stake – Quick Facts". RTTNews. Archived from the original on 9 March 2016. Retrieved 8 March 2016.
^ Andrew Noel (8 August 2012). "DSM Buys Animal-Nutrition Supplier Tortuga for $576 Million". Bloomberg.com. Retrieved 8 March 2016.
^ FeedNavigator.com (10 July 2014). "Vitamin C supply: Aland deal won't change DSM's global ranking". FeedNavigator.com. Retrieved 8 March 2016.
^ "Mesa's Cubic Tech Corp. purchased by Dutch company". azcentral. Retrieved 8 March 2016.
^ "DSM to add world-leading animal nutrition and health specialty businesses with acquisition of Erber Group | DSM".
^ "DSM completes acquisition of Glycom | DSM". @corporate. Retrieved 16 February 2022.
^ "DSM acquires Flavor & Fragrance bio-based intermediates business from Amyris | DSM". @corporate. Retrieved 16 February 2022.
^ "Gulf Industry Online – Sabic gets world boost". www.gulfindustryworldwide.com. Retrieved 15 March 2016.
^ Spanish National Commission for Markets and Competition CNMC https://www.cnmc.es/index.php/eu/node/339052 Retrieved 21 January 2021.
^ "History of OCI Nitrogen". www.ocinitrogen.com. Retrieved 8 March 2016.
^ "Teknor Apex Company has acquired the Sarlink TPV product range". www.teknorapex.com. Archived from the original on 9 March 2016. Retrieved 8 March 2016.
^ "Press Releases – LANXESS News". lanxess.com. Retrieved 15 March 2016.
^ "Emerald Performance Materials completes acquisition of DSM Specialty Products, BV". www.emeraldmaterials.com. 2010. Retrieved 8 March 2016.
^ "Thermo Fisher Scientific Completes Acquisition of Patheon" (Press release).
^ "DSM completes sale of Resins & Functional Materials businesses | DSM". @corporate. Retrieved 16 February 2022.
^ "DSM announces sale of Protective Materials business | DSM".
^ "DSM announces sale of Engineering Materials business".
^ "Annual Report 2016". DSM. Archived from the original on 27 June 2020. Retrieved 3 March 2017.
^ "DSM and NCPC sign contracts to establish nutrition and anti-infectives joint ventures in China". 19 March 2009. Archived from the original on 6 December 2017. Retrieved 26 April 2016.
^ "Minimizing methane from cattle | DSM". @corporate. Retrieved 16 February 2022.
^ Zhao, Viola (20 April 2021). "2021年全球食用益生菌原料企业30强". www.foodtalks.cn (in Simplified Chinese). Archived from the original on 17 January 2022. Retrieved 17 January 2022.
^ Groningen, Elco van (4 November 2015). "DSM to Cut Up to EU300 Million in Costs, Exit Joint Ventures". Bloomberg. Retrieved 9 March 2016.
^ Milne, Richard; Steen, Michael (23 February 2010). "DSM to link managers' pay with green credentials". Financial Times. ISSN 0307-1766. Retrieved 9 March 2016.
^ Paolo Perego, Associate Professor, Department of Accounting & Control, Rotterdam School of Management, Erasmus University (8 July 2014). "Sustainability bonuses: a credible sign of corporate responsibility?". discovery.rsm.nl. Retrieved 9 March 2016.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ "BUSINESS: Get your bonus? Nah, I missed my climate target". www.eenews.net. Retrieved 9 March 2016.
^ "DSM, KLM rank high in annual Dow Jones Sustainability Index : Biofuels Digest". www.biofuelsdigest.com. 13 September 2015. Retrieved 9 March 2016.
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United States | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dsm_headquarters_heerlen_netherlands_2011.jpg"},{"link_name":"Koninklijke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koninklijk"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"multinational corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multinational_corporation"},{"link_name":"Heerlen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heerlen"},{"link_name":"sales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sales_(accounting)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AR2017-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Firmenich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firmenich"},{"link_name":"dsm-firmenich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=DSM-Firmenich&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dsm-firmenich_{{!}}_DSM-4"}],"text":"DSM Headquarters in Heerlen, the Netherlands, pictured in 2011Koninklijke DSM N.V. (Royal DSM, commonly known as DSM, which is the acronym for Dutch State Mines),[2] was a Dutch multinational corporation active in the fields of health, nutrition and materials. Headquartered in Heerlen, at the end of 2017 DSM employed 21,054 people in approximately 50 countries and posted net sales of €8.632 billion in 2018[1] and €9.204 billion in 2021.[3] In May 2023 it merged with the Swiss company Firmenich to form a new entity named dsm-firmenich.[4]","title":"DSM (company)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"mine coal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coal_mine"},{"link_name":"Limburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limburg_(Netherlands)"},{"link_name":"commodity chemicals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commodity_chemicals"},{"link_name":"petrochemicals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrochemical"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"penicillin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penicillin"},{"link_name":"Germans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germany"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Delft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delft"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-8"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AR2017-1"},{"link_name":"Firmenich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firmenich"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dsm-firmenich_{{!}}_DSM-4"}],"text":"DSM was formed by the Dutch state in 1902 to mine coal reserves in southern Limburg and although the company had diversified into commodity chemicals and petrochemicals by 1973, when the last mine closed, DSM retains a link to its origins by continuing to use the initials, originally an abbreviation for Dutch State Mines, to this day.[5]During World War II researchers worked on penicillin. The code name Bacinol was used to keep the research secret from the Germans.[6] The research was done at the company Nederlandsche Gist- en Spiritusfabriek, Dutch Yeast and Spirits Factory, later becoming DSM Sinochem Pharmaceuticals, in Delft.In 1989, the government floated 70% of its shares in the company on the Amsterdam Stock Exchange (now Euronext Amsterdam) with the remaining 30% floated in 1996, thereby completing DSM's privatization. The 21st century has seen DSM follow successive five-year strategic periods of portfolio transformation and internationalization involving acquisitions, divestments and partnerships.[7][8] In 2001, 48% of DSM's workforce was based in the Netherlands; in 2017, this was 18%.[1]In 2022, DSM and Swiss privately owned group Firmenich announced their intention to form a \"merger of equals\" to form a new group named \"dsm-firmenich\".[4]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-8"},{"link_name":"microalgae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microphyte"},{"link_name":"fermentation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermentation"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-8"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Blakeslea trispora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blakeslea_trispora"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"micronutrient","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micronutrient"},{"link_name":"macronutrient","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nutrient"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"human milk oligosaccharides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_milk_oligosaccharide"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Amyris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amyris_(company)"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"}],"sub_title":"Acquisitions","text":"1998: Gist-brocades (food ingredients, pharmaceuticals, yeast- and enzyme-based production process technology).[9]\n2000: Catalytica Pharmaceuticals (pharmaceutical intermediates).[8]\n2003: Roche's vitamin division.[8]\n2005: NeoResins (water-based coating resins).[8]\n2011: Martek (nutritional products derived from microalgae and fermentation technology).[8][10]\n2011: Vitatene (natural carotenoids derived from fermentation of Blakeslea trispora fungus).[11]\n2012: Verenium's food enzymes and oilseed processing business.[12]\n2012: Kensey Nash (biomedical regenerative medicine).[13]\n2012: Ocean Nutrition Canada (fish-oil derived nutritional products).[14]\n2012: Cargill's cultures and enzymes business.[15]\n2012: Fortitech (customized nutrient premixes).[16]\n2013: Unitech (micronutrient premixes and macronutrient blends).[17]\n2013: Andre Pectin (food hydrocolloids).[18]\n2013: Tortuga (nutritional supplements for pasture raised cattle).[19]\n2015: Åland (vitamin C).[20]\n2015: Cubic Tech (high-performance, ultra-lightweight, flexible laminates and fabrics).[21]\n2020: Erber Group – Biomin and Romer Labs (mycotoxin and allergen tests in food).[22]\n2020: Glycom (human milk oligosaccharides, infant formula supplement).[23]\n2021: Amyris Flavor & Fragrance business.[24]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Petrochemicals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrochemical"},{"link_name":"hydrocarbons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrocarbon"},{"link_name":"polyethylenes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyethylene"},{"link_name":"polypropylenes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polypropylene"},{"link_name":"polyolefins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyolefin"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Quinine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quinine"},{"link_name":"Buchler GmbH","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buchler_GmbH&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Ammonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammonia"},{"link_name":"fertilizer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fertilizer"},{"link_name":"melamine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melamine"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Thermoplastic elastomers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermoplastic_elastomer"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"EP(D)M rubber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EPDM_rubber"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Toluene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toluene"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Patheon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patheon"},{"link_name":"contract development and manufacturing organization (CDMO)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract_manufacturing_organization"},{"link_name":"JLL Partners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JLL_Partners"},{"link_name":"Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermo_Fisher_Scientific_Inc"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"}],"sub_title":"Divestments","text":"2002: Petrochemicals (hydrocarbons, polyethylenes, polypropylenes, polyolefins).[25]\n2001: Quinine and Cinchona Alcaloids to Buchler GmbH.[26]\n2010: Ammonia, fertilizer and melamine.[27]\n2010: Thermoplastic elastomers.[28]\n2010: EP(D)M rubber.[29]\n2010: Toluene oxidation.[30]\n2017: Patheon, a pharmaceutical contract development and manufacturing organization (CDMO) joint venture with JLL Partners, to Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc.[31]\n2021: Resins & Functional Materials business to Covestro AG.[32]\n2022: Protective Materials business to Avient Corporation[33]\n2022: Engineering Materials business to Advent International and LANXESS[34]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AR2016-35"},{"link_name":"NCPC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_China_Pharmaceutical_Group_Corp"},{"link_name":"anti-infectives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-infective"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"Sinochem Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinochem_Group"},{"link_name":"CVC Capital Partners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CVC_Capital_Partners"},{"link_name":"acrylonitrile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acrylonitrile"},{"link_name":"caprolactam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caprolactam"},{"link_name":"IFRS 11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Financial_Reporting_Standards"}],"sub_title":"Partnerships","text":"DSM has stated that these partnerships have been created with a view to the company's ultimate exit from the businesses concerned.[35]2009: DSM and NCPC sign contracts to establish nutrition and anti-infectives joint ventures in China[36]\n2011: DSM Sinochem Pharmaceuticals, joint venture (DSM 50%) with the Sinochem Group. DSM Sinochem Pharmaceuticals is a manufacturer of generic anti-infective molecules.\n2015: ChemicaInvest, joint venture (DSM 35%) with CVC Capital Partners. ChemicaInvest consists of three business units; Aliancys (composite resins), AnQore (acrylonitrile) and Fibrant (caprolactam).DSM has applied IFRS 11 to its associates and joint ventures since 2013.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"DSM's five business groups are clustered according to product and market combinations, with the business group directors reporting directly to the Managing Board. Since 2015, DSM's activities have been grouped into three clusters: Nutrition, Materials and Innovation Center.","title":"Organization"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"vitamins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin"},{"link_name":"carotenoids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carotenoid"},{"link_name":"human milk oligosaccharides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_milk_oligosaccharide"},{"link_name":"lipids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipid"},{"link_name":"personal care","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_care"},{"link_name":"enzymes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzyme"},{"link_name":"cultures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microbial_food_cultures"},{"link_name":"yeast extracts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeast_extract"},{"link_name":"savory flavors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_flavor"},{"link_name":"hydrocolloids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colloid"},{"link_name":"dairy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dairy_product"},{"link_name":"baking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baking"},{"link_name":"beverage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beverage_industry"},{"link_name":"methane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methane"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"}],"sub_title":"Nutrition","text":"The Nutrition cluster is made up of DSM Nutritional Products and DSM Food Specialties. DSM Nutritional Products produces essential nutrients such as synthetic vitamins, carotenoids, human milk oligosaccharides, nutritional lipids and other ingredients for the feed, food, pharmaceutical and personal care industries. DSM Food Specialties manufactures food enzymes, cultures, yeast extracts, savory flavors, hydrocolloids and other specialty ingredients for the dairy, baking, beverage and savory segments. DSM also manufacturers a novel cattle feed additive (Bovaer) to reduce methane production from dairy production.[37] In 2021, DSM was ranked 6th on FoodTalks' list of Top 30 Global Probiotic Food Ingredient Companies.[38]","title":"Organization"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"specialty plastics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineering_plastic"},{"link_name":"electronics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronics"},{"link_name":"automotive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automotive_industry"},{"link_name":"packaging","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Packaging_and_labeling"},{"link_name":"consumer goods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Final_good"},{"link_name":"Dyneema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultra-high-molecular-weight_polyethylene"},{"link_name":"resins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resin"},{"link_name":"paints","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paint"},{"link_name":"inks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ink"},{"link_name":"stereolithography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stereolithography"},{"link_name":"optical fiber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_fiber"}],"sub_title":"Materials","text":"The Materials cluster is made up of DSM Engineering Materials, DSM Protective Materials and DSM Resins & Functional Materials. DSM Engineering Materials’ specialty plastics are used in components for the electrical and electronics, automotive, flexible food packaging and consumer goods industries. DSM Protective Materials is the inventor, manufacturer and marketer of Dyneema. DSM Resins & Functional Materials manufacture resins solutions for paints, inks, stereolithography, and industrial and optical fiber coatings.","title":"Organization"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"biomaterials","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomaterial"},{"link_name":"biomass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomass"},{"link_name":"AR-coatings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-reflective_coating"},{"link_name":"Photovoltaic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaics"},{"link_name":"solar modules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_panel"}],"sub_title":"Innovation Center","text":"In addition to the role of supporting innovation in the businesses and DSM's venturing activities, the Innovation Center is responsible for the company's ‘Emerging Business Areas’; DSM Biomedical (biomaterials and regenerative medical devices), DSM Bio-based Products & Services (biomass-conversion technology) and DSM Advanced Solar (AR-coatings and Photovoltaic-films for solar modules).","title":"Organization"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Current strategy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"EBITDA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earnings_before_interest,_taxes,_depreciation,_amortization,_and_restructuring_or_rent_costs"},{"link_name":"Return on capital employed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Return_on_capital_employed"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"}],"sub_title":"Financial targets","text":"In November 2015, DSM announced that up to 2018 it was targeting a high single-digit annual percentage increase in EBITDA and a high double-digit annual basis point increase in Return on capital employed (ROCE). It will focus on organic sales growth, reducing costs and strict capital allocation and does not expect to engage in large acquisitions in the near future.[39]","title":"Current strategy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AR2017-1"},{"link_name":"Long-Term incentive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long-term_incentive_plan"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AR2017-1"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"industry group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Industry_Classification_Standard"},{"link_name":"Dow Jones Sustainability Index","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dow_Jones_Sustainability_Indices"}],"sub_title":"Environmental targets","text":"Within its corporate strategy the company also defines long-term sustainability aspirations, which include targets to improve the eco-efficiency of its operations. In November 2015, DSM set the following environmental reduction targets:Since 2010,[40] the Short[1]- and Long-Term incentive[1] elements of the remuneration of DSM's Managing Board[41] and executive bonuses[42] relate to the company's financial and environmental performance in equal measure. Since 2004,[43] DSM has been either the Materials industry group leader, (7 years) or among the leaders in the annual Dow Jones Sustainability Index.","title":"Current strategy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Euronext Amsterdam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsterdam_Stock_Exchange"},{"link_name":"AEX index","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AEX_index"},{"link_name":"American Depositary Receipts (ADR)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_depositary_receipt"},{"link_name":"OTCQX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OTC_Markets_Group"}],"text":"DSM is listed on Euronext Amsterdam and is a constituent of the AEX index. Options on DSM shares are traded on the European Option Exchange in Amsterdam. In the US, a sponsored unlisted American Depositary Receipts (ADR) programme is provided by Deutsche Bank Trust Co. Americas. These ADR's are listed on the OTCQX International Premier Marketplace.","title":"Shares"}] | [{"image_text":"DSM Headquarters in Heerlen, the Netherlands, pictured in 2011","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Dsm_headquarters_heerlen_netherlands_2011.jpg/220px-Dsm_headquarters_heerlen_netherlands_2011.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"Annual Report 2017\". DSM. Archived from the original on 5 November 2019. Retrieved 12 June 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191105163057/https://annualreport.dsm.com/ar2017/en_US/index.html","url_text":"\"Annual Report 2017\""},{"url":"https://annualreport.dsm.com/ar2017/en_US/index.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Our heritage | DSM\". @corporate. Retrieved 19 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dsm.com/corporate/our-company/our-purpose/heritage.html","url_text":"\"Our heritage | DSM\""}]},{"reference":"\"DSM reports 2021 results | DSM\". @corporate. Retrieved 16 February 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dsm.com/corporate/news/news-archive/2022/dsm-reports-2021-results.html","url_text":"\"DSM reports 2021 results | DSM\""}]},{"reference":"\"dsm-firmenich |\". @corporate. Retrieved 22 May 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dsm-firmenich.com/corporate/home.html","url_text":"\"dsm-firmenich |\""}]},{"reference":"Messing, F.A.M. (1988). De Mijnsluiting in Limburg. Leiden: Nijhoff. p. 224. ISBN 90-6890-241-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-6890-241-5","url_text":"90-6890-241-5"}]},{"reference":"Gaynes, Robert (2017). \"The Discovery of Penicillin—New Insights After More Than 75 Years of Clinical Use\". Emerg Infect Dis. 23 (5): 849–853. doi:10.3201/eid2305.161556. PMC 5403050.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5403050","url_text":"\"The Discovery of Penicillin—New Insights After More Than 75 Years of Clinical Use\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3201%2Feid2305.161556","url_text":"10.3201/eid2305.161556"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5403050","url_text":"5403050"}]},{"reference":"Volberda, Henk (2013). Re-inventing Business. Assen: Van Gorcum. p. 270. ISBN 978-90-232-5146-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volberda,_Henk","url_text":"Volberda, Henk"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-232-5146-0","url_text":"978-90-232-5146-0"}]},{"reference":"Jeannet, Jean-Pierre, Schreuder, Hein (2015). From Coal to Biotech: The Transformation of DSM with Business School Support. Berlin Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag. pp. 198, 207, 215, 233. ISBN 978-3-662-46299-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-662-46299-7","url_text":"978-3-662-46299-7"}]},{"reference":"Cassiman, Bruno; Colombo, Massimo G (2006). Mergers & Acquisitions: The Innovation Impact. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing. p. 145. ISBN 978-18-472-0158-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-18-472-0158-4","url_text":"978-18-472-0158-4"}]},{"reference":"Yakowicz, Will. \"With A $120 Million War Chest, Brightseed Is Unlocking The Fat-Fighting Power Of Hemp\". Forbes.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.forbes.com/sites/willyakowicz/2022/05/09/with-a-115-million-war-chest-brightseed-is-unlocking-the-fat-fighting-power-of-hemp/?sh=5a8905242fdd","url_text":"\"With A $120 Million War Chest, Brightseed Is Unlocking The Fat-Fighting Power Of Hemp\""}]},{"reference":"\"DSM completes acquisition of Vitatene S.A.U.\" AllAboutFeed. 5 July 2011. Retrieved 8 March 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.allaboutfeed.net/Home/General/2011/7/DSM-completes-acquisition-of-Vitatene-SAU-AAF011954W/","url_text":"\"DSM completes acquisition of Vitatene S.A.U.\""}]},{"reference":"\"DSM Acquires Verenium Assets\". www.cancernetwork.com. 28 March 2012. Retrieved 8 March 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cancernetwork.com/articles/dsm-acquires-verenium-assets","url_text":"\"DSM Acquires Verenium Assets\""}]},{"reference":"Jones, Kristin. \"Royal DSM to buy Kensey Nash for $337M\". MarketWatch. Retrieved 8 March 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.marketwatch.com/story/royal-dsm-to-buy-kensey-nash-for-337m-2012-05-03","url_text":"\"Royal DSM to buy Kensey Nash for $337M\""}]},{"reference":"Steinglass, Matt (18 May 2012). \"DSM to acquire Canadian nutrition group\". Financial Times. ISSN 0307-1766. Retrieved 8 March 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/d8e1156e-a0de-11e1-851f-00144feabdc0.html#axzz42IlRK0oc","url_text":"\"DSM to acquire Canadian nutrition group\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0307-1766","url_text":"0307-1766"}]},{"reference":"\"Cargill confirms signing of agreement with DSM on sale of cultures and enzymes business\". www.cargill.com. Retrieved 8 March 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cargill.com/news/releases/2012/NA3068194.jsp","url_text":"\"Cargill confirms signing of agreement with DSM on sale of cultures and enzymes business\""}]},{"reference":"NutraIngredients.com (8 November 2012). \"DSM buys Fortitech for €495m; \"We are done for awhile\"\". NutraIngredients.com. Retrieved 8 March 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nutraingredients.com/Suppliers2/DSM-buys-Fortitech-for-495m-We-are-done-for-awhile","url_text":"\"DSM buys Fortitech for €495m; \"We are done for awhile\"\""}]},{"reference":"\"NZ Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment\". www.business.govt.nz. Retrieved 8 March 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.business.govt.nz/companies/app/ui/pages/companies/79460/detail","url_text":"\"NZ Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment\""}]},{"reference":"\"DSM Closes Acquisition Of Andre Pectin's Stake – Quick Facts\". RTTNews. Archived from the original on 9 March 2016. Retrieved 8 March 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160309040101/http://www.rttnews.com/2200028/dsm-closes-acquisition-of-andre-pectin-s-stake-quick-facts.aspx","url_text":"\"DSM Closes Acquisition Of Andre Pectin's Stake – Quick Facts\""},{"url":"http://www.rttnews.com/2200028/dsm-closes-acquisition-of-andre-pectin-s-stake-quick-facts.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Andrew Noel (8 August 2012). \"DSM Buys Animal-Nutrition Supplier Tortuga for $576 Million\". Bloomberg.com. Retrieved 8 March 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2012-08-08/dsm-buys-animal-nutrition-supplier-tortuga-for-576-million-1-","url_text":"\"DSM Buys Animal-Nutrition Supplier Tortuga for $576 Million\""}]},{"reference":"FeedNavigator.com (10 July 2014). \"Vitamin C supply: Aland deal won't change DSM's global ranking\". FeedNavigator.com. Retrieved 8 March 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.feednavigator.com/Suppliers/Vitamin-C-supply-Aland-deal-won-t-change-DSM-s-global-ranking","url_text":"\"Vitamin C supply: Aland deal won't change DSM's global ranking\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mesa's Cubic Tech Corp. purchased by Dutch company\". azcentral. 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Retrieved 16 February 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dsm.com/corporate/news/news-archive/2020/18-20-dsm-completes-acquisition-of-glycom.html","url_text":"\"DSM completes acquisition of Glycom | DSM\""}]},{"reference":"\"DSM acquires Flavor & Fragrance bio-based intermediates business from Amyris | DSM\". @corporate. Retrieved 16 February 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dsm.com/corporate/news/news-archive/2021/06-21-dsm-acquires-flavor-and-fragrance-bio-based-intermediates-business-from-amyris.html","url_text":"\"DSM acquires Flavor & Fragrance bio-based intermediates business from Amyris | DSM\""}]},{"reference":"\"Gulf Industry Online – Sabic gets world boost\". www.gulfindustryworldwide.com. Retrieved 15 March 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gulfindustryworldwide.com/news/1434_Sabic-gets-world-boost.html","url_text":"\"Gulf Industry Online – Sabic gets world boost\""}]},{"reference":"\"History of OCI Nitrogen\". www.ocinitrogen.com. Retrieved 8 March 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ocinitrogen.com/EN/Pages/History.aspx","url_text":"\"History of OCI Nitrogen\""}]},{"reference":"\"Teknor Apex Company has acquired the Sarlink TPV product range\". www.teknorapex.com. Archived from the original on 9 March 2016. Retrieved 8 March 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160309051227/http://www.teknorapex.com/division/divsarlink/index.html?cat=344","url_text":"\"Teknor Apex Company has acquired the Sarlink TPV product range\""},{"url":"http://www.teknorapex.com/division/divsarlink/index.html?cat=344","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Press Releases – LANXESS News\". lanxess.com. Retrieved 15 March 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://lanxess.com/en/corporate/media/press-releases/lanxess-completes-acquisition-of-dsm-elastomers/?tx_editfiltersystem_pi1%255Bname%255D=DSM&tx_editfiltersystem_pi1%255Bmatrix_segment%255D=0&tx_editfiltersystem_pi1%255Bmatrix_business_unit%255D=","url_text":"\"Press Releases – LANXESS News\""}]},{"reference":"\"Emerald Performance Materials completes acquisition of DSM Specialty Products, BV\". www.emeraldmaterials.com. 2010. Retrieved 8 March 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.emeraldmaterials.com/cms/epm/page.html?p_name=EMERALD%20PERFORMANCE%20MATERIALS%20COMPLETES%20ACQUISITION%20OF%20DSM%20SPECIAL%20PRODUCTS%2C%20BV","url_text":"\"Emerald Performance Materials completes acquisition of DSM Specialty Products, BV\""}]},{"reference":"\"Thermo Fisher Scientific Completes Acquisition of Patheon\" (Press release).","urls":[{"url":"http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/thermo-fisher-scientific-completes-acquisition-of-patheon-300510547.html","url_text":"\"Thermo Fisher Scientific Completes Acquisition of Patheon\""}]},{"reference":"\"DSM completes sale of Resins & Functional Materials businesses | DSM\". @corporate. Retrieved 16 February 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dsm.com/corporate/news/news-archive/2021/07-21-dsm-completes-sale-of-resins-and-functional-materials-businesses.html","url_text":"\"DSM completes sale of Resins & Functional Materials businesses | DSM\""}]},{"reference":"\"DSM announces sale of Protective Materials business | DSM\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dsm.com/corporate/news/news-archive/2022/dsm-announces-sale-of-protective-materials-business.html","url_text":"\"DSM announces sale of Protective Materials business | DSM\""}]},{"reference":"\"DSM announces sale of Engineering Materials business\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dsm.com/corporate/news/news-archive/2022/dsm-announces-sale-of-engineering-materials-business.html","url_text":"\"DSM announces sale of Engineering Materials business\""}]},{"reference":"\"Annual Report 2016\". DSM. Archived from the original on 27 June 2020. Retrieved 3 March 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200627212001/https://annualreport.dsm.com/ar2016/en_US/index.html","url_text":"\"Annual Report 2016\""},{"url":"http://annualreport.dsm.com/ar2016/en_US/index.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"DSM and NCPC sign contracts to establish nutrition and anti-infectives joint ventures in China\". 19 March 2009. Archived from the original on 6 December 2017. Retrieved 26 April 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171206171935/http://www.dsm.com/corporate/media/informationcenter-news/2009/03/20-09-dsm-ncpc-sign-contracts-to-establish-nutrition-and-anti-infectives-joint-ventures-in-china.html","url_text":"\"DSM and NCPC sign contracts to establish nutrition and anti-infectives joint ventures in China\""},{"url":"http://www.dsm.com/corporate/media/informationcenter-news/2009/03/20-09-dsm-ncpc-sign-contracts-to-establish-nutrition-and-anti-infectives-joint-ventures-in-china.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Minimizing methane from cattle | DSM\". @corporate. Retrieved 16 February 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dsm.com/corporate/sustainability/our-purpose/minimizing-methane-from-cattle.html","url_text":"\"Minimizing methane from cattle | DSM\""}]},{"reference":"Zhao, Viola (20 April 2021). \"2021年全球食用益生菌原料企业30强\". www.foodtalks.cn (in Simplified Chinese). Archived from the original on 17 January 2022. Retrieved 17 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.foodtalks.cn/news/foodnews/top_100/5723","url_text":"\"2021年全球食用益生菌原料企业30强\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220117114202/https://www.foodtalks.cn/news/foodnews/top_100/5723","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Groningen, Elco van (4 November 2015). \"DSM to Cut Up to EU300 Million in Costs, Exit Joint Ventures\". Bloomberg. Retrieved 9 March 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-11-04/dsm-to-cut-up-to-eu300-million-in-costs-exit-joint-ventures","url_text":"\"DSM to Cut Up to EU300 Million in Costs, Exit Joint Ventures\""}]},{"reference":"Milne, Richard; Steen, Michael (23 February 2010). \"DSM to link managers' pay with green credentials\". Financial Times. ISSN 0307-1766. 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Retrieved 9 March 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.eenews.net/stories/1060033506","url_text":"\"BUSINESS: Get your bonus? Nah, I missed my climate target\""}]},{"reference":"\"DSM, KLM rank high in annual Dow Jones Sustainability Index : Biofuels Digest\". www.biofuelsdigest.com. 13 September 2015. Retrieved 9 March 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.biofuelsdigest.com/bdigest/2015/09/13/dsm-klm-rank-high-in-annual-dow-jones-sustainability-index/","url_text":"\"DSM, KLM rank high in annual Dow Jones Sustainability Index : Biofuels Digest\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://euronext.com/products/equities/NL0000009827-XAMS/quotes","external_links_name":"DSM"},{"Link":"https://isin.toolforge.org/?language=en&isin=NL0000009827","external_links_name":"NL0000009827"},{"Link":"http://www.dsm.com/","external_links_name":"www.dsm.com"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191105163057/https://annualreport.dsm.com/ar2017/en_US/index.html","external_links_name":"\"Annual Report 2017\""},{"Link":"https://annualreport.dsm.com/ar2017/en_US/index.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.dsm.com/corporate/our-company/our-purpose/heritage.html","external_links_name":"\"Our heritage | 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original"},{"Link":"http://lanxess.com/en/corporate/media/press-releases/lanxess-completes-acquisition-of-dsm-elastomers/?tx_editfiltersystem_pi1%255Bname%255D=DSM&tx_editfiltersystem_pi1%255Bmatrix_segment%255D=0&tx_editfiltersystem_pi1%255Bmatrix_business_unit%255D=","external_links_name":"\"Press Releases – LANXESS News\""},{"Link":"http://www.emeraldmaterials.com/cms/epm/page.html?p_name=EMERALD%20PERFORMANCE%20MATERIALS%20COMPLETES%20ACQUISITION%20OF%20DSM%20SPECIAL%20PRODUCTS%2C%20BV","external_links_name":"\"Emerald Performance Materials completes acquisition of DSM Specialty Products, BV\""},{"Link":"http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/thermo-fisher-scientific-completes-acquisition-of-patheon-300510547.html","external_links_name":"\"Thermo Fisher Scientific Completes Acquisition of Patheon\""},{"Link":"https://www.dsm.com/corporate/news/news-archive/2021/07-21-dsm-completes-sale-of-resins-and-functional-materials-businesses.html","external_links_name":"\"DSM completes sale 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establish nutrition and anti-infectives joint ventures in China\""},{"Link":"http://www.dsm.com/corporate/media/informationcenter-news/2009/03/20-09-dsm-ncpc-sign-contracts-to-establish-nutrition-and-anti-infectives-joint-ventures-in-china.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.dsm.com/corporate/sustainability/our-purpose/minimizing-methane-from-cattle.html","external_links_name":"\"Minimizing methane from cattle | DSM\""},{"Link":"https://www.foodtalks.cn/news/foodnews/top_100/5723","external_links_name":"\"2021年全球食用益生菌原料企业30强\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220117114202/https://www.foodtalks.cn/news/foodnews/top_100/5723","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-11-04/dsm-to-cut-up-to-eu300-million-in-costs-exit-joint-ventures","external_links_name":"\"DSM to Cut Up to EU300 Million in Costs, Exit Joint Ventures\""},{"Link":"https://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/72874006-20cd-11df-b920-00144feab49a.html#axzz42P3LKDEh","external_links_name":"\"DSM to link managers' pay with green credentials\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0307-1766","external_links_name":"0307-1766"},{"Link":"http://discovery.rsm.nl/articles/detail/126-sustainability-bonuses-a-credible-sign-of-corporate-responsibility/","external_links_name":"\"Sustainability bonuses: a credible sign of corporate responsibility?\""},{"Link":"http://www.eenews.net/stories/1060033506","external_links_name":"\"BUSINESS: Get your bonus? Nah, I missed my climate target\""},{"Link":"http://www.biofuelsdigest.com/bdigest/2015/09/13/dsm-klm-rank-high-in-annual-dow-jones-sustainability-index/","external_links_name":"\"DSM, KLM rank high in annual Dow Jones Sustainability Index : Biofuels Digest\""},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000111089942","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/151024718","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/10019291-9","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007325196905171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n83041542","external_links_name":"United States"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sean_Hedges-Quinn | Sean Hedges-Quinn | ["1 Life","2 Personal life","3 References","4 External links"] | Sean Hedges-QuinnSean Hedges-Quinn with his statue of the suffragette Alice Hawkins in Leicester in 2018NationalityBritishKnown forSculptureNotable workBronze statuesMovementBronze Sculpture
Sean Hedges-Quinn is a British sculptor, animator, and film model and prop-maker.
Life
Hedges-Quinn was born in Ipswich in April 1968. After graduating from the University of Hertfordshire, Hedges-Quinn worked in the film industry as a model-maker, prop-master and sculptor. His first role was as a prop-maker on The Borrowers in 1996 before he was taken on by Jim Henson's creature shop in London. He has worked for films such as the 1997 version of Lost in Space, Reign of Fire, The Hours, V for Vendetta, The Phantom of the Opera, 12 Monkeys and as senior prosthetic technician on Clash of the Titans.
He has been commissioned to produce statues for several notable footballers including Bobby Robson, Alf Ramsey, Ted Bates, Bob Stokoe, Nat Lofthouse and Kevin Beattie. He has also created statues of Dad's Army's Captain Mainwaring and in 2018, a statue of the suffragette Alice Hawkins which was unveiled in Leicester.
Personal life
Hedges-Quinn works from a studio in Great Bricett near Ipswich, Suffolk.
Statue of Captain George Mainwaring, erected in Thetford in June 2010
References
^ a b "Public Art in Ipswich". www.ipswich.gov.uk. Retrieved 28 January 2012.
^ "Sean Hedges-Quinn - Sculptor". www.seanhedgesquinn.co.uk. Retrieved 28 January 2012.
^ "Suffolk Artists - HEDGES-QUINN, Sean". suffolkartists.co.uk. Retrieved 12 August 2020.
^ "Suffolk sculptor Sean Hedges Quinn tells how he carved out his fascinating career in art, and in the film industry". Suffolk-GreatBritishLife.co.uk. Retrieved 28 January 2012.
^ "Sir Bobby Robson statue unveiled". BBC News. 16 July 2002. Retrieved 24 January 2012.
^ "Statue of Sir Alf Ramsey unveiled Part 1". www.itfc.co.uk. Archived from the original on 22 July 2012. Retrieved 24 January 2012.
^ "Second Ted Bates statue unveiled". BBC News. 22 March 2008. Retrieved 25 January 2012.
^ "Statue of club manager unveiled". BBC News. 18 July 2006. Retrieved 25 January 2012.
^ Association, The Football. "The website for the English football association, the Emirates FA Cup and the England football team". www.thefa.com.
^ "Ipswich Town's Kevin Beattie statue unveiled at Portman Road". BBC News. 18 December 2021. Retrieved 10 January 2022.
^ "Statue of Captain Mainwaring Unveiled". Topnews.co.uk. Retrieved 28 January 2012.
^ Martin, Dan (3 February 2018). "Watch 7ft statue of suffragette Alice Hawkins being installed". leicestermercury. Retrieved 4 February 2018.
^ admin. "Contact". Sean Hedges-Quinn. Retrieved 12 August 2020.
External links
Media related to Sean Hedges-Quinn at Wikimedia Commons
Sean Hedges-Quinn at IMDb | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"British","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_people"},{"link_name":"animator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animatronics"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ipswich-1"},{"link_name":"prop-maker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theatrical_property"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Sean Hedges-Quinn is a British sculptor, animator,[1] and film model and prop-maker.[2]","title":"Sean Hedges-Quinn"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ipswich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ipswich"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"University of Hertfordshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Hertfordshire"},{"link_name":"The Borrowers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Borrowers_(1997_film)"},{"link_name":"Jim Henson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Henson"},{"link_name":"creature shop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Henson%27s_Creature_Shop"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Start-4"},{"link_name":"Lost in Space","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lost_in_Space_(film)"},{"link_name":"Reign of Fire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reign_of_Fire_(film)"},{"link_name":"The Hours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hours_(film)"},{"link_name":"V for Vendetta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V_for_Vendetta_(film)"},{"link_name":"The Phantom of the Opera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Phantom_of_the_Opera_(2004_film)"},{"link_name":"12 Monkeys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/12_Monkeys_(film)"},{"link_name":"prosthetic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prosthetic"},{"link_name":"Clash of the Titans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clash_of_the_Titans_(2010_film)"},{"link_name":"footballers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"Bobby Robson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobby_Robson"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Alf Ramsey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alf_Ramsey"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Ted Bates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ted_Bates_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Bob Stokoe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Stokoe"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Nat Lofthouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nat_Lofthouse"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Kevin Beattie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Beattie"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Dad's Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dad%27s_Army"},{"link_name":"Captain Mainwaring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_Mainwaring"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CaptMainwaring-11"},{"link_name":"a statue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_Hawkins_(statue)"},{"link_name":"Alice Hawkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_Hawkins"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"Hedges-Quinn was born in Ipswich in April 1968.[3] After graduating from the University of Hertfordshire, Hedges-Quinn worked in the film industry as a model-maker, prop-master and sculptor. His first role was as a prop-maker on The Borrowers in 1996 before he was taken on by Jim Henson's creature shop in London.[4] He has worked for films such as the 1997 version of Lost in Space, Reign of Fire, The Hours, V for Vendetta, The Phantom of the Opera, 12 Monkeys and as senior prosthetic technician on Clash of the Titans. \nHe has been commissioned to produce statues for several notable footballers including Bobby Robson,[5] Alf Ramsey,[6] Ted Bates,[7] Bob Stokoe,[8] Nat Lofthouse[9] and Kevin Beattie.[10] He has also created statues of Dad's Army's Captain Mainwaring[11] and in 2018, a statue of the suffragette Alice Hawkins which was unveiled in Leicester.[12]","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Great Bricett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Bricett"},{"link_name":"Ipswich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ipswich"},{"link_name":"Suffolk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suffolk"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ipswich-1"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mainwaring_Statue.jpg"}],"text":"Hedges-Quinn works from a studio in Great Bricett near Ipswich, Suffolk.[1][13]Statue of Captain George Mainwaring, erected in Thetford in June 2010","title":"Personal life"}] | [{"image_text":"Statue of Captain George Mainwaring, erected in Thetford in June 2010","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Mainwaring_Statue.jpg/220px-Mainwaring_Statue.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"Public Art in Ipswich\". www.ipswich.gov.uk. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epinions.com | Epinions | ["1 Corporate history","2 Mechanisms","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"] | Defunct general consumer review website
Epinions.comType of siteOnline marketplaceAvailable inEnglishOwnereBayFounder(s)Naval Ravikant, Nirav Tolia, Ramanathan Guha, Mike Speiser, Dion LimURLwww.epinions.comCommercialyesLaunched1999; 25 years ago (1999)Current statusdefunct in 2018
Epinions.com was a general consumer review site established in 1999. Epinions was acquired in 2003 by DealTime, later Shopping.com, which was acquired by eBay in 2005. Epinions users could access paid product reviews; the company sold advertising on its site and shared the revenue with authors as an incentive for quality content. Competition from sites that crowdsourced reviews for free led to years of financial decline. On 25 March 2014, all community features, and features for submitting and editing reviews, were disabled. Subsequently, in May 2018, the site was fully closed down, and URLs in the epinions.com domain redirect to Shopping.com.
Corporate history
Epinions was founded in 1999, during the dot-com bubble, by Nirav Tolia (who left Yahoo and $10M of unvested shares), Naval Ravikant (formerly of @Home where he left $4M in options), Ramanathan Guha (from Netscape by way of AOL where he left ~$4M in stock options), Mike Speiser (formerly of McKinsey), and Dion Lim (formerly of Morgan Stanley) with $8 million in seed financing from venture capitalists Benchmark Capital and August Capital.
By January 2003 it had 5.8 million users, but all of the founders other than Tolia had left, and the company had just started to make a profit in 2002. In the words of Tolia: "We felt we couldn't finish what we started because we had a little problem. We needed a viable business model."
In 2003, the company Dealtime acquired Epinions for an undisclosed amount of stock and Tolia became the COO of the new company, Shopping.com. The four co-founders who had left consented to the deal, which rendered their shares worthless. Shopping.com had an initial public offering on October 30, 2004. At the end of trading that day, Shopping.com was worth $750 million; the two VC firms' shares were worth ~$60M, and Tolia's shares were worth ~$20M.
In January 2005, the four co-founders who had left and other Epinions employee-stockholders filed a lawsuit against Tolia and the two VC firms that provided seed funding. The suit claimed that the defendants "failed to share with them 'material facts concerning Epinions' financial affairs,' including news of a deal with Google that the company knew would increase its 2003 profit by 1,400 percent". The case was settled by December 2005; financial terms were not disclosed.
In June 2005 eBay and Shopping.com announced that eBay would acquire Shopping.com for $634M and the transaction was completed in August of that year.
The company started relatively early in the history of crowdsourcing online content, before it was clear which business models would be successful. Competitors found that consumers were willing to provide product reviews for free, and that especially with a large volume, these were of adequate quality. This undercut Epinion's costs and resulted in years of financial decline. Over time, unpaid crowdsourced reviews became common on e-commerce sites, especially marketplaces like eBay and Amazon.com. These sites earn revenue from the reviews indirectly, when consumers buy items from the marketplace after using the reviews to reduce uncertainty about the quality or appropriateness of products or the trustworthiness of sellers.
Epinions also faced competition from niche sites like Yelp and TripAdvisor, and people sharing opinions for free on social media sites that did not exist when the company started.
On February 25, 2014 the company announced that as of March 25, 2014, all Epinions community features and member login would be removed and/or disabled from the Epinions website. The staff at Epinions made it clear the community members would no longer be able to delete or edit their content submissions, and that their submissions would remain on Epinions and the eBay networks without future compensation.
No new product reviews appeared on the site after March 2014; the site was shut down and redirected to shopping.com in May 2018.
Mechanisms
Authors were paid for reviews on a vast catalog of items, but other site users determined how visible any given review was.
Epinions.com's reputation system was not abuse-proof, but the company maintained a customer care unit in the event a dispute did arise.
Early in 2000, the San Francisco Chronicle interviewed co-founder Mike Speiser and early member Brian Koller, with Speiser claiming the system prevents advertorials from getting exposure, but Koller saying: "There is a lot of 'You scratch my back, I’ll scratch yours,' and mutual admiration societies. You recommend me and mine, I’ll do the same for you."
The site was also recognized in 2007 by the "Internet for Beginners" writer for About.com as one of the web's 10 most valuable web sites. Calling the site "wonderful", "Internet for Beginners" Editor Paul Gil wrote, "This is a truly valuable resource for the smart consumer.". The praise was echoed by a CBS television affiliate in California that named Epinions its "Site of the Day"
See also
Consumer protection
Reputation system
Reputation management
References
^ a b "What Happened To Epinions". October 24, 2023.
^ "Epinions.com - FAQs: Earnings on Epinions". Archived from the original on May 25, 2007.
^ Po Bronson for The New York Times Magazine. July 11, 1999. Instant Company Archived 2021-01-09 at the Wayback Machine
^ a b c Gary Rivlin for The New York Times. January 27, 2005 Epinions founders say they were bilked Archived 2021-01-09 at the Wayback Machine
^ a b Saul Hansell for The New York Times. March 12, 2003. Dealtime Agrees to Buy Epinions Archived 2013-12-07 at the Wayback Machine
^ Gary Rivlin for The New York Times. November 1, 2004 The I.P.O. Succeeded. Who Was Rewarded? Archived 2021-01-09 at the Wayback Machine
^ Mark Boslet for Dow Jones News. December 8, 2005 VCs, Epinions workers settle high-profile legal dispute Archived 2021-01-09 at the Wayback Machine
^ Staff, The New York Times. June 3, 2005 Ebay buys Shopping.com Archived 2021-01-09 at the Wayback Machine
^ Staff, Silicon Valley Business Journal. Aug 30, 2005. eBay completes acquisition of Shopping.com Archived 2021-01-09 at the Wayback Machine
^ a b Eric Goldman (March 12, 2014). "Epinions, The Path-Breaking Website, Is Dead. Some Lessons It Taught Us". Forbes.
^ "Epinions". www.shopping.com. Archived from the original on 2014-03-13. Retrieved 2014-03-13.
^ "Epinions.com - Feedback:". Archived from the original on January 11, 2007.
^ Kirby, Carrie; Writer, Chronicle Staff (January 22, 2000). "EVERYONE'S A CRITIC / A Worthy Epinion Can Earn You Some Cash". SFGate. Archived from the original on January 9, 2021. Retrieved April 20, 2019.
^ "There's a Lot of Info Online....and These Are the Most Useful Websites". Archived from the original on 2021-01-09. Retrieved 2007-06-04.
^ "Site of the day - California Central Coast News KCOY CBS Channel 12 Santa Maria San Luis Obispo Santa Barbara". Archived from the original on 2007-09-27. Retrieved 2007-06-04.
External links
Official Website
vteCompanies owned by eBay
eBay
Shopping.com
Epinions
Formerly owned companies:
Auction Co.
eBay Enterprise
G-Market
Half.com
Magento
Marktplaats.nl
MicroPlace
Shutl
StubHub
Tradera
ProStores | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"consumer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumer"},{"link_name":"Shopping.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shopping.com"},{"link_name":"eBay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EBay"},{"link_name":"product reviews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Product_review"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Endante-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Shopping.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shopping.com"}],"text":"Epinions.com was a general consumer review site established in 1999. Epinions was acquired in 2003 by DealTime, later Shopping.com, which was acquired by eBay in 2005. Epinions users could access paid product reviews; the company sold advertising on its site and shared the revenue with authors as an incentive for quality content.[1] Competition from sites that crowdsourced reviews for free led to years of financial decline. On 25 March 2014, all community features, and features for submitting and editing reviews, were disabled.[2] Subsequently, in May 2018, the site was fully closed down, and URLs in the epinions.com domain redirect to Shopping.com.","title":"Epinions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"dot-com bubble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dot-com_bubble"},{"link_name":"Naval Ravikant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Ravikant"},{"link_name":"Ramanathan Guha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramanathan_V._Guha"},{"link_name":"Morgan Stanley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morgan_Stanley"},{"link_name":"Benchmark Capital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benchmark_(venture_capital_firm)"},{"link_name":"August Capital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_Capital"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT1999-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT2005-01-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT2003-5"},{"link_name":"Dealtime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dealtime"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT2003-5"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT2005-01-4"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT2005-01-4"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"eBay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EBay"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"crowdsourcing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crowdsourcing"},{"link_name":"business models","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_model"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Forbes2014-10"},{"link_name":"eBay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EBay"},{"link_name":"Amazon.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon.com"},{"link_name":"Yelp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yelp"},{"link_name":"TripAdvisor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TripAdvisor"},{"link_name":"social media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_media"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Endante-1"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"Epinions was founded in 1999, during the dot-com bubble, by Nirav Tolia (who left Yahoo and $10M of unvested shares), Naval Ravikant (formerly of @Home where he left $4M in options), Ramanathan Guha (from Netscape by way of AOL where he left ~$4M in stock options), Mike Speiser (formerly of McKinsey), and Dion Lim (formerly of Morgan Stanley) with $8 million in seed financing from venture capitalists Benchmark Capital and August Capital.[3][4]By January 2003 it had 5.8 million users, but all of the founders other than Tolia had left, and the company had just started to make a profit in 2002. In the words of Tolia: \"We felt we couldn't finish what we started because we had a little problem. We needed a viable business model.\"[5]In 2003, the company Dealtime acquired Epinions for an undisclosed amount of stock and Tolia became the COO of the new company, Shopping.com.[5] The four co-founders who had left consented to the deal, which rendered their shares worthless.[4] Shopping.com had an initial public offering on October 30, 2004. At the end of trading that day, Shopping.com was worth $750 million; the two VC firms' shares were worth ~$60M, and Tolia's shares were worth ~$20M.[6]In January 2005, the four co-founders who had left and other Epinions employee-stockholders filed a lawsuit against Tolia and the two VC firms that provided seed funding. The suit claimed that the defendants \"failed to share with them 'material facts concerning Epinions' financial affairs,' including news of a deal with Google that the company knew would increase its 2003 profit by 1,400 percent\".[4] The case was settled by December 2005; financial terms were not disclosed.[7]In June 2005 eBay and Shopping.com announced that eBay would acquire Shopping.com for $634M[8] and the transaction was completed in August of that year.[9]The company started relatively early in the history of crowdsourcing online content, before it was clear which business models would be successful. Competitors found that consumers were willing to provide product reviews for free, and that especially with a large volume, these were of adequate quality. This undercut Epinion's costs and resulted in years of financial decline.[10] Over time, unpaid crowdsourced reviews became common on e-commerce sites, especially marketplaces like eBay and Amazon.com. These sites earn revenue from the reviews indirectly, when consumers buy items from the marketplace after using the reviews to reduce uncertainty about the quality or appropriateness of products or the trustworthiness of sellers.Epinions also faced competition from niche sites like Yelp and TripAdvisor, and people sharing opinions for free on social media sites that did not exist when the company started.[1]On February 25, 2014 the company announced that as of March 25, 2014, all Epinions community features and member login would be removed and/or disabled from the Epinions website. The staff at Epinions made it clear the community members would no longer be able to delete or edit their content submissions, and that their submissions would remain on Epinions and the eBay networks without future compensation.[11]No new product reviews appeared on the site after March 2014; the site was shut down and redirected to shopping.com in May 2018.","title":"Corporate history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Forbes2014-10"},{"link_name":"reputation system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reputation_system"},{"link_name":"customer care","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Customer_care"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"San Francisco Chronicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_Chronicle"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"About.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/About.com"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"Authors were paid for reviews on a vast catalog of items, but other site users determined how visible any given review was.[10]Epinions.com's reputation system was not abuse-proof, but the company maintained a customer care unit in the event a dispute did arise.[12]Early in 2000, the San Francisco Chronicle interviewed co-founder Mike Speiser and early member Brian Koller, with Speiser claiming the system prevents advertorials from getting exposure, but Koller saying: \"There is a lot of 'You scratch my back, I’ll scratch yours,' and mutual admiration societies. You recommend me and mine, I’ll do the same for you.\"[13]The site was also recognized in 2007 by the \"Internet for Beginners\" writer for About.com as one of the web's 10 most valuable web sites. Calling the site \"wonderful\", \"Internet for Beginners\" Editor Paul Gil wrote, \"This is a truly valuable resource for the smart consumer.\".[14] The praise was echoed by a CBS television affiliate in California that named Epinions its \"Site of the Day\"[15]","title":"Mechanisms"}] | [] | [{"title":"Consumer protection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumer_protection"},{"title":"Reputation system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reputation_system"},{"title":"Reputation management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reputation_management"}] | [{"reference":"\"What Happened To Epinions\". October 24, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://endante.com/what-happened-to-epinions/","url_text":"\"What Happened To Epinions\""}]},{"reference":"\"Epinions.com - FAQs: Earnings on Epinions\". Archived from the original on May 25, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070525231901/http://www.epinions.com/help/faq/?show=faq_earnings","url_text":"\"Epinions.com - FAQs: Earnings on Epinions\""},{"url":"http://www.epinions.com/help/faq/?show=faq_earnings","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Eric Goldman (March 12, 2014). \"Epinions, The Path-Breaking Website, Is Dead. Some Lessons It Taught Us\". Forbes.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Goldman","url_text":"Eric Goldman"},{"url":"https://www.forbes.com/sites/ericgoldman/2014/03/12/epinions-the-path-breaking-website-is-dead-some-lessons-it-taught-us/?sh=623510bd67ad","url_text":"\"Epinions, The Path-Breaking Website, Is Dead. Some Lessons It Taught Us\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbes","url_text":"Forbes"}]},{"reference":"\"Epinions\". www.shopping.com. Archived from the original on 2014-03-13. Retrieved 2014-03-13.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.shopping.com/sc/epinions_faq?sb=1","url_text":"\"Epinions\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140313194458/http://www.shopping.com/sc/epinions_faq?sb=1","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Epinions.com - Feedback:\". Archived from the original on January 11, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070111225420/http://www.epinions.com/feedback/?show=abuse_forms","url_text":"\"Epinions.com - Feedback:\""},{"url":"http://www.epinions.com/feedback/?show=abuse_forms","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Kirby, Carrie; Writer, Chronicle Staff (January 22, 2000). \"EVERYONE'S A CRITIC / A Worthy Epinion Can Earn You Some Cash\". SFGate. Archived from the original on January 9, 2021. Retrieved April 20, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sfgate.com/business/article/EVERYONE-S-A-CRITIC-A-Worthy-Epinion-Can-Earn-2809054.php","url_text":"\"EVERYONE'S A CRITIC / A Worthy Epinion Can Earn You Some Cash\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210109135838/https://www.sfgate.com/business/article/EVERYONE-S-A-CRITIC-A-Worthy-Epinion-Can-Earn-2809054.php","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"There's a Lot of Info Online....and These Are the Most Useful Websites\". Archived from the original on 2021-01-09. Retrieved 2007-06-04.","urls":[{"url":"http://netforbeginners.about.com/od/readerpicks/ss/useful_sites_7.htm","url_text":"\"There's a Lot of Info Online....and These Are the Most Useful Websites\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210109135850/https://www.lifewire.com/top-fifty-useful-sites-3481693","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Site of the day - California Central Coast News KCOY CBS Channel 12 Santa Maria San Luis Obispo Santa Barbara\". Archived from the original on 2007-09-27. Retrieved 2007-06-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070927090929/http://www.kcoy.com/content/netnews/sotd.aspx","url_text":"\"Site of the day - California Central Coast News KCOY CBS Channel 12 Santa Maria San Luis Obispo Santa Barbara\""},{"url":"http://www.kcoy.com/content/netnews/sotd.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.epinions.com/","external_links_name":"www.epinions.com"},{"Link":"https://endante.com/what-happened-to-epinions/","external_links_name":"\"What Happened To Epinions\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070525231901/http://www.epinions.com/help/faq/?show=faq_earnings","external_links_name":"\"Epinions.com - FAQs: Earnings on Epinions\""},{"Link":"http://www.epinions.com/help/faq/?show=faq_earnings","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1999/07/11/magazine/instant-company.html?pagewanted=all&ref=magazine","external_links_name":"Instant Company"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210109135808/https://www.nytimes.com/1999/07/11/magazine/instant-company.html?pagewanted=all&ref=magazine","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2005/01/26/technology/26iht-dotcom.html","external_links_name":"Epinions founders say they were bilked"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210109135809/https://www.nytimes.com/2005/01/26/technology/founders-of-web-site-accuse-backers-of-cheating-them.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2003/03/12/technology/12NET.htm","external_links_name":"Dealtime Agrees to Buy Epinions"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131207091435/http://www.nytimes.com/2003/03/12/technology/12NET.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9F00E5D7113DF932A35752C1A9629C8B63&sec","external_links_name":"The I.P.O. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_Pobuzhzhia_National_Nature_Park | Upper Pobuzhzhia National Nature Park | ["1 Links","2 References"] | Coordinates: 49°26′11″N 27°25′07″E / 49.4364°N 27.4186°E / 49.4364; 27.4186Planned national park in Ukraine
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Upper Pobuzhzhia National Nature Park" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (July 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message)Upper Pobuzhzhia National Nature ParkНаціональний парк «Верхнє Побужжя»IUCN category II (national park)Medzhybizh FortressLocationKhmelnytskyi Oblast, UkraineNearest cityKhmelnytskyiCoordinates49°26′11″N 27°25′7″E / 49.43639°N 27.41861°E / 49.43639; 27.41861Area108,000 hectares (1,080 km2)Established2013
Upper Pobuzhzhia National Nature Park (Ukrainian: Національний парк «Верхнє Побужжя») is a planned national park in Ukraine, located in Khmelnytskyi Oblast, in the western part of the country. As of 2015, the park, covering an area of 108,000 hectares (1,080 km2), was projected to be open by 2021.
Upper Pobuzhzhia is located in the upper part of the Southern Bug watershed. The proposed park contains a variety of flora and fauna, including 19 plant species listed in the Red Book of Ukraine, 37 regional rare species and 17 animal species found in the European Red List.
Links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Verkhnie Pobuzhzhia National Nature Park.
Біорізноманітна Україна
На Хмельниччині замислилися над створенням нацпарку «Верхнє Побужжя»
На Хмельниччині встановлюють межі нового національного природного парку
References
^ a b "By 2021, the area of Khmelnytskyi Region protected by the Nature Protection Fund will increase to 28.5%". Independent Public Portal (Незалежний Громадський Портал) (in Ukrainian). November 8, 2015. Retrieved January 8, 2021.
vteNational Conservation Areas of Nature in UkraineBiosphere reserves
Askania-Nova
Black Sea
Carpathian
Chernobyl
Danube
Desna
East Carpathian
Roztochchia
West Polissia
Nature reserves
Cape Martian
Cheremske
Crimea (Swan Islands)
Dnieper-Oril
Drevlians
Gorgany
Kaniv
Karadag
Kazantyp
Luhansk (Provallia Steppe
Stanytsia-Luhanska
Striltsivskyi Steppe)
Medobory
Michael's Virgin Land
Opuk
Polissia
Rivne
Ukrainian Steppe (Chalk Flora)
Yalta Mountain-Forest
Yelanets Steppe
National nature parks
Azov-Syvash
Bile Ozero
Boikivshchyna
Bug Gard
Carpathian
Charming Harbor
Cheremosh
Derman-Ostroh
Desna-Stara Huta
Dniester Canyon
Dvorichna
Dzharylhach
Grand Meadow
Halych
Hetman
Holosiiv
Holy Mountains
Homilsha Woods
Hutsulshchyna
Ichnia
Ivory Coast of Sviatoslav
Kamianska Sich
Karmeliukove Podillia
Kholodnyi Yar
Khotyn
Kremenets Mountains
Kreminna Woods
Kuialnyk
Lower Dnieper
Lower Dniester
Lower Polissia
Lower Sula
Meotyda
Mezyn
Nobel
Northern Podillia
Oleshky Sands
Podilian Tovtry
Pryazovskyi
Prypiat-Stokhid
Pushcha Radzivila
Pyriatyn
Royal Beskids
Shatsk
Skole Beskids
Sloboda
Synevyr
Syniohora
Tsumanska Pushcha
Tuzly Lagoons
Upper Pobuzhzhia (proposed)
Uzh
Verkhovyna
Vyzhnytsia
Yavoriv
Zacharovanyi Krai
Zalissia
Categories of protected areas of Ukraine
49°26′11″N 27°25′07″E / 49.4364°N 27.4186°E / 49.4364; 27.4186 | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ukrainian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_language"},{"link_name":"national park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Parks_in_Ukraine"},{"link_name":"Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine"},{"link_name":"Khmelnytskyi Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khmelnytskyi_Oblast"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ngp-1"},{"link_name":"Southern Bug","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Bug"},{"link_name":"Red Book of Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Book_of_Ukraine"},{"link_name":"rare species","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rare_species"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ngp-1"}],"text":"Planned national park in UkraineUpper Pobuzhzhia National Nature Park (Ukrainian: Національний парк «Верхнє Побужжя») is a planned national park in Ukraine, located in Khmelnytskyi Oblast, in the western part of the country. As of 2015, the park, covering an area of 108,000 hectares (1,080 km2), was projected to be open by 2021.[1]Upper Pobuzhzhia is located in the upper part of the Southern Bug watershed. 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Independent Public Portal (Незалежний Громадський Портал) (in Ukrainian). November 8, 2015. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_Ukraine | List of mountains in Ukraine | ["1 Highest mountains in Ukraine","2 External links"] | This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "List of mountains in Ukraine" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (February 2024) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
There are two predominant mountain regions in Ukraine: the Carpathians and the Crimean Mountains. Ukraine is located at East European Plain, therefore most of its area consists mostly of rolling hills rather than real mountains. Some high peaks could be found in areas of Podilian Tovtry and Donets Ridge and rarely elsewhere.
Chornohora (lit. 'Black Mountain') is a mountain range in the Carpathians which consists of the highest mountain peaks in the country. Other notable ranges are Maramureş and Gorgany, also located in the Carpathians. In the Crimean Mountains, the highest mountain range, Babuğan yayla , is located closer to the Crimean Southern Coast and is part of the main mountain chain.
This page shows the highest mountains in Ukraine.
Highest mountains in Ukraine
This list contains peaks with height above 1,500 m. The numbering (except of first 10) is disputable.
Rank
Image
Mountain
Height (m)
System
Range
Coordinates
1
Hoverla
2,061
Carpathian
Chornohora
48°09′36″N 24°30′01″E / 48.16000°N 24.50028°E / 48.16000; 24.50028
2
Brebeneskul
2,035
Carpathian
Chornohora
48°05′54″N 24°34′50″E / 48.09833°N 24.58056°E / 48.09833; 24.58056
3
Pip Ivan
2,021
Carpathian
Chornohora
48°02′52″N 24°37′40″E / 48.04778°N 24.62778°E / 48.04778; 24.62778
4
Petros
2,020
Carpathian
Chornohora
48°10′22″N 24°25′16″E / 48.17278°N 24.42111°E / 48.17278; 24.42111
5
Hutyn Tomnatyk
2,016
Carpathian
Chornohora
48°06′00″N 24°33′24″E / 48.10000°N 24.55667°E / 48.10000; 24.55667
6
Rebra
2,001
Carpathian
Chornohora
48°06′41″N 24°33′36″E / 48.11139°N 24.56000°E / 48.11139; 24.56000
7
Menchul
1,998
Carpathian
Chornohora
48°05′30″N 24°35′45″E / 48.09167°N 24.59583°E / 48.09167; 24.59583
8
Pip Ivan
1,936
Carpathian
Maramureș
48°55′35″N 24°19′30″E / 48.92639°N 24.32500°E / 48.92639; 24.32500
9
Turkul
1,933
Carpathian
Chornohora
48°07′26″N 24°31′52″E / 48.12389°N 24.53111°E / 48.12389; 24.53111
10
Breskul
1,911
Carpathian
Chornohora
48°09′04″N 24°30′43″E / 48.15111°N 24.51194°E / 48.15111; 24.51194
11
Smotrych
1,898
Carpathian
Chornohora
48°04′10″N 24°38′43″E / 48.06944°N 24.64528°E / 48.06944; 24.64528
12
Blyznytsya
1,882
Carpathian
Svydovets
48°13′21″N 24°13′58″E / 48.22250°N 24.23278°E / 48.22250; 24.23278
13
Dzembronia
1,877
Carpathian
Chornohora
48°04′38″N 24°36′18″E / 48.07722°N 24.60500°E / 48.07722; 24.60500
14
Shpytsi
1,863
Carpathian
Chornohora
48°07′32″N 24°34′05″E / 48.12556°N 24.56806°E / 48.12556; 24.56806
15
Petrosul
1,855
Carpathian
Chornohora
48°04′38″N 24°36′18″E / 48.07722°N 24.60500°E / 48.07722; 24.60500
16
Dantsir
1,856
Carpathian
Chornohora
48°08′06″N 24°31′52″E / 48.13500°N 24.53111°E / 48.13500; 24.53111
17
Pozhyzhevska
1,822
Carpathian
Chornohora
48°8′38″N 24°31′27″E / 48.14389°N 24.52417°E / 48.14389; 24.52417
18
Neniska Velyka
1,820
Carpathian
Maramureș
19
Syvulya
1,818
Carpathian
Gorgany
20
Ihrovets
1,803
Carpathian
Gorgany
21
Zherban
1,795
Carpathian
Maramureș
22
Bratkivska
1,788
Carpathian
Gorgany
23
Homul
1,788
Carpathian
Chornohora
24
Petros
1,784
Carpathian
Maramureș
25
Shuryn
1,772
Carpathian
Chornohora
26
Velyky Kotel
1,771
Carpathian
Svydovets
27
Chyvchyn
1,769
Carpathian
Chyvchyn
28
Dohyaska
1,764
Carpathian
Svydovets
29
Hropa
1,763
Carpathian
Gorgany
30
Dragobrat
1,763
Carpathian
Svydovets
30
Dovbushanka
1,754
Carpathian
Gorgany
31
Grofa
1,748
Carpathian
Gorgany
32
Popadya
1,740
Carpathian
Gorgany
33
Parenky
1,735
Carpathian
Gorgany
34
Koman
1,723
Carpathian
Chyvchyn
35
Moloda
1,723
Carpathian
Gorgany
36
Strymba
1,719
Carpathian
Gorgany
37
Chorna Kleva
1,719
Carpathian
Gorgany
38
Tataruka
1,711
Carpathian
Svydovets
39
Durna
1,709
Carpathian
Gorgany
40
Unharyaska
1,708
Carpathian
Svydovets
41
Nehrovets
1,707
Carpathian
Gorgany
42
Stih
1,707
Carpathian
Svydovets
43
Bushtul
1,691
Carpathian
Gorgany
44
Yayko-Ilemske
1,679
Carpathian
Gorgany
45
Budychevska Velyka
1,677
Carpathian
Chyvchyn
46
Stiy
1,677
Carpathian
Borzhava
47
Bert
1,666
Carpathian
Gorgany
48
Synyak
1,665
Carpathian
Gorgany
49
Stih
1,635
Carpathian
Maramureș
50
Tempa
1,635
Carpathian
Svydovets
51
Pidpula
1,634
Carpathian
Svydovets
52
Yayko-Perehinske
1,595
Carpathian
Gorgany
53
Baba-Lyudova
1,590
Carpathian
Hrynyavy
54
Kernychny
1,588
Carpathian
Chyvchyn
55
Gorgan-Ilemsky
1,587
Carpathian
Gorgany
56
Skupova
1,583
Carpathian
Hrynyavy
57
Yarovytsya
1,574
Carpathian
Yalovychory
58
Berlyaska
1,555
Carpathian
Svydovets
59
Tarnavytsya
1,553
Carpathian
Hrynyavy
60
Roman-Kosh
1,545
Crimean
Babuğan Yayla
44°36′39″N 34°14′36″E / 44.61083°N 34.24333°E / 44.61083; 34.24333
61
Demir-Kapu
1,540
Crimean
Nikit Yayla
44°35′06″N 34°12′26″E / 44.58500°N 34.20722°E / 44.58500; 34.20722
62
Zeytin-Kosh
1,537
Crimean
Babuğan Yayla
44°37′02″N 34°16′49″E / 44.61722°N 34.28028°E / 44.61722; 34.28028
63
Kemal-Egerek
1,529
Crimean
Nikit Yayla
44°34′44″N 34°11′04″E / 44.57889°N 34.18444°E / 44.57889; 34.18444
64
Eklizi-Burun
1,527
Crimean
Çatır Dağ
44°44′24″N 34°17′19″E / 44.74000°N 34.28861°E / 44.74000; 34.28861
65
Roztitska
1,527
Carpathian
Hrynyavy
66
Zhyd-Mahura
1,518
Carpathian
Borzhava
67
Velyky Verkh
1,508
Carpathian
Borzhava
68
Pikui
1,405
Carpathian
Striysko-Syanskaya Verkhovina
48°49′48″N 23°00′02″E / 48.83000°N 23.00056°E / 48.83000; 23.00056
69
Parashka
1,268.5
Carpathian
Parashka range
49°04′10″N 23°24′51″E / 49.06944°N 23.41417°E / 49.06944; 23.41417
70
Trostian
1,235
Carpathian
Striysko-Syanskaya Verkhovina
48°51′24″N 23°23′31″E / 48.85667°N 23.39194°E / 48.85667; 23.39194
External links
Українські Карпати, “ТОПОГРАФІЯ”, Стрийсько-Санська верховина, Тростян(in Ukrainian)
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Svalbard | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Carpathians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carpathians"},{"link_name":"Crimean Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimean_Mountains"},{"link_name":"East European Plain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_European_Plain"},{"link_name":"Podilian Tovtry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Podilian_Tovtry"},{"link_name":"Donets Ridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donets_Ridge"},{"link_name":"Chornohora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chornohora"},{"link_name":"mountain range","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain_range"},{"link_name":"Carpathians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carpathians"},{"link_name":"Maramureş","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maramure%C5%9F"},{"link_name":"Gorgany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorgany"},{"link_name":"Babuğan yayla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Babu%C4%9Fan_yayla&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"uk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD-%D1%8F%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%B0"},{"link_name":"Southern Coast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Coast_(Crimea)"},{"link_name":"mountain chain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain_chain"}],"text":"There are two predominant mountain regions in Ukraine: the Carpathians and the Crimean Mountains. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kara_Kennedy_(canoeist) | Kara Kennedy (canoeist) | ["1 Personal","2 Sporting career","3 Recognition","4 References"] | Australian paracanoeist (born 1973)
Kara KennedyPersonal informationNationality AustraliaBorn (1973-08-06) 6 August 1973 (age 50)
Medal record
Paracanoe
ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships
2014 Dusiburg
Women's V1 200 m
2014 Moscow
Women's V1 200 m
Kara Kennedy (born 6 August 1973) is an Australian paracanoeist who has won silver medals at the 2013 and 2014 ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships.
Personal
Kennedy was born on 6 August 1973 and has spinocerebellar ataxia and has lost the eyesight in her right eye. She wears a brace on her legs to stop hyperextension. Kennedy lives on the Gold Coast, Queensland.
Sporting career
Kennedy is classified as a TA (Trunk and arms) paracanoeist. She originally paddled in 6 man outriggers for approximately two years. In February 2011, she paddled in a kayak for the first time. In 2012, she was the Oceania Champion in K1 200 m, 500 m and 1000 m and V1 200 m, 500 m and 1000 m events. At the 2013 ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships in Duisburg, Germany she won the silver medal in the V1 A 200 m and placed fourth in V1 200 TA and K1 200m A events. At the 2014 ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships in Moscow, Russia , she won the silver medal in V1 200 m A and placed sixth in V1 200 m TA. She is coached by Andrea Wood, the Australian Paracanoe Head Coach.
Recognition
2012 - Australian Paracanoeist of the Year
2013 - Australian Paracanoeist of the Year
References
^ a b c d e f "Kara Kennedy". Australian Canoeing. Retrieved 23 August 2014.
^ "Paracanoe QLD Australia - Kara Kennedy - YouTube". YouTube. Retrieved 23 August 2014.
^ "Kara Kennedy wins a silver medal at the canoe/kayak World Championships". News.com.au. 29 August 2014. Retrieved 23 August 2014.
^ "McGarth and Kennedy win Gold and Silver in Moscow". Australian Paralympic Committee News, 7 August 2014. Archived from the original on 3 September 2014. Retrieved 23 August 2014.
^ "2013 Australian Canoeing Awards Dinner". Australian Canoeing website. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villawood_Immigration_Detention_Centre | Villawood Immigration Detention Centre | ["1 History","1.1 Villawood Migrant Hostel","1.2 Conversion to a detention centre","1.3 Deaths at the Detention Centre","2 Description","3 See also","4 References","5 Further reading","6 External links"] | Coordinates: 33°52′28″S 150°59′22″E / 33.874424°S 150.989571°E / -33.874424; 150.989571Immigration Detention Centre in Sydney, Australia
Villawood IDC.
Villawood Immigration Detention Centre, originally Villawood Migrant Hostel or Villawood Migrant Centre, split into a separate section named Westbridge Migrant Hostel from 1968 to 1984, is an Australian immigration detention facility located in the suburb of Villawood in Sydney, Australia.
Built in 1949 to accommodate post-war refugees from Europe, a section of the original camp was converted into an immigration detention centre in 1976.
History
Villawood Migrant Hostel
The site of the detention centre was previously known as the Villawood Migrant Hostel or Villawood Migrant Centre, built in 1949 to house migrants from post-war Europe to work in local industries. The centre was run by Commonwealth Hostels Ltd, a non-profit company. By 1964 the centre housed 1,425 people, mainly from Britain and Europe. By 1969 it was the largest migrant hostel in Australia, and was at that time housing migrants from Britain, The Netherlands, Denmark, West Germany, France, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia and Turkey. In 1968 the centre was divided into two sections, one named the Villawood Migrant Hostel and the other named the Westbridge Migrant Hostel, which operated until 1984.
Conversion to a detention centre
In 1976 a small section of the hostel was converted to provide security accommodation for persons awaiting deportation. This new section was named the Villawood Immigration Detention Centre.
In 2001 the Villawood Immigration Detention Centre was the subject of controversy when 40 asylum seekers escaped. A month later, a Four Corners documentary, "The Inside Story", revealed the plight of six-year-old Iranian refugee Shayan Bedraie, who had been refusing to speak or eat. Shayan and his family had been detained at Woomera IRPC for 11 months and Villawood IDC for at least 6 months, and had witnessed a number of riots and self-harm incidents. He was periodically taken to hospital to be drip-fed and rehydrated, and then returned to detention.
Protesters at the detention centre as of 22 April 2011.
Management of the centre was outsourced to private company G4S Australia from 2003 to 2009.
In January 2008, the Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission (HREOC) said the high-security section of Villawood Detention Centre was the "most prison like" of all Australia's immigration detention centres, and demanded it be closed immediately. The HREOC described the infrastructure as dilapidated, and conditions inside the detention centre as "harsh and inhospitable".
Early in the morning of Thursday 21 April 2011, the centre was set alight by detainees.
In 2020 the centre adopted various measures in response to the COVID-19 pandemic in Australia, but human rights organisations including HREOC have called upon the Australian Government to allow detainees to release detainees into the community to better protect themselves against COVID-19, as social distancing is not possible in the centre.
In November 2023, a Serco employee was criminally charged during a corruption investigation into drug trafficking. An investigation into conditions in Australia’s privately run centres found detainees are openly growing marijuana plants in their rooms at Sydney’s Villawood detention centre, as Australian Border Force conceded drug and alcohol use have led to violent and dangerous conditions.
Deaths at the Detention Centre
In July 2001, Avion Gumede, a thirty-year-old South African male, committed suicide hours after being detained in Villawood.
In September 2001, Puangthong Simaplee, a twenty-seven-year-old Thai national, was found deceased at the centre. She had been sold to traffickers when she was 12, smuggled to Australia on a false passport, and forced to work in a brothel. At the time of her arrest she was a heroin addict. On entering immigration detention she went into withdrawal, received inadequate medical treatment, and died three days later. In 2010 the Australian government made an ex-gratia payment to Simaplee's parents, accepting vicarious liability for her treatment whilst in migration detention.
In February 2002, Thi Hang Le, a Vietnamese national, committed suicide by jumping from the balcony from which she had twice previously attempted suicide. She had been discharged from a psychiatric unit days before, and had not taken her medication.
In August 2004, Marc Lao Thao, a French man in his seventies who had been held at Villawood detention centre, died of a brain hemorrhage. A visitor to the detention centre told the Inquiry into his death that: "When I saw Marc he had just been operated on for a hernia and was back from hospital. The younger detainees worried about him because he was vomiting every night. Marc was taken to the hospital only when he collapsed. I went to see him in Liverpool Hospital. There were two guards to look after an unconscious sick man. He never regained consciousness and died the next day"
In January 2008, Pishevaraz Khodaverdi died of heart failure after collapsing on the steps of St George Private Hospital on his way to an appointment there two days earlier. Mr Khodzverdi had been held in Villawood for the previous three months after being assessed as unfit to be deported.
In January 2008, a sixty-two-year-old Iranian man known as Mr Fashovar, was found dead due to a heart condition.
In September 2010, thirty-six year old Fijian national, Josefa Rauluni, committed suicide by jumping off a roof at Villawood Immigration Detention Centre, Sydney, hours before he was to be deported.
In November 2010, forty-year-old Iraqi national, Ahmad al-Akabi, committed suicide. Mr Al Akabi's bid for asylum had been rejected twice in the previous year. The room in which he has been kept was described as ''purpose-built for the purpose of death'' by the Department of Immigration's own safety advisory head.
In December 2010, David Saunders, a twenty-nine-year-old British national, committed suicide.
In September 2011, a Sri Lankan man known as 'Shooty', committed suicide at the centre. He had been had been in detention for just over two years and had been accepted as a refugee about seven months ago, but was waiting for a security assessment.
In February 2012, Ali Rahimi, a forty-four-year-old Iranian national, died in hospital of heart attack, possibly caused by anxiety suffered after time in detention at Villawood and repeated rejection of asylum claim. Refugee activist Ian Rintoul said the man was Iranian and had fled his home country in 2010 after being arrested and jailed for participating in pro-democracy protests. He arrived in Australia by plane in April 2010 and had been in detention since then. Mr Rintoul said the man had a wife and two children in Iran and a cousin in Australia.
In June 2013, Ali Ahmad Jafari, a 26-year-old Afghan man, died of a heart attack. His mother took him and his siblings to Quetta in Pakistan when he was 10 after his father was suspected to have been killed by the Taliban. He later sought asylum in the UK but was deported back to Afghanistan in 2009, apparently because his grounds for protection were deemed to be insufficient. Then he fled to Australia and arrived on Christmas Island in 2010, saying he had been beaten by the Taliban. His claim for asylum was rejected and he appealed the decision. He had spent most of the past three years in detention. According to refugee advocates, the Immigration Department allowed Mr Jafari to live in the community in February 2012. But seven months later he was detained again at Villawood.
In April 2016, a 42-year-old man named Rob Peihopa, from New Zealand, died of a heart attack after he was involved in a fight. Mr Peihopa, who moved to Australia in 1989, served two years in prison for his involvement in a police chase but on the day of his release he was picked up by immigration officers after his visa was cancelled. At the time, Mr Peihopa had feared he would be deported back to New Zealand, leaving behind his three sons.
In January 2019, Moses Kellie ('Musa'), a man in his 30s from Sierra Leone was found dead at the detention centre. He had entered Australia on a humanitarian visa. The police have stated his death does not appear suspicious.
In March 2019, 25 year old, Iraqi male committed suicide in Villawood Detention Centre. His death is being investigated.
In March 2019, Milad Aljaberi, a twenty-five-year-old Iraqi male, died of a suspected drug overdose of crystal methamphetamine while at Villawood.
In December 2020, a twenty-nine-year-old Malaysian man known only as Muhammad, was found deceased at the centre. No further details have been made public.
In March 2022, a male, a Kurd from Iran, committed suicide after being bullied by other detainees and the refusal of staff to transfer him out of the high-security compound.
In May 2022, a woman from woman New Zealand with mental health difficulties was found deceased from suicide. She had allegedly been denied her request of medication by Serco detention officers.
In 2023 another man detained at the centre died in what is believed to be a suicide. The man in his thirties, originally from Iraq, was found lifeless in his cell after living at the centre for five years.
In June 2023, an African man died from a drug overdose at the center. He was a humanitarian refugee with a wife and family in Australia, but whose permanent visa had been cancelled because he had breached covid restrictions.
In 2023 another man detained at the centre died in what is believed to be a suicide. The man, originally from Iraq, was found lifeless in his cell after living at the centre for five years.
Description
Villawood Detention Centre is located at 15 Birmingham Avenue, Villawood.
It houses a mix of asylum seekers, people who have overstayed their visas and Section 501 detainees who have had their visas cancelled following criminal convictions and are awaiting deportation after serving prison sentences. At 31 May 2021 it held 485 people including 278 Section 501 visa cancellations, 74 asylum seekers who arrived by boat, and 133 detainees in other categories.
People refused entry into the country at international airports and seaports may also be detained there. The centre has been the focus of much controversy, with accusations of human rights abuses.
Since 2009 the centre has been managed by private prison company Serco. with the Australian Border Force, an agency of the Department of Immigration and Border Protection, responsible for the welfare of the detainees.
See also
List of Australian immigration detention facilities
We Can Be Heroes: Finding The Australian of the Year
References
^ "FIRM'S OWN HOSTEL AT VILLAWOOD". The Biz. 23 June 1949. p. 10. Retrieved 15 February 2017.
^ "Bathurst Migrant Camp". NSW Migration Heritage Centre. A Place For Everyone – Bathurst Migrant Camp 1948-1952 . 2011. Retrieved 1 September 2021.
^ a b c Dunn, Mark (2010). "Villawood detention centre ". Dictionary of Sydney. Retrieved 15 February 2017.
^ "New look for Australia's biggest migrant hostel". The Good Neighbour. No. 181. Australian Capital Territory. 1 February 1969. p. 4. Retrieved 15 February 2017.
^ "Villawood Immigration Detention Centre in Sydney (NSW)", Department of Immigration and Citizenship, retrieved 25 April 2013
^ Whitmont, Debbie (27 August 2001). "The Inside Story". Four Corners. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Archived from the original on 27 August 2001. Retrieved 1 September 2021.
^ a b Joint Select Committee on Australia’s Immigration Detention Network (12 April 2012). "Chapter 3: The Department's administration of its contract with Serco". Final Report. Parliament of Australia (Report). ISBN 978-1-74229-611-1. Retrieved 1 September 2021. PDF
^ "Villawood targeted as worst in country". The Sydney Morning Herald. 10 January 2008. Retrieved 10 January 2008.
^ "Villawood Detention Centre: Riots, Fire & Protests". The Sydney Morning Herald. 21 April 2011. Retrieved 21 April 2011.
^ "Villawood Immigration Detention Centre, Sydney". Oxford Law Faculty. 4 June 2020. Retrieved 1 September 2021.
^ Grieve, Charlotte (23 November 2023). "Serco officer charged as rampant drug use in detention centres exposed". The AGE.
^ "Balcony fall ended detainee's desperate life". The Sydney Morning Herald. 15 November 2002.
^ "Sold at 12: nightmare ends in death". The Sydney Morning Herald. 13 March 2003.
^ "Balcony fall ended detainee's desperate life". The Sydney Morning Herald. 15 November 2002.
^ "Supplementary Submission: The Justice Project Inc" (PDF). House Committee on Migration Detention, Parliament of Australia. 22 October 2008.
^ "Supplementary Submission: The Justice Project Inc" (PDF). House Committee on Migration Detention.
^ "Australian Border Deaths Database". Monash University.
^ "Australian Border Deaths Database". Monash University.
^ Duff, Eamonn (29 May 2011). "Detention centre room 'built for death'". The Sydney Morning Herald.
^ Sinclair, Joe (8 December 2010). "Briton found dead in Australian detention centre". The Independent.
^ Lion, Patrick (26 October 2011). "Refugee advocates slam mandatory detention after suicide at Villawood". The Advertiser.
^ "Australian Border Deaths Database". Monash University.
^ "Villawood asylum seeker dies". The Daily Telegraph. 27 February 2012.
^ Metherell, Lexi (21 June 2013). "Questions over asylum seeker's death at Villawood detention centre". ABC News.
^ Leask, Anna (28 November 2017). "Kiwi died in Australian detention centre following fight - Coroner". The New Zealand Herald.
^ Grieve, Charlotte (17 December 2023). "The deaths of Moses, Muhammad and a mother of two could still bring change". The AGE.
^ "Australian Border Deaths Database". Monash University.
^ Grieve, Charlotte (20 November 2023). "Detention centre operators ignored doctors, six days later Moses died". The AGE.
^ Al-Ghalib, Essam (20 December 2020). "Sister of man found dead at Villawood detention centre speaks out as vigil is held". SBS News.
^ Fitzsimmons, Caitlin (3 April 2022). "Authorities probing death of Villawood detainee". The Sydney Morning Herald.
^ Gillespie, Eden (24 May 2022). "New Zealand woman held in Villawood detention centre found dead, detainees say". The Guardian.
^ O'Mallon, Finbar (29 January 2023). "Man found dead in immigration detention". Illawarra Mercury.
^ "Overdose death at Villawood detention centre". Refugee Action Coalition. 30 June 2023.
^ "Iraqi man dies in suspected suicide at Villawood immigration detention centre". the Guardian. Australian Associated Press. 29 January 2023. Retrieved 29 January 2023.
^ a b "Immigration detention in Australia". Australian Border Force. Retrieved 1 September 2021.
^ "Immigration Detention and Community Statistics Summary, 31 May 2021" (PDF). Department of Home Affairs. p. 8. Retrieved 26 July 2021.
^ "Villawood Immigration Detention Facility in Sydney (NSW) - Facilities - Detention Services". Immi.gov.au. 29 October 2008. Retrieved 31 October 2013.
^ a b Hassan, Mohamed (5 April 2016). "NZer dies in Australian detention centre". Radio New Zealand. Retrieved 12 February 2017.
^ Australasian Centre for Corporate Responsibility (2019). "Submission: The role of private military and security companies in immigration and border management and the impact on the protection of the rights of all migrants" (PDF).
Further reading
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Villawood Immigration Detention Centre.
Wikinews has related news:
Asylum seeker hunger strike enters seventh week
Wikinews has related news:
Child released after spending entire life in Australian detention centre
"Villawood Immigration Detention Centre in Australia". Global Detention Project. 25 May 2020.
External links
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33°52′28″S 150°59′22″E / 33.874424°S 150.989571°E / -33.874424; 150.989571 | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Villawood_IDC_(8226116242).jpg"},{"link_name":"Australian immigration detention facility","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_immigration_detention_facility"},{"link_name":"Villawood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villawood,_New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"Sydney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney"},{"link_name":"post-war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-war"}],"text":"Immigration Detention Centre in Sydney, AustraliaVillawood IDC.Villawood Immigration Detention Centre, originally Villawood Migrant Hostel or Villawood Migrant Centre, split into a separate section named Westbridge Migrant Hostel from 1968 to 1984, is an Australian immigration detention facility located in the suburb of Villawood in Sydney, Australia.Built in 1949 to accommodate post-war refugees from Europe, a section of the original camp was converted into an immigration detention centre in 1976.","title":"Villawood Immigration Detention Centre"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"post-war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-war"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Biz-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dictionaryofsydney-3"},{"link_name":"hostel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hostel"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"},{"link_name":"Denmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark"},{"link_name":"West Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Germany"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Czechoslovakia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czechoslovakia"},{"link_name":"Yugoslavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yugoslavia"},{"link_name":"Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Good_Neighbour-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dictionaryofsydney-3"}],"sub_title":"Villawood Migrant Hostel","text":"The site of the detention centre was previously known as the Villawood Migrant Hostel or Villawood Migrant Centre, built in 1949 to house migrants from post-war Europe to work in local industries.[1][2] The centre was run by Commonwealth Hostels Ltd, a non-profit company. By 1964 the centre housed 1,425 people, mainly from Britain and Europe.[3] By 1969 it was the largest migrant hostel in Australia, and was at that time housing migrants from Britain, The Netherlands, Denmark, West Germany, France, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia and Turkey.[4] In 1968 the centre was divided into two sections, one named the Villawood Migrant Hostel and the other named the Westbridge Migrant Hostel, which operated until 1984.[3]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dictionaryofsydney-3"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"asylum seekers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asylum_seekers"},{"link_name":"Four Corners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_Corners_(Australian_TV_program)"},{"link_name":"refugee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refugee"},{"link_name":"Woomera IRPC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woomera_IRPC"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4corners-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Asylum_seekers_on_the_roof_of_Villawood_Immigration_Detention_Centre_2.jpg"},{"link_name":"G4S Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G4S"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-parl2012-7"},{"link_name":"Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Rights_and_Equal_Opportunity_Commission"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"COVID-19 pandemic in Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Australia"},{"link_name":"Australian Government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Government"},{"link_name":"COVID-19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19"},{"link_name":"social distancing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_distancing"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-oxford2020-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"sub_title":"Conversion to a detention centre","text":"In 1976 a small section of the hostel was converted to provide security accommodation for persons awaiting deportation. This new section was named the Villawood Immigration Detention Centre.[3][5]In 2001 the Villawood Immigration Detention Centre was the subject of controversy when 40 asylum seekers escaped. A month later, a Four Corners documentary, \"The Inside Story\", revealed the plight of six-year-old Iranian refugee Shayan Bedraie, who had been refusing to speak or eat. Shayan and his family had been detained at Woomera IRPC for 11 months and Villawood IDC for at least 6 months, and had witnessed a number of riots and self-harm incidents. He was periodically taken to hospital to be drip-fed and rehydrated, and then returned to detention.[6]Protesters at the detention centre as of 22 April 2011.Management of the centre was outsourced to private company G4S Australia from 2003 to 2009.[7]In January 2008, the Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission (HREOC) said the high-security section of Villawood Detention Centre was the \"most prison like\" of all Australia's immigration detention centres, and demanded it be closed immediately. The HREOC described the infrastructure as dilapidated, and conditions inside the detention centre as \"harsh and inhospitable\".\n[8]Early in the morning of Thursday 21 April 2011, the centre was set alight by detainees.[9]In 2020 the centre adopted various measures in response to the COVID-19 pandemic in Australia, but human rights organisations including HREOC have called upon the Australian Government to allow detainees to release detainees into the community to better protect themselves against COVID-19, as social distancing is not possible in the centre.[10]In November 2023, a Serco employee was criminally charged during a corruption investigation into drug trafficking. An investigation into conditions in Australia’s privately run centres found detainees are openly growing marijuana plants in their rooms at Sydney’s Villawood detention centre, as Australian Border Force conceded drug and alcohol use have led to violent and dangerous conditions.[11]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//acrath.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2011/02/Australian_Cases_2003-2007.pdf"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"}],"sub_title":"Deaths at the Detention Centre","text":"In July 2001, Avion Gumede, a thirty-year-old South African male, committed suicide hours after being detained in Villawood.[12]\nIn September 2001, Puangthong Simaplee, a twenty-seven-year-old Thai national, was found deceased at the centre. She had been sold to traffickers when she was 12, smuggled to Australia on a false passport, and forced to work in a brothel. At the time of her arrest she was a heroin addict. On entering immigration detention she went into withdrawal, received inadequate medical treatment, and died three days later. [13] In 2010 the Australian government made an ex-gratia payment to Simaplee's parents, accepting vicarious liability for her treatment whilst in migration detention.[1]\nIn February 2002, Thi Hang Le, a Vietnamese national, committed suicide by jumping from the balcony from which she had twice previously attempted suicide. She had been discharged from a psychiatric unit days before, and had not taken her medication.[14]\nIn August 2004, Marc Lao Thao, a French man in his seventies who had been held at Villawood detention centre, died of a brain hemorrhage. A visitor to the detention centre told the Inquiry into his death that: \"When I saw Marc he had just been operated on for a hernia and was back from hospital. The younger detainees worried about him because he was vomiting every night. Marc was taken to the hospital only when he collapsed. I went to see him in Liverpool Hospital. There were two guards to look after an unconscious sick man. He never regained consciousness and died the next day\"[15]\nIn January 2008, Pishevaraz Khodaverdi died of heart failure after collapsing on the steps of St George Private Hospital on his way to an appointment there two days earlier. Mr Khodzverdi had been held in Villawood for the previous three months after being assessed as unfit to be deported.[16]\nIn January 2008, a sixty-two-year-old Iranian man known as Mr Fashovar, was found dead due to a heart condition.[17]\nIn September 2010, thirty-six year old Fijian national, Josefa Rauluni, committed suicide by jumping off a roof at Villawood Immigration Detention Centre, Sydney, hours before he was to be deported.[18]\nIn November 2010, forty-year-old Iraqi national, Ahmad al-Akabi, committed suicide. Mr Al Akabi's bid for asylum had been rejected twice in the previous year. The room in which he has been kept was described as ''purpose-built for the purpose of death'' by the Department of Immigration's own safety advisory head.[19]\nIn December 2010, David Saunders, a twenty-nine-year-old British national, committed suicide.[20]\nIn September 2011, a Sri Lankan man known as 'Shooty', committed suicide at the centre. He had been had been in detention for just over two years and had been accepted as a refugee about seven months ago, but was waiting for a security assessment.[21]\nIn February 2012, Ali Rahimi, a forty-four-year-old Iranian national, died in hospital of heart attack, possibly caused by anxiety suffered after time in detention at Villawood and repeated rejection of asylum claim.[22] Refugee activist Ian Rintoul said the man was Iranian and had fled his home country in 2010 after being arrested and jailed for participating in pro-democracy protests. He arrived in Australia by plane in April 2010 and had been in detention since then. Mr Rintoul said the man had a wife and two children in Iran and a cousin in Australia.[23]\nIn June 2013, Ali Ahmad Jafari, a 26-year-old Afghan man, died of a heart attack. His mother took him and his siblings to Quetta in Pakistan when he was 10 after his father was suspected to have been killed by the Taliban. He later sought asylum in the UK but was deported back to Afghanistan in 2009, apparently because his grounds for protection were deemed to be insufficient. Then he fled to Australia and arrived on Christmas Island in 2010, saying he had been beaten by the Taliban. His claim for asylum was rejected and he appealed the decision. He had spent most of the past three years in detention. According to refugee advocates, the Immigration Department allowed Mr Jafari to live in the community in February 2012. But seven months later he was detained again at Villawood.[24]\nIn April 2016, a 42-year-old man named Rob Peihopa, from New Zealand, died of a heart attack after he was involved in a fight. Mr Peihopa, who moved to Australia in 1989, served two years in prison for his involvement in a police chase but on the day of his release he was picked up by immigration officers after his visa was cancelled. At the time, Mr Peihopa had feared he would be deported back to New Zealand, leaving behind his three sons.[25]\nIn January 2019, Moses Kellie ('Musa'), a man in his 30s from Sierra Leone was found dead at the detention centre. He had entered Australia on a humanitarian visa. The police have stated his death does not appear suspicious.[26]\nIn March 2019, 25 year old, Iraqi male committed suicide in Villawood Detention Centre. His death is being investigated.[27]\nIn March 2019, Milad Aljaberi, a twenty-five-year-old Iraqi male, died of a suspected drug overdose of crystal methamphetamine while at Villawood.[28]\nIn December 2020, a twenty-nine-year-old Malaysian man known only as Muhammad, was found deceased at the centre. No further details have been made public.[29]\nIn March 2022, a male, a Kurd from Iran, committed suicide after being bullied by other detainees and the refusal of staff to transfer him out of the high-security compound.[30]\nIn May 2022, a woman from woman New Zealand with mental health difficulties was found deceased from suicide. She had allegedly been denied her request of medication by Serco detention officers.[31]\nIn 2023 another man detained at the centre died in what is believed to be a suicide. The man in his thirties, originally from Iraq, was found lifeless in his cell after living at the centre for five years.[32]\nIn June 2023, an African man died from a drug overdose at the center. He was a humanitarian refugee with a wife and family in Australia, but whose permanent visa had been cancelled because he had breached covid restrictions.[33]\nIn 2023 another man detained at the centre died in what is believed to be a suicide. The man, originally from Iraq, was found lifeless in his cell after living at the centre for five years.[34]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-abf-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"human rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rnz2017-38"},{"link_name":"Serco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serco"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-parl2012-7"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rnz2017-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"Australian Border Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Border_Force"},{"link_name":"Department of Immigration and Border Protection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Immigration_and_Border_Protection"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-abf-35"}],"text":"Villawood Detention Centre is located at 15 Birmingham Avenue, Villawood.[35]It houses a mix of asylum seekers, people who have overstayed their visas and Section 501 detainees who have had their visas cancelled following criminal convictions and are awaiting deportation after serving prison sentences. At 31 May 2021 it held 485 people including 278 Section 501 visa cancellations, 74 asylum seekers who arrived by boat, and 133 detainees in other categories.[36]People refused entry into the country at international airports and seaports may also be detained there.[37] The centre has been the focus of much controversy, with accusations of human rights abuses.[38]Since 2009 the centre has been managed by private prison company Serco.[7][38][39] with the Australian Border Force, an agency of the Department of Immigration and Border Protection, responsible for the welfare of the detainees.[35]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Villawood Immigration Detention Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Villawood_Immigration_Detention_Centre"},{"link_name":"Asylum seeker hunger strike enters seventh week","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikinews.org/wiki/Asylum_seeker_hunger_strike_enters_seventh_week"},{"link_name":"Child released after spending entire life in Australian detention centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikinews.org/wiki/Child_released_after_spending_entire_life_in_Australian_detention_centre"},{"link_name":"\"Villawood Immigration Detention Centre in Australia\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.globaldetentionproject.org/countries/asia-pacific/australia/detention-centres/157/villawood-immigration-detention-centre"}],"text":"Wikimedia Commons has media related to Villawood Immigration Detention Centre.Wikinews has related news:\n Asylum seeker hunger strike enters seventh weekWikinews has related news:\n Child released after spending entire life in Australian detention centre\"Villawood Immigration Detention Centre in Australia\". Global Detention Project. 25 May 2020.","title":"Further reading"}] | [{"image_text":"Villawood IDC.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Villawood_IDC_%288226116242%29.jpg/280px-Villawood_IDC_%288226116242%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Protesters at the detention centre as of 22 April 2011.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Asylum_seekers_on_the_roof_of_Villawood_Immigration_Detention_Centre_2.jpg/250px-Asylum_seekers_on_the_roof_of_Villawood_Immigration_Detention_Centre_2.jpg"}] | [{"title":"List of Australian immigration detention facilities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Australian_immigration_detention_facilities"},{"title":"We Can Be Heroes: Finding The Australian of the Year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/We_Can_Be_Heroes:_Finding_The_Australian_of_the_Year"}] | [{"reference":"\"FIRM'S OWN HOSTEL AT VILLAWOOD\". The Biz. 23 June 1949. p. 10. Retrieved 15 February 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article76284303","url_text":"\"FIRM'S OWN HOSTEL AT VILLAWOOD\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Biz_(newspaper)","url_text":"The Biz"}]},{"reference":"\"Bathurst Migrant Camp\". NSW Migration Heritage Centre. A Place For Everyone – Bathurst Migrant Camp 1948-1952 [exhibition]. 2011. Retrieved 1 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.migrationheritage.nsw.gov.au/exhibition/aplaceforeveryone/bathurst-migrant-camp/","url_text":"\"Bathurst Migrant Camp\""}]},{"reference":"Dunn, Mark (2010). \"Villawood detention centre [history of site]\". Dictionary of Sydney. Retrieved 15 February 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/villawood_detention_centre","url_text":"\"Villawood detention centre [history of site]\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_Sydney","url_text":"Dictionary of Sydney"}]},{"reference":"\"New look for Australia's biggest migrant hostel\". The Good Neighbour. No. 181. Australian Capital Territory. 1 February 1969. p. 4. Retrieved 15 February 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article176532175","url_text":"\"New look for Australia's biggest migrant hostel\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Good_Neighbour_(newspaper)","url_text":"The Good Neighbour"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Capital_Territory","url_text":"Australian Capital Territory"}]},{"reference":"Whitmont, Debbie (27 August 2001). \"The Inside Story\". Four Corners. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Archived from the original on 27 August 2001. Retrieved 1 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20010827192657/http://www.abc.net.au/4corners/stories/s344246.htm","url_text":"\"The Inside Story\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Broadcasting_Corporation","url_text":"Australian Broadcasting Corporation"},{"url":"http://www.abc.net.au/4corners/stories/s344246.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Joint Select Committee on Australia’s Immigration Detention Network (12 April 2012). \"Chapter 3: The Department's administration of its contract with Serco\". Final Report. Parliament of Australia (Report). ISBN 978-1-74229-611-1. Retrieved 1 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.aph.gov.au/Parliamentary_Business/Committees/Joint/Former_Committees/immigrationdetention/report/c03","url_text":"\"Chapter 3: The Department's administration of its contract with Serco\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-74229-611-1","url_text":"978-1-74229-611-1"}]},{"reference":"\"Villawood targeted as worst in country\". The Sydney Morning Herald. 10 January 2008. Retrieved 10 January 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.smh.com.au/news/national/villawood-targeted-as-worst-in-country/2008/01/09/1199554742688.html","url_text":"\"Villawood targeted as worst in country\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sydney_Morning_Herald","url_text":"The Sydney Morning Herald"}]},{"reference":"\"Villawood Detention Centre: Riots, Fire & Protests\". The Sydney Morning Herald. 21 April 2011. Retrieved 21 April 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.smh.com.au/nsw/buildings-set-alight-in-villawood-detention-centre-rooftop-protest-20110421-1dp62.html","url_text":"\"Villawood Detention Centre: Riots, Fire & Protests\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sydney_Morning_Herald","url_text":"The Sydney Morning Herald"}]},{"reference":"\"Villawood Immigration Detention Centre, Sydney\". Oxford Law Faculty. 4 June 2020. Retrieved 1 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.law.ox.ac.uk/content/villawood-immigration-detention-centre-sydney","url_text":"\"Villawood Immigration Detention Centre, Sydney\""}]},{"reference":"Grieve, Charlotte (23 November 2023). \"Serco officer charged as rampant drug use in detention centres exposed\". The AGE.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theage.com.au/national/serco-officer-charged-as-rampant-drug-use-in-detention-centres-exposed-20231016-p5econ.html","url_text":"\"Serco officer charged as rampant drug use in detention centres exposed\""}]},{"reference":"\"Balcony fall ended detainee's desperate life\". The Sydney Morning Herald. 15 November 2002.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.smh.com.au/national/balcony-fall-ended-detainees-desperate-life-20021115-gdftmo.html","url_text":"\"Balcony fall ended detainee's desperate life\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sold at 12: nightmare ends in death\". The Sydney Morning Herald. 13 March 2003.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.smh.com.au/national/sold-at-12-nightmare-ends-in-death-20030313-gdgf6n.html","url_text":"\"Sold at 12: nightmare ends in death\""}]},{"reference":"\"Balcony fall ended detainee's desperate life\". The Sydney Morning Herald. 15 November 2002.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.smh.com.au/national/balcony-fall-ended-detainees-desperate-life-20021115-gdftmo.html","url_text":"\"Balcony fall ended detainee's desperate life\""}]},{"reference":"\"Supplementary Submission: The Justice Project Inc\" (PDF). House Committee on Migration Detention, Parliament of Australia. 22 October 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.aph.gov.au/parliamentary_business/committees/house_of_representatives_committees?url=mig/detention/subs/sub127a.pdf","url_text":"\"Supplementary Submission: The Justice Project Inc\""}]},{"reference":"\"Supplementary Submission: The Justice Project Inc\" (PDF). House Committee on Migration Detention.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.aph.gov.au/parliamentary_business/committees/house_of_representatives_committees?url=mig/detention/subs/sub127a.pdf","url_text":"\"Supplementary Submission: The Justice Project Inc\""}]},{"reference":"\"Australian Border Deaths Database\". Monash University.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.monash.edu/arts/migration-and-inclusion/research/research-themes/migration-border-policy/australian-border-deaths-database","url_text":"\"Australian Border Deaths Database\""}]},{"reference":"\"Australian Border Deaths Database\". Monash University.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.monash.edu/arts/migration-and-inclusion/research/research-themes/migration-border-policy/australian-border-deaths-database","url_text":"\"Australian Border Deaths Database\""}]},{"reference":"Duff, Eamonn (29 May 2011). \"Detention centre room 'built for death'\". The Sydney Morning Herald.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.smh.com.au/national/nsw/detention-centre-room-built-for-death-20110528-1f9h5.html","url_text":"\"Detention centre room 'built for death'\""}]},{"reference":"Sinclair, Joe (8 December 2010). \"Briton found dead in Australian detention centre\". The Independent.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/australasia/briton-found-dead-in-australian-detention-centre-2154357.html","url_text":"\"Briton found dead in Australian detention centre\""}]},{"reference":"Lion, Patrick (26 October 2011). \"Refugee advocates slam mandatory detention after suicide at Villawood\". The Advertiser.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.adelaidenow.com.au/news/sri-lankan-detainee-death-highly-regrettable-says-chris-evans/news-story/82cfb054044a08f3bd13de736857e027","url_text":"\"Refugee advocates slam mandatory detention after suicide at Villawood\""}]},{"reference":"\"Australian Border Deaths Database\". Monash University.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.monash.edu/arts/migration-and-inclusion/research/research-themes/migration-border-policy/australian-border-deaths-database","url_text":"\"Australian Border Deaths Database\""}]},{"reference":"\"Villawood asylum seeker dies\". The Daily Telegraph. 27 February 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/news/nsw/villawood-asylum-seeker-dies/news-story/15f8282cd9a6f065093f6989a8a9c22e","url_text":"\"Villawood asylum seeker dies\""}]},{"reference":"Metherell, Lexi (21 June 2013). \"Questions over asylum seeker's death at Villawood detention centre\". ABC News.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.abc.net.au/news/2013-06-21/questions-over-asylum-seeker-death-at-villawood-detention-centre/4773080","url_text":"\"Questions over asylum seeker's death at Villawood detention centre\""}]},{"reference":"Leask, Anna (28 November 2017). \"Kiwi died in Australian detention centre following fight - Coroner\". The New Zealand Herald.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/kiwi-died-in-australian-detention-centre-following-fight-coroner/IJFAUTT7DNWWUZMTS47F2PUYYM/","url_text":"\"Kiwi died in Australian detention centre following fight - Coroner\""}]},{"reference":"Grieve, Charlotte (17 December 2023). \"The deaths of Moses, Muhammad and a mother of two could still bring change\". The AGE.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theage.com.au/national/the-deaths-of-moses-muhammad-and-a-mother-of-two-could-still-bring-change-20231214-p5erhv.html","url_text":"\"The deaths of Moses, Muhammad and a mother of two could still bring change\""}]},{"reference":"\"Australian Border Deaths Database\". Monash University.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.monash.edu/arts/migration-and-inclusion/research/research-themes/migration-border-policy/australian-border-deaths-database","url_text":"\"Australian Border Deaths Database\""}]},{"reference":"Grieve, Charlotte (20 November 2023). \"Detention centre operators ignored doctors, six days later Moses died\". The AGE.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theage.com.au/national/detention-centre-operators-ignored-doctors-six-days-later-moses-died-20231016-p5ecom.html","url_text":"\"Detention centre operators ignored doctors, six days later Moses died\""}]},{"reference":"Al-Ghalib, Essam (20 December 2020). \"Sister of man found dead at Villawood detention centre speaks out as vigil is held\". 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Retrieved 26 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.homeaffairs.gov.au/research-and-stats/files/immigration-detention-statistics-31-may-2021.pdf","url_text":"\"Immigration Detention and Community Statistics Summary, 31 May 2021\""}]},{"reference":"\"Villawood Immigration Detention Facility in Sydney (NSW) - Facilities - Detention Services\". Immi.gov.au. 29 October 2008. Retrieved 31 October 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.immi.gov.au/managing-australias-borders/detention/facilities/locations/villawood/","url_text":"\"Villawood Immigration Detention Facility in Sydney (NSW) - Facilities - Detention Services\""}]},{"reference":"Hassan, Mohamed (5 April 2016). \"NZer dies in Australian detention centre\". Radio New Zealand. Retrieved 12 February 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.radionz.co.nz/news/national/300705/nzer-who-died-in-detention-centre-%27had-black-eyes%27","url_text":"\"NZer dies in Australian detention centre\""}]},{"reference":"Australasian Centre for Corporate Responsibility (2019). \"Submission: The role of private military and security companies in immigration and border management and the impact on the protection of the rights of all migrants\" (PDF).","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Australasian_Centre_for_Corporate_Responsibility&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"Australasian Centre for Corporate Responsibility"},{"url":"https://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Issues/Mercenaries/WG/ImmigrationAndBorder/accr-submission.pdf","url_text":"\"Submission: The role of private military and security companies in immigration and border management and the impact on the protection of the rights of all migrants\""}]},{"reference":"\"Villawood Immigration Detention Centre in Australia\". Global Detention Project. 25 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.globaldetentionproject.org/countries/asia-pacific/australia/detention-centres/157/villawood-immigration-detention-centre","url_text":"\"Villawood Immigration Detention Centre in Australia\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Villawood_Immigration_Detention_Centre¶ms=33.874424_S_150.989571_E_type:landmark_region:AU","external_links_name":"33°52′28″S 150°59′22″E / 33.874424°S 150.989571°E / -33.874424; 150.989571"},{"Link":"https://acrath.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2011/02/Australian_Cases_2003-2007.pdf","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article76284303","external_links_name":"\"FIRM'S OWN HOSTEL AT VILLAWOOD\""},{"Link":"https://www.migrationheritage.nsw.gov.au/exhibition/aplaceforeveryone/bathurst-migrant-camp/","external_links_name":"\"Bathurst Migrant 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Coroner\""},{"Link":"https://www.theage.com.au/national/the-deaths-of-moses-muhammad-and-a-mother-of-two-could-still-bring-change-20231214-p5erhv.html","external_links_name":"\"The deaths of Moses, Muhammad and a mother of two could still bring change\""},{"Link":"https://www.monash.edu/arts/migration-and-inclusion/research/research-themes/migration-border-policy/australian-border-deaths-database","external_links_name":"\"Australian Border Deaths Database\""},{"Link":"https://www.theage.com.au/national/detention-centre-operators-ignored-doctors-six-days-later-moses-died-20231016-p5ecom.html","external_links_name":"\"Detention centre operators ignored doctors, six days later Moses died\""},{"Link":"https://www.sbs.com.au/news/article/sister-of-man-found-dead-at-villawood-detention-centre-speaks-out-as-vigil-is-held/eyb1b90jm","external_links_name":"\"Sister of man found dead at Villawood detention centre speaks out as vigil is held\""},{"Link":"https://www.smh.com.au/national/authorities-probing-death-of-villawood-detainee-20220329-p5a8x2.html","external_links_name":"\"Authorities probing death of Villawood detainee\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2022/may/22/new-zealand-woman-held-in-villawood-detention-centre-found-dead-detainees-say","external_links_name":"\"New Zealand woman held in Villawood detention centre found dead, detainees say\""},{"Link":"https://www.illawarramercury.com.au/story/8064993/man-found-dead-in-immigration-detention/","external_links_name":"\"Man found dead in immigration detention\""},{"Link":"https://refugeeaction.org.au/?p=16719","external_links_name":"\"Overdose death at Villawood detention centre\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2023/jan/29/iraqi-man-dies-in-suspected-suicide-at-villawood-immigration-detention-centre","external_links_name":"\"Iraqi man dies in suspected suicide at Villawood immigration detention centre\""},{"Link":"https://www.abf.gov.au/about-us/what-we-do/border-protection/immigration-detention/detention-facilities","external_links_name":"\"Immigration detention in Australia\""},{"Link":"https://www.homeaffairs.gov.au/research-and-stats/files/immigration-detention-statistics-31-may-2021.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Immigration Detention and Community Statistics Summary, 31 May 2021\""},{"Link":"http://www.immi.gov.au/managing-australias-borders/detention/facilities/locations/villawood/","external_links_name":"\"Villawood Immigration Detention Facility in Sydney (NSW) - Facilities - Detention Services\""},{"Link":"http://www.radionz.co.nz/news/national/300705/nzer-who-died-in-detention-centre-%27had-black-eyes%27","external_links_name":"\"NZer dies in Australian detention centre\""},{"Link":"https://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Issues/Mercenaries/WG/ImmigrationAndBorder/accr-submission.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Submission: The role of private military and security companies 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swaton | Swaton | ["1 References","2 External links"] | Coordinates: 52°55′20″N 0°19′04″W / 52.922246°N 0.317665°W / 52.922246; -0.317665Village and civil parish in the North Kesteven district of Lincolnshire, England
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Human settlement in EnglandSwatonSt Michael's Church, SwatonSwatonLocation within LincolnshirePopulation184 (2001)OS grid referenceTF132374• London100 mi (160 km) SDistrictNorth KestevenShire countyLincolnshireRegionEast MidlandsCountryEnglandSovereign stateUnited KingdomPost townSleafordPostcode districtNG34PoliceLincolnshireFireLincolnshireAmbulanceEast Midlands
UK ParliamentSleaford and North Hykeham
List of places
UK
England
Lincolnshire
52°55′20″N 0°19′04″W / 52.922246°N 0.317665°W / 52.922246; -0.317665
Swaton is a village and civil parish in the North Kesteven district of Lincolnshire, England. It is situated on the B1394 road, less than 0.5 miles (0.8 km) north from the A52 road, and 6 miles (9.7 km) south-east of Sleaford. Swaton Fen lies to the east.
The Swaton Eau river rises to the west and runs through the village until it joins the South Forty-Foot Drain. Before the draining of the Fens the Swaton Eau was navigable and a large inland port existed close to the current bridge. The Roman Car Dyke runs to the east of the village. Roman brick pits remain.
Swaton Fen
The name comes from "Suavetone" or "Swaffa’s Farmstead".
The cruciform Church of St Michael is a Grade I listed building.
Nichola de la Haye, a lady who served as High Sheriff of Lincolnshire for King John, died in Swaton on 20 November 1230.
In 1240 William II Longespée and his wife Idonea, Nichola's granddaughter, applied for and were granted a royal charter to run a Friday market in the village. This grant was unsuccessfully challenged by residents of Folkingham and Sleaford who feared it would damage their own Saturday and Monday markets.
Swaton Vintage Day is held each June. The village also hosts the annual World Egg Throwing competition. Egg throwing in this village started c. 1322 when the new Abbot of Swaton, controlling all poultry in the village, used them to provide eggs as alms to those that attended church. When the Eau was in flood these were hurled over the swollen river to waiting peasants.
References
^ "The Oxford Dictionary of National Biography". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/47223. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
External links
Media related to Swaton at Wikimedia Commons
St Michael's church
Parish council
World Egg Throwing Federation
Churchview Equestrian
Portals: England United Kingdom
vteCeremonial county of LincolnshireUnitary authorities
North East Lincolnshire
North Lincolnshire
Boroughs or districts
Boston
East Lindsey
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North Kesteven
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WintertonSee also: List of civil parishes in Lincolnshire
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Historic subdivisions: Holland, Kesteven, Lindsey
History and notable places: Belton House, Bolingbroke Castle, Boston Stump, Cadwell Park, Cross Keys Bridge, Crowland Abbey, Donna Nook, Dunham Bridge, Far Ings, Frampton Marsh, Freiston Shore, Gibraltar Point, Grimsby Fishing Heritage Centre, Humber Bridge, Kinema in the Woods, Kingdom of Lindsey, Lincoln Castle,Lincoln Cathedral, Lincoln Cliff, Lincolnshire Fens, Market Rasen Racecourse, Museum of Lincolnshire Life, Tattershall Castle, The Wash, The Wolds, Usher Gallery, Winceby Battlefield, Woolsthorpe Manor
This Lincolnshire location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"civil parish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_parish"},{"link_name":"North Kesteven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Kesteven"},{"link_name":"Lincolnshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincolnshire"},{"link_name":"B1394 road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B1394_road"},{"link_name":"A52 road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A52_road"},{"link_name":"Sleaford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sleaford"},{"link_name":"South Forty-Foot Drain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Forty-Foot_Drain"},{"link_name":"the Fens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fens"},{"link_name":"Car Dyke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Car_Dyke"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Swaton_Fen_North_Drove_-_geograph.org.uk_-_284453.jpg"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Nichola de la Haye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nichola_de_la_Haye"},{"link_name":"High Sheriff of Lincolnshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Sheriff_of_Lincolnshire"},{"link_name":"John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_of_England"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"William II Longespée","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_II_Longesp%C3%A9e"},{"link_name":"royal charter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_charter"},{"link_name":"Folkingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folkingham"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"World Egg Throwing competition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Egg_Throwing_Federation"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Village and civil parish in the North Kesteven district of Lincolnshire, EnglandHuman settlement in EnglandSwaton is a village and civil parish in the North Kesteven district of Lincolnshire, England. It is situated on the B1394 road, less than 0.5 miles (0.8 km) north from the A52 road, and 6 miles (9.7 km) south-east of Sleaford. Swaton Fen lies to the east.The Swaton Eau river rises to the west and runs through the village until it joins the South Forty-Foot Drain. Before the draining of the Fens the Swaton Eau was navigable and a large inland port existed close to the current bridge. The Roman Car Dyke runs to the east of the village. Roman brick pits remain.[citation needed]Swaton FenThe name comes from \"Suavetone\" or \"Swaffa’s Farmstead\".[citation needed]The cruciform Church of St Michael is a Grade I listed building.Nichola de la Haye, a lady who served as High Sheriff of Lincolnshire for King John, died in Swaton on 20 November 1230.[1]In 1240 William II Longespée and his wife Idonea, Nichola's granddaughter, applied for and were granted a royal charter to run a Friday market in the village. This grant was unsuccessfully challenged by residents of Folkingham and Sleaford who feared it would damage their own Saturday and Monday markets.[citation needed]Swaton Vintage Day is held each June. The village also hosts the annual World Egg Throwing competition. Egg throwing in this village started c. 1322 when the new Abbot of Swaton, controlling all poultry in the village, used them to provide eggs as alms to those that attended church. When the Eau was in flood these were hurled over the swollen river to waiting peasants.[citation needed]","title":"Swaton"}] | [{"image_text":"Swaton Fen","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Swaton_Fen_North_Drove_-_geograph.org.uk_-_284453.jpg/220px-Swaton_Fen_North_Drove_-_geograph.org.uk_-_284453.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"The Oxford Dictionary of National Biography\". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/47223.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography","url_text":"Oxford Dictionary of National Biography"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F47223","url_text":"10.1093/ref:odnb/47223"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Swaton¶ms=52.922246_N_0.317665_W_region:GB_type:city(184)","external_links_name":"52°55′20″N 0°19′04″W / 52.922246°N 0.317665°W / 52.922246; -0.317665"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Swaton%22","external_links_name":"\"Swaton\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Swaton%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Swaton%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Swaton%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Swaton%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Swaton%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Swaton¶ms=52.922089_N_0.317685_W_region:GB_scale:25000&title=Swaton","external_links_name":"TF132374"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Swaton¶ms=52.922246_N_0.317665_W_region:GB_type:city(184)","external_links_name":"52°55′20″N 0°19′04″W / 52.922246°N 0.317665°W / 52.922246; -0.317665"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F47223","external_links_name":"10.1093/ref:odnb/47223"},{"Link":"https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public","external_links_name":"UK public library membership"},{"Link":"http://www.astoft.co.uk/swaton.htm","external_links_name":"St Michael's church"},{"Link":"http://parishes.lincolnshire.gov.uk/Swaton","external_links_name":"Parish council"},{"Link":"http://swatonvintageday.sslpowered.com/","external_links_name":"World Egg Throwing Federation"},{"Link":"http://www.churchviewequestrian.co.uk/index.htm","external_links_name":"Churchview Equestrian"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Swaton&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_CEV_Champions_League_2010%E2%80%9311 | 2010–11 CEV Women's Champions League | ["1 Teams of the 2010–2011 competition","2 League round","2.1 Pool A","2.2 Pool B","2.3 Pool C","2.4 Pool D","2.5 Pool E","3 Playoffs 12","3.1 First leg","3.2 Second leg","4 Playoffs 6","4.1 First leg","4.2 Second leg","5 Final four","5.1 Bracket","5.2 Semi-final","5.3 Third-place game","5.4 Final","6 Final standing","7 Individual awards","8 References","9 External links"] | Sports season2010–11 CEV Women's Champions LeagueLeagueCEV Women's Champions LeagueSportVolleyballFinalesChampions VakıfBank Güneş TTelekomFinals MVP Małgorzata GlinkaCEV Women's Champions League seasons← 2009–102011–12 →
The 2010–11 CEV Women's Champions League was the highest level of European club volleyball in the 2010–11 season and was the 37th edition.
Teams of the 2010–2011 competition
The number of participants on the basis of ranking list for European Cup Competitions:
Rank
Country
Number of teams
Teams
1
Italy
3
Volley Bergamo Villa Cortese Scavolini Pesaro
2
Russia
2
Dynamo Moscow Zarechye Odintsovo
3
Spain
1
Aguere La Laguna
4
Turkey
3
Fenerbahçe Acıbadem VakıfBank Güneş Sigorta Türk Telekom Eczacıbaşı Vitra (w/c)
5
France
2
RC Cannes ASPTT Mulhouse
6
Poland
3
Bielsko-Biała Organika Budowlani Łódź Muszynianka Muszyna (w/c)
8
Switzerland
1
Voléro Zürich
9
Serbia
1
Crvena Zvezda
10
Croatia
1
ZOK Split
11
Romania
1
Dinamo Romprest Bucharest
16
Azerbaijan
1
Rabita Baku (w/c)
23
Czech Republic
1
Modřanská Prostějov (w/c)
The drawing of lots for the main phase (group stage) of the competition was being held on 25 June 2010, in Vienna.
League round
20 teams were drawn to 5 pools of 4 teams each.
The 1st – 2nd and the two best 3rd ranked qualified for the Playoffs 12.
The organizer of the Final Four was determined after the end of the League Round and qualified directly for the Final Four.
The team of the organizer of the Final Four was replaced by the 3rd ranked team with the best score.
The two next 3rd and two best 4th ranked teams moved to CEV Cup. The remaining teams were eliminated.
Pool A
Pos
Team
Pld
W
L
Pts
SPW
SPL
SPR
SW
SL
SR
Qualification
1
VakıfBank Güneş TTelekom
6
6
0
16
562
440
1.277
18
6
3.000
Playoffs 12
2
Muszynianka Muszyna
6
3
3
9
552
545
1.013
13
13
1.000
3
Zarechye Odintsovo
6
3
3
9
538
561
0.959
13
14
0.929
4
Crvena Zvezda
6
0
6
2
468
574
0.815
7
18
0.389
Source:
November 23–25, 2010
Score
Set 1
Set 2
Set 3
Set 4
Set 5
Crvena Zvezda
SRB
2–3
VakıfBank Güneş TTelekom
TUR
19–25
25–19
25–19
Muszynianka Muszyna
POL
2–3
Zarechye Odintsovo
RUS
25–10
25–16
22–25
December 1, 2010
Score
Set 1
Set 2
Set 3
Set 4
Set 5
Zarechye Odintsovo
RUS
3–1
Crvena Zvezda
SRB
26–24
25–22
16–25
VakıfBank Güneş TTelekom
TUR
3–1
Muszynianka Muszyna
POL
25–16
22–25
25–14
December 7–8, 2010
Score
Set 1
Set 2
Set 3
Set 4
Set 5
Crvena Zvezda
SRB
1–3
Muszynianka Muszyna
POL
9–25
27–25
20–25
VakıfBank Güneş TTelekom
TUR
3–0
Zarechyie Odintsovo
RUS
28–26
25–18
25–9
December 15–16, 2010
Score
Set 1
Set 2
Set 3
Set 4
Set 5
Zarechye Odintsovo
RUS
2–3
VakıfBank Güneş TTelekom
TUR
25–23
18–25
18–25
Muszynianka Muszyna
POL
3–1
Crvena Zvezda
SRB
25–20
25–21
23–25
January 4–6, 2011
Score
Set 1
Set 2
Set 3
Set 4
Set 5
Crvena Zvezda
SRB
2–3
Zarechye Odintsovo
RUS
25–23
16–25
11–25
Muszynianka Muszyna
POL
1–3
VakıfBank Güneş TTelekom
TUR
25–23
20–25
14–25
January 11, 2011
Score
Set 1
Set 2
Set 3
Set 4
Set 5
Zarechye Odintsovo
RUS
2–3
Muszynianka Muszyna
POL
25–19
25–18
14–25
VakıfBank Güneş TTelekom
TUR
3–0
Crvena Zvezda
SRB
25–8
25–15
25–16
Pool B
Pos
Team
Pld
W
L
Pts
SPW
SPL
SPR
SW
SL
SR
Qualification
1
Fenerbahçe Acıbadem
6
5
1
15
430
317
1.356
15
3
5.000
Playoffs 12
2
Dynamo Moscow
6
5
1
15
445
345
1.290
15
4
3.750
3
Volley Bergamo
6
2
4
6
434
448
0.969
7
13
0.538
4
ZOK Split
6
0
6
0
275
474
0.580
1
18
0.056
Source:
November 25, 2010
Score
Set 1
Set 2
Set 3
Set 4
Set 5
Dynamo Moscow
RUS
3–0
ZOK Split
CRO
25–15
25–15
25–16
Fenerbahçe Acıbadem
TUR
3–0
Volley Bergamo
ITA
26–24
25–23
25–18
November 30– December 2, 2010
Score
Set 1
Set 2
Set 3
Set 4
Set 5
ZOK Split
CRO
0–3
Fenerbahçe Acıbadem
TUR
16–25
15–25
13–25
Volley Bergamo
ITA
1–3
Dynamo Moscow
RUS
17–25
28–26
17–25
December 7–8, 2010
Score
Set 1
Set 2
Set 3
Set 4
Set 5
ZOK Split
CRO
1–3
Volley Bergamo
ITA
26–24
18–25
11–25
Dynamo Moscow
RUS
3–0
Fenerbahçe Acıbadem
TUR
25–16
25–21
25–17
December 13, 2010
Score
Set 1
Set 2
Set 3
Set 4
Set 5
Fenerbahçe Acıbadem
TUR
3–0
Dynamo Moscow
RUS
25–14
25–15
25–15
Volley Bergamo
ITA
3–0
ZOK Split
CRO
25–14
25–18
25–13
January 6, 2011
Score
Set 1
Set 2
Set 3
Set 4
Set 5
Fenerbahçe Acıbadem
TUR
3–0
ZOK Split
CRO
25–10
25–11
25–13
Dynamo Moscow
RUS
3–0
Volley Bergamo
ITA
25–22
25–18
25–16
January 11, 2011
Score
Set 1
Set 2
Set 3
Set 4
Set 5
Volley Bergamo
ITA
0–3
Fenerbahçe Acıbadem
TUR
13–25
23–25
19–25
ZOK Split
CRO
0–3
Dynamo Moscow
RUS
7–25
12–25
11–25
Pool C
Pos
Team
Pld
W
L
Pts
SPW
SPL
SPR
SW
SL
SR
Qualification
1
Eczacıbaşı Vitra
6
5
1
16
525
416
1.262
17
5
3.400
Playoffs 12
2
Voléro Zürich
6
5
1
14
526
486
1.082
16
8
2.000
3
ASPTT Mulhouse
6
2
4
6
435
438
0.993
8
12
0.667
4
Aguere La Laguna
6
0
6
0
348
494
0.704
2
18
0.111
Source:
November 23–24, 2010
Score
Set 1
Set 2
Set 3
Set 4
Set 5
ASPTT Mulhouse
FRA
3–0
Aguere La Laguna
ESP
25–18
25–21
25–18
Eczacıbaşı Vitra
TUR
3–1
Voléro Zürich
SUI
22–25
25–20
25–9
December 1, 2010
Score
Set 1
Set 2
Set 3
Set 4
Set 5
Aguere La Laguna
ESP
1–3
Eczacıbaşı Vitra
TUR
17–25
25–22
17–25
Voléro Zürich
SUI
3–1
ASPTT Mulhouse
FRA
25–16
16–25
25–15
December 8, 2010
Score
Set 1
Set 2
Set 3
Set 4
Set 5
Eczacıbaşı Vitra
TUR
3–0
ASPTT Mulhouse
FRA
25–15
26–24
25–20
Voléro Zürich
SUI
3–1
Aguere La Laguna
ESP
22–25
25–18
25–16
December 15–16, 2010
Score
Set 1
Set 2
Set 3
Set 4
Set 5
Aguere La Laguna
ESP
0–3
Voléro Zürich
SUI
15–25
19–25
20–25
ASPTT Mulhouse
FRA
0–3
Eczacıbaşı Vitra
TUR
23–25
20–25
23–25
January 4–6, 2011
Score
Set 1
Set 2
Set 3
Set 4
Set 5
ASPTT Mulhouse
FRA
1–3
Voléro Zürich
SUI
18–25
23–25
25–18
Eczacıbaşı Vitra
TUR
3–0
Aguere La Laguna
ESP
25–19
25–11
25–12
January 11, 2011
Score
Set 1
Set 2
Set 3
Set 4
Set 5
Aguere La Laguna
ESP
0–3
ASPTT Mulhouse
FRA
15–25
17–25
14–25
Voléro Zürich
SUI
3–2
Eczacıbaşı Vitra
TUR
25–19
23–25
25–23
Pool D
Pos
Team
Pld
W
L
Pts
SPW
SPL
SPR
SW
SL
SR
Qualification
1
Villa Cortese
6
4
2
13
516
491
1.051
14
9
1.556
Playoffs 12
2
RC Cannes
6
4
2
12
544
489
1.112
15
9
1.667
3
Modřanská Prostějov
6
3
3
9
516
503
1.026
12
11
1.091
4
Organika Budowlani Łódź
6
1
5
2
431
524
0.823
5
17
0.294
Source:
November 23–25, 2010
Score
Set 1
Set 2
Set 3
Set 4
Set 5
Organika Budowlani Łódź
POL
1–3
Villa Cortese
ITA
19–25
17–25
25–16
Modřanská Prostějov
CZE
1–3
RC Cannes
FRA
22–25
24–26
25–21
November 30, 2010
Score
Set 1
Set 2
Set 3
Set 4
Set 5
Villa Cortese
ITA
3–0
Modřanská Prostějov
CZE
25–19
25–23
30–28
RC Cannes
FRA
3–0
Organika Budowlani Łódź
POL
25–12
25–22
26–24
December 9, 2010
Score
Set 1
Set 2
Set 3
Set 4
Set 5
Modřanská Prostějov
CZE
3–0
Organika Budowlani Łódź
POL
25–17
25–15
25–21
RC Cannes
FRA
3–2
Villa Cortese
ITA
25–22
18–25
20–25
December 14–15, 2010
Score
Set 1
Set 2
Set 3
Set 4
Set 5
Organika Budowlani Łódź
POL
3–2
Modřanská Prostějov
CZE
16–25
20–25
29–27
Villa Cortese
ITA
3–1
RC Cannes
FRA
15–25
25–18
25–18
January 4–5, 2011
Score
Set 1
Set 2
Set 3
Set 4
Set 5
Organika Budowlani Łódź
POL
0–3
RC Cannes
FRA
18–25
22–25
16–25
Modřanská Prostějov
CZE
3–0
Villa Cortese
ITA
25–21
25–19
25–19
January 11, 2011
Score
Set 1
Set 2
Set 3
Set 4
Set 5
Villa Cortese
ITA
3–1
Organika Budowlani Łódź
POL
18–25
25–19
25–15
RC Cannes
FRA
2–3
Modřanská Prostějov
CZE
25–13
22–25
21–25
Pool E
Pos
Team
Pld
W
L
Pts
SPW
SPL
SPR
SW
SL
SR
Qualification
1
Rabita Baku
6
4
2
14
521
458
1.138
16
7
2.286
Playoffs 12
2
Scavolini Pesaro
6
5
1
12
560
501
1.118
16
9
1.778
3
Bielsko-Biała
6
3
3
9
575
578
0.995
13
14
0.929
4
Dinamo Romprest Bucharest
6
0
6
1
404
523
0.772
3
18
0.167
Source:
November 24, 2010
Score
Set 1
Set 2
Set 3
Set 4
Set 5
Dinamo Romprest Bucharest
ROU
0–3
Rabita Baku
AZE
18–25
22–25
20–25
Scavolini Pesaro
ITA
3–2
Bielsko-Biała
POL
23–25
25–22
25–20
November 30– December 2, 2010
Score
Set 1
Set 2
Set 3
Set 4
Set 5
Bielsko-Biała
POL
3–2
Dinamo Romprest Bucharest
ROU
24–26
25–19
34–36
Rabita Baku
AZE
3–1
Scavolini Pesaro
ITA
25–19
25–23
23–25
December 8–9, 2010
Score
Set 1
Set 2
Set 3
Set 4
Set 5
Scavolini Pesaro
ITA
3–0
Dinamo Romprest Bucharest
ROU
25–22
25–19
25–15
Bielsko-Biała
POL
3–2
Rabita Baku
AZE
25–21
21–25
25–18
December 14–16, 2010
Score
Set 1
Set 2
Set 3
Set 4
Set 5
Dinamo Romprest Bucharest
ROU
0–3
Scavolini Pesaro
ITA
12–25
20–25
21–25
Rabita Baku
AZE
3–0
Bielsko-Biała
POL
25–13
25–23
25–12
January 5–6, 2011
Score
Set 1
Set 2
Set 3
Set 4
Set 5
Dinamo Romprest Bucharest
ROU
1–3
Bielsko-Biała
POL
16–25
21–25
27–25
Scavolini Pesaro
ITA
3–2
Rabita Baku
AZE
20–25
25–21
25–19
January 11, 2011
Score
Set 1
Set 2
Set 3
Set 4
Set 5
Rabita Baku
AZE
3–0
Dinamo Romprest Bucharest
ROU
25–18
25–16
25–14
Bielsko-Biała
POL
2–3
Scavolini Pesaro
ITA
25–21
12–25
21–25
Playoffs 12
In case of a tie - 1 match won and 1 match lost and not depending on the final score of both matches - the teams played a golden set to determine which one qualified for the next round.
Team 1
Agg.Tooltip Aggregate score
Team 2
1st leg
2nd leg
Muszynianka Muszyna
5–51
Villa Cortese
3–2
2–3
Modřanská Prostějov
3–52
Rabita Baku
3–2
0–3
Zarechye Odintsovo
3–33
Voléro Zürich
3–0
0–3
Scavolini Pesaro
6–4
Dynamo Moscow
3–2
3–2
RC Cannes
0–6
Eczacıbaşı Vitra
0–3
0–3
Bielsko-Biała
2–6
VakıfBank Güneş TTelekom
1–3
1–3
1Muszynianka Muszyna won the golden set 15–11.
2Rabita Baku won the golden set 15–11.
3Voléro Zürich won the golden set 15–9.
First leg
February 1–3, 2011
Score
Set 1
Set 2
Set 3
Set 4
Set 5
Muszynianka Muszyna
POL
3–2
Villa Cortese
ITA
25–16
26–24
23–25
Modřanská Prostějov
CZE
3–2
Rabita Baku
AZE
19–25
25–21
25–22
Zarechye Odintsovo
RUS
3–0
Voléro Zürich
SUI
25–21
25–15
25–18
Scavolini Pesaro
ITA
3–2
Dynamo Moscow
RUS
19–25
25–14
19–25
RC Cannes
FRA
0–3
Eczacıbaşı Vitra
TUR
20–25
20–25
22–25
Bielsko-Biała
POL
1–3
VakıfBank Güneş TTelekom
TUR
18–25
25–22
18–25
Second leg
February 8–10, 2011
Score
Set 1
Set 2
Set 3
Set 4
Set 5
Villa Cortese
ITA
3–2
Muszynianka Muszyna
POL
25–23
18–25
25–19
Rabita Baku
AZE
3–0
Modřanská Prostějov
CZE
25–21
25–23
25–19
Voléro Zürich
SUI
3–0
Zarechye Odintsovo
RUS
25–22
25–22
25–21
Dynamo Moscow
RUS
2–3
Scavolini Pesaro
ITA
17–25
25–19
28–26
Eczacıbaşı Vitra
TUR
3–0
RC Cannes
FRA
25–21
25–14
25–21
VakıfBank Güneş TTelekom
TUR
3–1
Bielsko-Biała
POL
22–25
25–20
25–21
Playoffs 6
In case of a tie - 1 match won and 1 match lost and not depending on the final score of both matches - the teams have to play a golden set to determine which one qualifies for the next round.
Team 1
Agg.Tooltip Aggregate score
Team 2
1st leg
2nd leg
Muszynianka Muszyna
0–6
Rabita Baku
0–3
0–3
Voléro Zürich
3–6
Scavolini Pesaro
1–3
2–3
Eczacıbaşı Vitra
2–6
VakıfBank Güneş TTelekom
0–3
2–3
First leg
February 23–24, 2011
Score
Set 1
Set 2
Set 3
Set 4
Set 5
Muszynianka Muszyna
POL
0–3
Rabita Baku
AZE
23–25
21–25
19–25
Voléro Zürich
SUI
1–3
Scavolini Pesaro
ITA
27–25
20–25
20–25
Eczacıbaşı Vitra
TUR
0–3
VakıfBank Güneş TTelekom
TUR
21–25
20–25
22–25
Second leg
March 3, 2011
Score
Set 1
Set 2
Set 3
Set 4
Set 5
Rabita Baku
AZE
3–0
Muszynianka Muszyna
POL
25–20
25–19
25–19
Scavolini Pesaro
ITA
3–2
Voléro Zürich
SUI
25–27
25–18
25–23
VakıfBank Güneş TTelekom
TUR
3–2
Eczacıbaşı Vitra
TUR
21–25
22–25
25–23
Final four
The final four was held at 19–20 March 2011 at Istanbul, Turkey. Fenerbahçe Acıbadem was qualified as the organizer.
Bracket
SemifinalsFinal 2011-03-19 – Istanbul Fenerbahçe Acıbadem2 2011-03-20 – Istanbul VakıfBank Güneş TTelekom3
VakıfBank Güneş TTelekom3 2011-03-19 – Istanbul Rabita Baku0
Rabita Baku3 Scavolini Pesaro1
3rd place 2011-03-20 – Istanbul Fenerbahçe Acıbadem3 Scavolini Pesaro1
Semi-final
March 19, 2011
Score
Set 1
Set 2
Set 3
Set 4
Set 5
Fenerbahçe Acıbadem
TUR
2–3
VakıfBank Güneş TTelekom
TUR
25–19
21–25
25–21
Rabita Baku
AZE
3–1
Scavolini Pesaro
ITA
25–23
25–16
13–25
Third-place game
March 20, 2011
Score
Set 1
Set 2
Set 3
Set 4
Set 5
Fenerbahçe Acıbadem
TUR
3–1
Scavolini Pesaro
ITA
12–25
25–21
25–21
Final
March 20, 2011
Score
Set 1
Set 2
Set 3
Set 4
Set 5
VakıfBank Güneş TTelekom
TUR
3–0
Rabita Baku
AZE
25–13
25–20
25–18
Final standing
Rank
Team
VakıfBank Güneş TTelekom
Rabita Baku
Fenerbahçe Acıbadem
4
Scavolini Pesaro
2010–11 Women's Club European Champions
' VakıfBank Güneş Sigorta Türk Telekom1st title'
Roster for Final Four
Gözde Kırdar, Gizem Karadayı, Nilay Karaağaç, Bahanur Şahin, Małgorzata Glinka, Melis Gürkaynak, Özge Kırdar, Güldeniz Önal, Bahar Toksoy, Jelena Nikolić, Seray Altay and Maja Poljak
Head coach
Giovanni Guidetti
Individual awards
Winners:
MVP: Małgorzata Glinka (POL) / VakıfBank Güneş TTelekom
Best Blocker: Maja Poljak (CRO) / VakıfBank Güneş TTelekom
Best Libero: Gizem Güreşen (TUR) / VakıfBank Güneş TTelekom
Best Receiver: Gözde Kırdar Sonsırma (TUR) / VakıfBank Güneş TTelekom
Best Scorer: Jelena Nikolić (SRB) / VakıfBank Güneş TTelekom
Best Server: Natalya Mammadova (AZE) / Rabita Baku
Best Setter: Özge Kırdar Çemberci (TUR) / VakıfBank Güneş TTelekom
Best Spiker: Manon Flier (NED) / Scavolini Pesaro
References
^ European Cups Ranking List 2010–2011 (Page 5)
^ "Drawing of lots and participating teams". Archived from the original on 2010-06-29. Retrieved 2010-07-08.
^ CEV. "VakifGunesTTelekom completes Turkish fairy tale in Istanbul". Archived from the original on 2011-03-24. Retrieved 2011-03-20.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to 2010–11 CEV Women's Champions League.
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2021–22 | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"CEV Women's Champions League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CEV_Women%27s_Champions_League"}],"text":"The 2010–11 CEV Women's Champions League was the highest level of European club volleyball in the 2010–11 season and was the 37th edition.","title":"2010–11 CEV Women's Champions League"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"The number of participants on the basis of ranking list for European Cup Competitions:[1]The drawing of lots for the main phase (group stage) of the competition was being held on 25 June 2010, in Vienna.[2]","title":"Teams of the 2010–2011 competition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"CEV Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_Challenge_Cup_(volleyball)"}],"text":"20 teams were drawn to 5 pools of 4 teams each.\nThe 1st – 2nd and the two best 3rd ranked qualified for the Playoffs 12.\nThe organizer of the Final Four was determined after the end of the League Round and qualified directly for the Final Four.\nThe team of the organizer of the Final Four was replaced by the 3rd ranked team with the best score.\nThe two next 3rd and two best 4th ranked teams moved to CEV Cup. The remaining teams were eliminated.","title":"League round"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Pool A","text":"Source: [citation needed]November 23–25, 2010December 1, 2010December 7–8, 2010December 15–16, 2010January 4–6, 2011January 11, 2011","title":"League round"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Pool B","text":"Source: [citation needed]November 25, 2010November 30– December 2, 2010December 7–8, 2010December 13, 2010January 6, 2011January 11, 2011","title":"League round"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Pool C","text":"Source: [citation needed]November 23–24, 2010December 1, 2010December 8, 2010December 15–16, 2010January 4–6, 2011January 11, 2011","title":"League round"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Pool D","text":"Source: [citation needed]November 23–25, 2010November 30, 2010December 9, 2010December 14–15, 2010January 4–5, 2011January 11, 2011","title":"League round"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Pool E","text":"Source: [citation needed]November 24, 2010November 30– December 2, 2010December 8–9, 2010December 14–16, 2010January 5–6, 2011January 11, 2011","title":"League round"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"In case of a tie - 1 match won and 1 match lost and not depending on the final score of both matches - the teams played a golden set to determine which one qualified for the next round.1Muszynianka Muszyna won the golden set 15–11.\n2Rabita Baku won the golden set 15–11.\n3Voléro Zürich won the golden set 15–9.","title":"Playoffs 12"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"First leg","text":"February 1–3, 2011","title":"Playoffs 12"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Second leg","text":"February 8–10, 2011","title":"Playoffs 12"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"In case of a tie - 1 match won and 1 match lost and not depending on the final score of both matches - the teams have to play a golden set to determine which one qualifies for the next round.","title":"Playoffs 6"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"First leg","text":"February 23–24, 2011","title":"Playoffs 6"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Second leg","text":"March 3, 2011","title":"Playoffs 6"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Istanbul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul"},{"link_name":"Fenerbahçe Acıbadem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenerbah%C3%A7e_Ac%C4%B1badem"}],"text":"The final four was held at 19–20 March 2011 at Istanbul, Turkey. Fenerbahçe Acıbadem was qualified as the organizer.","title":"Final four"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Bracket","title":"Final four"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Semi-final","text":"March 19, 2011","title":"Final four"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Third-place game","text":"March 20, 2011","title":"Final four"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Final","text":"March 20, 2011","title":"Final four"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"VakıfBank Güneş TTelekom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vak%C4%B1fBank_G%C3%BCne%C5%9F_Sigorta_T%C3%BCrk_Telekom"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijan"},{"link_name":"Rabita Baku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabita_Baku"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"Fenerbahçe Acıbadem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenerbah%C3%A7e_Ac%C4%B1badem"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Scavolini Pesaro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scavolini_Pesaro_(volleyball)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"VakıfBank Güneş Sigorta Türk Telekom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vak%C4%B1fBank_G%C3%BCne%C5%9F_Sigorta_T%C3%BCrk_Telekom"},{"link_name":"Gözde Kırdar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6zde_K%C4%B1rdar_Sons%C4%B1rma"},{"link_name":"Gizem Karadayı","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gizem_G%C3%BCre%C5%9Fen"},{"link_name":"Nilay Karaağaç","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nilay_Karaa%C4%9Fa%C3%A7"},{"link_name":"Bahanur Şahin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bahanur_%C5%9Eahin&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Małgorzata Glinka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma%C5%82gorzata_Glinka-Mogentale"},{"link_name":"Melis Gürkaynak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ay%C5%9Fe_Melis_G%C3%BCrkaynak"},{"link_name":"Özge Kırdar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96zge_K%C4%B1rdar_%C3%87emberci"},{"link_name":"Güldeniz Önal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%BCldeniz_%C3%96nal"},{"link_name":"Bahar Toksoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahar_Toksoy"},{"link_name":"Jelena Nikolić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jelena_Nikoli%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Seray Altay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seray_Altay"},{"link_name":"Maja Poljak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maja_Poljak"},{"link_name":"Giovanni Guidetti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Guidetti"}],"text":"Rank\n\nTeam\n\n\n\n\n VakıfBank Güneş TTelekom\n\n\n\n\n Rabita Baku\n\n\n\n\n Fenerbahçe Acıbadem\n\n\n4\n\n Scavolini Pesaro\n\n\n\n\n\n\n 2010–11 Women's Club European Champions \n\n\n' VakıfBank Güneş Sigorta Türk Telekom1st title'\n\n\n\n\nRoster for Final Four\n\n\nGözde Kırdar, Gizem Karadayı, Nilay Karaağaç, Bahanur Şahin, Małgorzata Glinka, Melis Gürkaynak, Özge Kırdar, Güldeniz Önal, Bahar Toksoy, Jelena Nikolić, Seray Altay and Maja Poljak\n\n\nHead coach\n\n\nGiovanni Guidetti","title":"Final standing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"MVP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Most_valuable_player"},{"link_name":"Małgorzata Glinka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma%C5%82gorzata_Glinka"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"VakıfBank Güneş TTelekom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vak%C4%B1fBank_G%C3%BCne%C5%9F_Sigorta_T%C3%BCrk_Telekom"},{"link_name":"Maja Poljak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maja_Poljak"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"VakıfBank Güneş TTelekom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vak%C4%B1fBank_G%C3%BCne%C5%9F_Sigorta_T%C3%BCrk_Telekom"},{"link_name":"Gizem Güreşen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gizem_G%C3%BCre%C5%9Fen"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"VakıfBank Güneş TTelekom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vak%C4%B1fBank_G%C3%BCne%C5%9F_Sigorta_T%C3%BCrk_Telekom"},{"link_name":"Gözde Kırdar Sonsırma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6zde_K%C4%B1rdar_Sons%C4%B1rma"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"VakıfBank Güneş TTelekom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vak%C4%B1fBank_G%C3%BCne%C5%9F_Sigorta_T%C3%BCrk_Telekom"},{"link_name":"Jelena Nikolić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jelena_Nikoli%C4%87"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"VakıfBank Güneş TTelekom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vak%C4%B1fBank_G%C3%BCne%C5%9F_Sigorta_T%C3%BCrk_Telekom"},{"link_name":"Natalya Mammadova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natalya_Mammadova"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijan"},{"link_name":"Rabita Baku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabita_Baku"},{"link_name":"Özge Kırdar Çemberci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96zge_K%C4%B1rdar_%C3%87emberci"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"VakıfBank Güneş TTelekom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vak%C4%B1fBank_G%C3%BCne%C5%9F_Sigorta_T%C3%BCrk_Telekom"},{"link_name":"Manon Flier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manon_Flier"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Scavolini Pesaro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scavolini_Pesaro_(volleyball)"}],"text":"Winners:[3]MVP: Małgorzata Glinka (POL) / VakıfBank Güneş TTelekom\nBest Blocker: Maja Poljak (CRO) / VakıfBank Güneş TTelekom\nBest Libero: Gizem Güreşen (TUR) / VakıfBank Güneş TTelekom\nBest Receiver: Gözde Kırdar Sonsırma (TUR) / VakıfBank Güneş TTelekom\nBest Scorer: Jelena Nikolić (SRB) / VakıfBank Güneş TTelekom\nBest Server: Natalya Mammadova (AZE) / Rabita Baku\nBest Setter: Özge Kırdar Çemberci (TUR) / VakıfBank Güneş TTelekom\nBest Spiker: Manon Flier (NED) / Scavolini Pesaro","title":"Individual awards"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Drawing of lots and participating teams\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sowkar_Janaki | Sowcar Janaki | ["1 Personal life","2 Film career","3 Awards","4 Filmography","4.1 Television","5 Advertisements","6 References","7 External links"] | Indian actress (born 1931)
Sowcar JanakiBornT. Janaki (1931-12-12) 12 December 1931 (age 92)Rajahmundry, Madras Presidency, India (now in Andhra Pradesh, India)OccupationActressYears active1949–presentSpouse
Sankaramanchi Srinivasa Rao
(m. 1947)RelativesVaishnavi (granddaughter)FamilyKrishna Kumari (sister)AwardsKalaimamani (1969)Padma Shri (2022)
Sankaramanchi Janaki (born 12 December 1931), widely known as Sowcar Janaki, is an Indian actress known for her works in Telugu, Tamil, Malayalam and Kannada language films. Janaki has appeared in close to over 390, films, predominantly in Telugu. She also performed on stage in over 300 shows and was a radio artist during her earlier years. She is the recipient of two Nandi Awards, a Kalaimamani and India's fourth-highest civilian award Padma Shri. Her younger sister, Krishna Kumari, is also a noted actress.
She was featured in the first Kannada pan-Indian film Mahishasura Mardini alongside Dr. Rajkumar which was released in 1959 making her one of the first leading pan-Indian actresses.
Personal life
Janaki was born on 12 December 1931. She is the elder daughter of Tekumalla Venkoji Rao and Sachi Devi of Rajahmundry. Her younger sister is Krishna Kumari, a noted actress. She was brought up in a Telugu-speaking family. She completed her earlier studies from Gauhati University in Assam and received an Honorary Doctorate from the University of Arizona. She has two daughters and a son. Her granddaughter, Vaishnavi Aravind is also an actress who acted in several Tamil, Telugu and a few Malayalam movies, starting in 1987.
Film career
Sowcar Janaki has been a prominent radio artist at "Aakashvani Madras" from the age of 14. She has also acted in Telugu plays penned by prominent authors like Dr. P.V. Rajamannar, Dr. Aarudra Padmaraju Atreya and others.
She made her debut at the age of 18, after her marriage, in 1949 with the film Shavukaru. She became a popular actress with hits in various languages between 1949 and 1975. Janaki had stated in an interview with Chitra Lakshmanan, that when she entered the movie world, there was V.N. Janaki (MGR's third wife) playing heroine roles. As such, to distinguish her from V.N. Jankai, producers came to tagged Sowcar in front of her name. Her lead heroine roles in Valayapathy (Tamil), Rojulu Marayi (Telugu), then in Tamil, such as Naan Kanda Sorgam, Kaviya Thalavi, Bhagya Lakshmi, Pallum Pazhamum, Paar Magale Paar, Thayikku Thalaimagan, Kumudham, Panam Paadithavan, Puthiya Paravai, Bama Vijayam, Oli Villaku, Ethir Neechal, Maanavan, Uyardha Manidhan, Nimarundhu Nil, Thunaivan, Needhi, Kaliyuga Kannan and Iru Kodugal (Tamil), with Kannada films such as Devakaanika, Saaku Magalu, Sadarame, Thayige Thakka Maga received popular recognition. Janaki's Malayalam debut Schoolmaster (1964) and with a film in Hindi - Teen Bahuraniyan. She worked with famous directors such as Dada Mirasi and K. Balachander.
Janaki moved to supporting roles after 1975 and her performances in Tamil films like Cinema Paithiyam, Thee, Thillu Mullu, Vetri Vizha, Puthu Puthu Arthangal, Kaanche and her performances in Telugu language films like Bezwada Bebbuli, Tayaramma Bangaraya, Samsaram Oka Chadarangam were widely appreciated. She even acted in Hindi films in supporting roles in Dosti Dushmani and Prem Geet. She served as jury member twice for the National Indian Films awards committee and as chair person for State Telugu Films awards committee.
She had essayed wide variety of roles throughout her 74 years career. The only other actors to have had such long careers in the field of acting in India were Dev Anand, Pran, Ashok Kumar, Akkineni Nageswara Rao and Kamini Kaushal However, by 2016, her career span has overtaken most of the actors and she remains one of the few Indian actors with the longest career span.
She was the most comfortable on being paired with Sreekanth, Gemini Ganesan and Sivaji Ganesan repeatedly in Tamil films. She quoted in an interview on her pairing with Sivaji Ganesan, "He would compliment me in public using superlatives. I’d be thrilled! We would always rehearse together. If my character needed a little over-acting, he would tone down his and vice versa. It was a challenge working with the great actor! If they remember Sivaji Ganesan, they remember me". She has done over 300 films in Kannada, Hindi, Malayalam and Telugu. She acted in supporting roles in films with M. G.Ramachandran as lead hero like Panam Padaithavan, Petralthan Pillaiya, Thaikku Thalaimagan, Oli Vilakku.
She actively participated in drama troupes and did live drama shows right from 1960, despite being a busy film star and continued doing so till 1995. In many of the dramas, she worked with co-star Srikanth.
She was paired alongside N. T. Rama Rao in her first movie Shavukaru. She acted with A. Nageswara Rao, Jaggayya, Sivaji Ganesan, M.G.R, Prem Nazir, V.K. Ramaswamy, Major Sunderrajan, Nagesh, Srikanth, AVM Rajan, Gemini Ganesan, Ravichandran, Dr. Rajkumar, Kamal Haasan, Rajnikanth, Ajithkumar and Mammootty.
She has performed on stage in 3 popular plays, written and directed by K. Balachander, in over 300 shows.
Awards
Janaki being awarded Padma Shri, c. 2022
She has received several awards. Some notable ones are given below:
Filmfare Lifetime Achievement Award – South (1984)
Mahanati Savithri Award in 1985
Honorary Doctorate from World University, Arizona for Excellence in her chosen field in 1985.
Indian Express Dyonara Golden Award in 1989.
Nadigar Thilagam Sivaji Lifetime Achievement Award in 2004
Dr. Akkineni Nageswara Rao Lifetime Achievement Award in 2000
Sri Krishna Devaraya Award, Karnataka
Kalaimamani by Tamil Nadu government in 1969-1970.
Tamil Nadu State Film Honorary Award - MGR Award in 1990.
Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Actress, 1970 for Iru Kodugal
Nandi Award for Best Supporting Actress for Samsaram Oka Chadarangam,1987
Nandi Award for Best Supporting Actress for Amoolyam,2007
SIIMA Lifetime Achievement Award (2013)
Rajyotsava Award by Government of Karnataka (2015)
Streeratna Awards (2019)
Wonder Women Awards (2019) as Evergreen Entertainer of Indian Cinema
Puratchi Thalaivi Dr. J. Jayalalithaa Special Kalaimamani Award (2020) by the Government of Tamil Nadu
Padma Shri (2022) by the Government of India
Filmography
This list is incomplete; you can help by adding missing items. (September 2021)
Year
Film
Role
Language
Notes
1950
Shavukaru
Subbulu
Telugu
Debut film
1952
Valayapathi
Sathyavathi
Tamil
Debut Tamil film
Adarsam
Telugu
1953
Pichi Pullayya
Vasantha
Telugu
Prapancham
Telugu
1954
Devakannika
Kannada
Panam Paduthum Padu
Tamil
Vaddante Dabbu
Saroja
Telugu
1955
Rojulu Marayi
Radha
Telugu
Bhagya Chakra
Kannada
Adarsha Sathi
Kannada
Kanyadhanam
Telugu
Asai Anna Arumai Thambi
Tamil
Ezhayin Aasthi
Tamil
Pasupu Kumkuma
Telugu
Cherapakura Chedevu
Lalitha
Telugu
Devakannikaa
Kannada
Kaalm Maari Pochu
Tamil
Beedhala Aasthi
Telugu
Kanyasulkam
Buchamma
Telugu
1956
Charana Daasi
Saroja
Telugu
Sonta Ooru
Lakshmi
Telugu
Illarame Inbam
Tamil
Edi Nijam
Raami
Telugu
Sadarame
Kannada
Jayam Manade
Telugu
Sontha Vooru
Telugu
Vetri Veeran
Tamil
Sadarama
Telugu
Bhagyodaya
Kannada
Naga Devathai
Tamil
Naga Chavithi
Telugu
1957
Bhagya Rekha
Kathyaini
Telugu
Panduranga Mahatyam
Telugu
Bhale Bava
Telugu
Rathnagiri Rahasya
Kannada
1958
School Master
Geetha
Kannada
Veettukku Vandha Varalakshmi
Tamil
Mundadugu
Telugu
Thammudu
Rani
Telugu
Ganga Gauri Samvadam
Telugu
Nalla Idathu Sammandham
Rathinam
Tamil
1959
Kaveriyin Kanavan
Tamil
Mahishasura Mardhini
Gunavati
Kannada
Abalai Anjugam
Tamil
Madhavi
Tamil
Raja Sevai
Tamil
Raja Malaya Simham
Tamil
Raja Malaya Simha
Telugu
Thamarai Kulam
Tamil
Ulagam Sirikkirathu
Sellathayi
Tamil
Rechukka Pagatichukka
Rajakumari
Telugu
Aval Yaar
Vijaya/Ponni
Tamil
1960
Sri Venkateswara Mahatyam
Yerukala Saani
Telugu
Kadeddulu Ekaram Nela
Seeta
Telugu
Naan Kanda Sorgam
Meenakshi
Tamil
Chavukkadi Chandrakantha
Tamil
Chinna Marumagal
Tamil
Paavai Vilakku
Gowri
Tamil
Revathi
Tamil
Padikkadha Medhai
Tamil
1961
Bhagyalakshmi
Kamala
Tamil
Kumudham
Kumudhaa
Tamil
Batasari
Shanti
Telugu
Palum Pazhamum
Nalini
Tamil
Kaanal Neer
Shanti
Tamil
1962
Paarthaal Pasi Theerum
Janaki
Tamil
Annai
Seetha
Tamil
Daiva Leele
Kannada
Devasundari
Kannada
Manchi Manasulu
Radha
Telugu
Vadivukku Valai Kappu
Tamil
1963
Irugu Porugu
Kanchanamala
Telugu
Anuragam
Telugu
Sathi Shakthi
Kannada
Malli Maduve
Kannada
Kanyarathna
Shantha
Kannada
Gowri
Kannada
Aasai Alaigal
Tamil
Paar Magale Paar
Lakshmi
Tamil
Saaku Magalu
Kannada
Pempudu Kuthuru
Manjula
Telugu
Kadavulai Kanden
Tamil
Savati Koduku
Janaki
Telugu
1964
Puthiya Paravai
Chitra & Sarasa
Tamil
Dr. Chakravarthi
Nirmala
Telugu
Desa Drohulu
Karuna
Telugu
School Master
Johny's wife
Malayalam
Navakoti Narayana
Saraswati
Kannada
Pachai Vilakku
Parvathi
Tamil
Alli
Alli
Tamil
Peetala Meeda Pelli
Telugu
1965
Manchi Kutumbam
Shantha
Telugu
Devata
Herself
Telugu
Naanal
Savitri
Tamil
Panam Padaithavan
Rama
Tamil
Neerkumizhi
Dr. Indra
Tamil
1966
Petralthan Pillaiya
Jeeva
Tamil
Mahakavi Kalidas
Prince
Tamil
Motor Sundaram Pillai
First wife
Tamil
1967
Bama Vijayam
Parvathi
Tamil
Kan Kanda Daivam
Tamil
Pesum Dheivam
Guest role
Tamil
Thaikku Thalaimagan
Gauwri
Tamil
1968
Oli Vilakku
Shanti
Tamil
Lakshmi Kalyanam
Parvathi
Tamil
Enga Oor Raja
Sivakami
Tamil
Teen Bahuraniyan
Parvati
Hindi
Jeevanaamsam
Janaki
Tamil
Ethir Neechal
Pattu
Tamil
Uyarndha Manidhan
Vimala
Tamil
Undamma Bottu Pedata
Telugu
Chakkaram
Tamil
Thirumal Perumai
Kumuthavalli
Tamil
Arunodaya
Kannada
Manchi Kutumbam
Shantha
Telugu
Bhale Kodallu
Parvathi
Telugu
Chinnari Papalu
Parvathi
Telugu
Evaru Monagadu
Lakshmi
Telugu
Manasssakshi
Guest appearance
Kannada
1969
Iru Kodugal
Janaki
Tamil
Kaaval Dheivam
Alamel
Tamil
Niraparaadhi
Kannada
Akka Thangai
Janaki
Tamil
Thunaivan
Marathagam
Tamil
Kuzhandhai Ullam
Tamil
1970
Kaaviya Thalaivi
Devi (Meera Bai) & Krishna
Tamil
Nadu Iravil
Rani
Tamil
Kanmalar
Vadivu
Tamil
Kasturi Thilakam
Tamil
Maanavan
Tamil
Paadhukaappu
Parvathi
Tamil
Dharma Daata
Zamindar's wife
Telugu
Akka Chellelu
Janaki
Telugu
Inti Gowravam
Telugu
Rendu Kutumbala Katha
Telugu
1971
Babu
Parvathi
Tamil
Rangarattinam
Tamil
1972
Thiruneelakandar
Leelavathi
Tamil
Needhi
Seetha
Tamil
Appa Tata
Tamil
Deivam
Vedhammai
Tamil
Thanga Thurai
Tamil
Badi Panthulu
Radha
Telugu
Prajanayakudu
Telugu
1973
Pasa Dheebam
Tamil
School Master
Tamil
Khaidi Babu
Telugu
Oka Naari Vandha Thupakulu
Teacher and Narrator of the story
Telugu
Engal Thanga Raja
Seetha
Tamil
1974
Kaliyuga Kannan
Tamil
Swargathil Thirumanam
Tamil
Ram Raheem
Lakshmi
Telugu
1975
Manithanum Deivamagalam
Valli
Tamil
Cinema Paithiyam
Tamil
Pinju Manam
Tamil
Nalla Marumagal
Tamil
Uravukku Kai Koduppom
Tamil
Naaku Swatantram Vachindi
Telugu
Devudulanti Manishi
Telugu
Balipeetam
Telugu
Vemulavada Bhimakavi
Telugu
1976
Dasavataram
Tamil
Idhaya Malar
Rajam
Tamil
Nalla Penmani
Tamil
Athirishtam Azhaikkirathu
Tamil
Perum Pukhazhum
Tamil
Ramarajyamlo Rakthapasam
Telugu
Manasakshi
Telugu
Premabandham
Telugu
1977
Olimayamana Ethirkalam
Tamil
1978
Thayige Thakka Maga
Kumar's adopted mother
Kannada
Devadasu Malli Puttadu
Aruna's sister
Telugu
Athani Kante Ghanudu
Telugu
Anbin Alaigal
Tamil
Kannan Oru Kai Kuzhandhai
Tamil
Chal Mohana Ranga
Telugu
Iddaru Asadhyule
Janaki
Telugu
1979
Tayaramma Bangarayya
Tayaramma
Telugu
Samajaniki Saval
Telugu
Rangoon Rowdy
Janaki
Telugu
Ravanude Ramudayithe?
Mahalakshmi
Telugu
Pattakkathi Bhairavan
Arjunan's mother
Tamil
1980
Pappu
Herself
Malayalam
Aarada Gaaya
Kannada
Gopala Rao Gari Ammayi
Janaki
Telugu
1981
Thee
Seetha
Tamil
Geetha
Mukta
Kannada
Kula Puthra
Guest appearance
Kannada
Prem Geet
Mrs. Laxmi Bhardwaj
Hindi
Thillu Mullu
Meenakshi Duraiswamy
Tamil
Kula Kozhunthu
Thambi Durai's mother
Tamil
Vaaralabbai
Telugu
Parvathi Parameswarulu
Parvathi
Telugu
Puli Bidda
Annapoorna
Telugu
Jagamondi
Annapoorna
Telugu
1982
Edi Dharmam Edi Nyayam?
Telugu
Neethi Devan Mayakkam
Tamil
1983
Bezawada Bebbuli
Telugu
Rajakumar
Telugu
Aalaya Sikharam
Telugu
Onde Guri
Kannada
1984
Chiranjeevi
Tamil
Kode Trachu
Governess
Telugu
Kai Kodukkum Kai
Kaalimuthu's sister-in-law
Tamil
1985
Pachani Kapuram
Malini
Telugu
Kongumudi
Telugu
1986
Dosti Dushmani
Sumitra Singh
Hindi
Krishna Garadi
Telugu
Aakrandana
Lawyer Janaki
Telugu
1987
Gouthami
Sharada Devi
Telugu
Samsaram Oka Chadarangam
Chilakamma
Telugu
Majnu
Alekhya's mother
Telugu
Thayaramma Thandava Krishna
Telugu
Murali Krishnudu
Murali Krishna's grandmother
Telugu
Brahma Naidu
Telugu
Sardar Krishnamma Naidu
Telugu
Anand
Tamil
Vairagyam
Annapoorani
Tamil
Muddu Bidda
Telugu
1988
Aadade Aadharam
Telugu
Neti Swatantram
Telugu
1989
Thendral Puyalanadhu
Tamil
Siva
Siva's mother
Tamil
Geethanjali
Chancellor
Telugu
Pudhu Pudhu Arthangal
Goa resident
Tamil
Vetri Vizha
Shirley's aunt
Tamil
Swara Kalpana
Telugu
1991
Azhagan
Doctor
Tamil
1992
Soorya Manasam
Mariya
Malayalam
1993
Manavarali Pelli
Janaki
Telugu
Madam
Sarada Devi
Telugu
1994
Todi Kodallu
Telugu
1997
Nenu Premisthunnanu
Rachna's mother
Telugu
Subhakankshalu
Sitaramaiah's wife
Telugu
1998
Bavagaru Bagunnara?
Swapna's grandmother
Telugu
Kondattam
Janaki
Tamil
Thodarum
Seetha's grandmother
Tamil
Thaayin Manikodi
Tamil
1999
Devi
Vijay's grandmother
Telugu
Anbulla Kadhalukku
Tamil
Chinna Raja
Karthik's grandmother
Tamil
Ravoyi Chandamama
Sasi's grandmother
Telugu
2000
Hey Ram
Mythili's grandmother
Tamil
Shabdavedhi
Sandeep's mother
Kannada
2003
Ela Cheppanu
Priya's grandmother
Telugu
Abhi
Janki
Kannada
Abhimanyu
Saira Bhanu's grad mother
Telugu
2007
Amoolyam
Telugu
2014
Vanavarayan Vallavarayan
Krishna's & Anand's grandmother
Tamil
Pungi Daasa
Gayatri Devi
Kannada
2015
Yevade Subramanyam
Susheela
Telugu
Kanche
Sitadevi's grandmother
Telugu
Soukhyam
Modern Bamma
Telugu
2016
Babu Bangaram
Sailaja's grandmother
Telugu
2019
Thambi
Parvathy and Saravanan's grandmother
Tamil
2020
Biskoth
Janaki Paati
Tamil
2023
Anni Manchi Sakunamule
Telugu
Television
Year
Title
Language
Channel
1991
Oorarinda Rahasyam
Tamil
Doordarshan
Penn
Tamil
Doordarshan
1995
Needa
Telugu
1998-1999
Akshaya
Tamil
Sun TV
2001-2002
Kelunga Maamiyare Neengalum Marumagal Than
Tamil
Sun TV
2013-2014
Varudhini Parinayam
Telugu
Zee Telugu
Advertisements
M H Jewellers
Durga Dairy
References
^ "Shavukar Janaki Returns". indiaglitz.com. Archived from the original on 30 December 2014. Retrieved 23 December 2014.
^ "Gen Bipin Rawat, Sowcar Janaki, Sundar Pichai, Satya Nadella among Padma awardees: Full list". The News Minute. 25 January 2022. Retrieved 25 January 2022.
^ a b "Krishna Kumari is no more". Deccan Chronicle. 25 January 2018.
^ "Did you know? The very first pan-Indian Kannada film is this 1959 classic starring Dr. Rajkumar". The Times of India. 3 February 2021. Archived from the original on 16 December 2021. Retrieved 16 December 2021.
^ Mary, S. B. Vijaya (9 December 2021). "Veteran actor Sowcar Janaki turns 90". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 8 October 2022.
^ India Who's who. INFA Publications. 1989. p. 73.
^ Santhanam, Kausalya (16 July 1999). "Spirit that defies age". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 21 February 2001. Retrieved 31 July 2023.
^ a b "A dauntless spirit showcased". The Hindu. 29 December 2006.
^ "Still ready to act: Sowcar Janaki". The Hindu. 25 December 2006.
^ "A Trip Down Memory Lane". The New Indian Express.
^ "Shavukaru Janaki: Did Not Act Out of Passion But to Meet Family's Needs". The New Indian Express.
^ "Lifetime Achievement Award (South) winners down the years..." filmfare.com.
^ "నంది అవార్డు విజేతల పరంపర (1964–2008)" (PDF). Information & Public Relations of Andhra Pradesh. Retrieved 21 August 2020.(in Telugu)
^ "Evaru Monagadu (1968)". Indiancine.ma. Retrieved 30 January 2024.
^ "Oka Naari Vandha Thupakulu (1973)". Indiancine.ma. Retrieved 6 May 2023.
^ "Kode Trachu (1984) | V CINEMA - Movie, Review, Cast, Songs & Release Date". www.vcinema.com. Retrieved 23 December 2023.
External links
Sowcar Janaki at IMDb
vteRecipients of Padma Shri in Art1950s
Omkarnath Thakur (1955)
Sthanam Narasimha Rao (1956)
Sudhir Khastgir (1957)
Dwaram Venkataswamy Naidu (1957)
Debaki Bose (1958)
Shambhu Maharaj (1958)
Nargis (1958)
Satyajit Ray (1958)
Devika Rani (1958)
1960s
K. K. Hebbar (1961)
Bismillah Khan (1961)
Raghunath Krishna Phadke (1961)
Ashok Kumar (1962)
Mehboob Khan (1963)
Melville de Mellow (1963)
Vinayak Pandurang Karmarkar (1964)
Adi Pherozeshah Marzban (1964)
P. C. Sorcar (1964)
Guru Kunchu Kurup (1965)
V. Nagayya (1965)
Ravishankar Raval (1965)
Mrinalini Sarabhai (1965)
Sivaji Ganesan (1966)
M. F. Husain (1966)
Sumitra Charat Ram (1966)
P. Bhanumathi (1966)
Daji Bhatawadekar (1967)
Vasant Desai (1967)
Siddheshwari Devi (1967)
Mohammed Rafi (1967)
Sashadhar Mukherjee (1967)
Vinjamuri Venkata Lakshmi Narasimha Rao (1967)
M. R. Acharekar (1968)
Begum Akhtar (1968)
Sharan Rani Backliwal (1968)
Nikhil Banerjee (1968)
Sunil Dutt (1968)
Durga Khote (1968)
Yamini Krishnamurthy (1968)
Shankar–Jaikishan (1968)
Ayodhya Prasad (1968)
Akkineni Nageswara Rao (1968)
N. T. Rama Rao (1968)
Devi Lal Samar (1968)
Vyjayanthimala (1968)
Khwaja Ahmad Abbas (1969)
David Abraham Cheulkar (1969)
N. S. Bendre (1969)
S. D. Burman (1969)
B. Saroja Devi (1969)
Indrani Rahman (1969)
Balraj Sahni (1969)
S. N. Swamy (artist) (1969)
1970s
Sukumar Bose (1970)
Prem Dhawan (1970)
Ratna Fabri (1970)
Gemini Ganesan (1970)
Ritwik Ghatak (1970)
Damayanti Joshi (1970)
Abdul Halim Jaffer Khan (1970)
Karl Jamshed Khandalavala (1970)
Madhaviah Krishnan (1970)
Rajendra Kumar (1970)
Pankaj Mullick (1970)
Kalamandalam Krishnan Nair (1970)
Relangi (1970)
Gummadi (1970)
Vijay Raghav Rao (1970)
V. Satyanarayana Sarma (1970)
Maisnam Amubi Singh (1970)
K. B. Sundarambal (1970)
Avinash Vyas (1970)
M. Balamuralikrishna (1971)
Sankho Chaudhuri (1971)
Manna Dey (1971)
Tripti Mitra (1971)
Vazhenkada Kunchu Nair (1971)
Chenganoor Raman Pillai (1971)
K. N. Dandayudhapani Pillai (1971)
Shanta Rao (1971)
Ravi (1971)
Sahir Ludhianvi (1971)
Siyaram Tiwari (musician) (1971)
Chiranjeet Chakraborty (1972)
Girija Devi (1972)
Vasudeo S. Gaitonde (1972)
Sunil Janah (1972)
Lalgudi Jayaraman (1972)
Bhimsen Joshi (1972)
Mahendra Kapoor (1972)
Ram Kumar (artist) (1972)
Hrishikesh Mukherjee (1972)
Vazhuvoor Ramaiah Pillai (1972)
Samta Prasad (1972)
M. K. Radha (1972)
Raghu Rai (1972)
Krishna Reddy (1972)
Waheeda Rehman (1972)
Juthika Roy (1972)
Suchitra Sen (1972)
Gubbi Veeranna (1972)
Sitara Devi (1973)
T. N. Krishnan (1973)
Kishan Maharaj (1973)
Ramanathapuram C. S. Murugabhoopathy (1973)
Thikkurissy Sukumaran Nair (1973)
Uma Sharma (1973)
S. G. Thakur Singh (1973)
Kaifi Azmi (1974)
Pushkar Bhan (1974)
Mani Madhava Chakyar (1974)
Bindhyabasini Devi (1974)
Naina Devi (1974)
Girish Karnad (1974)
Shriram Lagoo (1974)
Kelucharan Mohapatra (1974)
Nutan (1974)
M. D. Ramanathan (1974)
Som Nath Sadhu (1974)
Emani Sankara Sastry (1974)
Kripal Singh Shekhawat (1974)
Manik Varma (1974)
M. S. Gopalakrishnan (1975)
Jasraj (1975)
Amjad Ali Khan (1975)
Gopi Krishna (1975)
Sanjukta Panigrahi (1975)
Basavaraj Rajguru (1975)
Kalyanam Raghuramayya (1975)
M. S. Sathyu (1975)
K. G. Subramanyan (1975)
Gitchandra Tongbra (1975)
K. J. Yesudas (1975)
Shyam Benegal (1976)
Raghunath Mohapatra (1976)
Ram Narayan (1976)
K. V. Narayanaswamy (1976)
R. Nagendra Rao (1976)
S. Somasundaram (1976)
Parveen Sultana (1976)
Dhanraj Bhagat (1977)
Bhupen Hazarika (1977)
Sheik Chinna Moulana (1977)
Alla Rakha (1977)
Jehangir Sabavala (1977)
Ghulam Rasool Santosh (1977)
1980s
B. V. Karanth (1981)
Namagiripettai Krishnan (1981)
Gambhir Singh Mura (1981)
Dashrath Patel (1981)
S. H. Raza (1981)
Padma Subrahmanyam (1981)
Allah Jilai Bai (1982)
Ammannur Madhava Chakyar (1982)
Jabbar Patel (1982)
Virendra Prabhakar (1982)
Gautam Vaghela (1982)
Sirkazhi Govindarajan (1983)
Gautam Vaghela (1982)
Sirkazhi Govindarajan (1983)
Sharafat Hussain Khan (1983)
Nepal Mahata (1983)
Handel Manuel (1983)
Gulam Mohammed Sheikh (1983)
Raghubir Singh (1983)
Sobha Singh (1983)
Habib Tanvir (1983)
Ganga Devi (1984)
Amitabh Bachchan (1984)
Purushottam Das (1984)
Adoor Gopalakrishnan (1984)
Bhupen Khakhar (1984)
Ben Kingsley (1984)
Vinay Chandra Maudgalya (1984)
Roshan Kumari (1984)
Mavelikara Krishnankutty Nair (1984)
N. Rajam (1984)
Raja and Radha Reddy (1984)
Nek Chand (1984)
Ram Gopal Vijayvargiya (1984)
Shanti Dave (1985)
Asa Singh Mastana (1985)
Laxman Pai (1985)
Smita Patil (1985)
Palghat R. Raghu (1985)
Naseeruddin Shah (1985)
Shankar Bapu Apegaonkar (1986)
Kanika Banerjee (1986)
Subrata Mitra (1986)
Rajkumar Singhajit Singh (1986)
Hisam-ud-din Usta (1986)
K. Balachander (1987)
Kumudini Lakhia (1987)
Vijaya Mehta (1987)
N. Ramani (1987)
Aparna Sen (1987)
Naresh Sohal (1987)
Jitendra Abhisheki (1988)
Shabana Azmi (1988)
Teejan Bai (1988)
Bikash Bhattacharjee (1988)
Zakir Hussain (1988)
Chindodi Leela (1988)
Sudharani Raghupathy (1988)
Sudarshan Sahoo (1988)
Kudrat Singh (1988)
Umayalpuram K. Sivaraman (1988)
Jitendra Abhisheki (1988)
Adyar K. Lakshman (1989)
Haku Shah (1989)
L. Subramaniam (1989)
Ratan Thiyam (1989)
Upendra Trivedi (1989)
1990s
Mohan Agashe (1990)
G. Aravindan (1990)
Prabha Atre (1990)
Asgari Bai (1990)
Gulab Bai (1990)
Balwantrai Bhatt (1990)
Diwaliben Bhil (1990)
Raj Bisaria (1990)
S. M. Ganapathy (1990)
Kamal Haasan (1990)
Bishamber Khanna (1990)
Krishen Khanna (1990)
Allu Ramalingaiah (1990)
Tarun Majumdar (1990)
Madhavi Mudgal (1990)
Om Puri (1990)
Kanak Rele (1990)
Leela Samson (1990)
Maharajapuram Santhanam (1990)
Kapila Vatsyayan (1990)
Ranbir Singh Bisht (1991)
Bharat Gopy (1991)
Ghulam Mustafa Khan (1991)
Hafeez Ahmed Khan (1991)
Shanno Khurana (1991)
Pratima Barua Pandey (1991)
Manu Parekh (1991)
Shivkumar Sharma (1991)
Gurcharan Singh (painter) (1991)
Sharda Sinha (1991)
Alarmel Valli (1991)
Jaya Bachchan (1992)
Pankaj Charan Das (1992)
Biren De (1992)
Srirangam Gopalaratnam (1992)
Sabri Khan (1992)
Sunita Kohli (1992)
Madurai N. Krishnan (1992)
Manoj Kumar (1992)
Meera Mukherjee (1992)
Asha Parekh (1992)
Nataraja Ramakrishna (1992)
Bhagaban Sahu (1992)
Anandji Virji Shah (1992)
Kalyanji Virji Shah (Kalyanji-Anandji) (1992)
Sundari K. Shridharani (1992)
Tapan Sinha (1992)
Muthiah Sthapati (1992)
K. Viswanath (1992)
Chitra Visweswaran (1992)
Dipali Barthakur (1998)
Mammootty (1998)
Kunja Bihari Meher (1998)
Krishnarao Sable (1998)
Zohra Sehgal (1998)
K. Ibomcha Sharma (1998)
U. Srinivas (1998)
Javed Akhtar (1999)
Saryu Doshi (1999)
Sulochana Latkar (1999)
Sumati Mutatkar (1999)
Shobha Deepak Singh (1999)
Jagmohan Sursagar (1999)
Ram V. Sutar (1999)
2000s
Kanhai Chitrakar (2000)
Shekhar Kapur (2000)
Hema Malini (2000)
Anjolie Ela Menon (2000)
Shubha Mudgal (2000)
Alyque Padamsee (2000)
A. R. Rahman (2000)
Ramanand Sagar (2000)
S. P. Balasubrahmanyam (2001)
Aamir Raza Husain (2001)
Padmaja Phenany Joglekar (2001)
Mohammed Tayab Khan (2001)
Sunil Kothari (2001)
Nerella Venu Madhav (2001)
Mohanlal (2001)
Shobha Naidu (2001)
D. V. S. Raju (2001)
Avadhanam Sita Raman (2001)
Siramdasu Venkata Rama Rao (2001)
Thota Tharani (2001)
W. D. Amaradeva (2002)
Raj Begum (2002)
Vishwa Mohan Bhatt (2002)
Pushpa Bhuyan (2002)
Rajan Devadas (2002)
Darshana Jhaveri (2002)
Abdul Latif Khan (2002)
Mani Krishnaswami (2002)
Fazal Mohammad (2002)
Manorama (2002)
Govind Nihalani (2002)
Mani Ratnam (2002)
Kiran Segal (2002)
Navaneetham Padmanabha Seshadri (2002)
Saroja Vaidyanathan (2002)
T. H. Vinayakram (2002)
Jahnu Barua (2003)
Danny Denzongpa (2003)
Kshetrimayum Ongbi Thouranisabi Devi (2003)
Rita Ganguly (2003)
Ranjana Gauhar (2003)
Sadashiv Vasantrao Gorakshkar (2003)
Rakhee Gulzar (2003)
Nemi Chandra Jain (2003)
O. P. Jain (2003)
Aamir Khan (2003)
Shafaat Ahmed Khan (2003)
T. M. Soundararajan (2003)
Sukumari (2003)
Satish Vyas (2003)
Bharathiraja (2004)
Maguni Charan Das (2004)
Manoranjan Das (2004)
D. K. Datar (2004)
Kadri Gopalnath (2004)
Hariharan (singer) (2004)
Purshottam Das Jalota (2004)
Krishn Kanhai (2004)
Heisnam Kanhailal (2004)
Anupam Kher (2004)
Sikkil Sisters – Kunjumani & Neela (2004)
Keezhpadam Kumaran Nair (2004)
Sudha Ragunathan (2004)
Haridwaramangalam A. K. Palanivel (2004)
Veernala Jayarama Rao (2004)
Bharati Shivaji (2004)
Singh Bandhu (2004)
Bhajan Sopori (2004)
Neyyattinkara Vasudevan (2004)
Muzaffar Ali (2005)
Shameem Dev Azad (2005)
M. Boyer (2005)
K. S. Chithra (2005)
Yumlembam Gambhini Devi (2005)
Shah Rukh Khan (2005)
Ghulam Sadiq Khan (2005)
Kavita Krishnamurti (2005)
Chaturbhuj Meher (2005)
Kumkum Mohanty (2005)
Punaram Nishad (2005)
Kedar Nath Sahoo (2005)
Sougaijam Thanil Singh (2005)
Kunnakudi Vaidyanathan (2005)
Komala Varadan (2005)
Wadali Brothers (2005)
Ileana Citaristi (2006)
Mehmood Dhaulpuri (2006)
Shree Lal Joshi (2006)
Surinder Kaur (2006)
Rashid Khan (musician) (2006)
Vasundhara Komkali (2006)
Yashodhar Mathpal (2006)
Madhup Mudgal (2006)
Kavungal Chathunni Panicker (2006)
Shyama Charan Pati (2006)
Gayatri Sankaran (2006)
Prasad Sawkar (2006)
Aribam Syam Sharma (2006)
Shobana (2006)
Kanaka Srinivasan (2006)
Pankaj Udhas (2006)
Mohan Babu (2007)
Geeta Chandran (2007)
Astad Deboo (2007)
Neelamani Devi (2007)
Remo Fernandes (2007)
P. Gopinathan (2007)
Pushpa Hans (2007)
Shanti Hiranand (2007)
Ananda Shankar Jayant (2007)
Govardhan Kumari (2007)
Sonam Tshering Lepcha (2007)
Balachandra Menon (2007)
Shashikala (2007)
Gajendra Narayan Singh (2007)
Thingbaijam Babu Singh (2007)
Pannuru Sripathy (2007)
Valayapatti A. R. Subramaniam (2007)
Waman Thakre (2007)
P. R. Thilagam (2007)
Tom Alter (2008)
Moozhikkulam Kochukuttan Chakyar (2008)
Jonnalagadda Gurappa Chetty (2008)
Meenakshi Chitharanjan (2008)
Madhuri Dixit Nene (2008)
Kekoo Gandhy (2008)
Helen Giri Syiem (2008)
Jatin Goswami (2008)
Hans Raj Hans (2008)
Sabitri Heisnam (2008)
Gokulotsavji Maharaj (2008)
P. K. Narayanan Nambiar (2008)
Gennadi Mikhailovich Pechinkov (2008)
Gangadhar Pradhan (2008)
M. Night Shyamalan (2008)
Sirkazhi G. Sivachidambaram (2008)
Jawahar Wattal (2008)
Ameena Ahmad Ahuja (2009)
Aishwarya Rai Bachchan (2009)
Hemi Bawa (2009)
Brahmanandam (2009)
Devayani (dancer) (2009)
Suresh Dutta (2009)
Kalamandalam Gopi (2009)
Niranjan Goswami (2009)
Geeta Kapur (2009)
Nirmal Singh Khalsa (2009)
Hashmat Ullah Khan (2009)
Helen (2009)
S. Krishnaswamy (2009)
Akshay Kumar (2009)
Iravatham Mahadevan (2009)
Hridaynath Mangeshkar (2009)
Penaz Masani (2009)
Shaoli Mitra (2009)
Udit Narayan (2009)
Govind Ram Nirmalkar (2009)
Leela Omchery (2009)
Pratapaditya Pal (2009)
Aruna Sairam (2009)
Mattannoor Sankarankutty (2009)
Kumar Sanu (2009)
Kiran Seth (2009)
Gurumayum Gourakishor Sharma (2009)
Skendrowell Syiemlieh (2009)
Thilakan (2009)
K. P. Udayabhanu (2009)
Vivek (actor) (2009)
2010s
Gul Bardhan (2010)
Carmel Berkson (2010)
Wasifuddin Dagar (2010)
Haobam Ongbi Ngangbi Devi (2010)
Nemai Ghosh (2010)
Sumitra Guha (2010)
Ulhas Kashalkar (2010)
Saif Ali Khan (2010)
Mukund Lath (2010)
Ram Dayal Munda (2010)
Arundathi Nag (2010)
Raghunath Panigrahi (2010)
Resul Pookutty (2010)
Arjun Prajapati (2010)
Rajkumar Achouba Singh (2010)
Shobha Raju (2010)
Mayadhar Raut (2010)
Rekha (2010)
Ajoy Chakrabarty (2011)
Neelam Mansingh Chowdhry (2011)
Makar Dhwaja Darogha (2011)
Mahasundari Devi (2011)
Gajam Govardhana (2011)
Sunayana Hazarilal (2011)
S. R. Janakiraman (2011)
Jayaram (2011)
Kajol (2011)
Shaji N. Karun (2011)
Girish Kasaravalli (2011)
Irrfan Khan (2011)
Tabu (2011)
Kalamandalam Kshemavathy (2011)
Peruvanam Kuttan Marar (2011)
Jivya Soma Mashe (2011)
Dadi Pudumjee (2011)
M. K. Saroja (2011)
Khangembam Mangi Singh (2011)
Prahlad Tipanya (2011)
Usha Uthup (2011)
Satish Alekar (2012)
Satish Alekar (2012)
Vanraj Bhatia (2012)
Nameirakpam Ibemni Devi (2012)
Gopal Prasad Dubey (2012)
Gundecha Brothers (2012)
Chittani Ramachandra Hegde (2012)
Anup Jalota (2012)
Moti Lal Kemmu (2012)
Shahid Parvez (2012)
Mohanlal Chaturbhuj Kumhar (2012)
Sakar Khan (2012)
Joy Michael (2012)
Minati Mishra (2012)
Na Muthuswamy (2012)
R. Nagarathnamma (2012)
Kalamandalam Sivan Namboodiri (2012)
Priyadarshan (2012)
Priyadarshan (2012)
Vijay Sharma (2012)
Laila Tyabji (2012)
Yamunabai Waikar (2012)
S. Shakir Ali (2013)
Gajam Anjaiah (2013)
Bapu (2013)
Pablo Bartholomew (2013)
Purna Das Baul Samrat (2013)
G. C. D. Bharti (2013)
Apurba Kishore Bir (2013)
Ghanakanta Bora (2013)
B. Jayashree (2013)
Hildamit Lepcha (2013)
Madhu (actor) (2013)
Sudha Malhotra (2013)
Kailash Chandra Meher (2013)
Brahmdeo Ram Pandit (2013)
Nana Patekar (2013)
Rekandar Nageswara Rao (2013)
Ghulam Mohammad Saznawaz (2013)
Jaymala Shiledar (2013)
Ramesh Sippy (2013)
Sridevi (2013)
Suresh Talwalkar (2013)
Mahrukh Tarapor (2013)
Balwant Thakur (2013)
Rajendra Tiku (2013)
Mohammad Ali Baig (2014)
Vidya Balan (2014)
Musafir Ram Bhardwaj (2014)
Sabitri Chatterjee (2014)
Biman Bihari Das (2014)
Sunil Das (2014)
Elam Endira Devi (2014)
Supriya Devi (2014)
Vijay Ghate (2014)
Nayana Apte Joshi (2014)
Elam Endira Devi (2014)
Supriya Devi (2014)
Vijay Ghate (2014)
Nayana Apte Joshi (2014)
Rani Karnaa (2014)
Bansi Kaul (2014)
Moinuddin Khan (musician) (2014)
Geeta Mahalik (2014)
Paresh Maity (2014)
Ram Mohan (2014)
Sudarsan Pattnaik (2014)
Paresh Rawal (2014)
Kalamandalam Satyabhama (2014)
Anuj Sharma (actor) (2014)
Santosh Sivan (2014)
Sooni Taraporevala (2014)
Naresh Bedi (2015)
Sanjay Leela Bhansali (2015)
Rahul Jain (2015)
Ravindra Jain (2015)
Prasoon Joshi (2015)
A. Kanyakumari (2015)
Prafulla Kar (2015)
Tripti Mukherjee (2015)
Neil Nongkynrih (2015)
Kota Srinivasa Rao (2015)
Shekhar Sen (2015)
Pran Kumar Sharma (2015)
Mahesh Raj Soni (2015)
Malini Awasthi (2016)
Madhur Bhandarkar (2016)
Tulsidas Borkar (2016)
Mamta Chandrakar (2016)
Priyanka Chopra (2016)
Ajay Devgn (2016)
Bhikhudan Gadhvi (2016)
Laxma Goud (2016)
Saeed Jaffrey (2016)
Venkatesh Kumar (2016)
Naresh Chander Lal (2016)
Bhalchandra Dattatray Mondhe (2016)
Nila Madhab Panda (2016)
Michael Postel (2016)
Pratibha Prahlad (2016)
Gulabo Sapera (2016)
Prakash Chand Surana (2016)
Basanti Bisht (2017)
Baua Devi (2017)
Jitendra Haripal (2017)
Kailash Kher (2017)
Sadhu Meher (2017)
Aruna Mohanty (2017)
T. K. Murthy (2017)
Mukund Nayak (2017)
Anuradha Paudwal (2017)
Parassala B. Ponnammal (2017)
Bharathi Vishnuvardhan (2017)
Doddarangegowda (2018)
Manoj Joshi (actor) (2018)
Pran Kishore Kaul (2018)
Vijay Kichlu (2018)
Prabhakar Maharana (2018)
Sisir Mishra (2018)
Vijayalakshmi Navaneethakrishnan (2018)
Gobardhan Panika (2018)
R. Sathyanarayana (2018)
Bhajju Shyam (2018)
Ibrahim Sutar (2018)
Rudrapatnam Brothers (2018)
Baba Yogendra (2018)
Anup Ranjan Pandey (2019)
Manoj Bajpayee (2019)
Pritam Bhartwan (2019)
Jyoti Bhatt (2019)
Swapan Chaudhuri (2019)
Dinyar Contractor (2019)
Thanga Darlong (2019)
Prabhu Deva (2019)
Godawari Dutta (2019)
Joravarsinh Jadav (2019)
Fayaz Ahmad Jan (2019)
K. G. Jayan (2019)
Waman Kendre (2019)
Kader Khan (2019)
Abdul Gafur Khatri (2019)
Shankar Mahadevan (2019)
Narthaki Nataraj (2019)
Milena Salvini (2019)
Sirivennela Seetharama Sastry (2019)
Rajeev Taranath (2019)
Hiralal Yadav (2019)
Rajeshwar Acharya (2019)
2020s
Shashadhar Acharya (2020)
Indira P. P. Bora (2020)
Bombay Sisters (2020)
Vajira Chitrasena (2020)
Puru Dadheech (2020)
Madhu Mansuri Hasmukh (2020)
Sarita Joshi (2020)
Kangana Ranaut (2020)
Ramzan Khan (2020)
Manilal Nag (2020)
Dalavai Chalapathi Rao (2020)
Adnan Sami (2020)
Suresh Wadkar (2020)
V. K. Munusamy (2020)
Yadla Gopalarao (2020)
Dulari Devi (2021)
Bombay Jayashri (2021)
KC Sivasankaran (2021)
Rewben Mashangva (2021)
Sanjida Khatun (2021)
Annavarapu Rama Swamy (2021)
Nidumolu Sumathi (2021)
Biren Kumar Basak (2021)
Narayan Debnath (2021)
Bhuri Bai (2021)
Manjamma Jogathi (2021)
Gosaveedu Shaik Hassan (Posthumous) (2022)
Lalita Vakil (2022)
H. R. Keshava Murthy (2022)
Jamyang Tsering Namgyal (2022)
Arjun Singh Dhurve (2022)
Ram Sahay Panday (2022)
Durga Bai Vyam (2022)
Sulochana Chavan (2022)
Sonu Nigam (2022)
Lourembam Bino Devi (2022)
Konsam Ibomcha Singh (2022)
Shyamamani Devi (2022)
Thavil Kongampattu A V Murugaiyan (2022)
Chandraprakash Dwivedi (2022)
Ram Dayal Sharma (2022)
Khandu Wangchuk Bhutia (2022)
S. Ballesh (2022)
Sowcar Janaki (2022)
R Muthukannammal (2022)
A. K. C. Natarajan (2022)
Darshanam Mogilaiah (2022)
Sakini Ramachandraih (2022)
Gaddam Padmaja Reddy (2022)
Kamalini Asthana and Nalini Asthana (duo) (2022)
Shivnath Mishra (2022)
Sheesh Ram (2022)
Ajita Srivastava (2022)
Madhuri Barthwal (2022)
Kaajee Singh (2022)
Jodhaiya Bai Baiga (2023)
Premjit Baria (2023)
Usha Barle (2023)
Hemant Chauhan (2023)
Bhanubhai Chitara (2023)
Hemoprova Chutia (2023)
Subhadra Devi (2023)
Hem Chandra Goswami (2023)
Pritikana Goswami (2023)
Ahmed and Mohammed Hussain (2023)
Dilshad Hussain (2023)
Mahipat Kavi (2023)
M. M. Keeravani (2023)
Parshuram Komaji Khune (2023)
Maguni Charan Kuanr (2023)
Domar Singh Kunvar (2023)
Risingbor Kurkalang (2023)
Rani Machaiah (2023)
Ajay Kumar Mandavi (2023)
Nadoja Pindipapanahalli Munivenkatappa (2023)
Ramesh and Shanti Parmar (2023)
Krishna Patel (2023)
K Kalyanasundaram Pillai (2023)
Kapil Dev Prasad (2023)
Shah Rasheed Ahmed Quadri (2023)
C. V. Raju (2023)
Pareshbhai Rathwa (2023)
Mangala Kanti Roy (2023)
K C Runremsangi (2023)
Ritwik Sanyal (2023)
Kota Satchidananda Sastry (2023)
Neihunuo Sorhie (2023)
Moa Subong (2023)
Raveena Tandon (2023)
Coomi Nariman Wadia (2023)
Ghulam Muhammad Zaz (2023)
vteTamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Actress1967–1980
K. R. Vijaya (1967)
Padmini (1968)
Sowcar Janaki (1969)
K. R. Vijaya (1970)
— (1971)
— (1972)
— (1973)
— (1974)
— (1975)
— (1976)
Latha (1977)
Lakshmi (1978)
Saritha (1979)
Suhasini (1980)
1981–2000
Sridevi (1981)
Saritha (1982)
— (1983)
— (1984)
— (1985)
— (1986)
— (1987)
Saritha (1988)
Radhika (1989)
Revathy (1990)
Khushbu Sundar (1991)
Sukanya (1992)
Meena (1993)
Rajashree (1994)
Khushbu Sundar (1995)
Shruti (1996)
Meena & Devayani (1997)
Roja (1998)
Simran (1999)
Devayani (2000)
2001–present
Sneha (2001)
Meena (2002)
Laila (2003)
Jyothika (2004)
Jyothika (2005)
Priyamani (2006)
Jyothika (2007)
Sneha (2008)
Padmapriya Janakiraman (2009)
Amala Paul (2010)
Ineya
Lakshmi Menon (2012)
Nayanthara (2013)
Aishwarya Rajesh (2014)
vteSIIMA Lifetime Achievement Award2011–2020
Ambareesh (2011)
Sowcar Janaki & K. J. Yesudas (2012)
K. Raghavendra Rao & K. Bhagyaraj (2013)
Bharathiraja & K. P. A. C. Lalitha (2014)
S. Janaki & Panchu Arunachalam (2015)
Murali Mohan & S. P. Balasubrahmanyam (2016)
P. Susheela (2017)
Menaka & Suresh Kumar (2018)
Sheela (2019)
K. Viswanath (2020)
vteFilmfare Lifetime Achievement Award – South1983–1989
S. P. Balasubrahmanyam (1983)
Sowcar Janaki (1984)
Sivaji Ganesan (1985)
Thikkurissy Sukumaran Nair (1986)
P. Bhanumathi (1987)
Akkineni Nageswara Rao (1988)
Ilaiyaraaja (1989)
1990–1999
Padmini (1990)
M. T. Vasudevan Nair (1991)
L. V. Prasad (1992)
Gemini Ganesan (1993)
K. Balachander, K. Viswanath, B. Saroja Devi, Madhu, Hrishikesh Mukherjee, Soumitra Chatterjee (1994)
Nagesh & Manorama (1995)
Krishna & Sharada (1996)
Nedumudi Venu & S. Janaki (1997)
Allu Ramalingaiah & Lakshmi (1998)
Pandari Bai & Mugur Sundar (1999)
D. Ramanaidu & Sheela (2000)
2001–2010
M. S. Viswanathan & Dasari Narayana Rao (2001)
K. Raghavendra Rao & Vishnuvardhan (2002)
K. J. Yesudas & Vijayashanti (2003)
K. R. Vijaya & Ramoji Rao (2004)
Thilakan & Sukumari (2005)
Krishnam Raju & P. Susheela (2006)
Sivakumar & Jaya Prada (2007)
Veturi (2008)
Ambareesh & K. P. A. C. Lalitha (2009)
Chiranjeevi & Jayasudha (2010)
2011–2018
S. P. Muthuraman & Seema (2011)
Bapu & Vani Jairam (2012)
Balu Mahendra & Jayabharathi (2013)
I. V. Sasi & Radhika Sarathkumar (2014)
Mohan Babu (2015)
Vijaya Nirmala (2016)
Kaikala Satyanarayana (2017)
Hariharan (2018)
2020–present
Puneeth Rajkumar & Allu Aravind (2020–2021) | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Telugu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telugu_language"},{"link_name":"Tamil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_language"},{"link_name":"Malayalam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malayalam"},{"link_name":"Kannada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kannada"},{"link_name":"Telugu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telugu_language"},{"link_name":"Nandi Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nandi_Awards"},{"link_name":"Kalaimamani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalaimamani"},{"link_name":"civilian award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_honours_system"},{"link_name":"Padma Shri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padma_Shri"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Krishna Kumari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krishna_Kumari_(actress)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-3"},{"link_name":"pan-Indian film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan-Indian_film"},{"link_name":"Mahishasura Mardini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahishasura_Mardini"},{"link_name":"Dr. Rajkumar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr._Rajkumar"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Sankaramanchi Janaki (born 12 December 1931), widely known as Sowcar Janaki, is an Indian actress known for her works in Telugu, Tamil, Malayalam and Kannada language films. Janaki has appeared in close to over 390, films, predominantly in Telugu. She also performed on stage in over 300 shows and was a radio artist during her earlier years. She is the recipient of two Nandi Awards, a Kalaimamani and India's fourth-highest civilian award Padma Shri.[2] Her younger sister, Krishna Kumari, is also a noted actress.[3]She was featured in the first Kannada pan-Indian film Mahishasura Mardini alongside Dr. Rajkumar which was released in 1959 making her one of the first leading pan-Indian actresses.[4]","title":"Sowcar Janaki"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Rajahmundry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajahmundry"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Krishna Kumari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krishna_Kumari_(actress)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-3"},{"link_name":"Telugu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telugu_language"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Gauhati University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gauhati_University"},{"link_name":"Honorary Doctorate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honorary_degree"},{"link_name":"University of Arizona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Arizona"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-8"},{"link_name":"Vaishnavi Aravind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaishnavi_Aravind"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-8"}],"text":"Janaki was born on 12 December 1931.[5] She is the elder daughter of Tekumalla Venkoji Rao and Sachi Devi of Rajahmundry.[6] Her younger sister is Krishna Kumari, a noted actress.[3] She was brought up in a Telugu-speaking family.[7] She completed her earlier studies from Gauhati University in Assam and received an Honorary Doctorate from the University of Arizona. She has two daughters and a son.[8] Her granddaughter, Vaishnavi Aravind is also an actress who acted in several Tamil, Telugu and a few Malayalam movies, starting in 1987.[9][8]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Iru Kodugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iru_Kodugal"},{"link_name":"K. Balachander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K._Balachandar"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Sreekanth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srikanth_(actor,_born_1940)"},{"link_name":"Gemini Ganesan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemini_Ganesan"},{"link_name":"Sivaji Ganesan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sivaji_Ganesan"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Panam Padaithavan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panam_Padaithavan"},{"link_name":"Petralthan Pillaiya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petralthan_Pillaiya"},{"link_name":"Thaikku Thalaimagan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thaikku_Thalaimagan"},{"link_name":"Oli Vilakku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oli_Vilakku"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Srikanth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srikanth_(actor,_born_1940)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"N. T. Rama Rao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N._T._Rama_Rao"},{"link_name":"Shavukaru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shavukaru"},{"link_name":"A. Nageswara Rao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akkineni_Nageswara_Rao"},{"link_name":"Jaggayya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaggayya"},{"link_name":"Sivaji Ganesan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sivaji_Ganesan"},{"link_name":"M.G.R","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M._G._Ramachandran"},{"link_name":"Prem Nazir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prem_Nazir"},{"link_name":"V.K. Ramaswamy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V._K._Ramasamy_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Major Sunderrajan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_Sundarrajan"},{"link_name":"Nagesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagesh"},{"link_name":"Srikanth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srikanth_(actor,_born_1940)"},{"link_name":"AVM Rajan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AVM_Rajan"},{"link_name":"Gemini Ganesan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemini_Ganesan"},{"link_name":"Ravichandran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravichandran"},{"link_name":"Dr. Rajkumar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr._Rajkumar"},{"link_name":"Kamal Haasan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamal_Haasan"},{"link_name":"Rajnikanth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajnikanth"},{"link_name":"Ajithkumar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajithkumar"},{"link_name":"Mammootty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammootty"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Sowcar Janaki has been a prominent radio artist at \"Aakashvani Madras\" from the age of 14. She has also acted in Telugu plays penned by prominent authors like Dr. P.V. Rajamannar, Dr. Aarudra Padmaraju Atreya and others.[citation needed]She made her debut at the age of 18, after her marriage, in 1949 with the film Shavukaru. She became a popular actress with hits in various languages between 1949 and 1975. Janaki had stated in an interview with Chitra Lakshmanan, that when she entered the movie world, there was V.N. Janaki (MGR's third wife) playing heroine roles. As such, to distinguish her from V.N. Jankai, producers came to tagged Sowcar in front of her name. Her lead heroine roles in Valayapathy (Tamil), Rojulu Marayi (Telugu), then in Tamil, such as Naan Kanda Sorgam, Kaviya Thalavi, Bhagya Lakshmi, Pallum Pazhamum, Paar Magale Paar, Thayikku Thalaimagan, Kumudham, Panam Paadithavan, Puthiya Paravai, Bama Vijayam, Oli Villaku, Ethir Neechal, Maanavan, Uyardha Manidhan, Nimarundhu Nil, Thunaivan, Needhi, Kaliyuga Kannan and Iru Kodugal (Tamil), with Kannada films such as Devakaanika, Saaku Magalu, Sadarame, Thayige Thakka Maga received popular recognition. Janaki's Malayalam debut Schoolmaster (1964) and with a film in Hindi - Teen Bahuraniyan. She worked with famous directors such as Dada Mirasi and K. Balachander.[citation needed]Janaki moved to supporting roles after 1975 and her performances in Tamil films like Cinema Paithiyam, Thee, Thillu Mullu, Vetri Vizha, Puthu Puthu Arthangal, Kaanche and her performances in Telugu language films like Bezwada Bebbuli, Tayaramma Bangaraya, Samsaram Oka Chadarangam were widely appreciated. She even acted in Hindi films in supporting roles in Dosti Dushmani and Prem Geet. She served as jury member twice for the National Indian Films awards committee and as chair person for State Telugu Films awards committee.[citation needed]She had essayed wide variety of roles throughout her 74 years career. The only other actors to have had such long careers in the field of acting in India were Dev Anand, Pran, Ashok Kumar, Akkineni Nageswara Rao and Kamini Kaushal[10] However, by 2016, her career span has overtaken most of the actors and she remains one of the few Indian actors with the longest career span.[citation needed]She was the most comfortable on being paired with Sreekanth, Gemini Ganesan and Sivaji Ganesan repeatedly in Tamil films. She quoted in an interview on her pairing with Sivaji Ganesan, \"He would compliment me in public using superlatives. I’d be thrilled! We would always rehearse together. If my character needed a little over-acting, he would tone down his and vice versa. It was a challenge working with the great actor! If they remember Sivaji Ganesan, they remember me\".[11] She has done over 300 films in Kannada, Hindi, Malayalam and Telugu. She acted in supporting roles in films with M. G.Ramachandran as lead hero like Panam Padaithavan, Petralthan Pillaiya, Thaikku Thalaimagan, Oli Vilakku.[citation needed]She actively participated in drama troupes and did live drama shows right from 1960, despite being a busy film star and continued doing so till 1995. In many of the dramas, she worked with co-star Srikanth.[citation needed]She was paired alongside N. T. Rama Rao in her first movie Shavukaru. She acted with A. Nageswara Rao, Jaggayya, Sivaji Ganesan, M.G.R, Prem Nazir, V.K. Ramaswamy, Major Sunderrajan, Nagesh, Srikanth, AVM Rajan, Gemini Ganesan, Ravichandran, Dr. Rajkumar, Kamal Haasan, Rajnikanth, Ajithkumar and Mammootty.[citation needed]She has performed on stage in 3 popular plays, written and directed by K. Balachander, in over 300 shows.[citation needed]","title":"Film career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_President,_Shri_Ram_Nath_Kovind_presenting_the_Padma_Shri_Award_to_Smt._Sankaramanchi_Janaki,_at_the_Civil_Investiture_Ceremony-II,_at_Rashtrapati_Bhavan,_in_New_Delhi_on_March_28,_2022.jpg"},{"link_name":"Padma Shri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padma_Shri"},{"link_name":"Filmfare Lifetime Achievement Award – South","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filmfare_Lifetime_Achievement_Award_%E2%80%93_South"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Kalaimamani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalaimamani"},{"link_name":"Tamil Nadu State Film Honorary Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_Nadu_State_Film_Honorary_Award"},{"link_name":"Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Actress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_Nadu_State_Film_Award_for_Best_Actress"},{"link_name":"Iru Kodugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iru_Kodugal"},{"link_name":"Nandi Award for Best Supporting Actress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nandi_Award_for_Best_Supporting_Actress"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Nandi Award for Best Supporting Actress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nandi_Award_for_Best_Supporting_Actress"},{"link_name":"SIIMA Lifetime Achievement Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SIIMA_Lifetime_Achievement_Award"},{"link_name":"Rajyotsava Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajyotsava_Prashasti"},{"link_name":"Government of Karnataka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Karnataka"},{"link_name":"Puratchi Thalaivi Dr. J. Jayalalithaa Special Kalaimamani Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalaimamani"},{"link_name":"Government of Tamil Nadu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Tamil_Nadu"},{"link_name":"Padma Shri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padma_Shri"},{"link_name":"Government of India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_India"}],"text":"Janaki being awarded Padma Shri, c. 2022She has received several awards. Some notable ones are given below:Filmfare Lifetime Achievement Award – South (1984)[12]\nMahanati Savithri Award in 1985\nHonorary Doctorate from World University, Arizona for Excellence in her chosen field in 1985.\nIndian Express Dyonara Golden Award in 1989.\nNadigar Thilagam Sivaji Lifetime Achievement Award in 2004\nDr. Akkineni Nageswara Rao Lifetime Achievement Award in 2000\nSri Krishna Devaraya Award, Karnataka\nKalaimamani by Tamil Nadu government in 1969-1970.\nTamil Nadu State Film Honorary Award - MGR Award in 1990.\nTamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Actress, 1970 for Iru Kodugal\nNandi Award for Best Supporting Actress for Samsaram Oka Chadarangam,1987[13]\nNandi Award for Best Supporting Actress for Amoolyam,2007\nSIIMA Lifetime Achievement Award (2013)\nRajyotsava Award by Government of Karnataka (2015)\nStreeratna Awards (2019)\nWonder Women Awards (2019) as Evergreen Entertainer of Indian Cinema\nPuratchi Thalaivi Dr. J. Jayalalithaa Special Kalaimamani Award (2020) by the Government of Tamil Nadu\nPadma Shri (2022) by the Government of India","title":"Awards"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Television","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"M H Jewellers\nDurga Dairy","title":"Advertisements"}] | [{"image_text":"Janaki being awarded Padma Shri, c. 2022","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/The_President%2C_Shri_Ram_Nath_Kovind_presenting_the_Padma_Shri_Award_to_Smt._Sankaramanchi_Janaki%2C_at_the_Civil_Investiture_Ceremony-II%2C_at_Rashtrapati_Bhavan%2C_in_New_Delhi_on_March_28%2C_2022.jpg/170px-thumbnail.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"Shavukar Janaki Returns\". indiaglitz.com. Archived from the original on 30 December 2014. Retrieved 23 December 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141230212219/http://www.indiaglitz.com/sowcar-janaki-returns-kannada-news-95689","url_text":"\"Shavukar Janaki Returns\""},{"url":"http://www.indiaglitz.com/sowcar-janaki-returns-kannada-news-95689","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Gen Bipin Rawat, Sowcar Janaki, Sundar Pichai, Satya Nadella among Padma awardees: Full list\". The News Minute. 25 January 2022. Retrieved 25 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/gen-bipin-rawat-sowcar-janaki-sundar-pichai-satya-nadella-among-padma-awardees-full-list","url_text":"\"Gen Bipin Rawat, Sowcar Janaki, Sundar Pichai, Satya Nadella among Padma awardees: Full list\""}]},{"reference":"\"Krishna Kumari is no more\". Deccan Chronicle. 25 January 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/250118/krishna-kumari-is-no-more.html","url_text":"\"Krishna Kumari is no more\""}]},{"reference":"\"Did you know? The very first pan-Indian Kannada film is this 1959 classic starring Dr. Rajkumar\". The Times of India. 3 February 2021. Archived from the original on 16 December 2021. Retrieved 16 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/did-you-know/did-you-know-the-very-first-pan-indian-kannada-film-is-this-1959-classic-starring-dr-rajkumar/articleshow/80664470.cms?from=mdr","url_text":"\"Did you know? The very first pan-Indian Kannada film is this 1959 classic starring Dr. Rajkumar\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211216135025/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/did-you-know/did-you-know-the-very-first-pan-indian-kannada-film-is-this-1959-classic-starring-dr-rajkumar/articleshow/80664470.cms?from=mdr","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Mary, S. B. Vijaya (9 December 2021). \"Veteran actor Sowcar Janaki turns 90\". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 8 October 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/sowcar-janaki-to-celebrate-90th-birthday-on-december-12/article37911984.ece","url_text":"\"Veteran actor Sowcar Janaki turns 90\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0971-751X","url_text":"0971-751X"}]},{"reference":"India Who's who. INFA Publications. 1989. p. 73.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=qHFmAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"India Who's who"}]},{"reference":"Santhanam, Kausalya (16 July 1999). \"Spirit that defies age\". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 21 February 2001. Retrieved 31 July 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20010221190714/http://www.indiaserver.com/thehindu/1999/07/16/stories/09160221.htm","url_text":"\"Spirit that defies age\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hindu","url_text":"The Hindu"},{"url":"http://www.indiaserver.com/thehindu/1999/07/16/stories/09160221.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"A dauntless spirit showcased\". The Hindu. 29 December 2006.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/a-dauntless-spirit-showcased/article3231861.ece","url_text":"\"A dauntless spirit showcased\""}]},{"reference":"\"Still ready to act: Sowcar Janaki\". The Hindu. 25 December 2006.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/still-ready-to-act-sowcar-janaki/article18510814.ece","url_text":"\"Still ready to act: Sowcar Janaki\""}]},{"reference":"\"A Trip Down Memory Lane\". The New Indian Express.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2015/aug/20/a-trip-down-memory-lane-801923.html","url_text":"\"A Trip Down Memory Lane\""}]},{"reference":"\"Shavukaru Janaki: Did Not Act Out of Passion But to Meet Family's Needs\". The New Indian Express.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/2016/mar/12/sowcar-janaki-did-not-act-out-of-passion-but-to-meet-familys-needs-910508.html","url_text":"\"Shavukaru Janaki: Did Not Act Out of Passion But to Meet Family's Needs\""}]},{"reference":"\"Lifetime Achievement Award (South) winners down the years...\" filmfare.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.filmfare.com/features/lifetime-achievement-award-south-winners-down-the-years-6684.html","url_text":"\"Lifetime Achievement Award (South) winners down the years...\""}]},{"reference":"\"నంది అవార్డు విజేతల పరంపర (1964–2008)\" [A series of Nandi Award Winners (1964–2008)] (PDF). Information & Public Relations of Andhra Pradesh. Retrieved 21 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://ipr.ap.nic.in/New_Links/Film.pdf","url_text":"\"నంది అవార్డు విజేతల పరంపర (1964–2008)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh_(magazine)","url_text":"Information & Public Relations of Andhra Pradesh"}]},{"reference":"\"Evaru Monagadu (1968)\". Indiancine.ma. Retrieved 30 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://indiancine.ma/MWV","url_text":"\"Evaru Monagadu (1968)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Oka Naari Vandha Thupakulu (1973)\". Indiancine.ma. Retrieved 6 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://indiancine.ma/PVL","url_text":"\"Oka Naari Vandha Thupakulu (1973)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kode Trachu (1984) | V CINEMA - Movie, Review, Cast, Songs & Release Date\". www.vcinema.com. Retrieved 23 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.vcinema.com/movie/about:blank","url_text":"\"Kode Trachu (1984) | V CINEMA - Movie, Review, Cast, Songs & Release Date\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sowcar_Janaki&action=edit","external_links_name":"adding missing items"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141230212219/http://www.indiaglitz.com/sowcar-janaki-returns-kannada-news-95689","external_links_name":"\"Shavukar Janaki Returns\""},{"Link":"http://www.indiaglitz.com/sowcar-janaki-returns-kannada-news-95689","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/gen-bipin-rawat-sowcar-janaki-sundar-pichai-satya-nadella-among-padma-awardees-full-list","external_links_name":"\"Gen Bipin Rawat, Sowcar Janaki, Sundar Pichai, Satya Nadella among Padma awardees: Full list\""},{"Link":"https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/250118/krishna-kumari-is-no-more.html","external_links_name":"\"Krishna Kumari is no more\""},{"Link":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/did-you-know/did-you-know-the-very-first-pan-indian-kannada-film-is-this-1959-classic-starring-dr-rajkumar/articleshow/80664470.cms?from=mdr","external_links_name":"\"Did you know? 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Do_Not_Disturb:_The_Story_of_a_Political_Murder_and_an_African_Regime_Gone_Bad | Do Not Disturb (book) | ["1 Background","2 Content","3 Reception","4 References","5 Further reading","6 External links"] | 2021 book by Michela Wrong
Do Not Disturb 1st UK editionAuthorMichela WrongPublisherHarperCollins, Perseus Books GroupPublication date2021Pages512ISBN978-0-00-823887-2 (hardcover)WebsiteHarperCollins Publishers
Do Not Disturb: The Story of a Political Murder and an African Regime Gone Bad is a 2021 book by British journalist Michela Wrong, published by Fourth Estate and PublicAffairs. The book focuses on the 2014 murder of Rwandan defector Patrick Karegeya, for which the Rwandan government denied responsibility.
Background
Michela Wrong is a British journalist who reported on Africa for over 20 years as a foreign correspondent for different news outlets including Reuters and Financial Times. Wrong says that she initially believed the conventional Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF) account, but after the 1998 assassination of former interior minister Seth Sendashonga, "I realised I no longer believed most of the key ‘truths’ upon which built its account." Wrong says she "never felt so personally at risk" as when writing the book. The book was published in March and April 2021 by Fourth Estate and PublicAffairs. In 2023 a French translation was brought out by Max Milo Éditions.
Content
The book focuses on the 2014 assassination of Patrick Karegeya, who was killed in a hotel room in South Africa; the killers left a "do not disturb" sign on the door. The Rwandan government denied responsibility for his killing, but President Paul Kagame, a childhood friend of Karegeya, stated, "I actually wish Rwanda did it." Kagame also told a national prayer breakfast: "Whoever is against our country will not escape our wrath. The person will face consequences." The book is largely based on interviews, many with former members of Kagame's inner circle.
Wrong also covers historical background on Rwandan history. For example, she discusses the assassination of Juvénal Habyarimana and Cyprien Ntaryamira that triggered the Rwandan genocide and debates who was responsible for it.
Wrong criticizes Kagame, accusing him of being a brutal dictator and comparing him to Soviet secret police chief Lavrentiy Beria. Karegeya is one of a large number of people who fell out with the Rwandan government and met unnatural deaths. Rwanda's assassinations have drawn less international criticism than the extraterritorial killing of dissidents by Russia and other countries. Wrong discusses the reasons why Rwanda's regime has maintained close relations with the international community and aid donors, arguing that acceptance of strongmen to keep Africans in order is a form of racism. She also argues: "There’s something profoundly uncomfortable about insisting that a government which has a deteriorating human rights record and has committed egregious war crimes is a worthy recipient of aid because it performs well on aid metrics yet is busy killing journalists and rounding up and disappearing critics."
Reception
In The Times, Ian Birrell called the book an "absorbing Shakespearean saga" and says that Wrong "exposes a more complex" narrative than conventional depictions of Rwanda, "showing the savagery that lies beneath the surface of a regime hailed by many Western admirers". In The New York Times, Howard W. French stated that the book is "perhaps the most ambitious attempt yet to tell the dark story of Rwanda and the region’s deeply intertwined tragedies for a general audience". Peter Beaumont in the Guardian states "Do Not Disturb represents one of the most far-reaching historical revisions of Kagame and his regime." According to Reuters the book is "deeply researched" and "Michela Wrong’s exposé of the deadly workings of the Kagame regime, will make uncomfortable reading for his international cheerleaders." In New Statesman, Martin Fletcher states that Wrong "rips off the regime’s veil of respectability to expose the horrors beneath".
In Current Affairs, Alex Park says that the book exposes "a remarkable catalog of lies the R.P.F. sold to western apologists and the realities they covered up". The Economist states that Wrong "weaves her tale of woe in remorseless, compelling detail" in her "massively documented and footnoted book": "if you believe even half of this book", the reader must reject the contention of some that Kagame is a "progressive dictator". According to Tom Zoellner, who co-wrote a book with Rwandan dissident Paul Rusesabagina, the book is "myth-busting", "explosive and devastatingly convincing". A Financial Times article written by Alec Russell says that Do Not Disturb is "a remarkable, chilling and long overdue book" and "an extraordinarily brave piece of reporting" that will prompt reassessment of the Rwandan government. The Washington Post says Wrong, "knits all these critiques together in a way that is comprehensive and compelling — built around the Cain and Abel tale of two soul brothers who achieve political power only to be torn apart by jealousy and pride".
Former British diplomat Edward Clay says that Wrong's research is thorough and she explored under-explored incidents in Rwanda's history, leading to "fascinating insights into some of the mysteries that have remained unexplained for the last 26 years". Rwandan defector Theogene Rudasingwa also recommended the book.
Colgate University academic Susan Thomson said that it was "one of the best books on Rwanda I’ve read in a long time" and "a masterclass in investigative journalism". In Foreign Affairs Phil Clark argues that Wrong is insufficiently critical of the Rwanda National Congress as well as Karegaya and disagrees that foreign aid should be cut over human rights violations and assassinations.
The book was blurbed by John le Carré and Desmond Tutu.
France's Marianne magazine said the book was "remarkably written", "as much an account of the insane ambition of a man and his followers as a manual of political anthropology allowing a better understanding of the reasons, both deep and superficial, for the Rwandan tragedy."
The book was published in French with the title "Assassins sans frontières".
References
^ a b c d Zoellner, Tom (3 April 2021). "The Rwanda Myth". Los Angeles Review of Books. Retrieved 6 April 2021.
^ a b Cropley, Ed (1 April 2021). "Breakingviews - Review: Rwanda, Africa's good-news story gone bad". Reuters. Retrieved 6 April 2021.
^ a b c d e f g Beaumont, Peter (19 March 2021). "'We choose good guys and bad guys': beneath the myth of 'model' Rwanda". The Guardian. Retrieved 6 April 2021.
^ a b Fletcher, Martin (14 April 2020). "Paul Kagame: the hidden dictator". www.newstatesman.com. Retrieved 25 April 2021.
^ a b Clay, Edward (22 March 2021). "#Book Club: Edward Clay Reviews Michela Wrong's Do Not Disturb". Democracy in Africa. Retrieved 6 April 2021.
^ a b c d e "A scathing critique of Paul Kagame's government". The Economist. 27 March 2021. Retrieved 6 April 2021.
^ https://maxmilo.com/ Max Milo Éditions is a French publishing house created in 2000 by Jean-Charles Gérard, Christophe Guinel, and Daniel Gérard.
^ a b c d French, Howard W. (30 March 2021). "The Dark Underside of Rwanda's Model Public Image". The New York Times. Retrieved 6 April 2021.
^ a b c Birrell, Ian (20 March 2021). "Do Not Disturb by Michela Wrong review — the making of a monster". The Times. Retrieved 6 April 2021.
^ a b "New book shows a very different side to Rwanda's Paul Kagame". France 24. 5 April 2021. Retrieved 6 April 2021.
^ Park, Alex (30 March 2021). "The True Story of the Rwandan Genocide ❧ Current Affairs". Current Affairs. Retrieved 6 April 2021.
^ Russell, Alec (6 April 2021). "Rwanda's Paul Kagame — is he just another dictator?". Financial Times. Retrieved 25 April 2021.
^ Dobbs, Michael (30 April 2021). "Review | He's been hailed as Rwanda's hero. But is he really his country's villain?". Washington Post. Retrieved 3 May 2021.
^ Rudasingwa, Theogene (6 April 2021). "Rudasingwa On Why People Become Apologists for Kagame's Regime in Rwanda". Democracy in Africa. Retrieved 6 April 2021.
^ Thomson, Susan (9 March 2021). "Rwanda is eating its own (aka why you should read Do Not Disturb)". African Arguments. Retrieved 6 April 2021.
^ Clark, Phil (21 April 2021). "The Two Rwandas". Foreign Affairs. ISSN 0015-7120.
^ Do Not Disturb. 9 June 2020. Retrieved 6 April 2021.
^ https://www.marianne.net/monde/afrique/rwanda-lhistoire-ecrite-par-le-fpr-du-president-paul-kagame-cest-fini
Further reading
Wrong, Michela (2021). Do Not Disturb. HarperCollins Publishers Australia. ISBN 978-0-00-829443-4.
Rotberg, Robert I. (2022). "Do Not Disturb: The Story of a Political Murder and an African Regime Gone Bad by Michela Wrong (review)". Journal of Interdisciplinary History. 52 (3): 468–470. ISSN 1530-9169.
Torrent, Mélanie (2021). "Do Not Disturb: the story of a political murder and an African regime gone bad: by Michela Wrong, London, 4th Estate, 2021, 488 pp., £20 (hardback), ISBN: 978-0-00-833887-2". The Round Table. 110 (3): 417–420. doi:10.1080/00358533.2021.1939566.
Vines, Alex (2021). "The path to genocide in Rwanda: security, opportunity, and authority in an ethnocratic state; Do not disturb: the story of a political murder and an African regime gone bad". International Affairs. 97 (4): 1274–1276. doi:10.1093/ia/iiab101.
External links
"Michela Wrong, "Do Not Disturb: The Story of a Political Murder and…". New Books Network. Retrieved 6 April 2021. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Michela Wrong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michela_Wrong"},{"link_name":"Fourth Estate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HarperCollins"},{"link_name":"PublicAffairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PublicAffairs"},{"link_name":"Patrick Karegeya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Karegeya"}],"text":"Do Not Disturb: The Story of a Political Murder and an African Regime Gone Bad is a 2021 book by British journalist Michela Wrong, published by Fourth Estate and PublicAffairs. The book focuses on the 2014 murder of Rwandan defector Patrick Karegeya, for which the Rwandan government denied responsibility.","title":"Do Not Disturb (book)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Michela Wrong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michela_Wrong"},{"link_name":"Reuters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuters"},{"link_name":"Financial Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_Times"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Zoellner-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Reuters-2"},{"link_name":"Rwandan Patriotic Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rwandan_Patriotic_Front"},{"link_name":"Seth Sendashonga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seth_Sendashonga"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guardian-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-newstatesman-4"},{"link_name":"Fourth Estate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HarperCollins"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-democracy-5"},{"link_name":"PublicAffairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PublicAffairs"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-economist-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Michela Wrong is a British journalist who reported on Africa for over 20 years as a foreign correspondent for different news outlets including Reuters and Financial Times.[1][2] Wrong says that she initially believed the conventional Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF) account, but after the 1998 assassination of former interior minister Seth Sendashonga, \"I realised I no longer believed most of the key ‘truths’ upon which [Kagame’s RPF] built its account.\"[3] Wrong says she \"never felt so personally at risk\" as when writing the book.[4] The book was published in March and April 2021 by Fourth Estate[5] and PublicAffairs.[6] In 2023 a French translation was brought out by Max Milo Éditions.[7]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Patrick Karegeya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Karegeya"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guardian-3"},{"link_name":"Paul Kagame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Kagame"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guardian-3"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyt-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Times-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-france24-10"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyt-8"},{"link_name":"assassination of Juvénal Habyarimana and Cyprien Ntaryamira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assassination_of_Juv%C3%A9nal_Habyarimana_and_Cyprien_Ntaryamira"},{"link_name":"Rwandan genocide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rwandan_genocide"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-economist-6"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guardian-3"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-economist-6"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-france24-10"},{"link_name":"Lavrentiy Beria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lavrentiy_Beria"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Zoellner-1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-economist-6"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyt-8"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guardian-3"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Times-9"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Zoellner-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guardian-3"}],"text":"The book focuses on the 2014 assassination of Patrick Karegeya, who was killed in a hotel room in South Africa; the killers left a \"do not disturb\" sign on the door.[3] The Rwandan government denied responsibility for his killing, but President Paul Kagame, a childhood friend of Karegeya, stated, \"I actually wish Rwanda did it.\"[3] Kagame also told a national prayer breakfast: \"Whoever is against our country will not escape our wrath. The person will face consequences.\"[8][9] The book is largely based on interviews, many with former members of Kagame's inner circle.[10]Wrong also covers historical background on Rwandan history.[8] For example, she discusses the assassination of Juvénal Habyarimana and Cyprien Ntaryamira that triggered the Rwandan genocide and debates who was responsible for it.[6]Wrong criticizes Kagame, accusing him of being a brutal dictator[3][6][10] and comparing him to Soviet secret police chief Lavrentiy Beria.[1] Karegeya is one of a large number of people who fell out with the Rwandan government and met unnatural deaths.[6][8] Rwanda's assassinations have drawn less international criticism than the extraterritorial killing of dissidents by Russia and other countries.[3] Wrong discusses the reasons why Rwanda's regime has maintained close relations with the international community and aid donors, arguing that acceptance of strongmen to keep Africans in order is a form of racism.[9][1] She also argues: \"There’s something profoundly uncomfortable about insisting that a government which has a deteriorating human rights record and has committed egregious war crimes is a worthy recipient of aid because it performs well on aid metrics yet is busy killing journalists and rounding up and disappearing critics.\"[3]","title":"Content"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times"},{"link_name":"Ian Birrell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Birrell"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Times-9"},{"link_name":"The New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"Howard W. French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_W._French"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyt-8"},{"link_name":"Peter Beaumont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Beaumont_(journalist)"},{"link_name":"the Guardian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guardian-3"},{"link_name":"Reuters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuters"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Reuters-2"},{"link_name":"New Statesman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Statesman"},{"link_name":"Martin Fletcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Fletcher"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-newstatesman-4"},{"link_name":"Current Affairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Current_Affairs_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"The Economist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Economist"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-economist-6"},{"link_name":"Tom Zoellner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Zoellner"},{"link_name":"Paul Rusesabagina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Rusesabagina"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Zoellner-1"},{"link_name":"Financial Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_Times"},{"link_name":"Alec Russell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alec_Russell"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"The Washington Post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post"},{"link_name":"Cain and Abel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cain_and_Abel"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Edward Clay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Clay"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-democracy-5"},{"link_name":"Theogene Rudasingwa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theogene_Rudasingwa"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Susan Thomson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan_Thomson"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Foreign Affairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_Affairs"},{"link_name":"Rwanda National Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rwanda_National_Congress"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"blurbed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blurb"},{"link_name":"John le Carré","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_le_Carr%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Desmond Tutu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desmond_Tutu"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"text":"In The Times, Ian Birrell called the book an \"absorbing Shakespearean saga\" and says that Wrong \"exposes a more complex\" narrative than conventional depictions of Rwanda, \"showing the savagery that lies beneath the surface of a regime hailed by many Western admirers\".[9] In The New York Times, Howard W. French stated that the book is \"perhaps the most ambitious attempt yet to tell the dark story of Rwanda and the region’s deeply intertwined tragedies for a general audience\".[8] Peter Beaumont in the Guardian states \"Do Not Disturb represents one of the most far-reaching historical revisions of Kagame and his regime.\"[3] According to Reuters the book is \"deeply researched\" and \"Michela Wrong’s exposé of the deadly workings of the Kagame regime, will make uncomfortable reading for his international cheerleaders.\"[2] In New Statesman, Martin Fletcher states that Wrong \"rips off the regime’s veil of respectability to expose the horrors beneath\".[4]In Current Affairs, Alex Park says that the book exposes \"a remarkable catalog of lies the R.P.F. sold to western apologists and the realities they covered up\".[11] The Economist states that Wrong \"weaves her tale of woe in remorseless, compelling detail\" in her \"massively documented and footnoted book\": \"if you believe even half of this book\", the reader must reject the contention of some that Kagame is a \"progressive dictator\".[6] According to Tom Zoellner, who co-wrote a book with Rwandan dissident Paul Rusesabagina, the book is \"myth-busting\", \"explosive and devastatingly convincing\".[1] A Financial Times article written by Alec Russell says that Do Not Disturb is \"a remarkable, chilling and long overdue book\" and \"an extraordinarily brave piece of reporting\" that will prompt reassessment of the Rwandan government.[12] The Washington Post says Wrong, \"knits all these critiques together in a way that is comprehensive and compelling — built around the Cain and Abel tale of two soul brothers who achieve political power only to be torn apart by jealousy and pride\".[13]Former British diplomat Edward Clay says that Wrong's research is thorough and she explored under-explored incidents in Rwanda's history, leading to \"fascinating insights into some of the mysteries that have remained unexplained for the last 26 years\".[5] Rwandan defector Theogene Rudasingwa also recommended the book.[14]Colgate University academic Susan Thomson said that it was \"one of the best books on Rwanda I’ve read in a long time\" and \"a masterclass in investigative journalism\".[15] In Foreign Affairs Phil Clark argues that Wrong is insufficiently critical of the Rwanda National Congress as well as Karegaya and disagrees that foreign aid should be cut over human rights violations and assassinations.[16]The book was blurbed by John le Carré and Desmond Tutu.[17]France's Marianne magazine said the book was \"remarkably written\", \"as much an account of the insane ambition of a man and his followers as a manual of political anthropology allowing a better understanding of the reasons, both deep and superficial, for the Rwandan tragedy.\"[18]The book was published in French with the title \"Assassins sans frontières\".","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-00-829443-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-00-829443-4"},{"link_name":"\"Do Not Disturb: The Story of a Political Murder and an African Regime Gone Bad by Michela Wrong (review)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//muse.jhu.edu/article/841088/summary"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1530-9169","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/1530-9169"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1080/00358533.2021.1939566","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1080%2F00358533.2021.1939566"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1093/ia/iiab101","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1093%2Fia%2Fiiab101"}],"text":"Wrong, Michela (2021). Do Not Disturb. HarperCollins Publishers Australia. ISBN 978-0-00-829443-4.\nRotberg, Robert I. (2022). \"Do Not Disturb: The Story of a Political Murder and an African Regime Gone Bad by Michela Wrong (review)\". Journal of Interdisciplinary History. 52 (3): 468–470. ISSN 1530-9169.\nTorrent, Mélanie (2021). \"Do Not Disturb: the story of a political murder and an African regime gone bad: by Michela Wrong, London, 4th Estate, 2021, 488 pp., £20 (hardback), ISBN: 978-0-00-833887-2\". The Round Table. 110 (3): 417–420. doi:10.1080/00358533.2021.1939566.\nVines, Alex (2021). \"The path to genocide in Rwanda: security, opportunity, and authority in an ethnocratic state; Do not disturb: the story of a political murder and an African regime gone bad\". International Affairs. 97 (4): 1274–1276. doi:10.1093/ia/iiab101.","title":"Further reading"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Zoellner, Tom (3 April 2021). \"The Rwanda Myth\". Los Angeles Review of Books. Retrieved 6 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Zoellner","url_text":"Zoellner, Tom"},{"url":"https://lareviewofbooks.org/article/the-rwanda-myth/","url_text":"\"The Rwanda Myth\""}]},{"reference":"Cropley, Ed (1 April 2021). \"Breakingviews - Review: Rwanda, Africa's good-news story gone bad\". Reuters. Retrieved 6 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.reuters.com/article/us-rwanda-politics-breakingviews/breakingviews-review-rwanda-africas-good-news-story-gone-bad-idUSKBN2BO6MW","url_text":"\"Breakingviews - Review: Rwanda, Africa's good-news story gone bad\""}]},{"reference":"Beaumont, Peter (19 March 2021). \"'We choose good guys and bad guys': beneath the myth of 'model' Rwanda\". The Guardian. Retrieved 6 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2021/mar/19/we-choose-good-guys-and-bad-guys-beneath-the-myth-of-model-rwanda","url_text":"\"'We choose good guys and bad guys': beneath the myth of 'model' Rwanda\""}]},{"reference":"Fletcher, Martin (14 April 2020). \"Paul Kagame: the hidden dictator\". www.newstatesman.com. Retrieved 25 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newstatesman.com/do-not-disturb-paul-kagame-michela-wrong-review","url_text":"\"Paul Kagame: the hidden dictator\""}]},{"reference":"Clay, Edward (22 March 2021). \"#Book Club: Edward Clay Reviews Michela Wrong's Do Not Disturb\". Democracy in Africa. Retrieved 6 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://democracyinafrica.org/book-club-edward-clay-reviews-michela-wrongs-do-not-disturb/","url_text":"\"#Book Club: Edward Clay Reviews Michela Wrong's Do Not Disturb\""}]},{"reference":"\"A scathing critique of Paul Kagame's government\". The Economist. 27 March 2021. Retrieved 6 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.economist.com/books-and-arts/2021/03/27/a-scathing-critique-of-paul-kagames-government","url_text":"\"A scathing critique of Paul Kagame's government\""}]},{"reference":"French, Howard W. (30 March 2021). \"The Dark Underside of Rwanda's Model Public Image\". The New York Times. Retrieved 6 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2021/03/30/books/review/do-not-disturb-michela-wrong-rwanda.html","url_text":"\"The Dark Underside of Rwanda's Model Public Image\""}]},{"reference":"Birrell, Ian (20 March 2021). \"Do Not Disturb by Michela Wrong review — the making of a monster\". The Times. Retrieved 6 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/do-not-disturb-by-michela-wrong-review-pcnh2gfsh","url_text":"\"Do Not Disturb by Michela Wrong review — the making of a monster\""}]},{"reference":"\"New book shows a very different side to Rwanda's Paul Kagame\". France 24. 5 April 2021. Retrieved 6 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20210405-new-book-shows-a-very-different-side-to-rwanda-s-paul-kagame","url_text":"\"New book shows a very different side to Rwanda's Paul Kagame\""}]},{"reference":"Park, Alex (30 March 2021). \"The True Story of the Rwandan Genocide ❧ Current Affairs\". Current Affairs. Retrieved 6 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.currentaffairs.org/2021/03/the-true-story-of-the-rwandan-genocide","url_text":"\"The True Story of the Rwandan Genocide ❧ Current Affairs\""}]},{"reference":"Russell, Alec (6 April 2021). \"Rwanda's Paul Kagame — is he just another dictator?\". Financial Times. Retrieved 25 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ft.com/content/678b2d31-cbe2-447a-8774-639087dfb863","url_text":"\"Rwanda's Paul Kagame — is he just another dictator?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_Times","url_text":"Financial Times"}]},{"reference":"Dobbs, Michael (30 April 2021). \"Review | He's been hailed as Rwanda's hero. But is he really his country's villain?\". Washington Post. Retrieved 3 May 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/hes-been-hailed-as-rwandas-hero-but-is-he-really-his-countrys-villain/2021/04/29/c810aa62-a203-11eb-a774-7b47ceb36ee8_story.html","url_text":"\"Review | He's been hailed as Rwanda's hero. But is he really his country's villain?\""}]},{"reference":"Rudasingwa, Theogene (6 April 2021). \"Rudasingwa On Why People Become Apologists for Kagame's Regime in Rwanda\". Democracy in Africa. Retrieved 6 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://democracyinafrica.org/theogene-rudasingwa-on-why-people-become-apologists-for-kagames-regime-in-rwanda/","url_text":"\"Rudasingwa On Why People Become Apologists for Kagame's Regime in Rwanda\""}]},{"reference":"Thomson, Susan (9 March 2021). \"Rwanda is eating its own (aka why you should read Do Not Disturb)\". African Arguments. Retrieved 6 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://africanarguments.org/2021/03/rwanda-is-eating-its-own-aka-why-you-should-read-do-not-disturb/","url_text":"\"Rwanda is eating its own (aka why you should read Do Not Disturb)\""}]},{"reference":"Clark, Phil (21 April 2021). \"The Two Rwandas\". Foreign Affairs. ISSN 0015-7120.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.foreignaffairs.com/reviews/review-essay/2021-04-20/two-rwandas","url_text":"\"The Two Rwandas\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_Affairs","url_text":"Foreign Affairs"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0015-7120","url_text":"0015-7120"}]},{"reference":"Do Not Disturb. 9 June 2020. Retrieved 6 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.publicaffairsbooks.com/titles/michela-wrong/do-not-disturb/9781610398435/","url_text":"Do Not Disturb"}]},{"reference":"Wrong, Michela (2021). Do Not Disturb. HarperCollins Publishers Australia. ISBN 978-0-00-829443-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-00-829443-4","url_text":"978-0-00-829443-4"}]},{"reference":"Rotberg, Robert I. (2022). \"Do Not Disturb: The Story of a Political Murder and an African Regime Gone Bad by Michela Wrong (review)\". Journal of Interdisciplinary History. 52 (3): 468–470. ISSN 1530-9169.","urls":[{"url":"https://muse.jhu.edu/article/841088/summary","url_text":"\"Do Not Disturb: The Story of a Political Murder and an African Regime Gone Bad by Michela Wrong (review)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1530-9169","url_text":"1530-9169"}]},{"reference":"Torrent, Mélanie (2021). \"Do Not Disturb: the story of a political murder and an African regime gone bad: by Michela Wrong, London, 4th Estate, 2021, 488 pp., £20 (hardback), ISBN: 978-0-00-833887-2\". The Round Table. 110 (3): 417–420. doi:10.1080/00358533.2021.1939566.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00358533.2021.1939566","url_text":"10.1080/00358533.2021.1939566"}]},{"reference":"Vines, Alex (2021). \"The path to genocide in Rwanda: security, opportunity, and authority in an ethnocratic state; Do not disturb: the story of a political murder and an African regime gone bad\". International Affairs. 97 (4): 1274–1276. doi:10.1093/ia/iiab101.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fia%2Fiiab101","url_text":"10.1093/ia/iiab101"}]},{"reference":"\"Michela Wrong, \"Do Not Disturb: The Story of a Political Murder and…\". New Books Network. Retrieved 6 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://newbooksnetwork.com/do-not-disturb","url_text":"\"Michela Wrong, \"Do Not Disturb: The Story of a Political Murder and…\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://harpercollins.co.uk/products/do-not-disturb-the-story-of-a-political-murder-and-an-african-regime-gone-bad-michela-wrong","external_links_name":"HarperCollins Publishers"},{"Link":"https://lareviewofbooks.org/article/the-rwanda-myth/","external_links_name":"\"The Rwanda Myth\""},{"Link":"https://www.reuters.com/article/us-rwanda-politics-breakingviews/breakingviews-review-rwanda-africas-good-news-story-gone-bad-idUSKBN2BO6MW","external_links_name":"\"Breakingviews - Review: Rwanda, Africa's good-news story gone bad\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2021/mar/19/we-choose-good-guys-and-bad-guys-beneath-the-myth-of-model-rwanda","external_links_name":"\"'We choose good guys and bad guys': beneath the myth of 'model' Rwanda\""},{"Link":"https://www.newstatesman.com/do-not-disturb-paul-kagame-michela-wrong-review","external_links_name":"\"Paul Kagame: the hidden dictator\""},{"Link":"http://democracyinafrica.org/book-club-edward-clay-reviews-michela-wrongs-do-not-disturb/","external_links_name":"\"#Book Club: Edward Clay Reviews Michela Wrong's Do Not Disturb\""},{"Link":"https://www.economist.com/books-and-arts/2021/03/27/a-scathing-critique-of-paul-kagames-government","external_links_name":"\"A scathing critique of Paul Kagame's government\""},{"Link":"https://maxmilo.com/","external_links_name":"https://maxmilo.com/"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2021/03/30/books/review/do-not-disturb-michela-wrong-rwanda.html","external_links_name":"\"The Dark Underside of Rwanda's Model Public Image\""},{"Link":"https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/do-not-disturb-by-michela-wrong-review-pcnh2gfsh","external_links_name":"\"Do Not Disturb by Michela Wrong review — the making of a monster\""},{"Link":"https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20210405-new-book-shows-a-very-different-side-to-rwanda-s-paul-kagame","external_links_name":"\"New book shows a very different side to Rwanda's Paul Kagame\""},{"Link":"https://www.currentaffairs.org/2021/03/the-true-story-of-the-rwandan-genocide","external_links_name":"\"The True Story of the Rwandan Genocide ❧ Current Affairs\""},{"Link":"https://www.ft.com/content/678b2d31-cbe2-447a-8774-639087dfb863","external_links_name":"\"Rwanda's Paul Kagame — is he just another dictator?\""},{"Link":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/hes-been-hailed-as-rwandas-hero-but-is-he-really-his-countrys-villain/2021/04/29/c810aa62-a203-11eb-a774-7b47ceb36ee8_story.html","external_links_name":"\"Review | He's been hailed as Rwanda's hero. But is he really his country's villain?\""},{"Link":"http://democracyinafrica.org/theogene-rudasingwa-on-why-people-become-apologists-for-kagames-regime-in-rwanda/","external_links_name":"\"Rudasingwa On Why People Become Apologists for Kagame's Regime in Rwanda\""},{"Link":"https://africanarguments.org/2021/03/rwanda-is-eating-its-own-aka-why-you-should-read-do-not-disturb/","external_links_name":"\"Rwanda is eating its own (aka why you should read Do Not Disturb)\""},{"Link":"https://www.foreignaffairs.com/reviews/review-essay/2021-04-20/two-rwandas","external_links_name":"\"The Two Rwandas\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0015-7120","external_links_name":"0015-7120"},{"Link":"https://www.publicaffairsbooks.com/titles/michela-wrong/do-not-disturb/9781610398435/","external_links_name":"Do Not Disturb"},{"Link":"https://www.marianne.net/monde/afrique/rwanda-lhistoire-ecrite-par-le-fpr-du-president-paul-kagame-cest-fini","external_links_name":"https://www.marianne.net/monde/afrique/rwanda-lhistoire-ecrite-par-le-fpr-du-president-paul-kagame-cest-fini"},{"Link":"https://muse.jhu.edu/article/841088/summary","external_links_name":"\"Do Not Disturb: The Story of a Political Murder and an African Regime Gone Bad by Michela Wrong (review)\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1530-9169","external_links_name":"1530-9169"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00358533.2021.1939566","external_links_name":"10.1080/00358533.2021.1939566"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fia%2Fiiab101","external_links_name":"10.1093/ia/iiab101"},{"Link":"https://newbooksnetwork.com/do-not-disturb","external_links_name":"\"Michela Wrong, \"Do Not Disturb: The Story of a Political Murder and…\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C5%9F%C4%B1k_Pasha_Mausoleum | Aşık Pasha Mausoleum | ["1 References"] | Coordinates: 39°09′05″N 34°10′10″E / 39.15129°N 34.16945°E / 39.15129; 34.16945Türbe (Islamic mausoleum) in Turkey
Aşık Pasha Mausoleum in Kırşehir.
Aşık Pasha Mausoleum (Turkish: Âşık Paşa Türbesi) is a monument as the burial site of the 14th-century Turkish sufi poet Aşık Pasha (died 1332), located in Kırşehir, Turkey.
References
^ Eyice, Semavi. "Âşık Paşa Türbesi" (in Turkish). İslam Ansiklopedisi. Retrieved 1 May 2020.
^ "Aşık Paşa Türbesi 7 asırdır kente değer katıyor'". Akşam (in Turkish). 15 April 2019. Retrieved 27 June 2020.
^ "Âşık Paşa Türbesi'nin yapılma nedenleri nelerdir?". Sabah (in Turkish). Retrieved 27 June 2020.
^ "Aşık Paşa Türbesi - Kırşehir" (PDF) (in Turkish). Kırşehir Kültür ve Turizm Müdürlüğü. Retrieved 27 June 2020.
^ "Tarihi Eserlerimiz" (in Turkish). Kırşehir Valiliği. Retrieved 27 June 2020.
^ "Aşık Paşa Türbesi - Kırşehir" (in Turkish). Türkiye Kültür Portalı. Retrieved 27 June 2020.
39°09′05″N 34°10′10″E / 39.15129°N 34.16945°E / 39.15129; 34.16945 | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:A%C5%9F%C4%B1k_Pa%C5%9Fa_T%C3%BCrbesi_-_Tomb_Of_Ashik_Pasha_-_panoramio.jpg"},{"link_name":"Kırşehir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C4%B1r%C5%9Fehir"},{"link_name":"Turkish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_language"},{"link_name":"sufi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sufi"},{"link_name":"Aşık Pasha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A%C5%9F%C4%B1k_Pasha&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Kırşehir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C4%B1r%C5%9Fehir"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ia-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-a1-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-s1-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kktm-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kv-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tkp-6"}],"text":"Türbe (Islamic mausoleum) in TurkeyAşık Pasha Mausoleum in Kırşehir.Aşık Pasha Mausoleum (Turkish: Âşık Paşa Türbesi) is a monument as the burial site of the 14th-century Turkish sufi poet Aşık Pasha (died 1332), located in Kırşehir, Turkey.[1][2][3][4][5][6]","title":"Aşık Pasha Mausoleum"}] | [{"image_text":"Aşık Pasha Mausoleum in Kırşehir.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/A%C5%9F%C4%B1k_Pa%C5%9Fa_T%C3%BCrbesi_-_Tomb_Of_Ashik_Pasha_-_panoramio.jpg/220px-A%C5%9F%C4%B1k_Pa%C5%9Fa_T%C3%BCrbesi_-_Tomb_Of_Ashik_Pasha_-_panoramio.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"Eyice, Semavi. \"Âşık Paşa Türbesi\" (in Turkish). İslam Ansiklopedisi. Retrieved 1 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/asik-pasa-turbesi","url_text":"\"Âşık Paşa Türbesi\""}]},{"reference":"\"Aşık Paşa Türbesi 7 asırdır kente değer katıyor'\". Akşam (in Turkish). 15 April 2019. Retrieved 27 June 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.aksam.com.tr/yasam/asik-pasa-turbesi-7-asirdir-kente-deger-katiyor/haber-923845","url_text":"\"Aşık Paşa Türbesi 7 asırdır kente değer katıyor'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ak%C5%9Fam","url_text":"Akşam"}]},{"reference":"\"Âşık Paşa Türbesi'nin yapılma nedenleri nelerdir?\". Sabah (in Turkish). Retrieved 27 June 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sabah.com.tr/sozluk/mimari/sik-pasa-turbesinin-yapilma-nedenleri","url_text":"\"Âşık Paşa Türbesi'nin yapılma nedenleri nelerdir?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabah_(newspaper)","url_text":"Sabah"}]},{"reference":"\"Aşık Paşa Türbesi - Kırşehir\" (PDF) (in Turkish). Kırşehir Kültür ve Turizm Müdürlüğü. Retrieved 27 June 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.kirsehirkulturturizm.gov.tr/Eklenti/57988,asik-pasa-turbesi.pdf?0","url_text":"\"Aşık Paşa Türbesi - Kırşehir\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tarihi Eserlerimiz\" (in Turkish). Kırşehir Valiliği. Retrieved 27 June 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.kirsehir.gov.tr/tarihi-eserlerimiz-sehir-kartlari","url_text":"\"Tarihi Eserlerimiz\""}]},{"reference":"\"Aşık Paşa Türbesi - Kırşehir\" (in Turkish). Türkiye Kültür Portalı. Retrieved 27 June 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.kulturportali.gov.tr/turkiye/kirsehir/gezilecekyer/asikpasa-turbes","url_text":"\"Aşık Paşa Türbesi - Kırşehir\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=A%C5%9F%C4%B1k_Pasha_Mausoleum¶ms=39.15129_N_34.16945_E_type:landmark_region:TR","external_links_name":"39°09′05″N 34°10′10″E / 39.15129°N 34.16945°E / 39.15129; 34.16945"},{"Link":"https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/asik-pasa-turbesi","external_links_name":"\"Âşık Paşa Türbesi\""},{"Link":"https://www.aksam.com.tr/yasam/asik-pasa-turbesi-7-asirdir-kente-deger-katiyor/haber-923845","external_links_name":"\"Aşık Paşa Türbesi 7 asırdır kente değer katıyor'\""},{"Link":"https://www.sabah.com.tr/sozluk/mimari/sik-pasa-turbesinin-yapilma-nedenleri","external_links_name":"\"Âşık Paşa Türbesi'nin yapılma nedenleri nelerdir?\""},{"Link":"http://www.kirsehirkulturturizm.gov.tr/Eklenti/57988,asik-pasa-turbesi.pdf?0","external_links_name":"\"Aşık Paşa Türbesi - Kırşehir\""},{"Link":"http://www.kirsehir.gov.tr/tarihi-eserlerimiz-sehir-kartlari","external_links_name":"\"Tarihi Eserlerimiz\""},{"Link":"https://www.kulturportali.gov.tr/turkiye/kirsehir/gezilecekyer/asikpasa-turbes","external_links_name":"\"Aşık Paşa Türbesi - Kırşehir\""},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=A%C5%9F%C4%B1k_Pasha_Mausoleum¶ms=39.15129_N_34.16945_E_type:landmark_region:TR","external_links_name":"39°09′05″N 34°10′10″E / 39.15129°N 34.16945°E / 39.15129; 34.16945"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_BBC_Sports_Personality_of_the_Year_Award | 2022 BBC Sports Personality of the Year Award | ["1 Nominees","2 Other awards","2.1 Young Sports Personality of the Year","2.2 Lifetime Achievement Award","2.3 Unsung Hero Award","2.4 Helen Rollason Award and Special Award","2.5 World Sport Star Award","2.6 Team of the Year and Coach of the Year","3 In Memoriam","4 References","5 External links"] | BBC Sports Personality of the Year 2022Date21 December 2022Locationdock10 studios, SalfordCountryUnited KingdomPresented byBBCHosted byGary LinekerClare BaldingGabby LoganAlex ScottWinnerBeth MeadWebsiteBBC Sports PersonalityTelevision/radio coverageNetworkBBC OneBBC One HD
← 2021 ·
BBC Sports Personality of the Year Award
· 2023 →
The 2022 BBC Sports Personality of the Year took place on 21 December 2022 at the dock10 studios in Salford. Co-hosted by Gary Lineker, Clare Balding, Gabby Logan, and Alex Scott, the event was broadcast live on BBC One. It paid tribute to Queen Elizabeth II and her interest in sport following her death in September of that year.
Beth Mead won the 2022 BBC Sports Personality of the Year Award, becoming the first female footballer to do so. 2019 Winner and England Cricket Test captain Ben Stokes was the runner-up, while curler Eve Muirhead finished third. The BBC do not release the actual voting statistics.
Nominees
Beth Mead, the first female footballer to win the main award
The nominees for the award were revealed on 20 December 2022. The judging panel included athletes Denise Lewis, Kelly Gallagher, and Stephen Hendry, sports journalists Nancy Gillen, Jack Fox, and Tumaini Carayol, S4C's Head of Sports Sue Butler, UK Sport CEO Sally Munday, and from the BBC Barbara Slater, Philip Bernie, and Gabby Cook.
Beth Mead won the award, becoming the first female footballer, and the first footballer since Ryan Giggs in 2009, to win the award. She became the sixth footballer to win the award. Fellow footballer Jordan Henderson was the last to break into the top three, when he was runner-up in 2020. Cricketer Ben Stokes finished as runner-up behind Mead. He had previously won the award in 2019. Eve Muirhead finished in third place, becoming the first curler to finish in the top three, and the first participant from a winter sport in the top three since Torvill and Dean won in 1984. She was also the first Scot since Sir Andy Murray, who last won in 2016, to finish in the top three.
Baroness Grey-Thompson, who came third in the competition in 2000, announced the winner, whilst Sir Chris Hoy, who won in 2008, presented the awards.
Nominee
Sport
2022 Achievements
Beth Mead
Football
Was part of the England team win at the Euros, the first major trophy for the nation since 1966. Won the Golden Boot and Player of the Tournament Award at the tournament. Also broke a 61-year-old record for the most England goals in a season.
Ben Stokes
Cricket
Took over the captaincy of the England Test team, developing a new style of cricket, which led to series victories over New Zealand and South Africa at home and victory in Pakistan. Also part of the team which claimed victory in the T20 World Cup.
Eve Muirhead
Curling
At her fourth attempt, won gold at the Winter Olympics in the team event, in which she was the skip. It was Team GB's only gold of the games, and was won on the final day of events. Also won gold at the World Mixed Doubles Championship, securing a full set of major titles.
Jessica Gadirova
Gymnastics
Became World Champion on the floor at the World Championships, only the second British woman, and youngest ever Brit to do so. Took bronze in the all-around competition at the event. Also retained her European title on the floor at the European Championships.
Ronnie O'Sullivan
Snooker
Won the World Championships for a seventh time, equalling Stephen Hendry's record. In doing so, was the eldest World Champion and set a new record 74 wins at the Crucible.
Jake Wightman
Athletics
Won gold at the World Championships in the 1500m with a personal best. Followed it up with a bronze in the same event at the Commonwealth Games and a silver in the 800m at the European Championships.
Other awards
Young Sports Personality of the Year
The Young Sports Personality of the Year had a shortlist of three, which was whittled down from ten, which also included cricketers Rehan Ahmed and Alice Capsey, wheelchair tennis player Ben Bartram, goalball player Chelsea Hudson, footballer Rico Lewis, netball player Jayda Pechova, and sports climber Toby Roberts. The judging panel consisted of athletes Ellen White, Max Whitlock, and Ellie Robinson, as well as representatives of Blue Peter, BBC Sport, and the Youth Sport Trust.
Jessica Gadirova had also been nominated for the main award of the evening. Sky Brown had won the award the previous year.
2008 winner Ellie Simmonds presented the award.
Winner and Nominees of the 2022 BBC Young Sports Personality of the Year Award
Nominee
Sport
2022 Achievement
Jessica Gadirova
Gymnastics
Became the first British female all-around medallist at the World Championships, where she also won a gold on the floor and a silver with the team.
Sky Brown
Skateboarding
Defended her title at the X Games, and secured the title weeks later at the Dew Tour.
Andrea Spendolini-Sirieix
Diving
Secured bronze in the team event at the World Championships, followed by two golds and a silver at the Commonwealth Games, and then two more golds and a bronze at the European Championships.
Lifetime Achievement Award
On 15 December 2022, it was announced that the Lifetime Achievement Award would be awarded to sprinter Usain Bolt for his glittering career.
Bolt was not present to receive the award, instead speaking in a pre-recorded video.
Unsung Hero Award
The Unsung Hero Award rewards volunteers for their contribution to grassroots sports in their local community. The eight nominees were announced on 9 December 2022.
Football volunteer Mike Alden from Bristol won the award for his work in deprived areas and encouragement for people of all ages and abilities to play the game. Denise Lewis and Jonnie Peacock presented the award.
Helen Rollason Award and Special Award
The Helen Rollason Award for outstanding achievement in the face of adversity was awarded to rugby league player Rob Burrow for raising awareness of and fundraising for motor neuron diseases, whilst battling the illness himself. His friend and teammate Kevin Sinfield also received a Special Award for a series of fundraising efforts, which had been in aid of funding further MND research. They were joined on stage by Rob's wife, Lindsey, his family, former teammates, and members of the MND community. Sinfield presented Burrow with the award, whilst Sinfield was presented with his award by Doddie Weir's son Hamish. Weir, a former winner of this award, also suffered from MND, and died just weeks before the show.
World Sport Star Award
On 19 December 2022, it was announced that footballer Lionel Messi had been awarded the World Sport Star of the Year Award. Messi had led Argentina to victory at the World Cup, where he won the Golden Boot. Messi was not present at the ceremony.
Team of the Year and Coach of the Year
The Team of the Year Award and Coach of the Year Award were presented together. The England women's football team won the Team of the Year Award, whilst the team's manager Sarina Wiegman won the Coach of the Year Award. This was in recognition for the team's victory on home soil at the European Championships, which was the first major trophy for an England team since 1966.
Dame Jessica Ennis-Hill announced the winners, whilst Max Whitlock presented the trophies to the team.
In Memoriam
Doddie Weir
Billy Bingham
Gordon Lee
Terry Neill
Colin Grainger
Davie Wilson
Maurice Norman
Des Drummond
Johnny Whiteley
Maurice Lindsay
Phil Jackson
Kevin Beardmore
David Stephenson
Val Robinson
Sheila Hill
Jim Parks
Ray Illingworth
Andrew Symonds
Rod Marsh
Ronnie Radford
John Madden
Tom Weiskopf
Nick Bollettieri
Bernard Atha
John Landy
Robbie Brightwell
Alan Ash
Tom Kiernan
Mike Davis
Brian Robinson
Rab Wardell
John Paul
David Johnson
John Hughes
Andy Goram
Tom Smith
Phil Bennett
Ken Jones
Gian Piero Ventrone
Wim Jansen
David Moores
Frank O'Farrell
Bobby Hope
David Armstrong
Tony Brooks
Chrissy Rouse
Keith Farmer
Anneli Drummond-Hay
Va'aiga Tuigamala
Eddie Butler
Betty Codona
AJ Rosen
Tony Nash
Brenda Fisher
Brian Dickinson
Paul Anderson
Jane Wykeham-Musgrave
Lester Piggott
Jimmy Lindley
Harry Gration
John Hanmer
Brent Pope
Paul McNaughton
Damian Casey
Peter Butler
Shane Warne
References
^ "Sports Personality of the Year 2022: Where to watch and how to vote". BBC Sport. 20 December 2022. Retrieved 21 December 2022.
^ "Mead wins Sports Personality of the Year". BBC Sport. Retrieved 22 December 2022.
^ "Sports Personality of the Year 2022: Gadirova, Mead, Muirhead, Stokes, O'Sullivan, Wightman up for award". BBC Sport. 13 December 2022. Retrieved 20 December 2022.
^ a b "BBC Sports Personality of the Year 2022 shortlist revealed". www.bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 18 November 2023.
^ a b c "Catch-up: Footballer Mead wins BBC Sports Personality of the Year 2022". BBC Sport. 20 December 2022. Retrieved 18 November 2023.
^ "BBC Young Sports Personality of the Year 2022 top three announced". www.bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 18 November 2023.
^ a b "Gymnast Gadirova wins Young Personality award". BBC Sport. Retrieved 18 November 2023.
^ "Usain Bolt to receive Lifetime Achievement award at BBC Sports Personality of the Year 2022". www.bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 18 November 2023.
^ "Bolt wins BBC Lifetime Achievement award". BBC Sport. Retrieved 18 November 2023.
^ "BBC Sports Personality of the Year 2022 Unsung Hero finalists announced". www.bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 18 November 2023.
^ "Alden honoured with Unsung Hero award". BBC Sport. Retrieved 18 November 2023.
^ Magee, Will (21 December 2022). "Beth Mead wins BBC Sports Personality of the Year 2022 – as it happened". the Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 18 November 2023.
^ a b "'This is for MND warriors' - Burrow & Sinfield honoured". BBC Sport. Retrieved 19 November 2023.
^ "Messi named BBC's World Sport Star of the Year". BBC Sport. Retrieved 19 November 2023.
^ a b "Lionesses & Wiegman honoured at Sports Personality". BBC Sport. Retrieved 19 November 2023.
External links
Official website
vteBBC Sports Personality of the YearMain awardOther awards
Coach
Helen Rollason
Lifetime Achievement
World Sport Star
Team
Young Personality
Unsung Hero
50th awards
Intermittent awards
Regional awards
Northern Ireland
Scotland
Wales
World Service awards
African Sports Personality
Indian Sportswoman
Women's Footballer
Annual awards
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023 | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"dock10 studios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dock10_(television_facility)"},{"link_name":"Salford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salford"},{"link_name":"Gary Lineker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Lineker"},{"link_name":"Clare Balding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clare_Balding"},{"link_name":"Gabby Logan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabby_Logan"},{"link_name":"Alex Scott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Scott_(footballer,_born_1984)"},{"link_name":"BBC One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_One"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Queen Elizabeth II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II"},{"link_name":"death","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Elizabeth_II"},{"link_name":"Beth Mead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beth_Mead"},{"link_name":"BBC Sports Personality of the Year Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Sports_Personality_of_the_Year_Award"},{"link_name":"2019 Winner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_BBC_Sports_Personality_of_the_Year_Award"},{"link_name":"England Cricket Test captain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_England_cricket_captains"},{"link_name":"Ben Stokes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Stokes"},{"link_name":"Eve Muirhead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eve_Muirhead"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"The 2022 BBC Sports Personality of the Year took place on 21 December 2022 at the dock10 studios in Salford. Co-hosted by Gary Lineker, Clare Balding, Gabby Logan, and Alex Scott, the event was broadcast live on BBC One.[1] It paid tribute to Queen Elizabeth II and her interest in sport following her death in September of that year.Beth Mead won the 2022 BBC Sports Personality of the Year Award, becoming the first female footballer to do so. 2019 Winner and England Cricket Test captain Ben Stokes was the runner-up, while curler Eve Muirhead finished third.[2] The BBC do not release the actual voting statistics.","title":"2022 BBC Sports Personality of the Year Award"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Beth_Mead_Eng_Women_0_Czech_Rep_0_11_10_2022-1130_(52427106538).jpg"},{"link_name":"Beth Mead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beth_Mead"},{"link_name":"main award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Sports_Personality_of_the_Year_Award"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Denise Lewis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denise_Lewis"},{"link_name":"Kelly Gallagher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelly_Gallagher_(alpine_skier)"},{"link_name":"Stephen Hendry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Hendry"},{"link_name":"S4C's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S4C"},{"link_name":"UK Sport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Sport"},{"link_name":"Sally Munday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sally_Munday"},{"link_name":"Barbara Slater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbara_Slater_(sports_producer)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"},{"link_name":"Beth Mead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beth_Mead"},{"link_name":"Ryan Giggs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryan_Giggs"},{"link_name":"2009","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_BBC_Sports_Personality_of_the_Year_Award"},{"link_name":"Jordan Henderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan_Henderson"},{"link_name":"2020","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_BBC_Sports_Personality_of_the_Year_Award"},{"link_name":"Ben Stokes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Stokes"},{"link_name":"2019","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_BBC_Sports_Personality_of_the_Year_Award"},{"link_name":"Eve Muirhead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eve_Muirhead"},{"link_name":"Torvill and Dean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torvill_and_Dean"},{"link_name":"Sir Andy Murray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_Murray"},{"link_name":"2016","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_BBC_Sports_Personality_of_the_Year_Award"},{"link_name":"Baroness Grey-Thompson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanni_Grey-Thompson"},{"link_name":"Sir Chris Hoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Chris_Hoy"},{"link_name":"2008","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_BBC_Sports_Personality_of_the_Year_Award"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-5"}],"text":"Beth Mead, the first female footballer to win the main awardThe nominees for the award were revealed on 20 December 2022.[3] The judging panel included athletes Denise Lewis, Kelly Gallagher, and Stephen Hendry, sports journalists Nancy Gillen, Jack Fox, and Tumaini Carayol, S4C's Head of Sports Sue Butler, UK Sport CEO Sally Munday, and from the BBC Barbara Slater, Philip Bernie, and Gabby Cook.[4]Beth Mead won the award, becoming the first female footballer, and the first footballer since Ryan Giggs in 2009, to win the award. She became the sixth footballer to win the award. Fellow footballer Jordan Henderson was the last to break into the top three, when he was runner-up in 2020. Cricketer Ben Stokes finished as runner-up behind Mead. He had previously won the award in 2019. Eve Muirhead finished in third place, becoming the first curler to finish in the top three, and the first participant from a winter sport in the top three since Torvill and Dean won in 1984. She was also the first Scot since Sir Andy Murray, who last won in 2016, to finish in the top three.Baroness Grey-Thompson, who came third in the competition in 2000, announced the winner, whilst Sir Chris Hoy, who won in 2008, presented the awards.[5]","title":"Nominees"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Other awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Young Sports Personality of the Year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Young_Sports_Personality_of_the_Year"},{"link_name":"Rehan Ahmed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rehan_Ahmed"},{"link_name":"Alice Capsey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_Capsey"},{"link_name":"Ben Bartram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ben_Bartram&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Chelsea Hudson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chelsea_Hudson&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Rico Lewis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rico_Lewis"},{"link_name":"Jayda Pechova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jayda_Pechova&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Toby Roberts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toby_Roberts"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Ellen White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellen_White_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"Max Whitlock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Whitlock"},{"link_name":"Ellie Robinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellie_Robinson"},{"link_name":"Blue Peter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Peter"},{"link_name":"BBC Sport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Sport"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-7"},{"link_name":"Jessica Gadirova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jessica_Gadirova"},{"link_name":"Sky Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sky_Brown"},{"link_name":"2008","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_BBC_Sports_Personality_of_the_Year_Award"},{"link_name":"Ellie Simmonds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellie_Simmonds"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-5"}],"sub_title":"Young Sports Personality of the Year","text":"The Young Sports Personality of the Year had a shortlist of three, which was whittled down from ten, which also included cricketers Rehan Ahmed and Alice Capsey, wheelchair tennis player Ben Bartram, goalball player Chelsea Hudson, footballer Rico Lewis, netball player Jayda Pechova, and sports climber Toby Roberts.[6] The judging panel consisted of athletes Ellen White, Max Whitlock, and Ellie Robinson, as well as representatives of Blue Peter, BBC Sport, and the Youth Sport Trust.[7]Jessica Gadirova had also been nominated for the main award of the evening. Sky Brown had won the award the previous year.2008 winner Ellie Simmonds presented the award.[5]","title":"Other awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lifetime Achievement Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Sports_Personality_of_the_Year_Lifetime_Achievement_Award"},{"link_name":"Usain Bolt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usain_Bolt"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"sub_title":"Lifetime Achievement Award","text":"On 15 December 2022, it was announced that the Lifetime Achievement Award would be awarded to sprinter Usain Bolt for his glittering career.[8]Bolt was not present to receive the award, instead speaking in a pre-recorded video.[9]","title":"Other awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Unsung Hero Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Sports_Unsung_Hero_Award"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Denise Lewis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denise_Lewis"},{"link_name":"Jonnie Peacock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonnie_Peacock"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"sub_title":"Unsung Hero Award","text":"The Unsung Hero Award rewards volunteers for their contribution to grassroots sports in their local community. The eight nominees were announced on 9 December 2022.[10]Football volunteer Mike Alden from Bristol won the award for his work in deprived areas and encouragement for people of all ages and abilities to play the game.[11] Denise Lewis and Jonnie Peacock presented the award.[12]","title":"Other awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Helen Rollason Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Sports_Personality_of_the_Year_Helen_Rollason_Award"},{"link_name":"rugby league","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_league"},{"link_name":"Rob Burrow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rob_Burrow"},{"link_name":"motor neuron diseases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motor_neuron_diseases"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-13"},{"link_name":"Kevin Sinfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Sinfield"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-13"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-5"},{"link_name":"Doddie Weir's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doddie_Weir"}],"sub_title":"Helen Rollason Award and Special Award","text":"The Helen Rollason Award for outstanding achievement in the face of adversity was awarded to rugby league player Rob Burrow for raising awareness of and fundraising for motor neuron diseases, whilst battling the illness himself.[13] His friend and teammate Kevin Sinfield also received a Special Award for a series of fundraising efforts, which had been in aid of funding further MND research.[13] They were joined on stage by Rob's wife, Lindsey, his family, former teammates, and members of the MND community.[5] Sinfield presented Burrow with the award, whilst Sinfield was presented with his award by Doddie Weir's son Hamish. Weir, a former winner of this award, also suffered from MND, and died just weeks before the show.","title":"Other awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lionel Messi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lionel_Messi"},{"link_name":"World Sport Star of the Year Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Sports_Personality_World_Sport_Star_of_the_Year"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Argentina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina_football_team"},{"link_name":"World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_FIFA_World_Cup"}],"sub_title":"World Sport Star Award","text":"On 19 December 2022, it was announced that footballer Lionel Messi had been awarded the World Sport Star of the Year Award.[14] Messi had led Argentina to victory at the World Cup, where he won the Golden Boot. Messi was not present at the ceremony.","title":"Other awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Team of the Year Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Sports_Team_of_the_Year_Award"},{"link_name":"Coach of the Year Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Sports_Personality_of_the_Year_Coach_Award"},{"link_name":"England women's football team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England_women%27s_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Sarina Wiegman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarina_Wiegman"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-15"},{"link_name":"European Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Women%27s_Euro_2022"},{"link_name":"1966","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1966_FIFA_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"Dame Jessica Ennis-Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jessica_Ennis-Hill"},{"link_name":"Max Whitlock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Whitlock"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-15"}],"sub_title":"Team of the Year and Coach of the Year","text":"The Team of the Year Award and Coach of the Year Award were presented together. The England women's football team won the Team of the Year Award, whilst the team's manager Sarina Wiegman won the Coach of the Year Award.[15] This was in recognition for the team's victory on home soil at the European Championships, which was the first major trophy for an England team since 1966.Dame Jessica Ennis-Hill announced the winners, whilst Max Whitlock presented the trophies to the team.[15]","title":"Other awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Doddie Weir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doddie_Weir"},{"link_name":"Billy Bingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Bingham"},{"link_name":"Gordon Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_Lee_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"Terry Neill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terry_Neill"},{"link_name":"Colin Grainger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_Grainger"},{"link_name":"Davie Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davie_Wilson"},{"link_name":"Maurice Norman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Norman"},{"link_name":"Des Drummond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Des_Drummond"},{"link_name":"Johnny Whiteley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny_Whiteley"},{"link_name":"Maurice Lindsay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Lindsay_(rugby_league)"},{"link_name":"Phil Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phil_Jackson_(rugby_league,_born_1932)"},{"link_name":"Kevin Beardmore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Beardmore"},{"link_name":"David Stephenson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Stephenson_(rugby_league,_born_1958)"},{"link_name":"Val Robinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Val_Robinson_(field_hockey)"},{"link_name":"Sheila Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheila_Hill"},{"link_name":"Jim Parks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Parks_(cricketer,_born_1931)"},{"link_name":"Ray Illingworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_Illingworth"},{"link_name":"Andrew Symonds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Symonds"},{"link_name":"Rod Marsh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rod_Marsh"},{"link_name":"Ronnie Radford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronnie_Radford"},{"link_name":"John Madden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Madden"},{"link_name":"Tom Weiskopf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Weiskopf"},{"link_name":"Nick Bollettieri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Bollettieri"},{"link_name":"Bernard Atha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Atha"},{"link_name":"John Landy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Landy"},{"link_name":"Robbie Brightwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robbie_Brightwell"},{"link_name":"Tom Kiernan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Kiernan"},{"link_name":"Mike Davis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Davis_(rugby_union)"},{"link_name":"Brian Robinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Robinson_(cyclist)"},{"link_name":"David Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Johnson_(footballer,_born_1951)"},{"link_name":"John Hughes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hughes_(footballer,_born_1943)"},{"link_name":"Andy Goram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_Goram"},{"link_name":"Tom Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Smith_(rugby_union,_born_1971)"},{"link_name":"Phil Bennett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phil_Bennett"},{"link_name":"Ken Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Jones_(rugby_union,_born_1941)"},{"link_name":"Gian Piero Ventrone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gian_Piero_Ventrone"},{"link_name":"Wim Jansen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wim_Jansen"},{"link_name":"David Moores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Moores"},{"link_name":"Frank O'Farrell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_O%27Farrell"},{"link_name":"Bobby Hope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobby_Hope"},{"link_name":"David Armstrong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Armstrong_(footballer,_born_1954)"},{"link_name":"Tony Brooks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Brooks_(racing_driver)"},{"link_name":"Keith Farmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keith_Farmer"},{"link_name":"Anneli Drummond-Hay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anneli_Drummond-Hay"},{"link_name":"Va'aiga Tuigamala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Va%27aiga_Tuigamala"},{"link_name":"Eddie Butler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddie_Butler_(rugby_union)"},{"link_name":"AJ Rosen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AJ_Rosen"},{"link_name":"Tony Nash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Nash_(bobsledder)"},{"link_name":"Brenda Fisher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brenda_Fisher"},{"link_name":"Paul Anderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Anderson_(sailor)"},{"link_name":"Lester Piggott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lester_Piggott"},{"link_name":"Jimmy Lindley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Lindley"},{"link_name":"Harry Gration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Gration"},{"link_name":"Brent Pope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brent_Pope"},{"link_name":"Paul McNaughton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_McNaughton"},{"link_name":"Damian Casey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damian_Casey"},{"link_name":"Peter Butler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Butler_(golfer)"},{"link_name":"Shane Warne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shane_Warne"}],"text":"Doddie Weir\nBilly Bingham\nGordon Lee\nTerry Neill\nColin Grainger\nDavie Wilson\nMaurice Norman\nDes Drummond\nJohnny Whiteley\nMaurice Lindsay\nPhil Jackson\nKevin Beardmore\nDavid Stephenson\nVal Robinson\nSheila Hill\nJim Parks\nRay Illingworth\nAndrew Symonds\nRod Marsh\nRonnie Radford\nJohn Madden\nTom Weiskopf\nNick Bollettieri\nBernard Atha\nJohn Landy\nRobbie Brightwell\nAlan Ash\nTom Kiernan\nMike Davis\nBrian Robinson\nRab Wardell\nJohn Paul\nDavid Johnson\nJohn Hughes\nAndy Goram\nTom Smith\nPhil Bennett\nKen Jones\nGian Piero Ventrone\nWim Jansen\nDavid Moores\nFrank O'Farrell\nBobby Hope\nDavid Armstrong\nTony Brooks\nChrissy Rouse\nKeith Farmer\nAnneli Drummond-Hay\nVa'aiga Tuigamala\nEddie Butler\nBetty Codona\nAJ Rosen\nTony Nash\nBrenda Fisher\nBrian Dickinson\nPaul Anderson\nJane Wykeham-Musgrave\nLester Piggott\nJimmy Lindley\nHarry Gration\nJohn Hanmer\nBrent Pope\nPaul McNaughton\nDamian Casey\nPeter Butler\nShane Warne","title":"In Memoriam"}] | [{"image_text":"Beth Mead, the first female footballer to win the main award","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Beth_Mead_Eng_Women_0_Czech_Rep_0_11_10_2022-1130_%2852427106538%29.jpg/200px-Beth_Mead_Eng_Women_0_Czech_Rep_0_11_10_2022-1130_%2852427106538%29.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"Sports Personality of the Year 2022: Where to watch and how to vote\". BBC Sport. 20 December 2022. Retrieved 21 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.com/sport/sports-personality/64027765","url_text":"\"Sports Personality of the Year 2022: Where to watch and how to vote\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mead wins Sports Personality of the Year\". BBC Sport. Retrieved 22 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.com/sport/sports-personality/64045751","url_text":"\"Mead wins Sports Personality of the Year\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sports Personality of the Year 2022: Gadirova, Mead, Muirhead, Stokes, O'Sullivan, Wightman up for award\". BBC Sport. 13 December 2022. Retrieved 20 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/sports-personality/63887059","url_text":"\"Sports Personality of the Year 2022: Gadirova, Mead, Muirhead, Stokes, O'Sullivan, Wightman up for award\""}]},{"reference":"\"BBC Sports Personality of the Year 2022 shortlist revealed\". www.bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 18 November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/mediacentre/2022/bbc-sports-personality-of-the-year-2022-shortlist-revealed/","url_text":"\"BBC Sports Personality of the Year 2022 shortlist revealed\""}]},{"reference":"\"Catch-up: Footballer Mead wins BBC Sports Personality of the Year 2022\". BBC Sport. 20 December 2022. Retrieved 18 November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.com/sport/live/sports-personality/63960611","url_text":"\"Catch-up: Footballer Mead wins BBC Sports Personality of the Year 2022\""}]},{"reference":"\"BBC Young Sports Personality of the Year 2022 top three announced\". www.bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 18 November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/mediacentre/2022/bbc-young-sports-personality-of-the-year-2022-top-three-announced/","url_text":"\"BBC Young Sports Personality of the Year 2022 top three announced\""}]},{"reference":"\"Gymnast Gadirova wins Young Personality award\". BBC Sport. Retrieved 18 November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.com/sport/sports-personality/63976879","url_text":"\"Gymnast Gadirova wins Young Personality award\""}]},{"reference":"\"Usain Bolt to receive Lifetime Achievement award at BBC Sports Personality of the Year 2022\". www.bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 18 November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/mediacentre/2022/usain-bolt-lifetime-achievement-award-bbc-sports-personality-of-the-year/","url_text":"\"Usain Bolt to receive Lifetime Achievement award at BBC Sports Personality of the Year 2022\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bolt wins BBC Lifetime Achievement award\". BBC Sport. Retrieved 18 November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.com/sport/sports-personality/63971257","url_text":"\"Bolt wins BBC Lifetime Achievement award\""}]},{"reference":"\"BBC Sports Personality of the Year 2022 Unsung Hero finalists announced\". www.bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 18 November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/mediacentre/2022/bbc-sports-personality-unsung-hero-finalists/","url_text":"\"BBC Sports Personality of the Year 2022 Unsung Hero finalists announced\""}]},{"reference":"\"Alden honoured with Unsung Hero award\". BBC Sport. Retrieved 18 November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.com/sport/sports-personality/63976878","url_text":"\"Alden honoured with Unsung Hero award\""}]},{"reference":"Magee, Will (21 December 2022). \"Beth Mead wins BBC Sports Personality of the Year 2022 – as it happened\". the Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 18 November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/sport/live/2022/dec/21/bbc-sports-personality-of-the-year-2022-live-updates-beth-mead-ben-stokes","url_text":"\"Beth Mead wins BBC Sports Personality of the Year 2022 – as it happened\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077","url_text":"0261-3077"}]},{"reference":"\"'This is for MND warriors' - Burrow & Sinfield honoured\". BBC Sport. Retrieved 19 November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.com/sport/sports-personality/64027090","url_text":"\"'This is for MND warriors' - Burrow & Sinfield honoured\""}]},{"reference":"\"Messi named BBC's World Sport Star of the Year\". BBC Sport. Retrieved 19 November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.com/sport/sports-personality/64027088","url_text":"\"Messi named BBC's World Sport Star of the Year\""}]},{"reference":"\"Lionesses & Wiegman honoured at Sports Personality\". BBC Sport. Retrieved 19 November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.com/sport/sports-personality/64027764","url_text":"\"Lionesses & Wiegman honoured at Sports Personality\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/sports-personality/","external_links_name":"BBC Sports Personality"},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.com/sport/sports-personality/64027765","external_links_name":"\"Sports Personality of the Year 2022: Where to watch and how to vote\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.com/sport/sports-personality/64045751","external_links_name":"\"Mead wins Sports Personality of the Year\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/sports-personality/63887059","external_links_name":"\"Sports Personality of the Year 2022: Gadirova, Mead, Muirhead, Stokes, O'Sullivan, Wightman up for award\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/mediacentre/2022/bbc-sports-personality-of-the-year-2022-shortlist-revealed/","external_links_name":"\"BBC Sports Personality of the Year 2022 shortlist revealed\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.com/sport/live/sports-personality/63960611","external_links_name":"\"Catch-up: Footballer Mead wins BBC Sports Personality of the Year 2022\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/mediacentre/2022/bbc-young-sports-personality-of-the-year-2022-top-three-announced/","external_links_name":"\"BBC Young Sports Personality of the Year 2022 top three announced\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.com/sport/sports-personality/63976879","external_links_name":"\"Gymnast Gadirova wins Young Personality award\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/mediacentre/2022/usain-bolt-lifetime-achievement-award-bbc-sports-personality-of-the-year/","external_links_name":"\"Usain Bolt to receive Lifetime Achievement award at BBC Sports Personality of the Year 2022\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.com/sport/sports-personality/63971257","external_links_name":"\"Bolt wins BBC Lifetime Achievement award\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/mediacentre/2022/bbc-sports-personality-unsung-hero-finalists/","external_links_name":"\"BBC Sports Personality of the Year 2022 Unsung Hero finalists announced\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.com/sport/sports-personality/63976878","external_links_name":"\"Alden honoured with Unsung Hero award\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/sport/live/2022/dec/21/bbc-sports-personality-of-the-year-2022-live-updates-beth-mead-ben-stokes","external_links_name":"\"Beth Mead wins BBC Sports Personality of the Year 2022 – as it happened\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077","external_links_name":"0261-3077"},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.com/sport/sports-personality/64027090","external_links_name":"\"'This is for MND warriors' - Burrow & Sinfield honoured\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.com/sport/sports-personality/64027088","external_links_name":"\"Messi named BBC's World Sport Star of the Year\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.com/sport/sports-personality/64027764","external_links_name":"\"Lionesses & Wiegman honoured at Sports Personality\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/sports-personality/","external_links_name":"Official website"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_palatal_lateral_approximant | Voiceless palatal lateral fricative | ["1 Features","2 Occurrence","3 Notes","4 References","5 See also","6 External links"] | Consonantal sound represented by ⟨𝼆⟩ or ⟨ʎ̝̊⟩ in IPA
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Voiceless palatal lateral fricative𝼆ʎ̥˔Audio sample
source · helpEncodingEntity (decimal)𝼆Unicode (hex)U+1DF06
Image
Voiceless palatal lateral approximantʎ̥IPA Number157 402AEncodingX-SAMPAL_0
The voiceless palatal lateral fricative is a type of consonantal sound, used in a few spoken languages.
This sound is somewhat rare; Dahalo has both a palatal lateral fricative and an affricate; Hadza has a series of palatal lateral affricates. In Bura, it is the realization of palatalized /ɬʲ/ and contrasts with .
The extensions to the IPA transcribes this sound with the letter ⟨𝼆⟩ (⟨ʎ⟩ with a belt, analogous to ⟨ɬ⟩ for the voiceless alveolar lateral fricative), which was added to Unicode in 2021.
If distinction is necessary, the voiceless alveolo-palatal lateral fricative may be transcribed as ⟨ɬ̠ʲ⟩ (retracted and palatalized ⟨ɬ⟩) or as advanced ⟨𝼆̟⟩; these are essentially equivalent, since the contact includes both the blade and body (but not the tip) of the tongue. The equivalent X-SAMPA symbols are K_-_j or K_-' and L_0_+_r, respectively. A non-IPA letter ⟨ȴ̊˔⟩ (devoiced and raised ⟨ȴ⟩, which is an ordinary "l", plus the curl found in the symbols for alveolo-palatal sibilant fricatives ⟨ɕ, ʑ⟩) can be used.
Some scholars also posit a voiceless palatal lateral approximant distinct from the fricative. The approximant may be represented in the IPA as ⟨ʎ̥⟩.
Features
Features of the voiceless palatal lateral fricative:
Its manner of articulation is fricative, which means it is produced by constricting air flow through a narrow channel at the place of articulation, causing turbulence.
Its place of articulation is palatal, which means it is articulated with the middle or back part of the tongue raised to the hard palate.
Its phonation is voiceless, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords.
It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
It is a lateral consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream over the sides of the tongue, rather than down the middle.
The airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles, as in most sounds.
Occurrence
Language
Word
IPA
Meaning
Notes
Bura
Contrasts with /l, ʎ, ɬ, ɮ, ʎ̝̊/.
Dahalo
'leaf'
Contrasts with and
Faroese
kjálki
'jaw'
Allophone of /l/. See Faroese phonology
Inupiaq
sikł̣aq
'pickaxe'
Alveolo-palatal; also described as an approximant. Contrasts with voiceless /ɬ/ and voiced /ʎ/ and /l/.
nuiŋił̣ł̣uni
'because it did not appear'
Kumeyaay
kałyəxwiiw
'skunk'
Rare in word-initial position. Contrasts with voiceless /ɬ/ and voiced /ʎ/ and /l/.
Norwegian
Trondheim subdialect of Trøndersk
alt
'everything, all'
Allophone of /ʎ/ before /c/. See Norwegian phonology
Some subdialects of Trøndersk
tatle
'acting silly'
According to some scholars, it is a phoneme that contrasts with /ʎ/ (as in /tɑʎ/ 'softwood'.) See Norwegian phonology
Turkish
dil
'tongue'
Devoiced allophone of alveolo-palatal /l/, frequent finally and before voiceless consonants. See Turkish phonology
Xumi
Lower
'spirit'
Described as an approximant. Alveolo-palatal; contrasts with the voiced /ʎ/.
Upper
'flavorless'
Notes
^ a b Árnason (2011), p. 115.
^ a b MacLean (1980), p. XX.
^ Kaplan (1981), p. 29.
^ a b Langdon (1966), p. 33.
^ a b c d Vanvik (1979), p. 37.
^ Such as Vanvik (1979)
^ An example of a scholar disagreeing with this position is Scholtz (2009). On page 15, she provides a phoneme chart for Trøndersk, in which /ʎ/ is included. Under the phoneme chart she writes "Vanvik also lists /ʎ̥/ as an underlying phoneme, but that’s ridiculous." She provides no further explanation for that.
^ a b Zimmer & Orgun (1999), pp. 154–155.
^ a b Chirkova & Chen (2013), pp. 365, 367–368.
^ a b Chirkova, Chen & Kocjančič Antolík (2013), pp. 382–383.
References
Árnason, Kristján (2011), The Phonology of Icelandic and Faroese, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-922931-4
Chirkova, Katia; Chen, Yiya (2013), "Xumi, Part 1: Lower Xumi, the Variety of the Lower and Middle Reaches of the Shuiluo River", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 43 (3): 363–379, doi:10.1017/S0025100313000157
Chirkova, Katia; Chen, Yiya; Kocjančič Antolík, Tanja (2013), "Xumi, Part 2: Upper Xumi, the Variety of the Upper Reaches of the Shuiluo River", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 43 (3): 381–396, doi:10.1017/S0025100313000169
Grønnum, Nina (2005), Fonetik og fonologi, Almen og Dansk (3rd ed.), Copenhagen: Akademisk Forlag, ISBN 87-500-3865-6
Langdon, Margaret (1966). A Grammar of Diegueño: The Mesa Grande Dialect (PhD thesis). Berkeley: University of California.
MacLean, Edna Ahgeak (1980), Iñupiallu Tanņiḷḷu Uqaluņisa Iḷaņich = Abridged Iñupiaq and English Dictionary (PDF), Fairbanks, Alaska: Alaska Native Language Center, University of Alaska, p. xvii-xx, retrieved 20 December 2017
Kaplan, Lawrence D. (1981), Phonological Issues in North Alaskan Inupiaq (PDF), Fairbanks, Alaska: Alaska Native Language Center, University of Alaska, pp. 21–29, retrieved 20 December 2017
Scholtz, Anna (2009), A phonetic study of the status of three mergers in the Trøndersk dialect of Norwegian (PDF), Williamstown, Massachusetts: Williams College
Vanvik, Arne (1979), Norsk fonetikk, Oslo: Universitetet i Oslo, ISBN 82-990584-0-6
Zimmer, Karl; Orgun, Orhan (1999), "Turkish", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 154–158, ISBN 0-521-65236-7
See also
Index of phonetics articles
External links
List of languages with on PHOIBLE
vteInternational Phonetic Alphabet (chart)IPA topicsIPA
International Phonetic Association
History of the alphabet
Extensions for disordered speech (extIPA)
Voice Quality Symbols (VoQS)
Journal of the IPA (JIPA)
Special topics
Cursive forms
Case variants
Obsolete and nonstandard symbols
Naming conventions
Sinological extensions
World Orthography
IPA chart for English dialects
Encodings
ASCII encodings
SAMPA
X-SAMPA
Kirshenbaum
TIPA
Phonetic symbols in Unicode
IPA number
IPA Braille
ConsonantsPulmonic consonants
Place →
Labial
Coronal
Dorsal
Laryngeal
Manner ↓
Bilabial
Labiodental
Linguolabial
Dental
Alveolar
Postalveolar
Retroflex
Palatal
Velar
Uvular
Pharyngeal/epiglottal
Glottal
Nasal
m̥
m
ɱ̊
ɱ
n̼
n̥
n
ɳ̊
ɳ
ɲ̊
ɲ
ŋ̊
ŋ
ɴ̥
ɴ
Plosive
p
b
p̪
b̪
t̼
d̼
t
d
ʈ
ɖ
c
ɟ
k
ɡ
q
ɢ
ʡ
ʔ
Sibilant affricate
ts
dz
t̠ʃ
d̠ʒ
tʂ
dʐ
tɕ
dʑ
Non-sibilant affricate
pɸ
bβ
p̪f
b̪v
t̪θ
d̪ð
tɹ̝̊
dɹ̝
t̠ɹ̠̊˔
d̠ɹ̠˔
cç
ɟʝ
kx
ɡɣ
qχ
ɢʁ
ʡʜ
ʡʢ
ʔh
Sibilant fricative
s
z
ʃ
ʒ
ʂ
ʐ
ɕ
ʑ
Non-sibilant fricative
ɸ
β
f
v
θ̼
ð̼
θ
ð
θ̠
ð̠
ɹ̠̊˔
ɹ̠˔
ɻ̊˔
ɻ˔
ç
ʝ
x
ɣ
χ
ʁ
ħ
ʕ
h
ɦ
Approximant
ʋ
ɹ
ɻ
j
ɰ
ʔ̞
Tap/flap
ⱱ̟
ⱱ
ɾ̼
ɾ̥
ɾ
ɽ̊
ɽ
ɢ̆
ʡ̆
Trill
ʙ̥
ʙ
r̥
r
ɽ̊r̥
ɽr
ʀ̥
ʀ
ʜ
ʢ
Lateral affricate
tɬ
dɮ
tꞎ
d𝼅
c𝼆
ɟʎ̝
k𝼄
ɡʟ̝
Lateral fricative
ɬ
ɮ
ꞎ
𝼅
𝼆
ʎ̝
𝼄
ʟ̝
Lateral approximant
l
ɭ
ʎ
ʟ
ʟ̠
Lateral tap/flap
ɺ̥
ɺ
𝼈̥
𝼈
ʎ̆
ʟ̆
IPA help
audio
full chart
template
Symbols to the right in a cell are voiced, to the left are voiceless. Shaded areas denote articulations judged impossible.
Non-pulmonic consonants
BL
LD
D
A
PA
RF
P
V
U
EG
Ejective
Stop
pʼ
tʼ
ʈʼ
cʼ
kʼ
qʼ
ʡʼ
Affricate
p̪fʼ
t̪θʼ
tsʼ
t̠ʃʼ
tʂʼ
tɕʼ
kxʼ
qχʼ
Fricative
ɸʼ
fʼ
θʼ
sʼ
ʃʼ
ʂʼ
ɕʼ
xʼ
χʼ
Lateral affricate
tɬʼ
c𝼆ʼ
k𝼄ʼ
q𝼄ʼ
Lateral fricative
ɬʼ
Click(top: velar;bottom: uvular)
Tenuis
kʘqʘ
kǀqǀ
kǃqǃ
k𝼊q𝼊
kǂqǂ
Voiced
ɡʘɢʘ
ɡǀɢǀ
ɡǃɢǃ
ɡ𝼊ɢ𝼊
ɡǂɢǂ
Nasal
ŋʘɴʘ
ŋǀɴǀ
ŋǃɴǃ
ŋ𝼊ɴ𝼊
ŋǂɴǂ
ʞ
Tenuis lateral
kǁqǁ
Voiced lateral
ɡǁɢǁ
Nasal lateral
ŋǁɴǁ
Implosive
Voiced
ɓ
ɗ
ᶑ
ʄ
ɠ
ʛ
Voiceless
ɓ̥
ɗ̥
ᶑ̊
ʄ̊
ɠ̊
ʛ̥
IPA help
audio
full chart
template
Co-articulated consonants
Nasal
n͡m
Labial–alveolar
ŋ͡m
Labial–velar
Plosive
t͡pd͡b
Labial–alveolar
k͡pɡ͡b
Labial–velar
q͡ʡ
Uvular–epiglottal
q͡p
Labial–uvular
Fricative/approximant
ɥ̊ɥ
Labial–palatal
ʍw
Labial–velar
ɧ
Sj-sound (variable)
Lateral approximant
ɫ
Velarized alveolar
Implosive
ɠ̊͜ɓ̥
ɠ͡ɓ
Labial–velar
Ejective
t͡pʼ
Labial–alveolar
IPA help
full chart
template
Other
Nasal labial–velar approximant
Nasal palatal approximant
Voiceless bidental fricative
Voiceless bilabially post-trilled dental stop
Voiceless nasal glottal approximant
Vowels
Front
Central
Back
Close
i
y
ɨ
ʉ
ɯ
u
Near-close
ɪ
ʏ
ʊ
Close-mid
e
ø
ɘ
ɵ
ɤ
o
Mid
e̞
ø̞
ə
ɤ̞
o̞
Open-mid
ɛ
œ
ɜ
ɞ
ʌ
ɔ
Near-open
æ
ɐ
Open
a
ɶ
ä
ɑ
ɒ
IPA help
audio
full chart
template
Legend: unrounded • rounded | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"consonantal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consonant"},{"link_name":"spoken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speech_communication"},{"link_name":"languages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language"},{"link_name":"Dahalo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dahalo_language"},{"link_name":"affricate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affricate_consonant"},{"link_name":"Hadza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadza_language"},{"link_name":"Bura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bura_language"},{"link_name":"extensions to the IPA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extensions_to_the_International_Phonetic_Alphabet"},{"link_name":"voiceless alveolar lateral fricative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_dental_and_alveolar_lateral_fricatives"},{"link_name":"retracted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relative_articulation#Advanced_and_retracted"},{"link_name":"palatalized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)"},{"link_name":"ɕ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_alveolo-palatal_fricative"},{"link_name":"ʑ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_alveolo-palatal_fricative"}],"text":"The voiceless palatal lateral fricative is a type of consonantal sound, used in a few spoken languages.This sound is somewhat rare; Dahalo has both a palatal lateral fricative and an affricate; Hadza has a series of palatal lateral affricates. In Bura, it is the realization of palatalized /ɬʲ/ and contrasts with [ʎ].The extensions to the IPA transcribes this sound with the letter ⟨𝼆⟩ (⟨ʎ⟩ with a belt, analogous to ⟨ɬ⟩ for the voiceless alveolar lateral fricative), which was added to Unicode in 2021.If distinction is necessary, the voiceless alveolo-palatal lateral fricative may be transcribed as ⟨ɬ̠ʲ⟩ (retracted and palatalized ⟨ɬ⟩) or as advanced ⟨𝼆̟⟩; these are essentially equivalent, since the contact includes both the blade and body (but not the tip) of the tongue. The equivalent X-SAMPA symbols are K_-_j or K_-' and L_0_+_r, respectively. A non-IPA letter ⟨ȴ̊˔⟩ (devoiced and raised ⟨ȴ⟩, which is an ordinary \"l\", plus the curl found in the symbols for alveolo-palatal sibilant fricatives ⟨ɕ, ʑ⟩) can be used.Some scholars also posit a voiceless palatal lateral approximant distinct from the fricative. 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rather than down the middle.\nThe airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles, as in most sounds.","title":"Features"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Occurrence"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE%C3%81rnason2011115_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE%C3%81rnason2011115_1-1"},{"link_name":"Árnason (2011)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREF%C3%81rnason2011"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacLean1980XX_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacLean1980XX_2-1"},{"link_name":"MacLean (1980)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMacLean1980"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaplan198129_3-0"},{"link_name":"Kaplan (1981)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFKaplan1981"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangdon196633_4-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangdon196633_4-1"},{"link_name":"Langdon (1966)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFLangdon1966"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVanvik197937_5-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVanvik197937_5-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVanvik197937_5-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVanvik197937_5-3"},{"link_name":"Vanvik (1979)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFVanvik1979"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"Vanvik (1979)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFVanvik1979"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"Scholtz (2009)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFScholtz2009"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZimmerOrgun1999154%E2%80%93155_8-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZimmerOrgun1999154%E2%80%93155_8-1"},{"link_name":"Zimmer & Orgun (1999)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFZimmerOrgun1999"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChirkovaChen2013365,_367%E2%80%93368_9-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChirkovaChen2013365,_367%E2%80%93368_9-1"},{"link_name":"Chirkova & Chen (2013)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFChirkovaChen2013"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChirkovaChenKocjan%C4%8Di%C4%8D_Antol%C3%ADk2013382%E2%80%93383_10-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChirkovaChenKocjan%C4%8Di%C4%8D_Antol%C3%ADk2013382%E2%80%93383_10-1"},{"link_name":"Chirkova, Chen & Kocjančič Antolík (2013)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFChirkovaChenKocjan%C4%8Di%C4%8D_Antol%C3%ADk2013"}],"text":"^ a b Árnason (2011), p. 115.\n\n^ a b MacLean (1980), p. XX.\n\n^ Kaplan (1981), p. 29.\n\n^ a b Langdon (1966), p. 33.\n\n^ a b c d Vanvik (1979), p. 37.\n\n^ Such as Vanvik (1979)\n\n^ An example of a scholar disagreeing with this position is Scholtz (2009). On page 15, she provides a phoneme chart for Trøndersk, in which /ʎ/ is included. Under the phoneme chart she writes \"Vanvik also lists /ʎ̥/ as an underlying phoneme, but that’s ridiculous.\" She provides no further explanation for that.\n\n^ a b Zimmer & Orgun (1999), pp. 154–155.\n\n^ a b Chirkova & Chen (2013), pp. 365, 367–368.\n\n^ a b Chirkova, Chen & Kocjančič Antolík (2013), pp. 382–383.","title":"Notes"}] | [{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/IPA_Unicode_0x1DF06.svg/150px-IPA_Unicode_0x1DF06.svg.png"}] | [{"title":"Index of phonetics articles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_phonetics_articles"}] | [{"reference":"Árnason, Kristján (2011), The Phonology of Icelandic and Faroese, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-922931-4","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-922931-4","url_text":"978-0-19-922931-4"}]},{"reference":"Chirkova, Katia; Chen, Yiya (2013), \"Xumi, Part 1: Lower Xumi, the Variety of the Lower and Middle Reaches of the Shuiluo River\", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 43 (3): 363–379, doi:10.1017/S0025100313000157","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100313000157","url_text":"10.1017/S0025100313000157"}]},{"reference":"Chirkova, Katia; Chen, Yiya; Kocjančič Antolík, Tanja (2013), \"Xumi, Part 2: Upper Xumi, the Variety of the Upper Reaches of the Shuiluo River\", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 43 (3): 381–396, doi:10.1017/S0025100313000169","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100313000169","url_text":"10.1017/S0025100313000169"}]},{"reference":"Grønnum, Nina (2005), Fonetik og fonologi, Almen og Dansk (3rd ed.), Copenhagen: Akademisk Forlag, ISBN 87-500-3865-6","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=9RtCAgAAQBAJ","url_text":"Fonetik og fonologi, Almen og Dansk"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/87-500-3865-6","url_text":"87-500-3865-6"}]},{"reference":"Langdon, Margaret (1966). A Grammar of Diegueño: The Mesa Grande Dialect (PhD thesis). Berkeley: University of California.","urls":[{"url":"http://escholarship.org/uc/item/08t8n3db#page-34","url_text":"A Grammar of Diegueño: The Mesa Grande Dialect"}]},{"reference":"MacLean, Edna Ahgeak (1980), Iñupiallu Tanņiḷḷu Uqaluņisa Iḷaņich = Abridged Iñupiaq and English Dictionary (PDF), Fairbanks, Alaska: Alaska Native Language Center, University of Alaska, p. xvii-xx, retrieved 20 December 2017","urls":[{"url":"http://www.uafanlc.arsc.edu/data/Online/IN(N)971M1981/maclean-1981-inupiaq_dictionary.pdf","url_text":"Iñupiallu Tanņiḷḷu Uqaluņisa Iḷaņich = Abridged Iñupiaq and English Dictionary"}]},{"reference":"Kaplan, Lawrence D. (1981), Phonological Issues in North Alaskan Inupiaq (PDF), Fairbanks, Alaska: Alaska Native Language Center, University of Alaska, pp. 21–29, retrieved 20 December 2017","urls":[{"url":"http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED398760.pdf","url_text":"Phonological Issues in North Alaskan Inupiaq"}]},{"reference":"Scholtz, Anna (2009), A phonetic study of the status of three mergers in the Trøndersk dialect of Norwegian (PDF), Williamstown, Massachusetts: Williams College","urls":[{"url":"http://sanders.phonologist.org/Papers/scholtz-thesis.pdf","url_text":"A phonetic study of the status of three mergers in the Trøndersk dialect of Norwegian"}]},{"reference":"Vanvik, Arne (1979), Norsk fonetikk, Oslo: Universitetet i Oslo, ISBN 82-990584-0-6","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/82-990584-0-6","url_text":"82-990584-0-6"}]},{"reference":"Zimmer, Karl; Orgun, Orhan (1999), \"Turkish\", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 154–158, ISBN 0-521-65236-7","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-65236-7","url_text":"0-521-65236-7"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100313000157","external_links_name":"10.1017/S0025100313000157"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100313000169","external_links_name":"10.1017/S0025100313000169"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=9RtCAgAAQBAJ","external_links_name":"Fonetik og fonologi, Almen og Dansk"},{"Link":"http://escholarship.org/uc/item/08t8n3db#page-34","external_links_name":"A Grammar of Diegueño: The Mesa Grande Dialect"},{"Link":"http://www.uafanlc.arsc.edu/data/Online/IN(N)971M1981/maclean-1981-inupiaq_dictionary.pdf","external_links_name":"Iñupiallu Tanņiḷḷu Uqaluņisa Iḷaņich = Abridged Iñupiaq and English Dictionary"},{"Link":"http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED398760.pdf","external_links_name":"Phonological Issues in North Alaskan Inupiaq"},{"Link":"http://sanders.phonologist.org/Papers/scholtz-thesis.pdf","external_links_name":"A phonetic study of the status of three mergers in the Trøndersk dialect of Norwegian"},{"Link":"https://phoible.org/parameters?sSearch_0=%CA%8E%CC%A5","external_links_name":"List of languages with [ʎ̥]"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wsdl | Web Services Description Language | ["1 Description","2 Example WSDL file","3 History","4 Subset WSDL","5 Security considerations","6 See also","7 References","8 External links"] | XML-based interface description language
Web Services Description LanguageFilename extension
.wsdlInternet media type
application/wsdl+xmlDeveloped byWorld Wide Web ConsortiumContained byXMLStandard2.0 Recommendation
The Web Services Description Language (WSDL /ˈwɪz dəl/) is an XML-based interface description language that is used for describing the functionality offered by a web service. The acronym is also used for any specific WSDL description of a web service (also referred to as a WSDL file), which provides a machine-readable description of how the service can be called, what parameters it expects, and what data structures it returns. Therefore, its purpose is roughly similar to that of a type signature in a programming language.
The latest version of WSDL, which became a W3C recommendation in 2007, is WSDL 2.0. The meaning of the acronym has changed from version 1.1 where the "D" stood for "Definition".
Description
Representation of concepts defined by WSDL 1.1 and WSDL 2.0 documents.
The WSDL describes services as collections of network endpoints, or ports. The WSDL specification provides an XML format for documents for this purpose.
The abstract definitions of ports and messages are separated from their concrete use or instance, allowing the reuse of these definitions. A port is defined by associating a network address with a reusable binding, and a collection of ports defines a service. Messages are abstract descriptions of the data being exchanged, and port types are abstract collections of supported operations. The concrete protocol and data format specifications for a particular port type constitutes a reusable binding, where the operations and messages are then bound to a concrete network protocol and message format. In this way, WSDL describes the public interface to the Web service.
WSDL is often used in combination with SOAP and an XML Schema to provide Web services over the Internet. A client program connecting to a Web service can read the WSDL file to determine what operations are available on the server. Any special datatypes used are embedded in the WSDL file in the form of XML Schema. The client can then use SOAP to actually call one of the operations listed in the WSDL file, using for example XML over HTTP.
The current version of the specification is 2.0; version 1.1 has not been endorsed by the W3C but version 2.0 is a W3C recommendation. WSDL 1.2 was renamed WSDL 2.0 because of its substantial differences from WSDL 1.1. By accepting binding to all the HTTP request methods (not only GET and POST as in version 1.1), the WSDL 2.0 specification offers better support for RESTful web services, and is much simpler to implement. However support for this specification is still poor in software development kits for Web Services which often offer tools only for WSDL 1.1. For example, the version 2.0 of the Business Process Execution Language (BPEL) only supports WSDL 1.1.
WSDL 1.1 Term
WSDL 2.0 Term
Description
Service
Service
Contains a set of system functions that have been exposed to the Web-based protocols.
Port
Endpoint
Defines the address or connection point to a Web service. It is typically represented by a simple HTTP URL string.
Binding
Binding
Specifies the interface and defines the SOAP binding style (RPC/Document) and transport (SOAP Protocol). The binding section also defines the operations.
PortType
Interface
Defines a Web service, the operations that can be performed, and the messages that are used to perform the operation.
Operation
Operation
Defines the SOAP actions and the way the message is encoded, for example, "literal." An operation is like a method or function call in a traditional programming language.
Message
—
Typically, a message corresponds to an operation. The message contains the information needed to perform the operation. Each message is made up of one or more logical parts. Each part is associated with a message-typing attribute. The message name attribute provides a unique name among all messages. The part name attribute provides a unique name among all the parts of the enclosing message. Parts are a description of the logical content of a message. In RPC binding, a binding may reference the name of a part in order to specify binding-specific information about the part. A part may represent a parameter in the message; the bindings define the actual meaning of the part. Messages were removed in WSDL 2.0, in which XML schema types for defining bodies of inputs, outputs and faults are referred to simply and directly.
Types
Types
Describes the data. The XML Schema language (also known as XSD) is used (inline or referenced) for this purpose.
Example WSDL file
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<description xmlns="http://www.w3.org/ns/wsdl"
xmlns:tns="http://www.tmsws.com/wsdl20sample"
xmlns:whttp="http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/wsdl/http/"
xmlns:wsoap="http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/wsdl/soap/"
targetNamespace="http://www.tmsws.com/wsdl20sample">
<documentation>
This is a sample WSDL 2.0 document.
</documentation>
<!-- Abstract type -->
<types>
<xs:schema xmlns:xs="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema"
xmlns="http://www.tmsws.com/wsdl20sample"
targetNamespace="http://www.example.com/wsdl20sample">
<xs:element name="request"> ... </xs:element>
<xs:element name="response"> ... </xs:element>
</xs:schema>
</types>
<!-- Abstract interfaces -->
<interface name="Interface1">
<fault name="Error1" element="tns:response"/>
<operation name="Get" pattern="http://www.w3.org/ns/wsdl/in-out">
<input messageLabel="In" element="tns:request"/>
<output messageLabel="Out" element="tns:response"/>
</operation>
</interface>
<!-- Concrete Binding Over HTTP -->
<binding name="HttpBinding" interface="tns:Interface1"
type="http://www.w3.org/ns/wsdl/http">
<operation ref="tns:Get" whttp:method="GET"/>
</binding>
<!-- Concrete Binding with SOAP-->
<binding name="SoapBinding" interface="tns:Interface1"
type="http://www.w3.org/ns/wsdl/soap"
wsoap:protocol="http://www.w3.org/2003/05/soap/bindings/HTTP/"
wsoap:mepDefault="http://www.w3.org/2003/05/soap/mep/request-response">
<operation ref="tns:Get" />
</binding>
<!-- Web Service offering endpoints for both bindings-->
<service name="Service1" interface="tns:Interface1">
<endpoint name="HttpEndpoint"
binding="tns:HttpBinding"
address="http://www.example.com/rest/"/>
<endpoint name="SoapEndpoint"
binding="tns:SoapBinding"
address="http://www.example.com/soap/"/>
</service>
</description>
History
WSDL 1.0 (Sept. 2000) was developed by IBM, Microsoft, and Ariba to describe Web Services for their SOAP toolkit. It was built by combining two service description languages: NASSL (Network Application Service Specification Language) from IBM and SDL (Service Description Language) from Microsoft.
WSDL 1.1, published in March 2001, is the formalization of WSDL 1.0. No major changes were introduced between 1.0 and 1.1.
WSDL 1.2 (June 2003) was a working draft at W3C, but has become WSDL 2.0. According to W3C: WSDL 1.2 is easier and more flexible for developers than the previous version. WSDL 1.2 attempts to remove non-interoperable features and also defines the HTTP 1.1 binding better. WSDL 1.2 was not supported by most SOAP servers/vendors.
WSDL 2.0 became a W3C recommendation in June 2007. WSDL 1.2 was renamed to WSDL 2.0 because it has substantial differences from WSDL 1.1. The changes are the following:
Added further semantics to the description language
Removed message constructs
Operator overloading not supported
PortTypes renamed to interfaces
Ports renamed to endpoints
Subset WSDL
Subset WSDL (SWSDL) is a WSDL with the subset operations of an original WSDL. A developer can use SWSDL to access Subset Service, thus handle subset of web service code. A Subset WSDL can be used to perform web service testing and top down development. Slicing of a web service can be done using a Subset WSDL to access Subset Service. Subset Service can be categorized into layers using SWSDL. SWSDLs are used for Web service analysis, testing and top down development. AWSCM is a tool that can identify subset operations in a WSDL file to construct a subset WSDL.
Security considerations
Since WSDL files are an XML-based specification for describing a web service, WSDL files are susceptible to attack. To mitigate vulnerability of these files, limiting access to generated WSDL files, setting proper access restrictions on WSDL definitions, and avoiding unnecessary definitions in web services is encouraged.
See also
SDEP
SOAP
Web Application Description Language
References
^ "Web Services Definition Language (WSDL) Version 2.0 Part 1: Core Language". Retrieved 2007-06-27.
^ "Web Services Definition Language (WSDL) Version 2.0 Part 2: Adjuncts".
^ "WITW WSDL 2.0 HTTP Binding". Archived from the original on 2012-06-20. Retrieved 2007-09-20.
^ Chaturvedi, Animesh (2014). Subset WSDL to Access Subset Service for Analysis. 2014 IEEE 6th International Conference on Cloud Computing Technology and Science. p. 688. doi:10.1109/CloudCom.2014.149. ISBN 978-1-4799-4093-6.
^ Chaturvedi, Animesh (2014). Automated Web Service Change Management AWSCM - A Tool. 2014 IEEE 6th International Conference on Cloud Computing Technology and Science. p. 715. doi:10.1109/CloudCom.2014.144. ISBN 978-1-4799-4093-6.
^ "WSDL Disclosure". Retrieved 2017-05-31.
External links
WSDL 1.0 Specification
WSDL 1.1 Specification
WSDL 2.0 Specification
Part 0: Primer (Latest Version)
Part 1: Core (Latest Version)
Part 2: Adjuncts (Latest Version)
Web Services Description Working Group
XML protocol activity
JSR-110: Java APIs for WSDL
JSR 172: Java ME Web Services Specification
Online WSDL Validator
WSDL Java Bindings Archived 2009-04-11 at the Wayback Machine for XMLBeans and JAXB.
RELAX-WS: Simple web service definition language based on RELAX NG Compact Syntax
Kevin Liu. A Look at WSDL 2.0. Date accessed: 20 April 2010.
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First conference ("WWW1", 1994) | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"/ˈwɪz dəl/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"XML","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XML"},{"link_name":"interface description language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interface_description_language"},{"link_name":"web service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_service"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"type signature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_signature"}],"text":"The Web Services Description Language (WSDL /ˈwɪz dəl/) is an XML-based interface description language that is used for describing the functionality offered by a web service.[citation needed] The acronym is also used for any specific WSDL description of a web service (also referred to as a WSDL file), which provides a machine-readable description of how the service can be called, what parameters it expects, and what data structures it returns. Therefore, its purpose is roughly similar to that of a type signature in a programming language.The latest version of WSDL, which became a W3C recommendation in 2007, is WSDL 2.0. 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The WSDL specification provides an XML format for documents for this purpose.\nThe abstract definitions of ports and messages are separated from their concrete use or instance, allowing the reuse of these definitions. A port is defined by associating a network address with a reusable binding, and a collection of ports defines a service. Messages are abstract descriptions of the data being exchanged, and port types are abstract collections of supported operations. The concrete protocol and data format specifications for a particular port type constitutes a reusable binding, where the operations and messages are then bound to a concrete network protocol and message format. In this way, WSDL describes the public interface to the Web service.WSDL is often used in combination with SOAP and an XML Schema to provide Web services over the Internet. A client program connecting to a Web service can read the WSDL file to determine what operations are available on the server. Any special datatypes used are embedded in the WSDL file in the form of XML Schema. The client can then use SOAP to actually call one of the operations listed in the WSDL file, using for example XML over HTTP.The current version of the specification is 2.0; version 1.1 has not been endorsed by the W3C but version 2.0 is a W3C recommendation.[1] WSDL 1.2 was renamed WSDL 2.0 because of its substantial differences from WSDL 1.1. By accepting binding to all the HTTP request methods (not only GET and POST as in version 1.1), the WSDL 2.0 specification offers better support for RESTful web services, and is much simpler to implement.[2][3] However support for this specification is still poor in software development kits for Web Services which often offer tools only for WSDL 1.1.[needs update][citation needed] For example, the version 2.0 of the Business Process Execution Language (BPEL) only supports WSDL 1.1.","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"<?xml version=\"1.0\" encoding=\"UTF-8\"?>\n<description xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/ns/wsdl\" \n xmlns:tns=\"http://www.tmsws.com/wsdl20sample\" \n xmlns:whttp=\"http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/wsdl/http/\"\n xmlns:wsoap=\"http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/wsdl/soap/\"\n targetNamespace=\"http://www.tmsws.com/wsdl20sample\">\n\n<documentation>\n This is a sample WSDL 2.0 document. \n</documentation>\n\n<!-- Abstract type -->\n <types>\n <xs:schema xmlns:xs=\"http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema\"\n xmlns=\"http://www.tmsws.com/wsdl20sample\"\n targetNamespace=\"http://www.example.com/wsdl20sample\">\n \n <xs:element name=\"request\"> ... </xs:element>\n <xs:element name=\"response\"> ... </xs:element>\n </xs:schema>\n </types>\n\n<!-- Abstract interfaces -->\n <interface name=\"Interface1\">\n <fault name=\"Error1\" element=\"tns:response\"/>\n <operation name=\"Get\" pattern=\"http://www.w3.org/ns/wsdl/in-out\">\n <input messageLabel=\"In\" element=\"tns:request\"/>\n <output messageLabel=\"Out\" element=\"tns:response\"/>\n </operation>\n </interface>\n\n<!-- Concrete Binding Over HTTP -->\n <binding name=\"HttpBinding\" interface=\"tns:Interface1\" \n type=\"http://www.w3.org/ns/wsdl/http\">\n <operation ref=\"tns:Get\" whttp:method=\"GET\"/>\n </binding>\n \n<!-- Concrete Binding with SOAP-->\n <binding name=\"SoapBinding\" interface=\"tns:Interface1\" \n type=\"http://www.w3.org/ns/wsdl/soap\" \n wsoap:protocol=\"http://www.w3.org/2003/05/soap/bindings/HTTP/\"\n wsoap:mepDefault=\"http://www.w3.org/2003/05/soap/mep/request-response\">\n <operation ref=\"tns:Get\" />\n </binding>\n\n<!-- Web Service offering endpoints for both bindings-->\n <service name=\"Service1\" interface=\"tns:Interface1\">\n <endpoint name=\"HttpEndpoint\" \n binding=\"tns:HttpBinding\" \n address=\"http://www.example.com/rest/\"/>\n <endpoint name=\"SoapEndpoint\" \n binding=\"tns:SoapBinding\" \n address=\"http://www.example.com/soap/\"/>\n </service>\n</description>","title":"Example WSDL file"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"IBM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM"},{"link_name":"Microsoft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft"},{"link_name":"Ariba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ariba"},{"link_name":"NASSL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=NASSL&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"SDL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Service_Description_Language&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"WSDL 1.0 (Sept. 2000) was developed by IBM, Microsoft, and Ariba to describe Web Services for their SOAP toolkit. It was built by combining two service description languages: NASSL (Network Application Service Specification Language) from IBM and SDL (Service Description Language) from Microsoft.WSDL 1.1, published in March 2001, is the formalization of WSDL 1.0. No major changes were introduced between 1.0 and 1.1.WSDL 1.2 (June 2003) was a working draft at W3C, but has become WSDL 2.0. According to W3C: WSDL 1.2 is easier and more flexible for developers than the previous version. WSDL 1.2 attempts to remove non-interoperable features and also defines the HTTP 1.1 binding better. WSDL 1.2 was not supported by most SOAP servers/vendors.WSDL 2.0 became a W3C recommendation in June 2007. WSDL 1.2 was renamed to WSDL 2.0 because it has substantial differences from WSDL 1.1. The changes are the following:Added further semantics to the description language\nRemoved message constructs\nOperator overloading not supported\nPortTypes renamed to interfaces\nPorts renamed to endpoints","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SWSDL-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AWSCM-5"}],"text":"Subset WSDL (SWSDL)[4] is a WSDL with the subset operations of an original WSDL. A developer can use SWSDL to access Subset Service, thus handle subset of web service code. A Subset WSDL can be used to perform web service testing and top down development. Slicing of a web service can be done using a Subset WSDL to access Subset Service. Subset Service can be categorized into layers using SWSDL. SWSDLs are used for Web service analysis, testing and top down development. AWSCM[5] is a tool that can identify subset operations in a WSDL file to construct a subset WSDL.","title":"Subset WSDL"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Since WSDL files are an XML-based specification for describing a web service, WSDL files are susceptible to attack.[6] To mitigate vulnerability of these files, limiting access to generated WSDL files, setting proper access restrictions on WSDL definitions, and avoiding unnecessary definitions in web services is encouraged.","title":"Security considerations"}] | [{"image_text":"Representation of concepts defined by WSDL 1.1 and WSDL 2.0 documents.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/WSDL_11vs20.png/280px-WSDL_11vs20.png"}] | [{"title":"SDEP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SDEP"},{"title":"SOAP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SOAP"},{"title":"Web Application Description Language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_Application_Description_Language"}] | [{"reference":"\"Web Services Definition Language (WSDL) Version 2.0 Part 1: Core Language\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers_in_Iran | List of newspapers in Iran | ["1 Iranian newspapers","2 See also","3 References","4 Bibliography","5 External links"] | Newspapers, Tehran, 2011
The first Iranian newspapers appeared in the mid-19th century during the reign of Naser al-Din Shah. More specifically, the first newspaper in Iran, Kaghaz-e Akhbar (The Newspaper), was launched for the government by Mirza Saleh Shirazi in 1837. By 1907 (the era of the Persian Constitutional Revolution), there were 90 newspapers circulating in Iran.
In 1952 under Mohammad Musaddiq's government there were 300 newspapers, including twenty-five dailies. During the 1979 revolution the number of newspapers was 100, of which twenty-three were dailies.
As of 2000 there were 23 Persian dailies, three English dailies and one Arabic daily in the country. In the period between 2000 and 2004 a total of 85 newspapers were closed down in Iran.
Iranian newspapers
This list is incomplete; you can help by adding missing items. (August 2008)
Below is a list of newspapers published in Iran.
Title
Year est.
Language
Notes
Abrar
Persian
Economic, political, artistic, social and cultural newspapers
Alik (daily)
1931
Armenian
Economic, political, artistic, social and cultural newspapers
Abrar-e Varzeshi
Persian
Sports newspaper
Afarinesh
Persian
Aftab Yazd
2000
Persian
Political, social, economic, events.
Aftab-e Emruz
persian
political
Aftab-e Shargh
Persian
Andisheh-ye-No
Persian
currently banned
Asia News
2001
Persian
Economic Newspaper
Asr-e Azadegan
1999
Persian
Asr-e Maa
1991
Persian
political
Asrar
Persian
Azad
Persian
Atash
1946–1947
Persian
Bahar
2000
Donyaye eqtesad
2002
Persian
Ebtekar
Persian
Eftekhar
Persian
Entekhab
1991
Persian
Eqbal
persian
Esfahan-e Emrooz
Persian
Etemad
2002
Persian
Etemaad-e Melli
Persian
"Official newspaper of the National Trust Party"
Ettelaat
1926
English, Persian
"Centrist...Iran's oldest daily, moderate, a newspaper of record"
Fath
Persian
Financial Tribune
2014
English
The only private newspaper in English and also the only non-Persian economic daily in Iran
Ghanoon
2012
Persian
Gilan Emrouz
Persian
Goalnewspaper
2005
Persian
Sport newspaper
Ham-Mihan
2000
Hambastegi
2000
Persian
Hamshahri
1992
Persian
"Centrist press...Owned by Tehran Municipality, it is one of the best-selling dailies with a circulation of about 350,000"
Hamvatan Salam
Persian
Meaning "Hello Compatriot"; since before 1995, still published as of August 2023
Hayat-e-No
Persian
currently banned
Hemmat
1981
Persian
Iran
1995
Persian
"Government newspaper published by the Islamic Republic News Agency. The daily has a circulation of 100,000 and is popular among state officials"
Iran Daily
English
"Hardliner press...Pro-government"
Iran Weekly Press Digest
Iran-e Javan
Persian
Cultural, artistic, sports, social
Iran Front Page
2014
English
Translation of selected items and front pages of Iranian newspapers to English: politics, society, culture, science, business, art, sports
Iran-e Varzeshi
Persian
Sport newspaper
Jame-Jam
2002
Persian
"Owned by the Islamic Republic of Iran Broadcasting...hardliner"
Jamee-e Madani
Persian
Jameah
Persian
currently banned
Javan
Persian
"Hardliner...Right-wing daily affiliated with the Revolutionary Guards"
Jomhouri Eslami
1979
Persian
"Hardliner...Closely linked to the Supreme Leader. The paper takes the line of adherence to Khomeini's ideals and has consistently taken a radical position on foreign policy issues and a conservative position on domestic and religious issues."
Jomhuriat
Persian
Kalemeh Sabz
Associated with "Green Movement leader, Mir-Hossein Mousavi"
Kayhan
1943
English, Persian
"Hardliner...One of the country's oldest daily papers, run after the revolution by the office of the Supreme Leader, who appoints the editor-in-chief, currently Hossein Shariatmadari. Kayhan is state-funded and has a role comparable to "Pravda" under Stalin."
Kayhan Al Arabi
1943
Arabic
"Hardliner...One of the country's oldest daily papers, run after the revolution by the office of the Supreme Leader, who appoints the editor-in-chief, currently Hossein Shariatmadari. Kayhan is state-funded and has a role comparable to "Pravda" under Stalin."
Kelid
2013
Khabar
Persian
Khabar-e Jonub
Persian
Khane Mellat
Persian
Khorasan
1949
persian
Political, social.
Khordad
Persian
Khorshid
2008
Persian
Kian
Persian
navad 90 (varzeshi)
Persian
Sport
Neshat
1998
Persian
"Aligned with Iran’s reform movement...Neshat’s director and editor in chief were Latif Safari and Mashallah Shamsolvaezi"
Payam Ashna
Persian
the first newspaper of Alborz province
Payam Zaman
Persian
Quds
Persian
Resalat
1985
Persian
"Hardliner...Owned by the Resalat Foundation, which has strong links to the traditional bazaar merchants-conservative but in favor of a market economy. It reflects the views of the conservative Islamic Coalition Party and the Islamic Association of Engineers"
Ruydadiran (Ruydademrooz)
Persian
"Social and Economic newspapers. It is a popular daily and nationwide newspaper that is distributed in all provinces of Iran."
Salam
1991
Sarmayeh
Persian
"Centrist...Economic paper run by a former head of the Tehran Stock Exchange, and shut down in October 2009"
Shargh
2003
Persian
"Pro-reform"
Sobh-eqtesad
Persian
Taban
Persian
Tehran Emrooz
"Centrist...Daily set up by a member of the Guardian Council, and close to Tehran Mayor Mohammad-Bager Ghalibaf"
Tehran Times
1954
English
"Hardliner...Pro-government"
Tous
1998
Persian
"Reformist daily...Published through the Jamee-Rooz publishing company...directed by Mohammad Sadeq Javadi-Hessar with Mashallah Shamsolvaezin as editor in chief." Currently banned
Vaghaye Etefaghyeh
Persian
Al Vefagh
1997
Arabic
Yas-e-no
Persian
Zan
1998
See also
International Rankings of Iran in Communication
List of Iranian magazines
Media of Iran
References
^ Abbas Milani (2008). Eminent Persians. Syracuse University Press. p. 395. ISBN 978-0-8156-0907-0.
^ Amin 2014.
^ Browne, Edward G. The Persian Revolution. reprint. Mage Publishers. 1995. p. 127
^ a b Shahidi 2006.
^ Joel Thierstein; Yahya R. Kamalipour (2000). Religion, Law, and Freedom: A Global Perspective. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 60. ISBN 978-0-275-96452-8.
^ "Forbidden Iran". Frontline. January 2004. Retrieved 12 October 2013.
^ Abrar Newspaper pishkhaan.net
^ Alik official website
^ Abrar varzeshi sport news abrarnews.com
^ aftabeyazd aftabeyazd.ir
^ David Menashri (2001). Post-revolutionary Politics in Iran: Religion, Society, and Power. Psychology Press. p. 326. ISBN 978-0-7146-5074-6.
^ "عصرما". Archived from the original on 13 April 2018. Retrieved 13 April 2018.
^ "روزنامه دنيای اقتصاد ، روزنامه صبح ايران". Donya-e-eqtesad (in Persian). Retrieved 20 May 2013.
^ Ebtekar Newspaper ebtekarnews.com
^ "de beste bron van informatie over eftekharnews". Eftekhar News. Archived from the original on 21 June 2013. Retrieved 20 May 2013.
^ kiuskportal.com (4 May 2013). "اؾů هان امعůˆŘ˛". Esfahan Emrooz. Retrieved 20 May 2013.
^ Etemad etemaad.com
^ a b c d e f g Monroe Price (ed.). "Wiki". Iran Media Program (in English and Persian). University of Pennsylvania, Annenberg School for Communication, Center for Global Communication Studies. Archived from the original on 16 February 2017. Retrieved 11 February 2017. Collaborative network designed to enhance the understanding of Iran's media ecology
^ a b c d e f g h i j k Tehran Bureau 2009.
^ "gilantoday.com". Gilan Today. Archived from the original on 5 April 2014. Retrieved 20 May 2013.
^ "روزنامه ورزشی گل | روزنامه ورزشی گل". Retrieved 5 February 2023.
^ "hambastegidaily.com - hambastegidaily Resources and Information". ww3.hambastegidaily.com. Retrieved 5 February 2023.
^ Majid Salimi. "روزنامهء هموطن سلام". Hamvatan salam (in Persian). Retrieved 20 May 2013.
^ a b "Iran Media Directory". EIN Presswire. 27 August 2023. Retrieved 8 September 2023.
^ Shahidi, H. (2007). Journalism in Iran: From Mission to Profession. Iranian Studies. Taylor & Francis. p. 146. ISBN 978-1-134-09391-5. Retrieved 8 September 2023.
^ "ایران". Iran. Retrieved 20 May 2013.
^ "News". Iran Daily. 20 March 2013. Retrieved 20 May 2013.
^ "روزنامه مجله ایرانی کانادا - اخبار کانادا - اخبار تورونتو - ونکوور - مونترال - کرونا - کار - خرید". Iran Javan News. Retrieved 5 February 2023.
^ Iran newspapers headlines ifpnews.com
^ iran sport daily روزنامه ابران ورزشى
^ Behnegarsoft.com. "جوان آنلاين". Javan. Retrieved 20 May 2013.
^ "باسمه تعالي". Jomhourieslami. Archived from the original on 8 August 2001. Retrieved 20 May 2013.
^ "de beste bron van informatie over creadit card". jomhouriyat. Archived from the original on 12 October 2013. Retrieved 20 May 2013.
^ "روزنامه کیهان". Kayhan News. Retrieved 20 May 2013.
^ Joel Thierstein; Yahya R. Kamalipour (1 January 2000). Religion, Law, and Freedom: A Global Perspective. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 60. ISBN 978-0-275-96452-8. Retrieved 29 December 2017.
^ Khorasan Newspaper khorasannews.com
^ jaaar jaaar.com
^ 90 varzeshi روزنامه ورزشى ٩٠
^ "SmarterMail Login - SmarterMail". Quds daily. Archived from the original on 12 October 2013. Retrieved 20 May 2013.
^ "روزنامه رسالت". Resalat. Retrieved 20 May 2013.
^ "Ruydadiran". Retrieved 20 June 2015.
^ "sarmayeh". Retrieved 20 May 2013.
^ Sobh-eqtesad
Bibliography
Peter Avery; Gavin Hambly; Charles Melville, eds. (1991). "Printing, the Press and Literature in Modern Iran". From Nadir Shah to the Islamic Republic. Cambridge History of Iran. Vol. 7. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-20095-0.
"Iran: Directory: the Press". Europa World Year Book. Europa Publications. 2004. pp. 2175+. ISBN 978-1-85743-255-8.
Hossein Shahidi (March 2006). "From Mission to Profession: Journalism in Iran, 1979–2004". Iranian Studies. 39 (1): 1–28. doi:10.1080/00210860500470177. S2CID 143005329.
"Iran Media Guide". Tehran Bureau. 2009 – via Public Broadcasting Service, USA.
Camron Michael Amin (2014). "The Press and Public Diplomacy in Iran, 1820–1940". Iranian Studies. 48 (2): 269–287. doi:10.1080/00210862.2013.871145. S2CID 144328080.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Newspapers of Iran.
Largest online newspapers of Iran
List of Iranian media on the Internet via Gooya
List of Iranian Newspapers
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Asia portal | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2011_newspapers_Tehran_6030393078.jpg"},{"link_name":"Iranian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran"},{"link_name":"newspapers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers"},{"link_name":"Naser al-Din Shah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasir_al-Din_Shah"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Milani2008-1"},{"link_name":"Kaghaz-e Akhbar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaghaz-e_Akhbar"},{"link_name":"Mirza Saleh Shirazi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirza_Saleh_Shirazi"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmin2014-2"},{"link_name":"Persian Constitutional Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_Constitutional_Revolution"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Mohammad Musaddiq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammad_Musaddiq"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShahidi2006-4"},{"link_name":"1979 revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1979_revolution"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShahidi2006-4"},{"link_name":"Persian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_language"},{"link_name":"English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language"},{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Newspapers, Tehran, 2011The first Iranian newspapers appeared in the mid-19th century during the reign of Naser al-Din Shah.[1] More specifically, the first newspaper in Iran, Kaghaz-e Akhbar (The Newspaper), was launched for the government by Mirza Saleh Shirazi in 1837.[2] By 1907 (the era of the Persian Constitutional Revolution), there were 90 newspapers circulating in Iran.[3]In 1952 under Mohammad Musaddiq's government there were 300 newspapers, including twenty-five dailies.[4] During the 1979 revolution the number of newspapers was 100, of which twenty-three were dailies.[4]As of 2000 there were 23 Persian dailies, three English dailies and one Arabic daily in the country.[5] In the period between 2000 and 2004 a total of 85 newspapers were closed down in Iran.[6]","title":"List of newspapers in Iran"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"newspapers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers"},{"link_name":"Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran"}],"text":"Below is a list of newspapers published in Iran.","title":"Iranian newspapers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Peter Avery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Avery"},{"link_name":"From Nadir Shah to the Islamic Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=H20Xt157iYUC"},{"link_name":"Cambridge History of Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_History_of_Iran"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-521-20095-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-20095-0"},{"link_name":"Europa World Year Book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=wGA4o-UhAfgC"},{"link_name":"Europa Publications","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europa_Publications"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-85743-255-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85743-255-8"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1080/00210860500470177","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1080%2F00210860500470177"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"143005329","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143005329"},{"link_name":"\"Iran Media Guide\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/tehranbureau/2009/12/media-guide.html"},{"link_name":"Tehran Bureau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tehran_Bureau"},{"link_name":"Public Broadcasting Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_Broadcasting_Service"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1080/00210862.2013.871145","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1080%2F00210862.2013.871145"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"144328080","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144328080"}],"text":"Peter Avery; Gavin Hambly; Charles Melville, eds. (1991). \"Printing, the Press and Literature in Modern Iran\". From Nadir Shah to the Islamic Republic. Cambridge History of Iran. Vol. 7. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-20095-0.\n\"Iran: Directory: the Press\". Europa World Year Book. Europa Publications. 2004. pp. 2175+. ISBN 978-1-85743-255-8.\nHossein Shahidi (March 2006). \"From Mission to Profession: Journalism in Iran, 1979–2004\". Iranian Studies. 39 (1): 1–28. doi:10.1080/00210860500470177. S2CID 143005329.\n\"Iran Media Guide\". Tehran Bureau. 2009 – via Public Broadcasting Service, USA.\nCamron Michael Amin (2014). \"The Press and Public Diplomacy in Iran, 1820–1940\". Iranian Studies. 48 (2): 269–287. doi:10.1080/00210862.2013.871145. S2CID 144328080.","title":"Bibliography"}] | [{"image_text":"Newspapers, Tehran, 2011","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/2011_newspapers_Tehran_6030393078.jpg/220px-2011_newspapers_Tehran_6030393078.jpg"}] | [{"title":"International Rankings of Iran in Communication","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_rankings_of_Iran#Communication_and_Information_Technology"},{"title":"List of Iranian magazines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Iranian_magazines"},{"title":"Media of Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_of_Iran"}] | [{"reference":"Abbas Milani (2008). Eminent Persians. Syracuse University Press. p. 395. ISBN 978-0-8156-0907-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ixU33FaG_dgC&pg=PA395","url_text":"Eminent Persians"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syracuse_University_Press","url_text":"Syracuse University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8156-0907-0","url_text":"978-0-8156-0907-0"}]},{"reference":"Joel Thierstein; Yahya R. Kamalipour (2000). Religion, Law, and Freedom: A Global Perspective. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 60. ISBN 978-0-275-96452-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=rnY06M3QHuwC&pg=PA60","url_text":"Religion, Law, and Freedom: A Global Perspective"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-275-96452-8","url_text":"978-0-275-96452-8"}]},{"reference":"\"Forbidden Iran\". Frontline. January 2004. Retrieved 12 October 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pbs.org/frontlineworld/stories/iran/facts.html#05","url_text":"\"Forbidden Iran\""}]},{"reference":"David Menashri (2001). Post-revolutionary Politics in Iran: Religion, Society, and Power. Psychology Press. p. 326. ISBN 978-0-7146-5074-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=s5ys1_DjhtYC&pg=PA326","url_text":"Post-revolutionary Politics in Iran: Religion, Society, and Power"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-5074-6","url_text":"978-0-7146-5074-6"}]},{"reference":"\"عصرما\". Archived from the original on 13 April 2018. Retrieved 13 April 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180413124902/http://asre-ma.ir/","url_text":"\"عصرما\""},{"url":"http://asre-ma.ir/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"روزنامه دنيای اقتصاد ، روزنامه صبح ايران\". Donya-e-eqtesad (in Persian). Retrieved 20 May 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.donya-e-eqtesad.com/","url_text":"\"روزنامه دنيای اقتصاد ، روزنامه صبح ايران\""}]},{"reference":"\"de beste bron van informatie over eftekharnews\". Eftekhar News. Archived from the original on 21 June 2013. Retrieved 20 May 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130621190434/http://www.eftekharnews.com/","url_text":"\"de beste bron van informatie over eftekharnews\""},{"url":"http://www.eftekharnews.com/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"kiuskportal.com (4 May 2013). \"اؾů هان امعůˆŘ˛\". Esfahan Emrooz. Retrieved 20 May 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.esfahanemrooz.ir/","url_text":"\"اؾů هان امعůˆŘ˛\""}]},{"reference":"Monroe Price (ed.). \"Wiki\". Iran Media Program (in English and Persian). University of Pennsylvania, Annenberg School for Communication, Center for Global Communication Studies. Archived from the original on 16 February 2017. Retrieved 11 February 2017. Collaborative network designed to enhance the understanding of Iran's media ecology","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monroe_Price","url_text":"Monroe Price"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170216011557/http://iranmediaresearch.org/en/wiki","url_text":"\"Wiki\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania","url_text":"University of Pennsylvania"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_for_Global_Communication_Studies","url_text":"Center for Global Communication Studies"},{"url":"http://iranmediaresearch.org/en/wiki","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"gilantoday.com\". Gilan Today. Archived from the original on 5 April 2014. Retrieved 20 May 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140405011351/http://www.gilantoday.com/","url_text":"\"gilantoday.com\""},{"url":"http://www.gilantoday.com/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"روزنامه ورزشی گل | روزنامه ورزشی گل\". Retrieved 5 February 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://goaldaily.ir/","url_text":"\"روزنامه ورزشی گل | روزنامه ورزشی گل\""}]},{"reference":"\"hambastegidaily.com - hambastegidaily Resources and Information\". ww3.hambastegidaily.com. Retrieved 5 February 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://ww3.hambastegidaily.com/&meta=1","url_text":"\"hambastegidaily.com - hambastegidaily Resources and Information\""}]},{"reference":"Majid Salimi. \"روزنامهء هموطن سلام\". Hamvatan salam (in Persian). Retrieved 20 May 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hamvatansalam.com/","url_text":"\"روزنامهء هموطن سلام\""}]},{"reference":"\"Iran Media Directory\". EIN Presswire. 27 August 2023. Retrieved 8 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.einpresswire.com/world-media-directory/3/iran","url_text":"\"Iran Media Directory\""}]},{"reference":"Shahidi, H. (2007). Journalism in Iran: From Mission to Profession. Iranian Studies. Taylor & Francis. p. 146. ISBN 978-1-134-09391-5. Retrieved 8 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=MLLywtI-_n0C&pg=PA146","url_text":"Journalism in Iran: From Mission to Profession"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-09391-5","url_text":"978-1-134-09391-5"}]},{"reference":"\"ایران\". Iran. Retrieved 20 May 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.iran-newspaper.com/","url_text":"\"ایران\""}]},{"reference":"\"News\". Iran Daily. 20 March 2013. Retrieved 20 May 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.iran-daily.com/","url_text":"\"News\""}]},{"reference":"\"روزنامه مجله ایرانی کانادا - اخبار کانادا - اخبار تورونتو - ونکوور - مونترال - کرونا - کار - خرید\". Iran Javan News. Retrieved 5 February 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://iranjavan.com/","url_text":"\"روزنامه مجله ایرانی کانادا - اخبار کانادا - اخبار تورونتو - ونکوور - مونترال - کرونا - کار - خرید\""}]},{"reference":"Behnegarsoft.com. \"جوان آنلاين\". Javan. Retrieved 20 May 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.javannewspaper.com/","url_text":"\"جوان آنلاين\""}]},{"reference":"\"باسمه تعالي\". Jomhourieslami. Archived from the original on 8 August 2001. Retrieved 20 May 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20010808104540/http://www.jomhourieslami.com/","url_text":"\"باسمه تعالي\""},{"url":"http://www.jomhourieslami.com/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"de beste bron van informatie over creadit card\". jomhouriyat. Archived from the original on 12 October 2013. Retrieved 20 May 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131012051110/http://www.jomhouriyat.ir/","url_text":"\"de beste bron van informatie over creadit card\""},{"url":"http://www.jomhouriyat.ir/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"روزنامه کیهان\". Kayhan News. Retrieved 20 May 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.kayhannews.ir/","url_text":"\"روزنامه کیهان\""}]},{"reference":"Joel Thierstein; Yahya R. Kamalipour (1 January 2000). Religion, Law, and Freedom: A Global Perspective. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 60. ISBN 978-0-275-96452-8. Retrieved 29 December 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=rnY06M3QHuwC&pg=PA60","url_text":"Religion, Law, and Freedom: A Global Perspective"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-275-96452-8","url_text":"978-0-275-96452-8"}]},{"reference":"\"SmarterMail Login - SmarterMail\". Quds daily. Archived from the original on 12 October 2013. Retrieved 20 May 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131012010457/http://www.qudsdaily.net/","url_text":"\"SmarterMail Login - SmarterMail\""},{"url":"http://www.qudsdaily.net/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"روزنامه رسالت\". Resalat. Retrieved 20 May 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.resalat-news.com/","url_text":"\"روزنامه رسالت\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ruydadiran\". Retrieved 20 June 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://ruydadiran.com/","url_text":"\"Ruydadiran\""}]},{"reference":"\"sarmayeh\". Retrieved 20 May 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sarmayeh.net/","url_text":"\"sarmayeh\""}]},{"reference":"Peter Avery; Gavin Hambly; Charles Melville, eds. (1991). \"Printing, the Press and Literature in Modern Iran\". From Nadir Shah to the Islamic Republic. Cambridge History of Iran. Vol. 7. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-20095-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Avery","url_text":"Peter Avery"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=H20Xt157iYUC","url_text":"From Nadir Shah to the Islamic Republic"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_History_of_Iran","url_text":"Cambridge History of Iran"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-20095-0","url_text":"978-0-521-20095-0"}]},{"reference":"\"Iran: Directory: the Press\". Europa World Year Book. Europa Publications. 2004. pp. 2175+. ISBN 978-1-85743-255-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=wGA4o-UhAfgC","url_text":"Europa World Year Book"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europa_Publications","url_text":"Europa Publications"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85743-255-8","url_text":"978-1-85743-255-8"}]},{"reference":"Hossein Shahidi (March 2006). \"From Mission to Profession: Journalism in Iran, 1979–2004\". Iranian Studies. 39 (1): 1–28. doi:10.1080/00210860500470177. S2CID 143005329.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00210860500470177","url_text":"10.1080/00210860500470177"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143005329","url_text":"143005329"}]},{"reference":"\"Iran Media Guide\". Tehran Bureau. 2009 – via Public Broadcasting Service, USA.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/tehranbureau/2009/12/media-guide.html","url_text":"\"Iran Media Guide\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tehran_Bureau","url_text":"Tehran Bureau"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_Broadcasting_Service","url_text":"Public Broadcasting Service"}]},{"reference":"Camron Michael Amin (2014). \"The Press and Public Diplomacy in Iran, 1820–1940\". Iranian Studies. 48 (2): 269–287. doi:10.1080/00210862.2013.871145. S2CID 144328080.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00210862.2013.871145","url_text":"10.1080/00210862.2013.871145"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144328080","url_text":"144328080"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_newspapers_in_Iran&action=edit","external_links_name":"adding missing items"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_newspapers_in_Iran&action=edit","external_links_name":"[update]"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ixU33FaG_dgC&pg=PA395","external_links_name":"Eminent Persians"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=rnY06M3QHuwC&pg=PA60","external_links_name":"Religion, Law, and Freedom: A Global Perspective"},{"Link":"https://www.pbs.org/frontlineworld/stories/iran/facts.html#05","external_links_name":"\"Forbidden Iran\""},{"Link":"http://www.pishkhaan.net/rooznameh/AbrarNews","external_links_name":"Abrar Newspaper"},{"Link":"http://alikonline.ir/","external_links_name":"Alik official website"},{"Link":"http://homepage.abrarnews.com/portal/index.php?mah=12&d=28&s=96&m=12&ok.x=41&ok.y=11","external_links_name":"Abrar varzeshi sport news"},{"Link":"http://aftabeyazd.ir/","external_links_name":"aftabeyazd"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=s5ys1_DjhtYC&pg=PA326","external_links_name":"Post-revolutionary Politics in Iran: Religion, Society, and Power"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180413124902/http://asre-ma.ir/","external_links_name":"\"عصرما\""},{"Link":"http://asre-ma.ir/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.donya-e-eqtesad.com/","external_links_name":"\"روزنامه دنيای اقتصاد ، روزنامه صبح ايران\""},{"Link":"http://www.ebtekarnews.com/","external_links_name":"Ebtekar Newspaper"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130621190434/http://www.eftekharnews.com/","external_links_name":"\"de beste bron van informatie over eftekharnews\""},{"Link":"http://www.eftekharnews.com/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.esfahanemrooz.ir/","external_links_name":"\"اؾů هان امعůˆŘ˛\""},{"Link":"http://www.etemaad.com/","external_links_name":"Etemad"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170216011557/http://iranmediaresearch.org/en/wiki","external_links_name":"\"Wiki\""},{"Link":"http://iranmediaresearch.org/en/wiki","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140405011351/http://www.gilantoday.com/","external_links_name":"\"gilantoday.com\""},{"Link":"http://www.gilantoday.com/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://goaldaily.ir/","external_links_name":"\"روزنامه ورزشی گل | روزنامه ورزشی گل\""},{"Link":"http://ww3.hambastegidaily.com/&meta=1","external_links_name":"\"hambastegidaily.com - hambastegidaily Resources and Information\""},{"Link":"http://www.hamvatansalam.com/","external_links_name":"\"روزنامهء هموطن سلام\""},{"Link":"https://www.einpresswire.com/world-media-directory/3/iran","external_links_name":"\"Iran Media Directory\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=MLLywtI-_n0C&pg=PA146","external_links_name":"Journalism in Iran: From Mission to Profession"},{"Link":"http://www.iran-newspaper.com/","external_links_name":"\"ایران\""},{"Link":"http://www.iran-daily.com/","external_links_name":"\"News\""},{"Link":"https://iranjavan.com/","external_links_name":"\"روزنامه مجله ایرانی کانادا - اخبار کانادا - اخبار تورونتو - ونکوور - مونترال - کرونا - کار - خرید\""},{"Link":"https://ifpnews.com/tag/iran-newspapers-headlines","external_links_name":"Iran newspapers headlines"},{"Link":"http://www.iran-varzeshi.com/newspaper","external_links_name":"iran sport daily روزنامه ابران ورزشى"},{"Link":"http://www.javannewspaper.com/","external_links_name":"\"جوان آنلاين\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20010808104540/http://www.jomhourieslami.com/","external_links_name":"\"باسمه تعالي\""},{"Link":"http://www.jomhourieslami.com/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131012051110/http://www.jomhouriyat.ir/","external_links_name":"\"de beste bron van informatie over creadit card\""},{"Link":"http://www.jomhouriyat.ir/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.kayhannews.ir/","external_links_name":"\"روزنامه کیهان\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=rnY06M3QHuwC&pg=PA60","external_links_name":"Religion, Law, and Freedom: A Global Perspective"},{"Link":"http://www.khorasannews.com/Newspaper/MobileIntro","external_links_name":"Khorasan Newspaper"},{"Link":"https://m.jaaar.com/archive/khorasan","external_links_name":"jaaar"},{"Link":"http://www.navad.net/Navad","external_links_name":"90 varzeshi روزنامه ورزشى ٩٠"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131012010457/http://www.qudsdaily.net/","external_links_name":"\"SmarterMail Login - SmarterMail\""},{"Link":"http://www.qudsdaily.net/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.resalat-news.com/","external_links_name":"\"روزنامه رسالت\""},{"Link":"http://ruydadiran.com/","external_links_name":"\"Ruydadiran\""},{"Link":"http://www.sarmayeh.net/","external_links_name":"\"sarmayeh\""},{"Link":"https://sobh-eqtesad.ir/","external_links_name":"Sobh-eqtesad"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=H20Xt157iYUC","external_links_name":"From Nadir Shah to the Islamic Republic"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=wGA4o-UhAfgC","external_links_name":"Europa World Year Book"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00210860500470177","external_links_name":"10.1080/00210860500470177"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143005329","external_links_name":"143005329"},{"Link":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/tehranbureau/2009/12/media-guide.html","external_links_name":"\"Iran Media Guide\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00210862.2013.871145","external_links_name":"10.1080/00210862.2013.871145"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144328080","external_links_name":"144328080"},{"Link":"http://www.newspaperindex.com/en/newspapers/iran/","external_links_name":"Largest online newspapers of Iran"},{"Link":"http://gooya.com/","external_links_name":"List of Iranian media on the Internet"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120331081157/http://iranianradio.ca/en/news.html","external_links_name":"List of Iranian Newspapers"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_Confederation_of_Railway_Workers%27_Unions | Japan Confederation of Railway Workers' Unions | ["1 History","2 Composition","3 Overseas activities","4 References","5 External links"] | Japan Confederation of Railway Workers' Unions (JRU)Zen-nihon tetsudō-rōdō-kumiaiFoundedFebruary 2, 1987LocationJapanMembers 22,561 (as of 2020)AffiliationsRENGOWebsitejr-souren.com/en/
The Japan Confederation of Railway Workers' Unions (JRU) (全日本鉄道労働組合総連合会, Zen-nihon tetsudō-rōdō-kumiai) is a Japanese trade union, which is usually referred to as JR-Soren (JR総連) in Japanese.
History
The union was founded on 2 February 1987, with the merger of the National Railway Locomotive Engineers' Union (Doro) and the Japan Railway Workers' Union (Tetsuro). The merger was in response to the privatisation of Japanese National Railways, of which both unions were broadly supportive. It affiliated to the Japanese Trade Union Confederation. In 1992, many former Tetsuro members split away, in protest at the union considering the possibility of strikes, and formed the rival Japan Railway Trade Unions Confederation. In 1996, the union had 70,710 members, but by 2020, this had fallen to only 22,561.
In 2010, a complaint was lodged in the Diet that JR-Soren was being financially controlled by the Japan Revolutionary Communist League (Revolutionary Marxist Faction). JR-Soren denied the charges. The charge was repeated by Kansei Nakano and confirmed by several weekly magazines.
Composition
JR-Soren consists of 11 unions and has 62,300 members.
Overseas activities
JR-Soren has assisted with construction of elementary schools in China, and in 2002, established an office in Kabul to support the people of Afghanistan.
References
^ "Report in which the committee requests to be kept informed of development - Report No 323, November 2000". International Labour Organization. Retrieved 22 December 2021.
^ "Restructuring of the Japan National Railways". International Labour Review. 133. 1994.
^ "List of RENGO affiliated union members" (PDF). Cross Currents. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
^ "RENGO 2020-2021" (PDF). RENGO. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
^ a b JR Soren website "What is JRU?" Retrieved on August 11, 2012
External links
www.jru7.net
Authority control databases: National
Japan | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"trade union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_union"}],"text":"The Japan Confederation of Railway Workers' Unions (JRU) (全日本鉄道労働組合総連合会, Zen-nihon tetsudō-rōdō-kumiai) is a Japanese trade union, which is usually referred to as JR-Soren (JR総連) in Japanese.","title":"Japan Confederation of Railway Workers' Unions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"National Railway Locomotive Engineers' Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Railway_Locomotive_Engineers%27_Union"},{"link_name":"Japan Railway Workers' Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_Railway_Workers%27_Union"},{"link_name":"Japanese National Railways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_National_Railways"},{"link_name":"Japanese Trade Union Confederation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_Trade_Union_Confederation"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Japan Railway Trade Unions Confederation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_Railway_Trade_Unions_Confederation"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Japan Revolutionary Communist League (Revolutionary Marxist Faction)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_Revolutionary_Communist_League_(Revolutionary_Marxist_Faction)"},{"link_name":"Kansei Nakano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansei_Nakano"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"The union was founded on 2 February 1987, with the merger of the National Railway Locomotive Engineers' Union (Doro) and the Japan Railway Workers' Union (Tetsuro). The merger was in response to the privatisation of Japanese National Railways, of which both unions were broadly supportive. It affiliated to the Japanese Trade Union Confederation.[1] In 1992, many former Tetsuro members split away, in protest at the union considering the possibility of strikes, and formed the rival Japan Railway Trade Unions Confederation.[2] In 1996, the union had 70,710 members,[3] but by 2020, this had fallen to only 22,561.[4]In 2010, a complaint was lodged in the Diet that JR-Soren was being financially controlled by the Japan Revolutionary Communist League (Revolutionary Marxist Faction). JR-Soren denied the charges. The charge was repeated by Kansei Nakano and confirmed by several weekly magazines.[citation needed]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-soren-5"}],"text":"JR-Soren consists of 11 unions and has 62,300 members.[5]","title":"Composition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kabul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabul"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-soren-5"}],"text":"JR-Soren has assisted with construction of elementary schools in China, and in 2002, established an office in Kabul to support the people of Afghanistan.[5]","title":"Overseas activities"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Report in which the committee requests to be kept informed of development - Report No 323, November 2000\". International Labour Organization. Retrieved 22 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ilo.org/dyn/normlex/en/f?p=NORMLEXPUB:50002:0::NO::P50002_COMPLAINT_TEXT_ID,P50002_LANG_CODE:2904959,en","url_text":"\"Report in which the committee requests to be kept informed of development - Report No 323, November 2000\""}]},{"reference":"\"Restructuring of the Japan National Railways\". International Labour Review. 133. 1994.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"List of RENGO affiliated union members\" (PDF). Cross Currents. Retrieved 18 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.crosscurrents.hawaii.edu/assets/jwork/extra/doc/JWORK089_377.pdf","url_text":"\"List of RENGO affiliated union members\""}]},{"reference":"\"RENGO 2020-2021\" (PDF). RENGO. Retrieved 18 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.jtuc-rengo.org/about/data/rengo2020-2021.pdf","url_text":"\"RENGO 2020-2021\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://jr-souren.com/en/","external_links_name":"jr-souren.com/en/"},{"Link":"https://www.ilo.org/dyn/normlex/en/f?p=NORMLEXPUB:50002:0::NO::P50002_COMPLAINT_TEXT_ID,P50002_LANG_CODE:2904959,en","external_links_name":"\"Report in which the committee requests to be kept informed of development - Report No 323, November 2000\""},{"Link":"http://www.crosscurrents.hawaii.edu/assets/jwork/extra/doc/JWORK089_377.pdf","external_links_name":"\"List of RENGO affiliated union members\""},{"Link":"http://www.jtuc-rengo.org/about/data/rengo2020-2021.pdf","external_links_name":"\"RENGO 2020-2021\""},{"Link":"http://www.jru7.net/aboutjru.htm","external_links_name":"\"What is JRU?\""},{"Link":"http://www.jru7.net/","external_links_name":"www.jru7.net"},{"Link":"https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00310136","external_links_name":"Japan"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potterhanworth_Booths | Potterhanworth Booths | ["1 History","2 References"] | Coordinates: 53°11′51″N 0°23′41″W / 53.197447°N 0.394702°W / 53.197447; -0.394702Hamlet in the North Kesteven district of Lincolnshire, England
Human settlement in EnglandPotterhanworth BoothsPotterhanworth BoothsLocation within LincolnshireOS grid referenceTF073679• London115 mi (185 km) SDistrictNorth KestevenShire countyLincolnshireRegionEast MidlandsCountryEnglandSovereign stateUnited KingdomPost townLINCOLNPostcode districtLN4Dialling code01522PoliceLincolnshireFireLincolnshireAmbulanceEast Midlands
UK ParliamentSleaford and North Hykeham
List of places
UK
England
Lincolnshire
53°11′51″N 0°23′41″W / 53.197447°N 0.394702°W / 53.197447; -0.394702
Potterhanworth Booths is a hamlet in the North Kesteven district of Lincolnshire, England. It is situated 6 miles (10 km) south-east from Lincoln, and at the junction of the B1202 and B1190 roads.
Potterhanworth Fen
The hamlet has a population of about 30, and is within the civil parish of Potterhanworth. It is adjacent to Potterhanworth Fen to the south-east. Potter Hanworth Wood, a Site of Special Scientific Interest, is 700 yards (640 m) to the south.
Potterhanworth Booths takes its name from the village of Potterhanworth, 1.5 miles (2.4 km) to the south-west, whose name refers to the early clay industries set up in the local area.
History
Bronze Age round barrows and spear heads have been found in the village, and there are signs that Potterhanworth Booths was farmed during the Iron Age.
Potterhanworth Booths and Branston Booths were both settled by the Romans. At Potterhanworth Booths, remains of Roman field boundaries and enclosures, as well as worked iron, a quern, millstones and coins have been found.
References
^ a b Archi UK
Portals: England United Kingdom
vteCeremonial county of LincolnshireUnitary authorities
North East Lincolnshire
North Lincolnshire
Boroughs or districts
Boston
East Lindsey
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South Holland
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West Lindsey
Major settlements(cities in italics)
Alford
Barton-upon-Humber
Boston
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Crowle
Epworth
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Grantham
Grimsby
Holbeach
Horncastle
Immingham
Kirton in Lindsey
Lincoln
Long Sutton
Louth
Mablethorpe
Market Deeping
Market Rasen
North Hykeham
Scunthorpe
Skegness
Sleaford
Spalding
Spilsby
Stamford
Sutton-on-Sea
Wainfleet All Saints
Woodhall Spa
WintertonSee also: List of civil parishes in Lincolnshire
Topics
Flag
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Education
Geography
Diocese
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Transport
Historic subdivisions: Holland, Kesteven, Lindsey
History and notable places: Belton House, Bolingbroke Castle, Boston Stump, Cadwell Park, Cross Keys Bridge, Crowland Abbey, Donna Nook, Dunham Bridge, Far Ings, Frampton Marsh, Freiston Shore, Gibraltar Point, Grimsby Fishing Heritage Centre, Humber Bridge, Kinema in the Woods, Kingdom of Lindsey, Lincoln Castle,Lincoln Cathedral, Lincoln Cliff, Lincolnshire Fens, Market Rasen Racecourse, Museum of Lincolnshire Life, Tattershall Castle, The Wash, The Wolds, Usher Gallery, Winceby Battlefield, Woolsthorpe Manor
This Lincolnshire location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"hamlet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamlet_(place)"},{"link_name":"North Kesteven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Kesteven"},{"link_name":"Lincolnshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincolnshire"},{"link_name":"Lincoln","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincoln,_Lincolnshire"},{"link_name":"B1202","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B1202_road"},{"link_name":"B1190","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B1190_road"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Potterhanworth_Fen_-_geograph.org.uk_-_434009.jpg"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"civil parish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_parishes_in_England"},{"link_name":"Potterhanworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potterhanworth"},{"link_name":"Fen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fen"},{"link_name":"Potter Hanworth Wood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potter_Hanworth_Wood"},{"link_name":"Site of Special Scientific Interest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Site_of_Special_Scientific_Interest"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Hamlet in the North Kesteven district of Lincolnshire, EnglandHuman settlement in EnglandPotterhanworth Booths is a hamlet in the North Kesteven district of Lincolnshire, England. It is situated 6 miles (10 km) south-east from Lincoln, and at the junction of the B1202 and B1190 roads.Potterhanworth FenThe hamlet has a population of about 30,[citation needed] and is within the civil parish of Potterhanworth. It is adjacent to Potterhanworth Fen to the south-east. Potter Hanworth Wood, a Site of Special Scientific Interest, is 700 yards (640 m) to the south.Potterhanworth Booths takes its name from the village of Potterhanworth, 1.5 miles (2.4 km) to the south-west, whose name refers to the early clay industries set up in the local area.[citation needed]","title":"Potterhanworth Booths"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bronze Age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronze_Age"},{"link_name":"round barrows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Round_barrow"},{"link_name":"Iron Age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_Age"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-digital-documents_Archi_UK-1"},{"link_name":"Branston Booths","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Branston_Booths"},{"link_name":"Romans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Empire"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-digital-documents_Archi_UK-1"}],"text":"Bronze Age round barrows and spear heads have been found in the village, and there are signs that Potterhanworth Booths was farmed during the Iron Age.[1]Potterhanworth Booths and Branston Booths were both settled by the Romans. At Potterhanworth Booths, remains of Roman field boundaries and enclosures, as well as worked iron, a quern, millstones and coins have been found.[1]","title":"History"}] | [{"image_text":"Potterhanworth Fen","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Potterhanworth_Fen_-_geograph.org.uk_-_434009.jpg/220px-Potterhanworth_Fen_-_geograph.org.uk_-_434009.jpg"}] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Potterhanworth_Booths¶ms=53.197447_N_0.394702_W_region:GB_type:city","external_links_name":"53°11′51″N 0°23′41″W / 53.197447°N 0.394702°W / 53.197447; -0.394702"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Potterhanworth_Booths¶ms=53.197359_N_0.395252_W_region:GB_scale:25000&title=Potterhanworth+Booths","external_links_name":"TF073679"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Potterhanworth_Booths¶ms=53.197447_N_0.394702_W_region:GB_type:city","external_links_name":"53°11′51″N 0°23′41″W / 53.197447°N 0.394702°W / 53.197447; -0.394702"},{"Link":"https://www.digital-documents.co.uk/cgi-bin/web-archi.pl?ARCHIFormNGRLetter=TF&ARCHIFormNGR_x=11&ARCHIFormNGR_y=69&[email protected]&TownName=BARDNEY&county=Lincolnshire&distance=10000&period=&font_size=&placename=Bardney&info2search4=archi_town_search&keywords=","external_links_name":"Archi UK"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Potterhanworth_Booths&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jana_Vojtekov%C3%A1 | Jana Vojteková | ["1 Honours","2 References","3 External links"] | Slovak footballer
Jana Vojteková
Vojteková in 2014Personal informationDate of birth
(1991-08-12) 12 August 1991 (age 32)Place of birth
Trnava, CzechoslovakiaPosition(s)
DefenderTeam informationCurrent team
FC Basel FrauenNumber
20Senior career*Years
Team
Apps
(Gls)2007–2012
Slovan Duslo Šaľa
2012–2013
Slovan Bratislava
3
(0)2013–2015
Neulengbach
48
(12)2015–2019
Sand
89
(14)2017
Sand II
1
(0)2019–2023
Freiburg
82
(10)2019
Freiburg II
2
(1)2023–
Basel
0
(0)International career‡2007–2010
Slovakia U19
9
(0)2010–
Slovakia
108
(13)
*Club domestic league appearances and goals, correct as of 29 July 2023‡ National team caps and goals, correct as of 22 February 2022
Jana Vojteková (born 12 August 1991) is a Slovak footballer who plays as a defender for Swiss Super League club Basel and the Slovakia national team.
Honours
Slovan Šaľa
Slovak First League (1): 2007/08
Slovak Cup (1): 2009/10; runner-up: 2008/09
Slovan Bratislava
Slovak Cup (1): 2012/13
Neulengbach
ÖFB-Frauenliga (1): 2013/14; runner-up: 2014/15
ÖFB Ladies Cup; runner-up: 2013/14, 2014/15
Sand
DFB-Pokal; runner-up: 2015/16, 2016/17
Freiburg
DFB-Pokal; runner-up: 2022/23
References
^ "Jana Vojteková". soccerdonna.de. Retrieved 29 July 2023.
External links
Jana Vojteková – UEFA competition record (archive)
Jana Vojteková at Soccerway
This biographical article related to women's association football in Slovakia is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"footballer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_association_football"},{"link_name":"defender","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defender_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"Swiss Super League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_Women%27s_Super_League"},{"link_name":"Basel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Basel_Frauen"},{"link_name":"Slovakia national team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovakia_women%27s_national_football_team"}],"text":"Jana Vojteková (born 12 August 1991) is a Slovak footballer who plays as a defender for Swiss Super League club Basel and the Slovakia national team.","title":"Jana Vojteková"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Slovak First League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovak_Women%27s_First_League"},{"link_name":"Slovak Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovak_Women%27s_Cup"},{"link_name":"Slovak Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovak_Women%27s_Cup"},{"link_name":"ÖFB-Frauenliga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96FB-Frauenliga"},{"link_name":"ÖFB Ladies Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96FB_Ladies_Cup"},{"link_name":"DFB-Pokal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DFB-Pokal_Frauen"},{"link_name":"2015/16","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_DFB-Pokal_Frauen"},{"link_name":"2016/17","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016%E2%80%9317_DFB-Pokal_Frauen"},{"link_name":"DFB-Pokal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DFB-Pokal_Frauen"},{"link_name":"2022/23","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022%E2%80%9323_DFB-Pokal_Frauen"}],"text":"Slovan ŠaľaSlovak First League (1): 2007/08\nSlovak Cup (1): 2009/10; runner-up: 2008/09Slovan BratislavaSlovak Cup (1): 2012/13NeulengbachÖFB-Frauenliga (1): 2013/14; runner-up: 2014/15\nÖFB Ladies Cup; runner-up: 2013/14, 2014/15SandDFB-Pokal; runner-up: 2015/16, 2016/17FreiburgDFB-Pokal; runner-up: 2022/23","title":"Honours"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Jana Vojteková\". soccerdonna.de. Retrieved 29 July 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.soccerdonna.de/de/jana-vojtekova/leistungsdaten/spieler_12141.html","url_text":"\"Jana Vojteková\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.soccerdonna.de/de/jana-vojtekova/leistungsdaten/spieler_12141.html","external_links_name":"\"Jana Vojteková\""},{"Link":"https://www.uefa.com/uefachampionsleague/clubs/players/106935/","external_links_name":"Jana Vojteková"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/2020/https://www.uefa.com/teamsandplayers/players/player=106935/profile/index.html","external_links_name":"archive"},{"Link":"https://int.soccerway.com/players/jana-vojtekova/124129/","external_links_name":"Jana Vojteková"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jana_Vojtekov%C3%A1&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vishwanath_(1978_film) | Vishwanath (1978 film) | ["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 Soundtrack","4 References","5 External links"] | 1978 film by Subhash Ghai
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Vishwanath" 1978 film – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (June 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
VishwanathPosterDirected bySubhash GhaiWritten bySubhash GhaiProduced byPawan KumarStarringShatrughan SinhaReena RoyMusic byRajesh RoshanProductioncompanyRamayana ChitraRelease date
20 January 1978 (1978-01-20) (India)
Running time142 minutesCountryIndiaLanguageHindi
Vishwanath is a 1978 Indian Hindi-language action film directed by Subhash Ghai and produced by Pawan Kumar. It stars Shatrughan Sinha and Reena Roy in pivotal roles. The film was a box office hit. The film was remade in Telugu as Lawyer Viswanath (1978) and in Tamil as Naan Mahaan Alla (1984).
Plot
An honest lawyer, Vishwanath is implicated and imprisoned at the behest of powerful underworld don, GNK and his associates. After his release from prison, Vishwanath decides to seek vengeance, but finds out that it is virtually impossible to do this through due process of law. So he decides to change his identity, hire a gang of crooks and assassins, to carry out his vendetta. Not realizing that in doing this he is alienating himself from the love of his life, Soni; and making himself a wanted man by the police, leaving his crippled sister, Munni and mom, Shanti to fend for themselves, and at the mercy of GNK and his associates.
Cast
Shatrughan Sinha as Vishwanath
Reena Roy as Soni
Bharat Bhushan...Soni's father
Rita Bhaduri...Munni
Sulochana Latkar...Munni's mother
Parikshit Sahni as Siddharth
Prem Nath as GNK
Sudhir as Jimmy
Pran as Golu Gawah
Madan Puri...Pukhraj
Satyendra Kapoor...D.P. Lal
Iftikhar...Commissinor SK Mahanta
D. K. Sapru...Judge
Mukri as sweets shop owner
Birbal as Moti
Manik Irani as Taleb
Jagdish Raj as Francis
Ranjeet...Khukha
Madhu Malhotra...Zarina
Lalita Pawar... Zarina's mother
Viju Khote... Adv.Sharma
Randhir (actor) ... Jholjhal
Keshav Rana as GNK's associate in court
Rakesh Pandey as Doctor Eye specialist
Hari Shivdasani... Raj Kishan Mehta
Raj Rani ... Mrs Raj Rani Mehta
Rajan Haskar...Keshto dada
Ratan Gaurang...John
Kedarnath Saighal...Arab businessman Sonawala
Yusuf Khan (actor)...Rivoli
Soundtrack
The songs were composed by Rajesh Roshan and penned by Anjaan.
#
Title
Singer(s)
1
"Hawa Se Halki"
Lata Mangeshkar
2
"Duniya Ne Mujhe"
Kishore Kumar, Lata Mangeshkar
3
"Bibadha-Aaj Karegi Man Mani"
Asha Bhosle
4
"Jab Jab Jo Jo Hona Hai" (Male)
Kishore Kumar
5
"Jab Jab Jo Jo Hona Hai" (Female)
Lata Mangeshkar
6
"Hai Jindri"
Manna Dey
References
^ a b c d e f g h i j k Kohli, Suresh (17 October 2013). "Vishwanath (1978)". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 27 July 2021. Retrieved 22 December 2020.
^ Ramachandran, Naman (2014) . Rajinikanth: The Definitive Biography. New Delhi: Penguin Books. p. 109. ISBN 978-0-14-342111-5.
^ "Vishwanath". Gaana. Archived from the original on 29 April 2014. Retrieved 22 December 2020.
External links
Vishwanath at IMDb
vteFilms by Subhash GhaiDirector
Kalicharan (1976)
Vishwanath (1978)
Gautam Govinda (1979)
Karz (1980)
Krodhi (1981)
Vidhaata (1982)
Hero (1983)
Meri Jung (1985)
Karma (1986)
Ram Lakhan (1989)
Saudagar (1991)
Khal Nayak (1993)
Pardes (1997)
Taal (1999)
Yaadein (2001)
Kisna: The Warrior Poet (2005)
Black & White (2008)
Yuvvraaj (2008)
Kaanchi: The Unbreakable (2014)
Producer
Hero (1983)
Karma (1986)
Ram Lakhan (1989)
Saudagar (1991)
Khal Nayak (1993)
Trimurti (1995)
Pardes (1997)
Taal (1999)
Rahul (2001)
Yaadein (2001)
Ek Aur Ek Gyarah (2003)
Joggers' Park (2003)
Aitraaz (2004)
Kisna: The Warrior Poet (2005)
Iqbal (2005)
Shaadi Se Pehle (2006)
36 China Town (2006)
Apna Sapna Money Money (2006)
Good Boy, Bad Boy (2007)
Bombay to Bangkok (2008)
Black & White (2008)
Yuvvraaj (2008)
Noukadubi (2011)
Samhita (2013)
Double Di Trouble (2014)
Nimbehuli (2014)
Hero (2015) | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hindi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi"},{"link_name":"action film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_film"},{"link_name":"Subhash Ghai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subhash_Ghai"},{"link_name":"Pawan Kumar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pawan_Kumar_(director)"},{"link_name":"Shatrughan Sinha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shatrughan_Sinha"},{"link_name":"Reena Roy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reena_Roy"},{"link_name":"Telugu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telugu_language"},{"link_name":"Lawyer Viswanath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawyer_Viswanath"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-thehindu-1"},{"link_name":"Tamil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_language"},{"link_name":"Naan Mahaan Alla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naan_Mahaan_Alla_(1984_film)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Vishwanath is a 1978 Indian Hindi-language action film directed by Subhash Ghai and produced by Pawan Kumar. It stars Shatrughan Sinha and Reena Roy in pivotal roles. The film was a box office hit. The film was remade in Telugu as Lawyer Viswanath (1978)[1] and in Tamil as Naan Mahaan Alla (1984).[2]","title":"Vishwanath (1978 film)"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"An honest lawyer, Vishwanath is implicated and imprisoned at the behest of powerful underworld don, GNK and his associates. After his release from prison, Vishwanath decides to seek vengeance, but finds out that it is virtually impossible to do this through due process of law. So he decides to change his identity, hire a gang of crooks and assassins, to carry out his vendetta. Not realizing that in doing this he is alienating himself from the love of his life, Soni; and making himself a wanted man by the police, leaving his crippled sister, Munni and mom, Shanti to fend for themselves, and at the mercy of GNK and his associates.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Shatrughan Sinha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shatrughan_Sinha"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-thehindu-1"},{"link_name":"Reena Roy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reena_Roy"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-thehindu-1"},{"link_name":"Bharat Bhushan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bharat_Bhushan"},{"link_name":"Rita Bhaduri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rita_Bhaduri"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-thehindu-1"},{"link_name":"Sulochana Latkar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulochana_Latkar"},{"link_name":"Parikshit Sahni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parikshit_Sahni"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-thehindu-1"},{"link_name":"Prem Nath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prem_Nath"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-thehindu-1"},{"link_name":"Sudhir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudhir_(Hindi_actor)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-thehindu-1"},{"link_name":"Pran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pran_(actor)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-thehindu-1"},{"link_name":"Madan Puri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madan_Puri"},{"link_name":"Satyendra Kapoor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satyen_Kappu"},{"link_name":"Iftikhar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iftikhar"},{"link_name":"D. K. Sapru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D._K._Sapru"},{"link_name":"Mukri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mukri"},{"link_name":"Birbal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Birbal_(actor)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Manik Irani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manik_Irani"},{"link_name":"Jagdish Raj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jagdish_Raj"},{"link_name":"Ranjeet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranjeet"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-thehindu-1"},{"link_name":"Lalita Pawar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lalita_Pawar"},{"link_name":"Viju Khote","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viju_Khote"},{"link_name":"Randhir (actor)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randhir_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Hari Shivdasani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hari_Shivdasani"},{"link_name":"Yusuf Khan (actor)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yusuf_Khan_(actor)"}],"text":"Shatrughan Sinha as Vishwanath[1]\nReena Roy as Soni[1]\nBharat Bhushan...Soni's father\nRita Bhaduri...Munni[1]\nSulochana Latkar...Munni's mother\nParikshit Sahni as Siddharth[1]\nPrem Nath as GNK[1]\nSudhir as Jimmy[1]\nPran as Golu Gawah[1]\nMadan Puri...Pukhraj\nSatyendra Kapoor...D.P. Lal\nIftikhar...Commissinor SK Mahanta\nD. K. Sapru...Judge\nMukri as sweets shop owner\nBirbal as Moti\nManik Irani as Taleb\nJagdish Raj as Francis\nRanjeet...Khukha[1]\nMadhu Malhotra...Zarina\nLalita Pawar... Zarina's mother\nViju Khote... Adv.Sharma\nRandhir (actor) ... Jholjhal\nKeshav Rana as GNK's associate in court\nRakesh Pandey as Doctor Eye specialist\nHari Shivdasani... Raj Kishan Mehta\nRaj Rani ... Mrs Raj Rani Mehta\nRajan Haskar...Keshto dada\nRatan Gaurang...John\nKedarnath Saighal...Arab businessman Sonawala\nYusuf Khan (actor)...Rivoli","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rajesh Roshan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajesh_Roshan"},{"link_name":"Anjaan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anjaan_(lyricist)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"The songs were composed by Rajesh Roshan and penned by Anjaan.[3]","title":"Soundtrack"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Kohli, Suresh (17 October 2013). \"Vishwanath (1978)\". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 27 July 2021. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vintage_Stuff | Vintage Stuff | ["1 Plot summary","2 References"] | 1982 novel by Tom Sharpe
This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (February 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
First edition (publ. Secker & Warburg)
Vintage Stuff is a novel of British comic writer Tom Sharpe which was written and originally published in 1982. Set in Groxbourne, a parody of Bloxham School where Sharpe received his education, the novel follows the (mis)adventures of Peregrine Clyde-Brown.
Plot summary
Peregrine Roderick Clyde-Brown is a guileless and dim-witted teenager, who takes every phrase or word spoken to him literally. This is where the author displays his skill in playing with the English language,
His attorney father (wishing to get rid of him) and his mother (having high hopes on him as a 'late bloomer') finally manage to get him admitted to a boarding private school called Groxbourne. In a school, asynchronous to its surrounding, Peregrine's tendency for unflinchingly taking orders and having negligible individual thought (and his becoming a crack shot on the school's rifle range) seem perfect for a promising career in the British Army. It is here at Groxbourne that Peregrine meets Gerald Glodstone, a teacher like others in the school, whose teaching methods involve using the cane, but who is also addicted to early- and pre-twentieth century adventure fiction. After Glodstone drags the loyal and obedient boy off to France on a seemingly romantic quest to rescue a French countess (a "quest" set into motion by another Groxbourne teacher who hates Glodstone), Peregrine ends up storming a French castle where he commits havoc and even murder, the effects of which would span countries and affect everyone around him.
References
^ Sharpe, Tom (2002). Vintage Stuff. London: Arrow Books. ISBN 9780099435549.
1. http://blogs.spectator.co.uk/2013/06/tom-sharpe-nearly-killed-me/ Spectator news. Retrieved February 13, 2016
2. http://www.abebooks.com/servlet/BookDetailsPL?bi=6303480291 Book review, abebooks.com. Retrieved February 13, 2016
3. https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/798397.Vintage_Stuff Book review, goodreads.com. Retrieved February 13, 2016
vteTom SharpeNovelsPiemburg series
Riotous Assembly
Indecent Exposure
Porterhouse Blue series
Porterhouse Blue
Grantchester Grind
Wilt series
Wilt
The Wilt Alternative
Wilt On High
Wilt in Nowhere
The Wilt Inheritance
Other novels
Blott on the Landscape
The Great Pursuit
The Throwback
Ancestral Vices
Vintage Stuff
The Midden
The Gropes
Adaptations
Blott on the Landscape
Porterhouse Blue
Wilt
Characters
Skullion
Sir Godber Evans
Lord Jeremy Pimpole
This article about a 1980s novel is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.See guidelines for writing about novels. Further suggestions might be found on the article's talk page.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:VintageStuff.jpg"},{"link_name":"Secker & Warburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secker_%26_Warburg"},{"link_name":"Tom Sharpe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Sharpe"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Vintage_Stuff-1"},{"link_name":"Bloxham School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloxham_School"}],"text":"First edition (publ. Secker & Warburg)Vintage Stuff is a novel of British comic writer Tom Sharpe which was written and originally published in 1982.[1] Set in Groxbourne, a parody of Bloxham School where Sharpe received his education, the novel follows the (mis)adventures of Peregrine Clyde-Brown.","title":"Vintage Stuff"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"using the cane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporal_punishment"}],"text":"Peregrine Roderick Clyde-Brown is a guileless and dim-witted teenager, who takes every phrase or word spoken to him literally. This is where the author displays his skill in playing with the English language,\nHis attorney father (wishing to get rid of him) and his mother (having high hopes on him as a 'late bloomer') finally manage to get him admitted to a boarding private school called Groxbourne. In a school, asynchronous to its surrounding, Peregrine's tendency for unflinchingly taking orders and having negligible individual thought (and his becoming a crack shot on the school's rifle range) seem perfect for a promising career in the British Army. It is here at Groxbourne that Peregrine meets Gerald Glodstone, a teacher like others in the school, whose teaching methods involve using the cane, but who is also addicted to early- and pre-twentieth century adventure fiction. After Glodstone drags the loyal and obedient boy off to France on a seemingly romantic quest to rescue a French countess (a \"quest\" set into motion by another Groxbourne teacher who hates Glodstone), Peregrine ends up storming a French castle where he commits havoc and even murder, the effects of which would span countries and affect everyone around him.","title":"Plot summary"}] | [{"image_text":"First edition (publ. Secker & Warburg)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a8/VintageStuff.jpg/220px-VintageStuff.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"Sharpe, Tom (2002). Vintage Stuff. London: Arrow Books. ISBN 9780099435549.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780099435549","url_text":"9780099435549"}]}] | [{"Link":"http://blogs.spectator.co.uk/2013/06/tom-sharpe-nearly-killed-me/","external_links_name":"http://blogs.spectator.co.uk/2013/06/tom-sharpe-nearly-killed-me/"},{"Link":"http://www.abebooks.com/servlet/BookDetailsPL?bi=6303480291","external_links_name":"http://www.abebooks.com/servlet/BookDetailsPL?bi=6303480291"},{"Link":"https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/798397.Vintage_Stuff","external_links_name":"https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/798397.Vintage_Stuff"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vintage_Stuff&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jinn_Mosque | Jinn Mosque | ["1 History","2 Architectural features","3 Gallery","4 See also","5 References"] | Mosque in Baku, Azerbaijan
Not to be confused with Chin Mosque.
Jinn mosqueAzerbaijani: Cin məscidiInterior of Jinn mosqueReligionAffiliationIslamStatusrestoredLocationLocation Old City, BakuCountryAzerbaijanLocation within AzerbaijanGeographic coordinates40°21′58″N 49°50′00″E / 40.366228°N 49.833469°E / 40.366228; 49.833469ArchitectureStyleIslamic architecture, Shirvan-Absheron architectural schoolCompletedXIV century
Jinn mosque (Azerbaijani: Cin məscidi) is a historical mosque of the XIV century. It is a part of Old City as well as Palace of the Shirvanshahs and located on Gala turn, in the city of Baku, in Azerbaijan. The building was also registered as a national architectural monument by the decision of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Azerbaijan dated August 2, 2001, No. 132.
History
The mosque is located in the lower part of the Eastern Gate. There is no inscription on the facade of the mosque. It is believed that it was built in the XIV century and named after Jinn, a surah in Koran. It was used as a neighborhood mosque.
Architectural features
The mosque is in rectangular shape in the plan. It forms single-cell worshipping hall covered with pointed stone dome. The five-tiered corbelled mihrab carved into muqarnas is framed with a rectangle on the southern wall of the interior and forms certain motifs of architectural school of Shirvan-Absheron as a whole. Small niches were placed at the edges.
The main facade of the mosque is asymmetrical and its rigid, voluminous composition is emphasized with classic styled portal-entrance. The portal of the mosque is classical-type.
Gallery
Different views of the mosque
See also
Chin Mosque
Haji Heybat Mosque
Sayyid Yahya Murtuza Mosque
References
^ "Azərbaycan Respublikası ərazisində dövlət mühafizəsinə götürülmüş daşınmaz tarix və mədəniyyət abidələrinin əhəmiyyət dərəcələrinə görə bölgüsünün təsdiq edilməsi haqqında Azərbaycan Respublikasi Nazirlər Kabinetinin qərarı". e-qanun.az. Retrieved 3 April 2018.
^ a b "Cin məscidi" (in Azerbaijani). icherisheher.az. Retrieved 3 April 2018.
^ a b c "CİN MƏSCİDİ" (in Azerbaijani). icherisheher.gov.az. Archived from the original on 28 June 2018. Retrieved 3 April 2018.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Jinn Mosque.
vteMosques in AzerbaijanMosques
Agdam Mosque
Ajdarbey Mosque
Ashaghi Govhar Agha Mosque
Beyler Mosque
Bibi-Heybat Mosque
Birinji Nugadi Village Mosque
Boyuk Bazar Mosque
Gilahli Mosque
Gileyli Mosque
Giyasly Village Mosque
Goy Imam Mosque
Guyulug Mosque
Haji Jafar Mosque
Haji Javad Mosque
Haji Rufai Bey Mosque
Haji Sultanali Mosque
Heydar Mosque
Imam Ali Mosque
Imam Hussein Mosque
Juma Mosque (Baku)
Juma Mosque (Ordubad)
Juma Mosque (Shamakhi)
Juma Mosque (Sheki)
Khanlar Mosque
Khoja Marjanli Mosque
Kichik Bazar Mosque
Mamar Mosque
Mamayi Mosque
Mosque of the Martyrs
Murtuza Mukhtarov Mosque
Mustafa Qazdal Mosque
Ozan Mosque
Palace Mosque
Saatli Mosque
Seyidli Mosque
Shah Abbas Mosque (Ganja)
Shah Abbas Mosque (Keshla)
Sheikh Ibrahim Mosque
Taza Mahalla Mosque
Taza Pir Mosque
Ulu Mosque
Yukhari Govhar Agha Mosque
Historical mosques
Ashur Mosque
Baba Kuhi Bakuvi Mosque
Chin Mosque
Chol Gala Mosque
Chukhur Mahalla Mosque
Galagayin Mosque
Garghabazar Mosque
Gasimbey Mosque
Gazakhlar Mosque
Haji Alakbar Mosque
Haji Bani Mosque
Haji Heybat Mosque
Haji Shahla Mosque
Haji Yusifli Mosque
Huseyniyyah Mosque
Jinn Mosque
Julfalar Mosque
Juma Mosque (Nakhchivan)
Kerbelayi Abdulla Mosque
Keygubad Mosque
Khidir Mosque
Kochakhmedli Mosque
Kocharli Mosque
Mardinli Mosque
Mingis Mosque
Mirza Ahmed Mosque
Molla Ahmad Mosque
Muhammad Mosque
Nizamaddin Mosque
Omar Efendi Mosque
Rustov Mosque
Sakinakhanim Mosque
Sayyid Yahya Murtuza Mosque
Shahbulag Mosque
Shah Sultan Hussein Mosque
Shaki Khans' Mosque
Susay Mosque
Tuba Shahi Mosque
Category
Islam in Azerbaijan
Mosques by country
vte Old CityCaravanserais
Bukhara Caravanserai
Multani Caravanserai
Small Caravanserai
Two-Storeyed Caravanserai
Bath Houses
Agha Mikayil Bath
Haji Gayib Bath
Gasim bey Bath
Palace Bath
Underground Bath
Monuments and memorials
Aliagha Vahid Monument
Maiden Tower
Mausoleum of Seyid Yahya Bakuvi
Quadrangular Tower
Shirvanshah's Palace Mausoleum
Palaces
Palace of Baku Khans
Palace of the Shirvanshahs
Places of worship
Ashur Mosque
Baba Kuhi Bakuvi Mosque
Baylar Mosque
Chin Mosque
Gileyli Mosque
Haji Bani Mosque
Haji Gayib Mosque
Haji Heybat Mosque
Sayyid Yahya Murtuza Mosque
Jinn Mosque
Juma Mosque
Keygubad Mosque
Khanlar Mosque
Khidir Mosque
Madrasa-mosque
Mirza Ahmad Mosque
Molla Ahmad Mosque
Muhammad Mosque
Palace Mosque
Sheikh Ibrahim Mosque
St. Bartholomew Church
St. Nicholas Church
Takyeh
Mirza Ahmed mosque
Other
House with chains
Baku Fortress Wall
Bazar Square
Divankhana
Murad's Gate
Ovdan
Palace Building of Shirvanshahs
Subterranean Buildings (Reservoir and Underground Road)
Water Pipe and Sewerage
The House of Ramazanovs
Museum of Sacred Relics
Salyan Gates
Khan's Garden | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chin Mosque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chin_Mosque"},{"link_name":"Azerbaijani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijani_language"},{"link_name":"Old City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_City_(Baku)"},{"link_name":"Palace of the Shirvanshahs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palace_of_the_Shirvanshahs"},{"link_name":"Baku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baku"},{"link_name":"Azerbaijan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijan"},{"link_name":"Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Azerbaijan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabinet_of_Azerbaijan"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Not to be confused with Chin Mosque.Jinn mosque (Azerbaijani: Cin məscidi) is a historical mosque of the XIV century. It is a part of Old City as well as Palace of the Shirvanshahs and located on Gala turn, in the city of Baku, in Azerbaijan. The building was also registered as a national architectural monument by the decision of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Azerbaijan dated August 2, 2001, No. 132.[1]","title":"Jinn Mosque"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jinn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Jinn"},{"link_name":"Koran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koran"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-icherisheheraz-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-icherisheher-3"}],"text":"The mosque is located in the lower part of the Eastern Gate. There is no inscription on the facade of the mosque. It is believed that it was built in the XIV century and named after Jinn, a surah in Koran.[2] It was used as a neighborhood mosque.[3]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-icherisheheraz-2"},{"link_name":"mihrab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mihrab"},{"link_name":"muqarnas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muqarnas"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-icherisheher-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-icherisheher-3"}],"text":"The mosque is in rectangular shape in the plan. It forms single-cell worshipping hall covered with pointed stone dome.[2] The five-tiered corbelled mihrab carved into muqarnas is framed with a rectangle on the southern wall of the interior and forms certain motifs of architectural school of Shirvan-Absheron as a whole. Small niches were placed at the edges.[3]The main facade of the mosque is asymmetrical and its rigid, voluminous composition is emphasized with classic styled portal-entrance. The portal of the mosque is classical-type.[3]","title":"Architectural features"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cin_m%C9%99scidi.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cin_m%C9%99scidinin_arxas%C4%B1.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cin_m%C9%99scidinin_yandan_g%C3%B6r%C3%BCn%C3%BC%C5%9F%C3%BC_(1).JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cin_m%C9%99scidinin_daxili.JPG"}],"text":"Different views of the mosque","title":"Gallery"}] | [] | [{"title":"Chin Mosque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chin_Mosque"},{"title":"Haji Heybat Mosque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haji_Heybat_Mosque"},{"title":"Sayyid Yahya Murtuza Mosque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sayyid_Yahya_Murtuza_Mosque"}] | [{"reference":"\"Azərbaycan Respublikası ərazisində dövlət mühafizəsinə götürülmüş daşınmaz tarix və mədəniyyət abidələrinin əhəmiyyət dərəcələrinə görə bölgüsünün təsdiq edilməsi haqqında Azərbaycan Respublikasi Nazirlər Kabinetinin qərarı\". e-qanun.az. Retrieved 3 April 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.e-qanun.az/framework/2847","url_text":"\"Azərbaycan Respublikası ərazisində dövlət mühafizəsinə götürülmüş daşınmaz tarix və mədəniyyət abidələrinin əhəmiyyət dərəcələrinə görə bölgüsünün təsdiq edilməsi haqqında Azərbaycan Respublikasi Nazirlər Kabinetinin qərarı\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cin məscidi\" (in Azerbaijani). icherisheher.az. Retrieved 3 April 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.icherisheher.az/az/70-route/","url_text":"\"Cin məscidi\""}]},{"reference":"\"CİN MƏSCİDİ\" (in Azerbaijani). icherisheher.gov.az. Archived from the original on 28 June 2018. Retrieved 3 April 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180628053442/http://www.icherisheher.gov.az/static,21/lang,az/#monument55","url_text":"\"CİN MƏSCİDİ\""},{"url":"http://www.icherisheher.gov.az/static,21/lang,az/#monument55","url_text":"the original"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Jinn_Mosque¶ms=40.366228_N_49.833469_E_type:landmark","external_links_name":"40°21′58″N 49°50′00″E / 40.366228°N 49.833469°E / 40.366228; 49.833469"},{"Link":"http://www.e-qanun.az/framework/2847","external_links_name":"\"Azərbaycan Respublikası ərazisində dövlət mühafizəsinə götürülmüş daşınmaz tarix və mədəniyyət abidələrinin əhəmiyyət dərəcələrinə görə bölgüsünün təsdiq edilməsi haqqında Azərbaycan Respublikasi Nazirlər Kabinetinin qərarı\""},{"Link":"http://www.icherisheher.az/az/70-route/","external_links_name":"\"Cin məscidi\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180628053442/http://www.icherisheher.gov.az/static,21/lang,az/#monument55","external_links_name":"\"CİN MƏSCİDİ\""},{"Link":"http://www.icherisheher.gov.az/static,21/lang,az/#monument55","external_links_name":"the original"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C5%8Dj%C5%8D_Sanetoki | Kanezawa Sanetoki | ["1 References"] | In this Japanese name, the surname is Kanezawa.
Kanezawa Sanetoki
Kanezawa Sanetoki (金沢 実時), also called Hōjō Sanetoki (北条 実時, 1224 – November 30, 1276) was the founder of the Kanazawa Bunko (Kanazawa Library). He was a member of the Kanezawa branch of the Hōjō clan. He may have been married to Mugai Nyodai.
He was born to Hōjō Saneyasu in 1224. As his talent was discovered by his uncle Hōjō Yasutoki, Sanetoki was given important posts by four shikken: Yasutoki, Tsunetoki, Tokiyori and Tokimune. He began his career as the head of Kosamurai-dokoro in 1234 and then became Hikitsukeshu in 1252 and Hyojoshu in 1253. Due to illness, he resigned from all posts and took a rest at his residence at Kanezawa (modern-day Kanazawa), Yokohama.
While attending to government affairs, he was dedicated himself to study. He studied under Kiyohara no Noritaka, who came to Kamakura in Prince Munetaka's retinue. In 1258 he established a temple called Shōmyōji at Kanazawa and put a library within the temple to house his huge manuscript collection.
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
National
Japan
References
^ "Mugai". Darkwing.uoregon.edu. Retrieved 2020-02-26.
This biographical article related to Japan is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Japanese name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_name"},{"link_name":"surname","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surname"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:H%C5%8Dj%C5%8D_Sanetoki.jpg"},{"link_name":"Kanazawa Bunko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanazawa_Bunko"},{"link_name":"Kanezawa branch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kanezawa_family&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Hōjō clan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C5%8Dj%C5%8D_clan"},{"link_name":"Mugai Nyodai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mugai_Nyodai"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Hōjō Saneyasu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=H%C5%8Dj%C5%8D_Saneyasu&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Hōjō Yasutoki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C5%8Dj%C5%8D_Yasutoki"},{"link_name":"shikken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shikken"},{"link_name":"Tsunetoki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C5%8Dj%C5%8D_Tsunetoki"},{"link_name":"Tokiyori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C5%8Dj%C5%8D_Tokiyori"},{"link_name":"Tokimune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C5%8Dj%C5%8D_Tokimune"},{"link_name":"Kosamurai-dokoro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kosamurai-dokoro&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Hikitsukeshu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hikitsukeshu"},{"link_name":"Hyojoshu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hyojoshu&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Kanazawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanazawa-ku,_Yokohama"},{"link_name":"Yokohama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yokohama"},{"link_name":"Kamakura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamakura,_Kanagawa"},{"link_name":"Prince Munetaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Munetaka"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q596360#identifiers"},{"link_name":"ISNI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//isni.org/isni/0000000377041671"},{"link_name":"VIAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/254172045"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00626464"}],"text":"In this Japanese name, the surname is Kanezawa.Kanezawa SanetokiKanezawa Sanetoki (金沢 実時), also called Hōjō Sanetoki (北条 実時, 1224 – November 30, 1276) was the founder of the Kanazawa Bunko (Kanazawa Library). He was a member of the Kanezawa branch of the Hōjō clan. He may have been married to Mugai Nyodai.[1]He was born to Hōjō Saneyasu in 1224. As his talent was discovered by his uncle Hōjō Yasutoki, Sanetoki was given important posts by four shikken: Yasutoki, Tsunetoki, Tokiyori and Tokimune. He began his career as the head of Kosamurai-dokoro in 1234 and then became Hikitsukeshu in 1252 and Hyojoshu in 1253. Due to illness, he resigned from all posts and took a rest at his residence at Kanezawa (modern-day Kanazawa), Yokohama.While attending to government affairs, he was dedicated himself to study. He studied under Kiyohara no Noritaka, who came to Kamakura in Prince Munetaka's retinue. In 1258 he established a temple called Shōmyōji at Kanazawa and put a library within the temple to house his huge manuscript collection.Authority control databases International\nISNI\nVIAF\nNational\nJapan","title":"Kanezawa Sanetoki"}] | [{"image_text":"Kanezawa Sanetoki","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/H%C5%8Dj%C5%8D_Sanetoki.jpg/220px-H%C5%8Dj%C5%8D_Sanetoki.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"Mugai\". Darkwing.uoregon.edu. Retrieved 2020-02-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://darkwing.uoregon.edu/~munno/OregonCourses/REL4400002/Mugai.html","url_text":"\"Mugai\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000377041671","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/254172045","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00626464","external_links_name":"Japan"},{"Link":"https://darkwing.uoregon.edu/~munno/OregonCourses/REL4400002/Mugai.html","external_links_name":"\"Mugai\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kanezawa_Sanetoki&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maklinskaya | Maklinskaya | ["1 Geography","2 References"] | Village in Vologda Oblast, RussiaMaklinskaya
МаклинскаяVillageMaklinskayaShow map of Vologda OblastMaklinskayaShow map of RussiaCoordinates: 60°31′N 43°28′E / 60.517°N 43.467°E / 60.517; 43.467CountryRussiaRegionVologda OblastDistrictTarnogsky DistrictTime zoneUTC+3:00
Maklinskaya (Russian: Маклинская) is a rural locality (a village) in Tarnogskoye Rural Settlement, Tarnogsky District, Vologda Oblast, Russia. The population was 54 as of 2002. There are 3 streets.
Geography
Maklinskaya is located 8 km northwest of Tarnogsky Gorodok (the district's administrative centre) by road. Verigino is the nearest rural locality.
References
^ Маклинская деревня на карте
^ Данные переписи 2002 года: таблица 2С. М.: Федеральная служба государственной статистики, 2004.
^ Маклинская деревня на карте
^ Расстояние от Маклинской до Тарногского Городка
vteRural localities in Tarnogsky DistrictA-M
Abbakumovskaya
Afonovskaya
Agapitovskaya
Aksyutinskaya
Akulovskaya
Ananikha
Ananyevskaya
Anikin Pochinok
Anosovskaya
Antropikha
Antusheva Gora
Ayga
Bakrylovo
Baranskaya
Baryshevskaya
Bashevskaya
Belovskaya
Belyayevskaya
Bereznik
Bobrovitsa
Bolshaya Semyonovskaya
Bolshaya Verkhotina
Bolshoy Gorokh
Borisovskaya
Borok
Boyarskaya
Braginskaya
Budrinskaya
Budrinskaya-1
Burmasovo
Burtsevskaya
Chalovskaya
Chasovnoye
Cherepanikha
Cherniyevo
Chernyakovo
Chernyatinskaya
Chernyshovo
Chobotovo
Churilovka
Danilov Pochinok
Davydikha
Davydovskaya
Dementyevskaya
Demidovskaya
Denisovskaya
Deshevikha
Desyatina
Dmitriyevskaya
Dor
Doroninskaya
Durnevskaya
Fatyanovo
Fednevskaya
Fedorovskaya
Feofilatovskaya
Filimonovskaya
Filyakovo
Gagarikha
Galitskaya
Gavrilovskaya
Gavshino
Golchevskaya
Golebatovo
Gorka-2
Goryayevskaya
Gribovskaya
Grigoryevskaya
Gusikha
Ignatikha
Ignatovskaya
Igumnovskaya
Ikhomovo
Ilezsky Pogost
Ilyinskaya
Ilyukhinskaya
Isachkovo
Isainskaya
Isakovskaya
Ivanovskaya
Kalininskoye
Kamchuga
Kamchuga
Kameshkurye
Kanskoye
Kapelino
Kaplinskaya
Karchevskaya
Karelinskaya-2
Karitsa
Karpovskaya
Kashinskoye
Katerinino
Kharitonovskaya
Kholkin Konets
Khom
Kichiginskaya
Kirivanovskaya
Kiyanskaya
Klenovaya
Klevtsovskaya
Klimovo
Klyzhovo
Knyazhaya
Knyazhikha
Kobylye
Kochenga
Kochurovo
Kokorikha
Komaritsa
Kondratyevskaya
Kon-Gora
Kontorka
Kontsevskaya
Konyukhovskaya
Korchazhinskaya
Kormakino
Korolikha
Korotkovskaya
Kostaikha
Kovrizhinskaya
Kozhevnikovskaya
Kozhinskaya
Krasnoye
Krasny Bor
Kremlevo
Kriulya
Krivosheinskaya
Krotovskaya
Krutaya Osyp
Kurevino
Kurkovskaya
Kuryanikha
Kuznecheyevskaya
Kvashninskaya
Lavy
Lesnikovo
Levinskoye
Lodygino
Lomovo
Lukinskaya
Lyapinskaya
Lychnaya
Lyginskaya
Lyubavchikha
Makaryino
Maklinskaya
Malakhovsky Bor
Malaya Gora
Malaya Popovskaya
Malaya Semyonovskaya
Malaya Verkhotina
Malchevskaya
Maloye Voronino
Manylovitsa
Manylovo
Manylovsky Pogost
Manyukovskaya
Marachevskaya
Martyanovskaya
Maslikha
Matveyevskaya
Maurnikovskaya
Maximovskaya
Meleshovo
Mesto Alexandrovo
Mikhaylovka
Mikhaylovskaya
Mikheyevskaya
Milogorskaya
Mishukovo
Mitinskaya
N-Z
Nefedikha
Nefedovskaya
Nefedyevo
Neklyudikha
Nelyubino
Nesterikha
Nikiforovskaya
Nikitikha
Nikitin Pochinok
Nikolayevskaya
Nikonovskaya
Nizhnepauninskaya
Nizhnyaya Pechenga
Novgorodskaya
Okatovskaya
Okulovskaya
Olikhovskaya
Osilkovo
Osovaya
Ostankovo
Ostashevskaya
Ovsyannikovskaya
Ozhiginskaya
Pakhotino
Pakhtusovo
Pakutino
Palkinskaya
Panikha
Par
Patrakeyevskaya
Pavlomatveyevskaya
Pershinskaya
Pershinskaya-1
Pershinskaya-2
Petrilovo
Petrishcheva Gora
Petryayevskaya
Ploshilovskaya
Podlipnoye
Pogonyayevskaya
Pogoreltsevo
Pogost Luka
Pogost
Pomazikha
Pominovskaya
Porokhovo
Pospelovskaya
Posyolok Myasokombinata
Potepalovo
Pritykino
Prokopyevskaya
Pronevskaya
Puzovka
Pyatovskaya
Radchino
Ramenye
Regishevskaya
Rodnaya
Romashevsky Pogost
Rudino
Rudnovskaya
Ryazanka
Rykalovskaya
Rylkovskaya
Samsonovskaya
Savinskaya
Semenovskaya
Semerninskoye
Semichayevskaya
Senskaya
Senyukovskaya
Seredskaya
Sergeyevskoye
Sergiyevskaya
Shelkovo
Shelovskaya
Shershukovskaya
Shkulevskaya
Shulevo
Sinyakovo
Sinyakovskaya
Skoryatenskoye
Slastnichikha
Slobodinskaya
Slobodka
Sluda
Sludka
Smetanino
Snezhurovo
Spassky Pogost
Spichenskaya
Srodino
Stafilovo
Stary Dvor
Stepushino
Strukovo
Sukhaya Veret
Surovchikha
Surovtsovo
Sverchkovskaya
Sverdlovskaya
Tabory
Tarasovskaya
Tarnogsky Gorodok
Tekstilshchiki
Telpino
Tikhonikha
Timoshinskaya
Tiunovskaya
Toporikha
Toropovskaya
Tryznovo
Tsaryova
Tselkovskaya
Tsybuninskaya
Tyrlyninskaya
Tyuprikha
Tyurdinskaya
Uglitskaya
Ugryumovskaya
Ukhtanga
Ulyanovskaya
Uspenye
Ust-Tsareva
Ust-Yedenga
Uvarovskaya
Vanevskaya
Varnitsy
Vasyutkino
Vaulovo
Velikaya
Verigino
Verkhnepauninskaya
Verkhovny Pogost
Vershininskaya
Vidernikovskaya
Volodinskaya
Vorlygino
Voroninskaya
Vorotishna
Voshchar
Vyazutinskaya
Vydrino
Yafanovskaya
Yakinskaya
Yakunikha
Yakurino
Yakushevskaya
Yarinskaya
Yarygino
Yedovinskaya
Yefimovskaya
Yekimikha
Yelifanovskaya Vystavka
Yelifanovskaya
Yeltsino
Yemelyanovskaya
Yepifanovskaya
Yerino
Yermakovskaya
Yermolinskaya
Yermolitsa
Yevseyevskaya
Yezovo
Yugra
Yurenino
Zapolnaya
Zubarevo
Zuikha
Zykov Konets
This Tarnogsky District location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"rural locality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Types_of_inhabited_localities_in_Russia"},{"link_name":"village","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Village#Russia"},{"link_name":"Tarnogsky District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarnogsky_District"},{"link_name":"Vologda Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vologda_Oblast"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Maklinskaya (Russian: Маклинская) is a rural locality (a village) in Tarnogskoye Rural Settlement, Tarnogsky District, Vologda Oblast, Russia. The population was 54 as of 2002.[2] There are 3 streets.[3]","title":"Maklinskaya"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tarnogsky Gorodok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarnogsky_Gorodok"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Maklinskaya is located 8 km northwest of Tarnogsky Gorodok (the district's administrative centre) by road. Verigino is the nearest rural locality.[4]","title":"Geography"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Maklinskaya¶ms=60_31_N_43_28_E_type:city_region:RU-VLG","external_links_name":"60°31′N 43°28′E / 60.517°N 43.467°E / 60.517; 43.467"},{"Link":"https://mapdata.ru/vologodskaya-oblast/tarnogskiy-rayon/maklinskaya-derevnya/","external_links_name":"Маклинская деревня на карте"},{"Link":"https://mapdata.ru/vologodskaya-oblast/tarnogskiy-rayon/maklinskaya-derevnya/","external_links_name":"Маклинская деревня на карте"},{"Link":"http://allroutes.ru/rasstoyanie_maklinskaja_tarnogskij-gorodok","external_links_name":"Расстояние от Маклинской до Тарногского Городка"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maklinskaya&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coca-Cola_Scholars_Foundation | Coca-Cola Scholars Foundation | ["1 History","2 Selection","3 Eligibility","4 Notable Coca-Cola Scholars","5 References"] | US non-profit organization
The topic of this article may not meet Wikipedia's notability guidelines for companies and organizations. Please help to demonstrate the notability of the topic by citing reliable secondary sources that are independent of the topic and provide significant coverage of it beyond a mere trivial mention. If notability cannot be shown, the article is likely to be merged, redirected, or deleted.Find sources: "Coca-Cola Scholars Foundation" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
The Coca-Cola Scholars Foundation (CCSF) is a non-profit organization that works on behalf and at the direction of the Coca-Cola system (including The Coca-Cola Company, the world's largest producer of non-alcoholic beverages, and its many subsidiaries) to provide scholarships to some 1,400 students annually in amounts totaling over $3.4 million each year. The organization is based in Atlanta, Georgia.
History
As Coca-Cola was approaching its centennial in 1986, leaders in the bottling industry decided to make a large financial gift that then became the Coca-Cola Scholars Program. In its first year, 150 graduating seniors planning on attending college were awarded four-year grants. Later, those grants grew into $20,000 scholarships for 50 students annually and $10,000 scholarships for another 200 students annually ($5,000/year for 4 years and $2,500/year for four years respectively).
Now, the Coca-Cola Scholars Foundation awards $20,000 grants to 150 rising college freshman annually.
The Foundation launched in 2022 a programme to train 7000 african women.
Selection
Typically, the Foundation receives between 85,000 and 110,000 applications, from which around 1,500 are selected as Semifinalists. Regional representation across the United States is considered in this step.
The 1,500 Semifinalists are then asked to complete a written application to select approximately 250 Regional Finalists. From this stage, Regional Finalists complete interviews with prior recipients and CCSF staff after which 150 Coca-Cola Scholars are selected.
Coca-Cola Scholars are invited to Atlanta for Coca-Cola Scholars Weekend, where they participate in a Leadership Development Institute to further develop their leadership skills, tour local landmarks, engage with Coca-Cola Scholar alumni, and participate in a group community service project. The Scholars are also the guests of honor at the annual Scholars Banquet, where they are celebrated by representatives from the Coca-Cola system, educators, local dignitaries, and sponsors.
Eligibility
In order to be eligible for a Coca-Cola Scholars Program scholarship, one must be a current high school or home-school senior planning to graduate from a school or program in the United States during the academic year in which application is made. Additionally, students must be U.S. Citizens, U.S. Nationals, U.S. Permanent Residents, Temporary Residents (legalization program), Refugees, Asylee, Cuban-Haitian Entrants, or Humanitarian Parolees. Furthermore, they must plan to pursue a degree at an accredited U.S. post-secondary institution and carry a minimum 3.00 GPA at the end of their junior year of high school. Applicants may not be children or grandchildren of employees, officers, or owners of Coca-Cola bottling companies, The Coca-Cola Company or any other bottler or Company divisions or subsidiaries.
Notable Coca-Cola Scholars
Paula Broadwell, Military scholar and author
Charles B. Chang, Associate Professor of Linguistics at Boston University
Ericka Dunlap, Miss America 2003
Michael J. Freedman, Robert E. Kahn Professor of Computer Science at Princeton University
Neha Gupta, founder of Empower Orphans and recipient of the Children's International Peace Prize
Katori Hall, playwright, journalist, and actress
Leila Janah, Founder and CEO of Samasource and LXMI
Mondaire Jones, U.S. Representative from New York
Melissa Schettini Kearney, Neil Moskowitz Professor of Economics at the University of Maryland
Kathryn Minshew, Founder of The Muse
Cara Mund, Miss America 2018
Alex B. Morse, Mayor of Holyoke, Massachusetts
Nadya Okamoto, social entrepreneur and activist
Vivek Ramaswamy (2003), Republican presidential candidate
Ben Sasse, U.S. Senator from Nebraska
Katrina Shankland, Wisconsin state representative
Elise Stefanik, U.S. Representative from New York
Jake Sullivan, U.S. National Security Advisor
Michael Tubbs, Mayor of Stockton, California
Michelle Wu, Mayor of Boston
References
^ LesEco.ma (2022-01-28). "Développement durable : Coca-Cola pour l'Afrique lance l'initiative «JAMII»". LesEco.ma (in French). Retrieved 2022-09-23.
^ "Coca-Cola helps Durango High School senior pay for college". Durango Herald. Retrieved 2018-07-03.
^ "4-H Brings Future Leaders to UK Campus". US official news.
^ "Meet the 2019 LDI Facilitators". LDI Facilitators, Coca-Cola Scholars Foundation. Retrieved 26 April 2024.
^ "CV". Michael J. Freedman's webpage. Archived from the original on 2008-07-06.
^ "CURRICULUM VITAE" (PDF). Melissa Schettini Kearney. Retrieved 17 July 2022.
^ Wartman, Scott (March 5, 2023). "Meet St. X grad new running for president". The Cincinnati Enquirer. p. 5A – via Newspapers.com. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"non-profit organization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-profit_organization"},{"link_name":"Coca-Cola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coca-Cola"},{"link_name":"The Coca-Cola Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Coca-Cola_Company"},{"link_name":"subsidiaries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subsidiary"},{"link_name":"Atlanta, Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta,_Georgia"}],"text":"The Coca-Cola Scholars Foundation (CCSF) is a non-profit organization that works on behalf and at the direction of the Coca-Cola system (including The Coca-Cola Company, the world's largest producer of non-alcoholic beverages, and its many subsidiaries) to provide scholarships to some 1,400 students annually in amounts totaling over $3.4 million each year. 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Later, those grants grew into $20,000 scholarships for 50 students annually and $10,000 scholarships for another 200 students annually ($5,000/year for 4 years and $2,500/year for four years respectively).Now, the Coca-Cola Scholars Foundation awards $20,000 grants to 150 rising college freshman annually.The Foundation launched in 2022 a programme to train 7000 african women.[1]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Typically, the Foundation receives between 85,000 and 110,000 applications, from which around 1,500 are selected as Semifinalists. Regional representation across the United States is considered in this step.The 1,500 Semifinalists are then asked to complete a written application to select approximately 250 Regional Finalists. From this stage, Regional Finalists complete interviews with prior recipients and CCSF staff after which 150 Coca-Cola Scholars are selected.Coca-Cola Scholars are invited to Atlanta for Coca-Cola Scholars Weekend, where they participate in a Leadership Development Institute to further develop their leadership skills, tour local landmarks, engage with Coca-Cola Scholar alumni, and participate in a group community service project. The Scholars are also the guests of honor at the annual Scholars Banquet, where they are celebrated by representatives from the Coca-Cola system, educators, local dignitaries, and sponsors.[2]","title":"Selection"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"In order to be eligible for a Coca-Cola Scholars Program scholarship, one must be a current high school or home-school senior planning to graduate from a school or program in the United States during the academic year in which application is made. Additionally, students must be U.S. Citizens, U.S. Nationals, U.S. Permanent Residents, Temporary Residents (legalization program), Refugees, Asylee, Cuban-Haitian Entrants, or Humanitarian Parolees. Furthermore, they must plan to pursue a degree at an accredited U.S. post-secondary institution and carry a minimum 3.00 GPA at the end of their junior year of high school. Applicants may not be children or grandchildren of employees, officers, or owners of Coca-Cola bottling companies, The Coca-Cola Company or any other bottler or Company divisions or subsidiaries.[3]","title":"Eligibility"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Paula Broadwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paula_Broadwell"},{"link_name":"Charles B. Chang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_B._Chang"},{"link_name":"Boston University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_University"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Ericka Dunlap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ericka_Dunlap"},{"link_name":"Michael J. Freedman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_J._Freedman"},{"link_name":"Princeton University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princeton_University"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Neha Gupta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neha_Gupta"},{"link_name":"Katori Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katori_Hall"},{"link_name":"Leila Janah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leila_Janah"},{"link_name":"Mondaire Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mondaire_Jones"},{"link_name":"Melissa Schettini Kearney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melissa_Kearney"},{"link_name":"University of Maryland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Maryland"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Kathryn Minshew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathryn_Minshew"},{"link_name":"Cara Mund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cara_Mund"},{"link_name":"Alex B. Morse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_B._Morse"},{"link_name":"Nadya Okamoto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nadya_Okamoto"},{"link_name":"Vivek Ramaswamy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vivek_Ramaswamy"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Ben Sasse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Sasse"},{"link_name":"Katrina Shankland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katrina_Shankland"},{"link_name":"Elise Stefanik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elise_Stefanik"},{"link_name":"Jake Sullivan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jake_Sullivan"},{"link_name":"Michael Tubbs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Tubbs"},{"link_name":"Michelle Wu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michelle_Wu"}],"text":"Paula Broadwell, Military scholar and author\nCharles B. Chang, Associate Professor of Linguistics at Boston University[4]\nEricka Dunlap, Miss America 2003\nMichael J. Freedman, Robert E. Kahn Professor of Computer Science at Princeton University[5]\nNeha Gupta, founder of Empower Orphans and recipient of the Children's International Peace Prize\nKatori Hall, playwright, journalist, and actress\nLeila Janah, Founder and CEO of Samasource and LXMI\nMondaire Jones, U.S. Representative from New York\nMelissa Schettini Kearney, Neil Moskowitz Professor of Economics at the University of Maryland[6]\nKathryn Minshew, Founder of The Muse\nCara Mund, Miss America 2018\nAlex B. Morse, Mayor of Holyoke, Massachusetts\nNadya Okamoto, social entrepreneur and activist\nVivek Ramaswamy (2003), Republican presidential candidate[7]\nBen Sasse, U.S. Senator from Nebraska\nKatrina Shankland, Wisconsin state representative\nElise Stefanik, U.S. Representative from New York\nJake Sullivan, U.S. National Security Advisor\nMichael Tubbs, Mayor of Stockton, California\nMichelle Wu, Mayor of Boston","title":"Notable Coca-Cola Scholars"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"LesEco.ma (2022-01-28). \"Développement durable : Coca-Cola pour l'Afrique lance l'initiative «JAMII»\". LesEco.ma (in French). Retrieved 2022-09-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://leseco.ma/business/developpement-durable-coca-cola-pour-lafrique-lance-linitiative-jamii.html","url_text":"\"Développement durable : Coca-Cola pour l'Afrique lance l'initiative «JAMII»\""}]},{"reference":"\"Coca-Cola helps Durango High School senior pay for college\". Durango Herald. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Orphans%27_Home_Cycle | The Orphans' Home Cycle | ["1 Productions","2 The plays","3 Critical response","4 Awards and nominations","5 References","6 External links"] | The Orphans' Home Cycle is a 3-play drama written by Horton Foote. Each of the three plays in the trilogy comprises three one-act plays. They are The Story of a Childhood (Part 1), The Story of a Marriage (Part 2), and The Story of a Family (Part 3).
The plays focus on Horace Robedaux, whose character was inspired by Foote's father, from Texas, at the turn of the 20th Century to the beginning of the Depression. The plays follow Horace through three decades, as "seen through three generations of three families."
Productions
Most of the individual plays had been produced previously, either on stage, in film, or for television. Hartford Stage and the Signature Theatre Company co-produced the cycle. Foote said "It's incredibly moving to see all of these plays from my years of writing come together into the theatrical cycle that I've always envisioned."
The cycle was produced at the Hartford Stage, Hartford, Connecticut, in September 2009 through October 2009. The cycle ran in repertory off-Broadway at the Signature Theatre Company from November 19, 2009 (Part 1), December 17, (Part 2), and January 26, (Part 3) through May 8, 2010. They (collectively) won the Lucille Lortel Award for Outstanding Play.
The director was Michael Wilson, sets by Jeff Cowie and David M. Barber, and costumes by David C. Woolard. An original score was composed by John Gromada. The cast included Bill Heck, Maggie Lacey, Annalee Jefferies, Emily Robinson, Hallie Foote, Pamela Payton-Wright, and Dylan Riley Snyder.
In April 2016, Baylor University's Theatre Department put on the first ever consecutive reading of all nine plays in the cycle, bookending its full-fledged production of Story of a Marriage. Horton Foote had a long relationship with Baylor's Department of Theatre Arts and was a good friend of Dr. Marion Castleberry, a graduate professor at the University and Foote's biographer as well as director of the Cycle.
The plays
Part 1, The Story of a Childhood, 1902-1911
Act 1: Roots in a Parched Ground, 1902-1903; Act 2: Convicts, 1904; Act 3 Lily Dale, 1911.
Roots in a Parched Ground was first presented on the television show "DuPont Show of the Month", in 1962 under the title The Night of the Storm. The cast featured Julie Harris as Julia, E. G. Marshall as Jim Howard, and Mildred Dunnock as Grandma Robedaux.
Convicts was made into a film and released in 1991, with Robert Duvall as Soll Gautier and Lukas Haas as Horace Robedaux.
Lily Dale ran off-Broadway at the Samuel Beckett Theatre from November 20, 1986 to February 15, 1987. The cast featured Molly Ringwald as Lily, later replaced by Mary Stuart Masterson. It was also televised in the "Hallmark Hall of Fame" series in 1996, with Masterson as Lily.
Part 2, The Story of a Marriage, 1912–1917
Act 1: The Widow Claire; Act 2: Courtship; Act 3: Valentine's Day
The Widow Claire was produced off-Broadway at the Circle in the Square Theatre from December 17, 1986 to April 26, 1987, with Matthew Broderick as Horace Robedaux and Hallie Foote as Widow Claire.
Courtship was filmed in 1987 with William Converse-Roberts as Horace Robedaux.
Valentine's Day was filmed and released in 1986 with Matthew Broderick as Brother, William Converse-Roberts as Horace Robedaux, and Hallie Foote as Elizabeth Robedaux.
Part 3, The Story of a Family, 1918 to 1928
Act 1: 1918; Act 2: Cousins; Act 3: The Death of Papa.
1918 was produced in the 1990–91 season at the American Conservatory Theater, San Francisco, California.
Cousins was first produced in 1983 at the Loft Theatre, Los Angeles, California.
Death of Papa premiered in 1997 at the Playmakers' Repertory Company, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, with Matthew Broderick and Ellen Burstyn. It was produced by the Hartford Stage in June 1999 with Frankie Muniz as Horace Robedaux Jr., Hallie Foote as Elizabeth Robedaux, and Dana Ivey as Mary Vaughn.
Critical response
Ben Brantley in The New York Times wrote of The Story of a Marriage that they "are both the starkest and most sentimental of this lovingly painted life-and-times portrait."
John Simon called the cycle "absorbing and uplifting", and noted that it was "suffused with Foote’s almost uncanny humanity in portraying besetting hardships and hard-won victories, disheartening letdowns and dogged loyalties. Foote has a smiling empathy with all people."
Awards and nominations
Drama Desk Award
Special Award, To the cast, creative team and producers of Horton Foote’s epic The Orphans' Home Cycle (winner)
Outstanding Actor in a Play, Bill Heck (nominee)
Outer Critics Circle Award
Outstanding New Off-Broadway Play (winner)
Outstanding Director of a Play, Michael Wilson (winner)
Outstanding Actor in a Play, Bill Heck (nominee)
Outstanding Featured Actor in a Play, James DeMarse (nominee)
Outstanding Featured Actress in a Play, Hallie Foote (nominee)
New York Drama Critics' Circle
Best Play (winner)
American Theatre Wing Henry Hewes Award for Design "Notable Effects- for outstanding Production Design", David M. Barber, Jeff Cowie, David Woolard, Rui Rita, John Gromada, Jan Hartley (winners)
References
^ Wallenberg, Christopher."Family story brimming with emotion" boston.com, August 30, 2009
^ Hetrick, Adam."Foote's Orphans' Home Cycle to Play Hartford Stage and NY's Signature", Playbill, January 21, 2009
^ Gates, Anita."Orphans’ Home Cycle,’ a Horton Foote Feast"The New York Times, September 18, 2009
^ Hetrick, Adam."Last Installment of Foote's Orphans' Home Cycle Opens Off-Broadway Jan. 26" playbill.com, January 26, 2010
^ "In 'Orphans' Cycle, a Foote Family Tree". New York Times. December 9, 2009.
^ Foote, Horton.Script, 'Roots in a Parched Ground' google books.com, Dramatists Play Service, Inc., 1962, ISBN 0-8222-0967-5
^ "Internet Movie Database listing, 'Convicts'" imdb.com, retrieved May 18, 2010
^ Watson, Charles S. Horton Foote: A Literary Biography, University of Texas Press, 2003, ISBN 0-292-79160-7, p.169
^ Internet Off-Broadway Database listing, 'Lily Dale'" lortel.org, retrieved May 16, 2010
^ "Internet Movie Database listing, 'Lily Dale'" imdb.com, retrieved May 18, 2010
^ Internet Off-Broadway Datavase listing, 'The Widow Claire'" lortel.org, retrieved May 18, 2010
^ "Internet Movie Database listing, 'Courtship'" imdb.com, retrieved May 18, 2010
^ "Internet Movie Database listing, 'Valentine's Day'" imdb.com, retrieved May 18, 2010
^ Act archives Archived 2008-01-01 at the Wayback Machine act-sf.org, retrieved May 18, 2010
^ List and chronology of Foote works curtainup.com, retrieved May 18, 2010
^ Wood, Gerald C. Horton Foote: A Casebook Taylor & Francis, 1998, ISBN 0-8153-2544-4, p. 206
^ Brantley, Ben."Daughter Knows Best In a Horton Foote Play"The New York Times, June 18, 1999
^ Brantley, Ben."Life, Death and Family in Foote’s Texas"The New York Times, January 27, 2010
^ Simon, John."Horton Foote’s ‘Orphans’ Home Cycle’ Must Be Seen"Bloomberg News, February 6, 2010
^ Gans, Andrew."Drama Desk Award Nominations Announced; Ragtime and Scottsboro Top List" Archived 2010-05-06 at the Wayback Machine playbill.com, May 3, 2010
^ Gans, Andrew."New York Drama Critics' Circle Names Orphans' Home Cycle Best Play" playbill.com, April 30, 2010
External links
Internet Off-Broadway Database listing, Part 1
Internet Off-Broadway Database listing, Part 2
Internet Off-Broadway Database listing, Part 3
Signature Theatre listing
Curtain Up Review, Part 2, December 12, 2009
Original Score at iTunes | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"the Depression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Depression"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"The plays focus on Horace Robedaux, whose character was inspired by Foote's father, from Texas, at the turn of the 20th Century to the beginning of the Depression. 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Hartford Stage and the Signature Theatre Company co-produced the cycle. Foote said \"It's incredibly moving to see all of these plays from my years of writing come together into the theatrical cycle that I've always envisioned.\"[2]The cycle was produced at the Hartford Stage, Hartford, Connecticut, in September 2009 through October 2009.[3] The cycle ran in repertory off-Broadway at the Signature Theatre Company from November 19, 2009 (Part 1), December 17, (Part 2), and January 26, (Part 3) through May 8, 2010. They (collectively) won the Lucille Lortel Award for Outstanding Play.[4]The director was Michael Wilson, sets by Jeff Cowie and David M. Barber, and costumes by David C. Woolard. An original score was composed by John Gromada. The cast included Bill Heck, Maggie Lacey, Annalee Jefferies, Emily Robinson, Hallie Foote, Pamela Payton-Wright, and Dylan Riley Snyder.[5]In April 2016, Baylor University's Theatre Department put on the first ever consecutive reading of all nine plays in the cycle, bookending its full-fledged production of Story of a Marriage. Horton Foote had a long relationship with Baylor's Department of Theatre Arts and was a good friend of Dr. Marion Castleberry, a graduate professor at the University and Foote's biographer as well as director of the Cycle.","title":"Productions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"DuPont Show of the Month","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DuPont_Show_of_the_Month"},{"link_name":"Julie Harris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julie_Harris_(American_actress)"},{"link_name":"E. G. Marshall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E._G._Marshall"},{"link_name":"Mildred Dunnock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mildred_Dunnock"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Robert Duvall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Duvall"},{"link_name":"Lukas Haas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lukas_Haas"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Molly Ringwald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molly_Ringwald"},{"link_name":"Mary Stuart Masterson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Stuart_Masterson"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Hallmark Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hallmark_Hall_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Circle in the Square Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circle_in_the_Square_Theatre"},{"link_name":"Matthew Broderick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Broderick"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"American Conservatory Theater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Conservatory_Theater"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-list-15"},{"link_name":"Chapel Hill, North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chapel_Hill,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Ellen Burstyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellen_Burstyn"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Frankie Muniz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankie_Muniz"},{"link_name":"Dana Ivey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dana_Ivey"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"Part 1, The Story of a Childhood, 1902-1911Act 1: Roots in a Parched Ground, 1902-1903; Act 2: Convicts, 1904; Act 3 Lily Dale, 1911.Roots in a Parched Ground was first presented on the television show \"DuPont Show of the Month\", in 1962 under the title The Night of the Storm. The cast featured Julie Harris as Julia, E. G. Marshall as Jim Howard, and Mildred Dunnock as Grandma Robedaux.[6]\nConvicts was made into a film and released in 1991, with Robert Duvall as Soll Gautier and Lukas Haas as Horace Robedaux.[7]\nLily Dale ran off-Broadway at the Samuel Beckett Theatre from November 20, 1986 to February 15, 1987. The cast featured Molly Ringwald as Lily, later replaced by Mary Stuart Masterson.[8][9] It was also televised in the \"Hallmark Hall of Fame\" series in 1996, with Masterson as Lily.[10]Part 2, The Story of a Marriage, 1912–1917Act 1: The Widow Claire; Act 2: Courtship; Act 3: Valentine's DayThe Widow Claire was produced off-Broadway at the Circle in the Square Theatre from December 17, 1986 to April 26, 1987, with Matthew Broderick as Horace Robedaux and Hallie Foote as Widow Claire.[11]\nCourtship was filmed in 1987 with William Converse-Roberts as Horace Robedaux.[12]\nValentine's Day was filmed and released in 1986 with Matthew Broderick as Brother, William Converse-Roberts as Horace Robedaux, and Hallie Foote as Elizabeth Robedaux.[13]Part 3, The Story of a Family, 1918 to 1928Act 1: 1918; Act 2: Cousins; Act 3: The Death of Papa.1918 was produced in the 1990–91 season at the American Conservatory Theater, San Francisco, California.[14]\nCousins was first produced in 1983 at the Loft Theatre, Los Angeles, California.[15]\nDeath of Papa premiered in 1997 at the Playmakers' Repertory Company, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, with Matthew Broderick and Ellen Burstyn.[16] It was produced by the Hartford Stage in June 1999 with Frankie Muniz as Horace Robedaux Jr., Hallie Foote as Elizabeth Robedaux, and Dana Ivey as Mary Vaughn.[17]","title":"The plays"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ben Brantley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Brantley"},{"link_name":"The New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"John Simon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Simon_(critic)"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"text":"Ben Brantley in The New York Times wrote of The Story of a Marriage that they \"are both the starkest and most sentimental of this lovingly painted life-and-times portrait.\"[18]John Simon called the cycle \"absorbing and uplifting\", and noted that it was \"suffused with Foote’s almost uncanny humanity in portraying besetting hardships and hard-won victories, disheartening letdowns and dogged loyalties. Foote has a smiling empathy with all people.\"[19]","title":"Critical response"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Drama Desk Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drama_Desk_Award"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Outer Critics Circle Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outer_Critics_Circle_Award"},{"link_name":"Hallie Foote","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hallie_Foote"},{"link_name":"New York Drama Critics' Circle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Drama_Critics%27_Circle"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"text":"Drama Desk Award[20]Special Award, To the cast, creative team and producers of Horton Foote’s epic The Orphans' Home Cycle (winner)\nOutstanding Actor in a Play, Bill Heck (nominee)Outer Critics Circle AwardOutstanding New Off-Broadway Play (winner)\nOutstanding Director of a Play, Michael Wilson (winner)\nOutstanding Actor in a Play, Bill Heck (nominee)\nOutstanding Featured Actor in a Play, James DeMarse (nominee)\nOutstanding Featured Actress in a Play, Hallie Foote (nominee)New York Drama Critics' Circle[21]Best Play (winner)American Theatre Wing Henry Hewes Award for Design \"Notable Effects- for outstanding Production Design\", David M. Barber, Jeff Cowie, David Woolard, Rui Rita, John Gromada, Jan Hartley (winners)","title":"Awards and nominations"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"In 'Orphans' Cycle, a Foote Family Tree\". New York Times. December 9, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2009/12/13/theater/13cheat.html","url_text":"\"In 'Orphans' Cycle, a Foote Family Tree\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.boston.com/ae/theater_arts/articles/2009/08/30/hartford_stage_preps_horton_footes_orphans_home_cycle/","external_links_name":"\"Family story brimming with emotion\""},{"Link":"http://www.playbill.com/news/article/125468-Footes-Orphans-Home-Cycle-to-Play-Hartford-Stage-and-NYs-Signature","external_links_name":"\"Foote's Orphans' Home Cycle to Play Hartford Stage and NY's Signature\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2009/09/20/nyregion/20theaterct.html","external_links_name":"\"Orphans’ Home Cycle,’ a Horton Foote Feast\""},{"Link":"http://www.playbill.com/news/article/136260-Last-Installment-of-Footes-Orphans-Home-Cycle-Opens-Off-Broadway-Jan-26","external_links_name":"\"Last Installment of Foote's Orphans' Home Cycle Opens Off-Broadway Jan. 26\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2009/12/13/theater/13cheat.html","external_links_name":"\"In 'Orphans' Cycle, a Foote Family Tree\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=fU7-saBtx64C&q=Foote+%22Roots+in+a+Parched+Ground+%22","external_links_name":"Script, 'Roots in a Parched Ground'"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0099300/","external_links_name":"\"Internet Movie Database listing, 'Convicts'\""},{"Link":"http://www.lortel.org/lla_archive/index.cfm?search_by=show&title=Lily%20Dale","external_links_name":"Internet Off-Broadway Database listing, 'Lily Dale'\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0116884/","external_links_name":"\"Internet Movie Database listing, 'Lily Dale'\""},{"Link":"http://www.lortel.org/lla_archive/index.cfm?search_by=show&title=The%20Widow%20Claire","external_links_name":"Internet Off-Broadway Datavase listing, 'The Widow Claire'\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0092789/","external_links_name":"\"Internet Movie Database listing, 'Courtship'\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0091676/","external_links_name":"\"Internet Movie Database listing, 'Valentine's Day'\""},{"Link":"http://www.act-sf.org/site/PageServer?pagename=about_history_production#1992","external_links_name":"Act archives"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080101193844/http://www.act-sf.org/site/PageServer?pagename=about_history_production#1992","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.curtainup.com/foote.html","external_links_name":"List and chronology of Foote works"},{"Link":"http://theater.nytimes.com/mem/theater/treview.html?html_title=&tols_title=DEATH%20OF%20PAPA,%20THE%20(PLAY)&pdate=19990618&byline=By%20BEN%20BRANTLEY&id=1077011432386","external_links_name":"\"Daughter Knows Best In a Horton Foote Play\""},{"Link":"http://theater.nytimes.com/2010/01/27/theater/reviews/27orphan.html","external_links_name":"\"Life, Death and Family in Foote’s Texas\""},{"Link":"https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601088&sid=ahKpntqY2YvQ","external_links_name":"\"Horton Foote’s ‘Orphans’ Home Cycle’ Must Be Seen\""},{"Link":"http://www.playbill.com/news/article/139212-Drama-Desk-Award-Nominations-Announced-Ragtime-and-Scottsboro-Top-List","external_links_name":"\"Drama Desk Award Nominations Announced; Ragtime and Scottsboro Top List\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100506054651/http://www.playbill.com/news/article/139212-Drama-Desk-Award-Nominations-Announced-Ragtime-and-Scottsboro-Top-List","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.playbill.com/news/article/139203-New-York-Drama-Critics-Circle-Names-Orphans-Home-Cycle-Best-Play","external_links_name":"\"New York Drama Critics' Circle Names Orphans' Home Cycle Best Play\""},{"Link":"http://www.lortel.org/lla_archive/index.cfm?search_by=show&id=5391","external_links_name":"Internet Off-Broadway Database listing, Part 1"},{"Link":"http://www.lortel.org/lla_archive/index.cfm?search_by=show&id=5392","external_links_name":"Internet Off-Broadway Database listing, Part 2"},{"Link":"http://www.lortel.org/lla_archive/index.cfm?search_by=show&id=5393","external_links_name":"Internet Off-Broadway Database listing, Part 3"},{"Link":"http://www.signaturetheatre.org/0910/index.htm","external_links_name":"Signature Theatre listing"},{"Link":"http://www.curtainup.com/orphanshomepart2.html","external_links_name":"Curtain Up Review, Part 2, December 12, 2009"},{"Link":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/orphans-home-cycle-mockingbird/id364925954","external_links_name":"Original Score at iTunes"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Williton | Williton | ["1 History","2 Geology","3 Governance","4 Tourism","5 Facilities","5.1 Emergency Services","5.2 Medical","5.3 Educational","5.4 Religious","5.5 Social and Sport","5.6 Transport","6 Demographics","7 Redevelopment","8 Publications","9 Further reading","10 References","11 External links"] | Coordinates: 51°09′53″N 3°18′31″W / 51.1648°N 3.3087°W / 51.1648; -3.3087
Human settlement in EnglandWillitonWillitonLocation within SomersetPopulation2,607 OS grid referenceST077412Unitary authoritySomerset CouncilShire countySomersetRegionSouth WestCountryEnglandSovereign stateUnited KingdomPost townTAUNTONPostcode districtTA4Dialling code01984PoliceAvon and SomersetFireDevon and SomersetAmbulanceSouth Western
UK ParliamentBridgwater and West Somerset
List of places
UK
England
Somerset
51°09′53″N 3°18′31″W / 51.1648°N 3.3087°W / 51.1648; -3.3087
Williton is a large village and civil parish in Somerset, England, at the junction of the A39, A358 and B3191 roads, on the coast 2 miles (3.2 km) south of Watchet between Minehead, Bridgwater and Taunton in the now-defunct Somerset West and Taunton district.
Williton station is on the West Somerset Railway line. Doniford Halt on the same line serves the nearby Haven Holiday centre.
Williton is twinned with Neung-sur-Beuvron in the Loir-et-Cher département of France.
History
Until 1902 Williton was part of the ancient parish of Saint Decuman, which included also the town of Watchet. The parish of St Decuman was part of the Williton and Freemanners Hundred.
Within Williton parish, to the south-west, is Orchard Wyndham House, a Grade I listed building,
which was the centre of an estate called "Orchard". Paleolithic, mesolithic and neolithic flints have been found at Doniford to the north-east of Williton while three Bronze Age barrows survive at Battlegore Burial Chamber, just north of the centre of Williton.
The name of Williton is Anglo-Saxon and means "estate on the Willet" (river); the Willet is a brook that rises at Willet, flows north through the hamlet of Stream, and close to the former manor house of Williton, then it joins the Doniford Brook north-east of Williton. Both watercourses seem to have been known as the Willet in the 12th century.
"Willet" may well be a British name. In the time of Edward the Elder the manor at Wiilitun was a royal hunting estate; its only pre-Conquest mention is in Edward's charter to the priory at Taunton, in which the prior and monks are enjoined to provide board and lodging for a single night, when the king was progressing, with dogs and falcons and their keepers, "ad Curig vel Willittun", "to Curry or else Williton". In the Domesday Survey Williton continued to form a royal estate, with Carhampton and Cannington. In the Middle Ages the village was divided into the manors of Williton Fulford and Williton Hadley. An estate known as Williton Templar belonged to the Knights Templar, and was later known as Williton Hospital and Williton Regis. Originally the centre of the village appears to have been near the church but over time it has migrated to the north-east.
Much of the centre of Williton dates from the later 19th century but Long Street includes several 17th-century houses, as do Bridge, Priest, Robert and Shutgate Streets. Agriculture has been the prime activity in the parish while Williton village became a local government and communal centre. Its importance increased with the creation of new toll roads that today are the main roads to the village. It is an important local shopping area and from 1894 has been an administration centre. It had a workhouse for the district, which became the local hospital until 1990 but has now been converted into housing.
Doniford House has late medieval origins and was enlarged circa 1600. Beside the beach is an early 19th-century lime kiln which is thought to have been in operation until the 1930s.
Before World War II at a site between Watchet and Doniford a gunnery range was established for various army units to practice anti-aircraft gunnery. Unmanned target aircraft were towed by planes from RAF Weston Zoyland and later were fired from catapults over the sea. Little of the camp buildings survive and it is now the site of a holiday park.
Geology
Doniford bay has Jurassic fossils in the cliffs. Charmouth fossils collects a number of their fossils from Doniford.
The largest Ichthyosaurus fossil discovered was found in Doniford Bay and taken to a museum in Hanover. When it was examined in 2017 it was revealed as the largest specimen described.
Governance
West Somerset Council offices in the village
The parish council has responsibility for local issues, including setting an annual precept (local rate) to cover the council’s operating costs and producing annual accounts for public scrutiny. The parish council evaluates local planning applications and works with the local police, district council officers, and neighbourhood watch groups on matters of crime, security, and traffic. The parish council's role also includes initiating projects for the maintenance and repair of parish facilities, as well as consulting with the district council on the maintenance, repair, and improvement of highways, drainage, footpaths, public transport, and street cleaning. Conservation matters (including trees and listed buildings) and environmental issues are also the responsibility of the council. All other services and administrative functions are the responsibility of Somerset Council, a unitary authority established in April 2023.
The village previously fell within the non-metropolitan district of Somerset West and Taunton, which was established on 1 April 2019. Before that it was in the district of West Somerset, which had its headquarters in the village, and was formed on 1 April 1974 under the Local Government Act 1972, and part of Williton Rural District before that.
It is also part of the Bridgwater and West Somerset county constituency represented in the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. It elects one Member of Parliament (MP) by the first past the post system of election.
The Bakelite Museum
Tourism
Williton is a good centre for visiting the Quantock Hills, the Brendons and Exmoor as well as the coast at Minehead, Dunster, Blue Anchor and Watchet, which are on the West Somerset Coast Path. Accommodation may be obtained in the village. There are facilities nearby for camping, sailing and wind-surfing as well as the usual beach activities. On the nearby cliffs fossils are exposed. There is easy access to the West Somerset Railway, which is the longest private railway in the country, and is run by a trust.
Places of interest are the Bakelite Museum and the Tropiquaria Zoo at the old radio station. Halsway Folk Music Centre is not far away.
The village lies on the route of the Macmillan Way West and Celtic Way Exmoor Option.
Facilities
Emergency Services
Williton fire station
There is a police station in Priest Street and both a hospital and fire station off North Street.
Medical
The Medical Centre at the end of Killick Way has a doctors surgery and pharmacy. Williton Hospital, off North Street, is a part of the Somerset Coast Primary Care Trust but does not have a casualty department. The nearest dentists are in Williton or Minehead.
Educational
The West Somerset area uses a three-tier education system. St Peters Church of England First School was opened on its present site in Doniford Road in 1996. It has five classes of mixed ability. There is a fairly large middle school — Danesfield Church of England — which caters for children between 9 and 13. Older students generally travel to the West Somerset College in Minehead.
Danesfield is also the centre for community education classes. There is a Somerset County library in Killick Way (closed Tuesdays).
Religious
Main article: Church of St Peter, Williton
St Peter's Church
The date of the origin of St Peter's Church in Bridge Street is uncertain but it is believed that God has been worshiped on the site for more than 1000 years. The names of the Priests serving the Church and the parish can be traced back go the 13th century.
The status of the Church changed dramatically in 1170 when The Lord of the manor, Sir Reginald Fitzurse, became one of the murderers of St Thomas a Becket. Following the murder the ownership of the manor passed to Reginald's brother Robert and the Knights Templar. The historian Collinson records (1792) that Robert rebuilt the chapel of Williton implying that the Saxon chapel was in ruins. The Liber Albus manuscripts in Wells Cathedral library show Robert gave to the Church of St Decuman, Watchet some important property and certain rights in the chapel. The church at Williton thus became very much a daughter Church of Watchet and became known as a Chapel of Ease.
The current building is mostly from the 16th century and is now a Grade II* listed building. Further work was undertaken in the 17th century when the Church was known as All Saints. Further work was done from time to time and in 1810 a south extension was built though the Elizabethan windows were relocated and reused in the south wall. The church fell into a state if disrepair and in 1856 suffered a rather over enthusiastic restoration under the architect Charles Edmund Giles. The Priest responsible for the big restoration of 1856/59, Samuel Heathcote (at the Church 1854 to 1906), was appointed Perpetual Curate but was signing the registers as Vicar from 21 November 1889 showing that Williton had become a parish separate from Watchet. The full details of the Church are recorded in Harry Armstrong's book The Parish of St Peter Williton published privately in 1982 and printed by Langley Print of Taunton.
Williton also has a Methodist Chapel.
Social and Sport
There is a recreation ground with a children's area. A new community hall (Williton Pavilion) has now been built after many years of fund raising and a National Lottery grant. The project was opposed by a small part of the local community, which is mostly people who live nearby and do not want the younger members of the community having more activities. There are many social activities within Williton including the social club which needs updating, bowling club, gardening club, rifle club, Women's Institute, Good Neighbours Club, British Legion and Young Farmers. The Scout Association and Girlguiding UK meet regularly.
There is a weekly Country Market every Friday. A supermarket was proposed by a local businessman but there is large opposition.
There is also a riding school located on Roughmore industrial estate open to anyone who wants to learn the equestrian arts.
There are various Martial arts clubs including Judo, Ju-Jitsu, and Karate.
The Bowmen of Danesfied a local West Somerset Archery club shoot at Danesfield School. They are fully inclusive with archers of all abilities from the complete novice to competition archers. They run regular beginners course for those wishing to get into the sport of Archery.
Transport
Williton Station
Buses run to Taunton and Minehead for which timetables are available from the post office. There are also buses to nearby supermarkets.
Williton railway station is on the preserved West Somerset Railway, which operates on most days through the year.
There is a voluntary car service called WHEELs for those without transport for shopping, visits to the doctor etc.
Demographics
In the 2001 census Williton parish had 1,163 male and 1,411 female residents living in 1,103 households, with 27% being over 65 years. Of all residents, 62% described their health as good.
Redevelopment
There is a master plan for redevelopment of the centre of Williton. The West Somerset Council is due to centralise its offices on Williton and the plans for this include retail, residential and community facilities.
Publications
Williton has a regular monthly newsletter, delivered free to all homes in the village, called the Williton Window. The slogan is 'Your church and community magazine'. An information pack is available to newcomers through Williton Window.
A book showing Williton as it used to be is The Book of Williton.
An information leaflet on West Somerset organisations is available from the West Somerset Free Press.
Further reading
Chidgey, Joyce; Chidgey, Maurice. (2007). The Book of Watchet and Williton Revisited. Wellington, Somerset: Halsgrove Publishing. ISBN 1-84114-628-5.
References
^ "Statistics for Wards, LSOAs and Parishes — SUMMARY Profiles" (Excel). Somerset Intelligence. Retrieved 4 January 2014.
^ Williton and District Twinning Association
^ "Williton" (PDF). Somerset Urban Archaeological Survey. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 July 2011. Retrieved 2 February 2010.
^ "Somerset Hundreds". GENUKI. Retrieved 23 October 2011.
^ R.W. Dunning (editor), A.P. Baggs, R.J.E. Bush, M.C. Siraut (1985). "Parishes: St. Decumans, including Watchet and Williton". Victoria County History. A History of the County of Somerset: Volume 5. Institute of Historical Research. Retrieved 3 December 2014. {{cite web}}: |author= has generic name (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ Historic England. "Orchard Wyndham (1295578)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 5 February 2008.
^ CS 612. William Henry Parr Greswell, 1905. Forests & Deer Parks of the County of Somerset p. 36; H. P. R. Finberg, ed. 1981. The Agrarian History of England and Wales Volume 1:ii, p. 456.
^ Historic England. "Doniford House (1057481)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 1 February 2008.
^ Historic England. "Limekiln about 100 metres North-West of Doniford Farmhouse (1174721)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 1 February 2008.
^ Berryman, David (2006). Somerset airfields in the Second World War. Newbury: Countryside Books. pp. 127–131. ISBN 1-85306-864-0.
^ "Doniford Camp, Doniford". Somerset Historic Environment Record. Somerset County Council. Retrieved 22 January 2011.
^ "Charmouth Fossils". Charmouth Fossils. Retrieved 28 August 2017.
^ Briggs, Helen (28 August 2017). "'Sea dragon' fossil is 'largest on record'". BBC News. Retrieved 28 August 2017.
^ "Williton RD". A vision of Britain Through Time. University of Portsmouth. Retrieved 5 January 2014.
^ Gathercole, Clare. "An archaeological assessment of Williton" (PDF). English Heritage Extensive Urban Survey. Somerset County Council. p. 7. Retrieved 4 March 2014.
^ a b R.W. Dunning (editor), A.P. Baggs, R.J.E. Bush, M.C. Siraut (1985). "Parishes: St. Decumans, including Watchet and Williton". A History of the County of Somerset: Volume 5. Institute of Historical Research. Retrieved 4 March 2014. {{cite web}}: |author= has generic name (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ a b Historic England. "Church of St Peter (1174922)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 4 March 2014.
^ "Williton". Quantock Online. Retrieved 4 March 2014.
^ "Williton Pavilion". Williton Pavilion. 18 February 2019. Retrieved 18 February 2019.
^ "Williton pavilion plan to be put to villagers". West Somerset Free Press. 14 February 2013. Retrieved 21 April 2014.
^ "Bowmen of Danesfield - Archers of West Somerset". Bowmen of Danesfield. Retrieved 5 January 2022.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Williton.
Williton Parish Council
The History of Williton Workhouse
Williton at Curlie
Bowmen of Danesfield
vteTowns, villages and hamlets in the West Somerset district of Somerset, England
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Withycombe
Withypool
Wootton Courtenay | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"civil parish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_parishes_in_England"},{"link_name":"Somerset","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somerset"},{"link_name":"A39","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A39_road"},{"link_name":"Watchet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watchet"},{"link_name":"Minehead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minehead"},{"link_name":"Bridgwater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridgwater"},{"link_name":"Taunton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taunton"},{"link_name":"Somerset West and Taunton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somerset_West_and_Taunton"},{"link_name":"West Somerset Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Somerset_Railway"},{"link_name":"Doniford Halt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doniford_Halt"},{"link_name":"Haven Holiday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haven_and_British_Holidays"},{"link_name":"twinned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Town_twinning"},{"link_name":"Neung-sur-Beuvron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neung-sur-Beuvron"},{"link_name":"Loir-et-Cher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loir-et-Cher"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Human settlement in EnglandWilliton is a large village and civil parish in Somerset, England, at the junction of the A39, A358 and B3191 roads, on the coast 2 miles (3.2 km) south of Watchet between Minehead, Bridgwater and Taunton in the now-defunct Somerset West and Taunton district.Williton station is on the West Somerset Railway line. Doniford Halt on the same line serves the nearby Haven Holiday centre.Williton is twinned with Neung-sur-Beuvron in the Loir-et-Cher département of France.[2]","title":"Williton"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Saint Decuman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Decuman"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Williton and Freemanners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Williton_and_Freemanners_(hundred)"},{"link_name":"Hundred","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hundred_(county_subdivision)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Orchard Wyndham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orchard_Wyndham"},{"link_name":"listed building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Listed_building"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Paleolithic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleolithic"},{"link_name":"mesolithic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesolithic"},{"link_name":"neolithic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neolithic"},{"link_name":"flints","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flint"},{"link_name":"Bronze Age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronze_Age"},{"link_name":"barrows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumulus"},{"link_name":"Battlegore Burial Chamber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battlegore_Burial_Chamber"},{"link_name":"Anglo-Saxon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_English_language"},{"link_name":"hamlet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamlet_(place)"},{"link_name":"Edward the Elder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_the_Elder"},{"link_name":"priory at Taunton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taunton_Priory"},{"link_name":"Curry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Curry"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Domesday Survey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domesday_Survey"},{"link_name":"Carhampton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carhampton"},{"link_name":"Cannington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannington,_Somerset"},{"link_name":"Middle Ages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Ages"},{"link_name":"Knights Templar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knights_Templar"},{"link_name":"toll roads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toll_road"},{"link_name":"workhouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workhouse"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"lime kiln","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lime_kiln"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Watchet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watchet"},{"link_name":"RAF Weston Zoyland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAF_Weston_Zoyland"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-berryman-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"Until 1902 Williton was part of the ancient parish of Saint Decuman,[3] which included also the town of Watchet. The parish of St Decuman was part of the Williton and Freemanners Hundred.[4][5]Within Williton parish, to the south-west, is Orchard Wyndham House, a Grade I listed building,\n[6]\nwhich was the centre of an estate called \"Orchard\". Paleolithic, mesolithic and neolithic flints have been found at Doniford to the north-east of Williton while three Bronze Age barrows survive at Battlegore Burial Chamber, just north of the centre of Williton.The name of Williton is Anglo-Saxon and means \"estate on the Willet\" (river); the Willet is a brook that rises at Willet, flows north through the hamlet of Stream, and close to the former manor house of Williton, then it joins the Doniford Brook north-east of Williton. Both watercourses seem to have been known as the Willet in the 12th century.\"Willet\" may well be a British name. In the time of Edward the Elder the manor at Wiilitun was a royal hunting estate; its only pre-Conquest mention is in Edward's charter to the priory at Taunton, in which the prior and monks are enjoined to provide board and lodging for a single night, when the king was progressing, with dogs and falcons and their keepers, \"ad Curig vel Willittun\", \"to Curry or else Williton\".[7] In the Domesday Survey Williton continued to form a royal estate, with Carhampton and Cannington. In the Middle Ages the village was divided into the manors of Williton Fulford and Williton Hadley. An estate known as Williton Templar belonged to the Knights Templar, and was later known as Williton Hospital and Williton Regis. Originally the centre of the village appears to have been near the church but over time it has migrated to the north-east.Much of the centre of Williton dates from the later 19th century but Long Street includes several 17th-century houses, as do Bridge, Priest, Robert and Shutgate Streets. Agriculture has been the prime activity in the parish while Williton village became a local government and communal centre. Its importance increased with the creation of new toll roads that today are the main roads to the village. It is an important local shopping area and from 1894 has been an administration centre. It had a workhouse for the district, which became the local hospital until 1990 but has now been converted into housing.Doniford House has late medieval origins and was enlarged circa 1600.[8] Beside the beach is an early 19th-century lime kiln which is thought to have been in operation until the 1930s.[9]Before World War II at a site between Watchet and Doniford a gunnery range was established for various army units to practice anti-aircraft gunnery. Unmanned target aircraft were towed by planes from RAF Weston Zoyland and later were fired from catapults over the sea.[10] Little of the camp buildings survive and it is now the site of a holiday park.[11]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Doniford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Doniford&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay"},{"link_name":"Jurassic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurassic"},{"link_name":"fossils","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossils"},{"link_name":"cliffs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cliffs"},{"link_name":"Doniford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Doniford&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Ichthyosaurus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ichthyosaurus"},{"link_name":"Hanover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanover"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"Doniford bay has Jurassic fossils in the cliffs. Charmouth fossils collects a number of their fossils from Doniford.[12]The largest Ichthyosaurus fossil discovered was found in Doniford Bay and taken to a museum in Hanover. When it was examined in 2017 it was revealed as the largest specimen described.[13]","title":"Geology"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Williton,_West_Somerset_Council_offices_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1551363.jpg"},{"link_name":"parish council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parish_councils_of_England"},{"link_name":"neighbourhood watch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neighbourhood_Watch_(UK)"},{"link_name":"Somerset Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somerset_Council"},{"link_name":"unitary authority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unitary_authority"},{"link_name":"non-metropolitan district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-metropolitan_district"},{"link_name":"Somerset West and Taunton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somerset_West_and_Taunton"},{"link_name":"West Somerset","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Somerset"},{"link_name":"Local Government Act 1972","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_Government_Act_1972"},{"link_name":"Williton Rural District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Williton_Rural_District"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-willitonrd-14"},{"link_name":"Bridgwater and West Somerset","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridgwater_and_West_Somerset_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"county constituency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_constituency"},{"link_name":"House of Commons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_House_of_Commons"},{"link_name":"Parliament of the United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Member of Parliament (MP)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_of_Parliament"},{"link_name":"first past the post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_past_the_post"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Bakelite_Museum,_Williton_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1024873.jpg"}],"text":"West Somerset Council offices in the villageThe parish council has responsibility for local issues, including setting an annual precept (local rate) to cover the council’s operating costs and producing annual accounts for public scrutiny. The parish council evaluates local planning applications and works with the local police, district council officers, and neighbourhood watch groups on matters of crime, security, and traffic. The parish council's role also includes initiating projects for the maintenance and repair of parish facilities, as well as consulting with the district council on the maintenance, repair, and improvement of highways, drainage, footpaths, public transport, and street cleaning. Conservation matters (including trees and listed buildings) and environmental issues are also the responsibility of the council. All other services and administrative functions are the responsibility of Somerset Council, a unitary authority established in April 2023.The village previously fell within the non-metropolitan district of Somerset West and Taunton, which was established on 1 April 2019. Before that it was in the district of West Somerset, which had its headquarters in the village, and was formed on 1 April 1974 under the Local Government Act 1972, and part of Williton Rural District before that.[14]It is also part of the Bridgwater and West Somerset county constituency represented in the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. It elects one Member of Parliament (MP) by the first past the post system of election.The Bakelite Museum","title":"Governance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Quantock Hills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantock_Hills"},{"link_name":"Brendons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brendon_Hills"},{"link_name":"Exmoor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exmoor"},{"link_name":"Minehead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minehead"},{"link_name":"Dunster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunster"},{"link_name":"Blue Anchor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Anchor_to_Lilstock_Coast_SSSI"},{"link_name":"Watchet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watchet"},{"link_name":"West Somerset Coast Path","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Somerset_Coast_Path"},{"link_name":"camping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camping"},{"link_name":"sailing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sailing"},{"link_name":"West Somerset Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Somerset_Railway"},{"link_name":"Bakelite Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakelite_Museum"},{"link_name":"Tropiquaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropiquaria"},{"link_name":"Halsway Folk Music Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halsway_Manor"},{"link_name":"Macmillan Way West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macmillan_Way_West"},{"link_name":"Celtic Way","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celtic_Way"}],"text":"Williton is a good centre for visiting the Quantock Hills, the Brendons and Exmoor as well as the coast at Minehead, Dunster, Blue Anchor and Watchet, which are on the West Somerset Coast Path. Accommodation may be obtained in the village. There are facilities nearby for camping, sailing and wind-surfing as well as the usual beach activities. On the nearby cliffs fossils are exposed. There is easy access to the West Somerset Railway, which is the longest private railway in the country, and is run by a trust.Places of interest are the Bakelite Museum and the Tropiquaria Zoo at the old radio station. Halsway Folk Music Centre is not far away.The village lies on the route of the Macmillan Way West and Celtic Way Exmoor Option.","title":"Tourism"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Facilities"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Williton_fire_station.jpg"}],"sub_title":"Emergency Services","text":"Williton fire stationThere is a police station in Priest Street and both a hospital and fire station off North Street.","title":"Facilities"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Medical","text":"The Medical Centre at the end of Killick Way has a doctors surgery and pharmacy. Williton Hospital, off North Street, is a part of the Somerset Coast Primary Care Trust but does not have a casualty department. The nearest dentists are in Williton or Minehead.","title":"Facilities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"West Somerset College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Somerset_College"}],"sub_title":"Educational","text":"The West Somerset area uses a three-tier education system. St Peters Church of England First School was opened on its present site in Doniford Road in 1996. It has five classes of mixed ability. There is a fairly large middle school — Danesfield Church of England — which caters for children between 9 and 13. Older students generally travel to the West Somerset College in Minehead.Danesfield is also the centre for community education classes. There is a Somerset County library in Killick Way (closed Tuesdays).","title":"Facilities"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Triple-gabled_church,_Williton_-_geograph.org.uk_-_98796.jpg"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Lord of the manor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_of_the_manor"},{"link_name":"Reginald Fitzurse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reginald_Fitzurse"},{"link_name":"Knights Templar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knights_Templar"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bho-16"},{"link_name":"Wells Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wells_Cathedral"},{"link_name":"Church of St Decuman, Watchet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_St_Decuman,_Watchet"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bho-16"},{"link_name":"Chapel of Ease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chapel_of_Ease"},{"link_name":"listed building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Listed_building"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nhlechurch-17"},{"link_name":"over enthusiastic restoration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victorian_restoration"},{"link_name":"Charles Edmund Giles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charles_Edmund_Giles&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nhlechurch-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-quantockonline-18"}],"sub_title":"Religious","text":"St Peter's ChurchThe date of the origin of St Peter's Church in Bridge Street is uncertain but it is believed that God has been worshiped on the site for more than 1000 years.[15] The names of the Priests serving the Church and the parish can be traced back go the 13th century.\nThe status of the Church changed dramatically in 1170 when The Lord of the manor, Sir Reginald Fitzurse, became one of the murderers of St Thomas a Becket. Following the murder the ownership of the manor passed to Reginald's brother Robert and the Knights Templar.[16] The historian Collinson records (1792) that Robert rebuilt the chapel of Williton implying that the Saxon chapel was in ruins. The Liber Albus manuscripts in Wells Cathedral library show Robert gave to the Church of St Decuman, Watchet some important property and certain rights in the chapel.[16] The church at Williton thus became very much a daughter Church of Watchet and became known as a Chapel of Ease.The current building is mostly from the 16th century and is now a Grade II* listed building.[17] Further work was undertaken in the 17th century when the Church was known as All Saints. Further work was done from time to time and in 1810 a south extension was built though the Elizabethan windows were relocated and reused in the south wall. The church fell into a state if disrepair and in 1856 suffered a rather over enthusiastic restoration under the architect Charles Edmund Giles.[17] The Priest responsible for the big restoration of 1856/59, Samuel Heathcote (at the Church 1854 to 1906), was appointed Perpetual Curate but was signing the registers as Vicar from 21 November 1889 showing that Williton had become a parish separate from Watchet.[18] The full details of the Church are recorded in Harry Armstrong's book The Parish of St Peter Williton published privately in 1982 and printed by Langley Print of Taunton.Williton also has a Methodist Chapel.","title":"Facilities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"rifle club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.willitonrbltargetshootingclub.org/"},{"link_name":"Women's Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_Institutes_(British)"},{"link_name":"British Legion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Royal_British_Legion"},{"link_name":"Young Farmers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Federation_of_Young_Farmers%27_Clubs"},{"link_name":"The Scout Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Scout_Association"},{"link_name":"Girlguiding UK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girlguiding_UK"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"sub_title":"Social and Sport","text":"There is a recreation ground with a children's area. A new community hall (Williton Pavilion) has now been built after many years of fund raising and a National Lottery grant.[19] The project was opposed by a small part of the local community, which is mostly people who live nearby and do not want the younger members of the community having more activities.[20] There are many social activities within Williton including the social club which needs updating, bowling club, gardening club, rifle club, Women's Institute, Good Neighbours Club, British Legion and Young Farmers. The Scout Association and Girlguiding UK meet regularly.There is a weekly Country Market every Friday. A supermarket was proposed by a local businessman but there is large opposition.There is also a riding school located on Roughmore industrial estate open to anyone who wants to learn the equestrian arts.There are various Martial arts clubs including Judo, Ju-Jitsu, and Karate.The Bowmen of Danesfied[21] a local West Somerset Archery club shoot at Danesfield School. They are fully inclusive with archers of all abilities from the complete novice to competition archers. They run regular beginners course for those wishing to get into the sport of Archery.","title":"Facilities"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:WillitonStation.jpg"},{"link_name":"Williton railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Williton_railway_station"},{"link_name":"preserved","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preserved_railway"},{"link_name":"West Somerset Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Somerset_Railway"}],"sub_title":"Transport","text":"Williton StationBuses run to Taunton and Minehead for which timetables are available from the post office. There are also buses to nearby supermarkets.Williton railway station is on the preserved West Somerset Railway, which operates on most days through the year.There is a voluntary car service called WHEELs for those without transport for shopping, visits to the doctor etc.","title":"Facilities"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"In the 2001 census Williton parish had 1,163 male and 1,411 female residents living in 1,103 households, with 27% being over 65 years. Of all residents, 62% described their health as good.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"There is a master plan for redevelopment of the centre of Williton. The West Somerset Council is due to centralise its offices on Williton and the plans for this include retail, residential and community facilities.","title":"Redevelopment"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Williton has a regular monthly newsletter, delivered free to all homes in the village, called the Williton Window. The slogan is 'Your church and community magazine'. An information pack is available to newcomers through Williton Window.A book showing Williton as it used to be is The Book of Williton.An information leaflet on West Somerset organisations is available from the West Somerset Free Press.","title":"Publications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-84114-628-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84114-628-5"}],"text":"Chidgey, Joyce; Chidgey, Maurice. (2007). The Book of Watchet and Williton Revisited. Wellington, Somerset: Halsgrove Publishing. ISBN 1-84114-628-5.","title":"Further reading"}] | [{"image_text":"West Somerset Council offices in the village","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Williton%2C_West_Somerset_Council_offices_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1551363.jpg/220px-Williton%2C_West_Somerset_Council_offices_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1551363.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Bakelite Museum","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/The_Bakelite_Museum%2C_Williton_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1024873.jpg/220px-The_Bakelite_Museum%2C_Williton_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1024873.jpg"},{"image_text":"Williton fire station","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Williton_fire_station.jpg/220px-Williton_fire_station.jpg"},{"image_text":"St Peter's Church","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Triple-gabled_church%2C_Williton_-_geograph.org.uk_-_98796.jpg/220px-Triple-gabled_church%2C_Williton_-_geograph.org.uk_-_98796.jpg"},{"image_text":"Williton Station","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/WillitonStation.jpg/220px-WillitonStation.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"Statistics for Wards, LSOAs and Parishes — SUMMARY Profiles\" (Excel). Somerset Intelligence. Retrieved 4 January 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.somersetintelligence.org.uk/files/Somerset%20Census%20Key%20Statistics%20-%20Summary%20Profiles.xls","url_text":"\"Statistics for Wards, LSOAs and Parishes — SUMMARY Profiles\""}]},{"reference":"\"Williton\" (PDF). Somerset Urban Archaeological Survey. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 July 2011. Retrieved 2 February 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110717063339/http://www1.somerset.gov.uk/archives/hes/downloads/EUS_WillitonText.pdf","url_text":"\"Williton\""},{"url":"http://www1.somerset.gov.uk/archives/hes/downloads/EUS_WillitonText.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Somerset Hundreds\". GENUKI. Retrieved 23 October 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.genuki.org.uk/big/eng/SOM/Miscellaneous/","url_text":"\"Somerset Hundreds\""}]},{"reference":"R.W. Dunning (editor), A.P. Baggs, R.J.E. Bush, M.C. Siraut (1985). \"Parishes: St. Decumans, including Watchet and Williton\". Victoria County History. A History of the County of Somerset: Volume 5. Institute of Historical Research. Retrieved 3 December 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=117145","url_text":"\"Parishes: St. Decumans, including Watchet and Williton\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_County_History","url_text":"Victoria County History"}]},{"reference":"Historic England. \"Orchard Wyndham (1295578)\". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 5 February 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historic_England","url_text":"Historic England"},{"url":"https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1295578","url_text":"\"Orchard Wyndham (1295578)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Heritage_List_for_England","url_text":"National Heritage List for England"}]},{"reference":"Historic England. \"Doniford House (1057481)\". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 1 February 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historic_England","url_text":"Historic England"},{"url":"https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1057481","url_text":"\"Doniford House (1057481)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Heritage_List_for_England","url_text":"National Heritage List for England"}]},{"reference":"Historic England. \"Limekiln about 100 metres North-West of Doniford Farmhouse (1174721)\". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 1 February 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historic_England","url_text":"Historic England"},{"url":"https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1174721","url_text":"\"Limekiln about 100 metres North-West of Doniford Farmhouse (1174721)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Heritage_List_for_England","url_text":"National Heritage List for England"}]},{"reference":"Berryman, David (2006). Somerset airfields in the Second World War. Newbury: Countryside Books. pp. 127–131. ISBN 1-85306-864-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85306-864-0","url_text":"1-85306-864-0"}]},{"reference":"\"Doniford Camp, Doniford\". Somerset Historic Environment Record. Somerset County Council. Retrieved 22 January 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.somersetheritage.org.uk/record/15839","url_text":"\"Doniford Camp, Doniford\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somerset_County_Council","url_text":"Somerset County Council"}]},{"reference":"\"Charmouth Fossils\". Charmouth Fossils. Retrieved 28 August 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.charmouthfossils.co.uk/","url_text":"\"Charmouth Fossils\""}]},{"reference":"Briggs, Helen (28 August 2017). \"'Sea dragon' fossil is 'largest on record'\". BBC News. Retrieved 28 August 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-41012226","url_text":"\"'Sea dragon' fossil is 'largest on record'\""}]},{"reference":"\"Williton RD\". A vision of Britain Through Time. University of Portsmouth. Retrieved 5 January 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/unit/10042021","url_text":"\"Williton RD\""}]},{"reference":"Gathercole, Clare. \"An archaeological assessment of Williton\" (PDF). English Heritage Extensive Urban Survey. Somerset County Council. p. 7. Retrieved 4 March 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www1.somerset.gov.uk/archives/hes/downloads/Somerset_EUS_Williton.pdf","url_text":"\"An archaeological assessment of Williton\""}]},{"reference":"R.W. Dunning (editor), A.P. Baggs, R.J.E. Bush, M.C. Siraut (1985). \"Parishes: St. Decumans, including Watchet and Williton\". A History of the County of Somerset: Volume 5. Institute of Historical Research. Retrieved 4 March 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=117145","url_text":"\"Parishes: St. Decumans, including Watchet and Williton\""}]},{"reference":"Historic England. \"Church of St Peter (1174922)\". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 4 March 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historic_England","url_text":"Historic England"},{"url":"https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1174922","url_text":"\"Church of St Peter (1174922)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Heritage_List_for_England","url_text":"National Heritage List for England"}]},{"reference":"\"Williton\". Quantock Online. Retrieved 4 March 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.quantockonline.co.uk/quantocks/villages/williton/williton01.html","url_text":"\"Williton\""}]},{"reference":"\"Williton Pavilion\". Williton Pavilion. 18 February 2019. Retrieved 18 February 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.willitonmemorialgroundandpavilion.co.uk/","url_text":"\"Williton Pavilion\""}]},{"reference":"\"Williton pavilion plan to be put to villagers\". West Somerset Free Press. 14 February 2013. Retrieved 21 April 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.exmoor-today.co.uk/news.cfm?id=5055","url_text":"\"Williton pavilion plan to be put to villagers\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bowmen of Danesfield - Archers of West Somerset\". Bowmen of Danesfield. Retrieved 5 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bowmenofdanesfield.co.uk/","url_text":"\"Bowmen of Danesfield - Archers of West Somerset\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Williton¶ms=51.1648_N_3.3087_W_region:GB_type:city(2607)","external_links_name":"51°09′53″N 3°18′31″W / 51.1648°N 3.3087°W / 51.1648; -3.3087"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Williton¶ms=51.162574_N_3.321368_W_region:GB_scale:25000&title=Williton","external_links_name":"ST077412"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Williton¶ms=51.1648_N_3.3087_W_region:GB_type:city(2607)","external_links_name":"51°09′53″N 3°18′31″W / 51.1648°N 3.3087°W / 51.1648; -3.3087"},{"Link":"http://www.willitonrbltargetshootingclub.org/","external_links_name":"rifle club"},{"Link":"http://www.somersetintelligence.org.uk/files/Somerset%20Census%20Key%20Statistics%20-%20Summary%20Profiles.xls","external_links_name":"\"Statistics for Wards, LSOAs and Parishes — SUMMARY Profiles\""},{"Link":"http://www.willitontwinning.org.uk/","external_links_name":"Williton and District Twinning Association"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110717063339/http://www1.somerset.gov.uk/archives/hes/downloads/EUS_WillitonText.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Williton\""},{"Link":"http://www1.somerset.gov.uk/archives/hes/downloads/EUS_WillitonText.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.genuki.org.uk/big/eng/SOM/Miscellaneous/","external_links_name":"\"Somerset Hundreds\""},{"Link":"http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=117145","external_links_name":"\"Parishes: St. Decumans, including Watchet and Williton\""},{"Link":"https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1295578","external_links_name":"\"Orchard Wyndham (1295578)\""},{"Link":"https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1057481","external_links_name":"\"Doniford House (1057481)\""},{"Link":"https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1174721","external_links_name":"\"Limekiln about 100 metres North-West of Doniford Farmhouse (1174721)\""},{"Link":"http://www.somersetheritage.org.uk/record/15839","external_links_name":"\"Doniford Camp, Doniford\""},{"Link":"http://www.charmouthfossils.co.uk/","external_links_name":"\"Charmouth Fossils\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-41012226","external_links_name":"\"'Sea dragon' fossil is 'largest on record'\""},{"Link":"http://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/unit/10042021","external_links_name":"\"Williton RD\""},{"Link":"http://www1.somerset.gov.uk/archives/hes/downloads/Somerset_EUS_Williton.pdf","external_links_name":"\"An archaeological assessment of Williton\""},{"Link":"http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=117145","external_links_name":"\"Parishes: St. Decumans, including Watchet and Williton\""},{"Link":"https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1174922","external_links_name":"\"Church of St Peter (1174922)\""},{"Link":"http://www.quantockonline.co.uk/quantocks/villages/williton/williton01.html","external_links_name":"\"Williton\""},{"Link":"https://www.willitonmemorialgroundandpavilion.co.uk/","external_links_name":"\"Williton Pavilion\""},{"Link":"http://www.exmoor-today.co.uk/news.cfm?id=5055","external_links_name":"\"Williton pavilion plan to be put to villagers\""},{"Link":"https://www.bowmenofdanesfield.co.uk/","external_links_name":"\"Bowmen of Danesfield - Archers of West Somerset\""},{"Link":"http://willitonparishcouncil.org/","external_links_name":"Williton Parish Council"},{"Link":"http://www.workhouses.org.uk/index.html?Williton/Williton.shtml","external_links_name":"The History of Williton Workhouse"},{"Link":"https://curlie.org//Regional/Europe/United_Kingdom/England/Somerset/Williton/","external_links_name":"Williton"},{"Link":"https://www.bowmenofdanesfield.co.uk/","external_links_name":"Bowmen of Danesfield"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1941_Detroit_Titans_football_team | 1941 Detroit Titans football team | ["1 Schedule","2 References","3 External links"] | American football team
1941 Detroit Titans footballConferenceIndependentRecord7–2Head coachGus Dorais (17th season)CaptainVince BanonisHome stadiumUniversity of Detroit StadiumSeasons← 19401942 →
1941 Midwestern college football independents records
vte
Conf
Overall
Team
W
L
T
W
L
T
Western Michigan
–
8
–
0
–
0
No. 3 Notre Dame
–
8
–
0
–
1
Youngstown
–
7
–
0
–
1
Xavier
–
9
–
1
–
0
Detroit
–
7
–
2
–
0
Ohio
–
5
–
2
–
1
Dayton
–
7
–
3
–
0
Cincinnati
–
6
–
3
–
0
Akron
–
5
–
3
–
1
Michigan State
–
5
–
3
–
1
Central Michigan
–
4
–
3
–
0
Ohio Wesleyan
–
5
–
4
–
0
Marquette
–
4
–
5
–
0
Carthage
–
1
–
5
–
2
Wayne
–
2
–
6
–
0
Miami (OH)
–
2
–
7
–
0
Western Ontario
–
1
–
4
–
0
Wichita
–
1
–
6
–
1
Michigan State Normal
–
0
–
5
–
2
Detroit Tech
–
0
–
6
–
1
The 1941 Detroit Titans football team represented the University of Detroit in the 1941 college football season. Detroit outscored its opponents by a combined total of 195 to 43, and finished with a 7–2 record in its 17th year under head coach and College Football Hall of Fame inductee, Gus Dorais. Significant games included victories over Indiana (14–7) and Oklahoma A&M (20–14) and a close loss to Arkansas (6–9).
In addition to Dorais, the team's coaching staff included Lloyd Brazil (backfield coach, 11th year), Bud Boeringer (line coach, 15th year), and Michael H. "Dad" Butler (trainer, 15th year). During a ceremony at halftime on November 8, Butler, at age 71, was honored for his many years of service as the school's trainer and track and boxing coach; he was presented with $600 in cash, a radio, a "D" blanket, a trophy, a plaque, and scrolls.
Center Vince Banonis, who was later inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame, was the team captain. At the end of the 1941 season, Banonis was chosen as a first-round All-American by Collier's Weekly (selected by Grantland Rice), International News Service, and Paramount News. He was also chosen as a second-team All-American by the Newspaper Enterprise Association.
Louis Harrington picked three Titans as first-team players on his All-Michigan football team for 1941: Vince Banonis, halfback Elmer L. "Tippy" Madarik, and guard Thomas McLoughlin.
Detroit was ranked at No. 44 (out of 681 teams) in the final rankings under the Litkenhous Difference by Score System for 1941.
Schedule
DateOpponentSiteResultAttendanceSourceSeptember 27at IndianaMemorial StadiumBloomington, INW 14–710,000
October 3WayneUniversity of Detroit StadiumDetroit, MIW 54–017,659
October 10Central MichiganUniversity of Detroit StadiumDetroit, MIW 45–0
October 18at Oklahoma A&MLewis FieldStillwater, OKW 20–146,000
October 24ArkansasUniversity of Detroit StadiumDetroit, MIL 6–921,202
November 1ManhattanUniversity of Detroit StadiumDetroit, MIW 15–010,131
November 8MarquetteUniversity of Detroit StadiumDetroit, MIW 7–616,541
November 16at VillanovaShibe ParkPhiladelphia, PAL 6–723,480
November 23at CreightonCreighton StadiumOmaha, NEW 28–0
References
^ "1941 Detroit Mercy Titans Schedule and Results". SR/College Football. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved November 23, 2015.
^ "University of Detroit vs. Wayne University game program". University of Detroit. October 3, 1941. p. 3. Retrieved December 13, 2017.
^ "Dad's Day Becomes One for Butler to Remember". Detroit Free Press. November 9, 1941. p. 9 – via Newspapers.com.
^ Detroit vs. Wayne program, p. 7.
^ "Rokisky on Collier's Team". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. December 5, 1941.
^ Lawton Carver (December 1, 1941). "Albert Tops INS All-America Grid Selections". Reading Eagle.
^ "Al DeMao, Rokisky on All-America Teams". The Pittsburgh Press. November 29, 1941.
^ Harry Grayson (November 21, 1941). "Duke's Lach Makes NEA All-America Team". The Rock Hill Herald.
^ John N. Sabo (December 7, 1941). "Attorney Harrington Picks His Own All-State Collegiate Football Team". Detroit Free Press. pp. 2–6 – via Newspapers.com.
^ Dr. E. E. Litkenhous (December 26, 1941). "Gophers Grid Kings Over 6-Year Span: Tennessee 2d, Pitt 3d Over Period Litkenhous Ratins Are Published". The Courier-Journal. p. Sports 4 – via Newspapers.com.
^ W.W. Edgar (September 28, 1941). "Long Pass in Final Period Gives Titans Victory, 14 to 7". Detroit Free Press. pp. Sports 1, 3 – via Newspapers.com.
^ W.W. Edgar (October 4, 1941). "Madarik Stars as Titans Romp to 54-0 Triumph Over Wayne". Detroit Free Press. p. 13 – via Newspapers.com.
^ W.W. Edgar (October 11, 1941). "Piper Suffers Broken Collarbone as Titans Beat Bearcats, 45-0". Detroit Free Press. p. 13 – via Newspapers.com.
^ "U-D Comes from Behind to Beat Oklahoma Aggies, 20-14". Detroit Free Press. October 19, 1941. p. 9 – via Newspapers.com.
^ W.W. Edgar (October 25, 1941). "U-D Beaten in last 7 Seconds by Arkansas Field Goal, 9-6". Detroit Free Press. pp. 1, 12 – via Newspapers.com.
^ "Detroit Tops Jaspers, 15-0; Madarik Stars". New York Daily News. November 2, 1941. p. 89 – via Newspapers.com.
^ W.W. Edgar (November 2, 1941). "Titans Show Land Power to Stop Jaspers, 15 to 0". Detroit Free Press. pp. Sports 1, 7.
^ W.W. Edgar (November 9, 1941). "U-D Trips Marquette: Link's Kick Gives Titans 7-6 Victory". Detroit Free Press. p. 9 – via Newspapers.com.
^ John N. Sabo (November 17, 1941). "Titans' Air Attack Bottled and Villanova Wins, 7 to 6". Detroit Free Press. pp. 14, 16 – via Newspapers.com.
^ "Titans Roll to Easy Victory over Creighton, 28-0". Detroit Free Press. November 24, 1941. p. 15 – via Newspapers.com.
External links
1941 University of Detroit football programs
vteDetroit Titans footballVenues
Navin Field (1917–1921)
University of Detroit Stadium (1922–1964)
People
Head coaches
NFL draftees
Seasons
1896
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1911
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1925
1926
1927
1928
1929
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1931
1932
1933
1934
1935
1936
1937
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1943–1944
1945
1946
1947
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National championship seasons in bold | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"University of Detroit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Detroit"},{"link_name":"1941 college football season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1941_college_football_season"},{"link_name":"College Football Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_Football_Hall_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"Gus Dorais","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gus_Dorais"},{"link_name":"Indiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1941_Indiana_Hoosiers_football_team"},{"link_name":"Oklahoma A&M","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1941_Oklahoma_A%26M_Cowboys_football_team"},{"link_name":"Arkansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1941_Arkansas_Razorbacks_football_team"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SR-1"},{"link_name":"Lloyd Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lloyd_Brazil"},{"link_name":"Bud Boeringer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bud_Boeringer"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Vince Banonis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vince_Banonis"},{"link_name":"College Football Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_Football_Hall_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Collier's Weekly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collier%27s_Weekly"},{"link_name":"Grantland Rice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grantland_Rice"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"International News Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_News_Service"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Life-7"},{"link_name":"Newspaper Enterprise Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspaper_Enterprise_Association"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Litkenhous Difference by Score System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litkenhous_Ratings"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"The 1941 Detroit Titans football team represented the University of Detroit in the 1941 college football season. Detroit outscored its opponents by a combined total of 195 to 43, and finished with a 7–2 record in its 17th year under head coach and College Football Hall of Fame inductee, Gus Dorais. Significant games included victories over Indiana (14–7) and Oklahoma A&M (20–14) and a close loss to Arkansas (6–9).[1]In addition to Dorais, the team's coaching staff included Lloyd Brazil (backfield coach, 11th year), Bud Boeringer (line coach, 15th year), and Michael H. \"Dad\" Butler (trainer, 15th year).[2] During a ceremony at halftime on November 8, Butler, at age 71, was honored for his many years of service as the school's trainer and track and boxing coach; he was presented with $600 in cash, a radio, a \"D\" blanket, a trophy, a plaque, and scrolls.[3]Center Vince Banonis, who was later inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame, was the team captain.[4] At the end of the 1941 season, Banonis was chosen as a first-round All-American by Collier's Weekly (selected by Grantland Rice),[5] International News Service,[6] and Paramount News.[7] He was also chosen as a second-team All-American by the Newspaper Enterprise Association.[8]Louis Harrington picked three Titans as first-team players on his All-Michigan football team for 1941: Vince Banonis, halfback Elmer L. \"Tippy\" Madarik, and guard Thomas McLoughlin.[9]Detroit was ranked at No. 44 (out of 681 teams) in the final rankings under the Litkenhous Difference by Score System for 1941.[10]","title":"1941 Detroit Titans football team"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Schedule"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"1941 Detroit Mercy Titans Schedule and Results\". 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November 29, 1941.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=mFgbAAAAIBAJ&sjid=bkwEAAAAIBAJ&pg=5048,2795105&dq=wildung+sinkwich&hl=en","url_text":"\"Al DeMao, Rokisky on All-America Teams\""}]},{"reference":"Harry Grayson (November 21, 1941). \"Duke's Lach Makes NEA All-America Team\". The Rock Hill Herald.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Grayson","url_text":"Harry Grayson"},{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=kictAAAAIBAJ&sjid=zqQEAAAAIBAJ&pg=1444,1037890&dq=nea+westfall&hl=en","url_text":"\"Duke's Lach Makes NEA All-America Team\""}]},{"reference":"John N. Sabo (December 7, 1941). \"Attorney Harrington Picks His Own All-State Collegiate Football Team\". 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Detroit Free Press. pp. Sports 1, 3 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/15759238/long_pass_in_final_period_gives_titans/","url_text":"\"Long Pass in Final Period Gives Titans Victory, 14 to 7\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit_Free_Press","url_text":"Detroit Free Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"W.W. Edgar (October 4, 1941). \"Madarik Stars as Titans Romp to 54-0 Triumph Over Wayne\". Detroit Free Press. p. 13 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/15759298/madarik_stars_as_titans_romp_to_540/","url_text":"\"Madarik Stars as Titans Romp to 54-0 Triumph Over Wayne\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"W.W. Edgar (October 11, 1941). \"Piper Suffers Broken Collarbone as Titans Beat Bearcats, 45-0\". Detroit Free Press. p. 13 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/15759361/piper_suffers_broken_collarbone_as/","url_text":"\"Piper Suffers Broken Collarbone as Titans Beat Bearcats, 45-0\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"\"U-D Comes from Behind to Beat Oklahoma Aggies, 20-14\". Detroit Free Press. October 19, 1941. p. 9 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/15759423/ud_comes_from_behind_to_beat_oklahoma/","url_text":"\"U-D Comes from Behind to Beat Oklahoma Aggies, 20-14\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"W.W. Edgar (October 25, 1941). \"U-D Beaten in last 7 Seconds by Arkansas Field Goal, 9-6\". Detroit Free Press. pp. 1, 12 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/15759484/ud_beaten_in_last_7_seconds_by/","url_text":"\"U-D Beaten in last 7 Seconds by Arkansas Field Goal, 9-6\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Detroit Tops Jaspers, 15-0; Madarik Stars\". New York Daily News. November 2, 1941. p. 89 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/35656664/detroit_tops_jaspers_150_madarik/","url_text":"\"Detroit Tops Jaspers, 15-0; Madarik Stars\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"W.W. Edgar (November 2, 1941). \"Titans Show Land Power to Stop Jaspers, 15 to 0\". Detroit Free Press. pp. Sports 1, 7.","urls":[]},{"reference":"W.W. Edgar (November 9, 1941). \"U-D Trips Marquette: Link's Kick Gives Titans 7-6 Victory\". Detroit Free Press. p. 9 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/15759622/ud_trips_marquette_links_kick_gives/","url_text":"\"U-D Trips Marquette: Link's Kick Gives Titans 7-6 Victory\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"John N. Sabo (November 17, 1941). \"Titans' Air Attack Bottled and Villanova Wins, 7 to 6\". Detroit Free Press. pp. 14, 16 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/15759796/titans_air_attack_bottled_and/","url_text":"\"Titans' Air Attack Bottled and Villanova Wins, 7 to 6\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Titans Roll to Easy Victory over Creighton, 28-0\". Detroit Free Press. November 24, 1941. p. 15 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/15759873/titans_roll_to_easy_victory_over/","url_text":"\"Titans Roll to Easy Victory over Creighton, 28-0\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.sports-reference.com/cfb/schools/detroit-mercy/1941-schedule.html","external_links_name":"\"1941 Detroit Mercy Titans Schedule and Results\""},{"Link":"http://libraries.udmercy.edu/archives/special-collections/index.php?collectionCode=football_ftb&record_id=54&page=1","external_links_name":"\"University of Detroit vs. Wayne University game program\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/15759741/dads_day_becomes_one_for_butler_to/","external_links_name":"\"Dad's Day Becomes One for Butler to Remember\""},{"Link":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=ZeUMAAAAIBAJ&sjid=LWoDAAAAIBAJ&pg=4459,6537831&dq=all-america-board&hl=en","external_links_name":"\"Rokisky on Collier's Team\""},{"Link":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=Wo8hAAAAIBAJ&sjid=uJcFAAAAIBAJ&pg=4367,355573&dq=wildung+sinkwich&hl=en","external_links_name":"\"Albert Tops INS All-America Grid Selections\""},{"Link":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=mFgbAAAAIBAJ&sjid=bkwEAAAAIBAJ&pg=5048,2795105&dq=wildung+sinkwich&hl=en","external_links_name":"\"Al DeMao, Rokisky on All-America Teams\""},{"Link":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=kictAAAAIBAJ&sjid=zqQEAAAAIBAJ&pg=1444,1037890&dq=nea+westfall&hl=en","external_links_name":"\"Duke's Lach Makes NEA All-America Team\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/15760035/attorney_harrington_picks_his_own/","external_links_name":"\"Attorney Harrington Picks His Own All-State Collegiate Football Team\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/123088221/gophers-grid-kings-over-6-year-span/","external_links_name":"\"Gophers Grid Kings Over 6-Year Span: Tennessee 2d, Pitt 3d Over Period Litkenhous Ratins Are Published\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/15759238/long_pass_in_final_period_gives_titans/","external_links_name":"\"Long Pass in Final Period Gives Titans Victory, 14 to 7\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/15759298/madarik_stars_as_titans_romp_to_540/","external_links_name":"\"Madarik Stars as Titans Romp to 54-0 Triumph Over Wayne\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/15759361/piper_suffers_broken_collarbone_as/","external_links_name":"\"Piper Suffers Broken Collarbone as Titans Beat Bearcats, 45-0\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/15759423/ud_comes_from_behind_to_beat_oklahoma/","external_links_name":"\"U-D Comes from Behind to Beat Oklahoma Aggies, 20-14\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/15759484/ud_beaten_in_last_7_seconds_by/","external_links_name":"\"U-D Beaten in last 7 Seconds by Arkansas Field Goal, 9-6\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/35656664/detroit_tops_jaspers_150_madarik/","external_links_name":"\"Detroit Tops Jaspers, 15-0; Madarik Stars\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/15759622/ud_trips_marquette_links_kick_gives/","external_links_name":"\"U-D Trips Marquette: Link's Kick Gives Titans 7-6 Victory\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/15759796/titans_air_attack_bottled_and/","external_links_name":"\"Titans' Air Attack Bottled and Villanova Wins, 7 to 6\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/15759873/titans_roll_to_easy_victory_over/","external_links_name":"\"Titans Roll to Easy Victory over Creighton, 28-0\""},{"Link":"http://libraries.udmercy.edu/archives/special-collections/index.php?collectionCode=football_ftb&field=keyword%7Cyear&term=1941","external_links_name":"1941 University of Detroit football programs"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_Florida_Commissioner_of_Agriculture_election | 2006 Florida Commissioner of Agriculture election | ["1 Republican","2 Democratic","3 General Election","4 References"] | This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "2006 Florida Commissioner of Agriculture election" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (May 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
2006 Florida Commissioner of Agriculture election
← 2002
November 7, 2006
2010 →
Nominee
Charles H. Bronson
Eric Copeland
Party
Republican
Democratic
Popular vote
2,651,833
2,002,464
Percentage
57.0%
43.0%
Bronson: 50-60% 60-70% 70-80%
Copeland: 50-60% 60-70%
Agriculture Commissioner before election
Charles H. Bronson
Republican
Elected Agriculture Commissioner
Charles H. Bronson
Republican
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Governmentvte
The 2006 Florida Commissioner of Agriculture election took place on November 7, 2006, to elect the Florida Commissioner of Agriculture. Charles H. Bronson won a second term.
Republican
Republican primary results
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
Republican
Charles H. Bronson
Unopposed
100.0
Democratic
Democratic primary results
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
Democratic
Eric Copeland
Unopposed
100.0
General Election
Agriculture Commissioner of Florida General election, 2006
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
Republican
Charles H. Bronson (incumbent)
2,651,833
57.0
Democratic
Eric Copeland
2,002,464
43.0
Tea Party of Florida
Ira Chester
203,598
3.92
Independent
Thad Hamilton
103,717
2.00
Total votes
5,198,678
100.0
Republican hold
References
https://web.archive.org/web/20110718141934/https://doe.dos.state.fl.us/elections/resultsarchive/Index.asp?ElectionDate=11%2F7%2F2006&DATAMODE=
vte(2005 ←) 2006 United States elections (→ 2007)U.S.Senate
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Wyoming | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Florida Commissioner of Agriculture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida_Commissioner_of_Agriculture"},{"link_name":"Charles H. Bronson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_H._Bronson"}],"text":"The 2006 Florida Commissioner of Agriculture election took place on November 7, 2006, to elect the Florida Commissioner of Agriculture. Charles H. Bronson won a second term.","title":"2006 Florida Commissioner of Agriculture election"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Republican"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Democratic"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"General Election"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%222006+Florida+Commissioner+of+Agriculture+election%22","external_links_name":"\"2006 Florida Commissioner of Agriculture election\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%222006+Florida+Commissioner+of+Agriculture+election%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%222006+Florida+Commissioner+of+Agriculture+election%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%222006+Florida+Commissioner+of+Agriculture+election%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%222006+Florida+Commissioner+of+Agriculture+election%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%222006+Florida+Commissioner+of+Agriculture+election%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110718141934/https://doe.dos.state.fl.us/elections/resultsarchive/Index.asp?ElectionDate=11%2F7%2F2006&DATAMODE=","external_links_name":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110718141934/https://doe.dos.state.fl.us/elections/resultsarchive/Index.asp?ElectionDate=11%2F7%2F2006&DATAMODE="}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Hollenbeck | Harold C. Hollenbeck | ["1 Life and career","1.1 Congress","1.2 Later life and career","2 References"] | American politician
Harold HollenbeckJudge of the New Jersey Superior CourtIn officeJuly 1, 1987 – August 2008Appointed byThomas KeanMember of the U.S. House of Representativesfrom New Jersey's 9th districtIn officeJanuary 3, 1977 – January 3, 1983Preceded byHenry HelstoskiSucceeded byRobert TorricelliMember of the New Jersey Senatefrom the 13th districtIn officeJanuary 11, 1972 – January 8, 1974Preceded byMulti-member districtSucceeded byJoseph P. MerlinoMember of the New Jersey General Assemblyfrom the 13A districtIn officeJanuary 9, 1968 – January 11, 1972Serving with Peter J. RussoPreceded byDistrict establishedSucceeded byHarold A. ParetiMember of the East Rutherford Borough CouncilIn office1967–1969
Personal detailsBornHarold Capistran Hollenbeck (1938-12-29) December 29, 1938 (age 85)Passaic, New Jersey, U.S.Political partyRepublicanEducationFairleigh Dickinson University (BA)University of Virginia (JD)
Harold Capistran Hollenbeck (born December 29, 1938) is an American lawyer and Republican Party politician who represented New Jersey's 9th congressional district in the United States House of Representatives for three terms from 1977 to 1983.
Life and career
Born in Passaic, New Jersey, Hollenbeck grew up in East Rutherford, New Jersey and graduated from East Rutherford High School. He received a B.A. from Fairleigh Dickinson University, Rutherford (1961) and was awarded an LL.B. from the University of Virginia in 1964. He was admitted to the New Jersey bar in 1965 and commenced practice in Ridgewood. He served as member of the East Rutherford Borough Council from 1967 to 1969, and in the New Jersey General Assembly from 1968 to 1972. He was in the New Jersey Senate from 1972 to 1974. He served as delegate to the 1968 Republican National Convention.
Congress
Hollenbeck was elected as a Republican to the Ninety-fifth Congress, unseating scandal-tainted Democrat Henry Helstoski by a solid margin. He was reelected the two succeeding Congresses (January 3, 1977 to January 3, 1983) and compiled a moderate, pro-labor record. He was an unsuccessful candidate for reelection in 1982 to the Ninety-eighth Congress, a victim of redistricting and negative campaigning by Robert Torricelli, who unseated him by a 54% to 46% margin.
Later life and career
He was appointed a judge by Governor of New Jersey Thomas Kean, to the New Jersey Superior Court and sworn in July 1, 1987, and subsequently moved to family court.
He has been a resident of Ridgewood, New Jersey.
References
^ 1960s Class Notes
^ "Plosia, Hollenbeck Picked as Candidates; East Rutherford GOP-Independent Membership Names 2 Unanimously", Herald News, May 27, 1966. Accessed April 25, 2022, via Newspapers.com. "In what was described as a mood of 'high optimism,' the members of the Republican-Independent Club last night unanimously nominated James L. Plosia and Harold C. Hollenbeck to run for the two council seats up for grabs this November.... A 27-year resident of the borough, Hollenbeck was a graduate of East Rutherford High School and enrolled in Fairleigh Dickinson University."
United States Congress. "Harold C. Hollenbeck (id: H000722)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
New Jersey General Assembly
Preceded byDistrict established
Member of the New Jersey General Assemblyfrom the 13A district January 9, 1968–January 11, 1972 Served alongside: Peter J. Russo
Succeeded byHarold A. Pareti
New Jersey Senate
Preceded byMulti-member district
Member of the New Jersey Senatefrom the 13th district January 11, 1972–January 8, 1974
Succeeded byJoseph P. Merlino
U.S. House of Representatives
Preceded byHenry Helstoski
Member of the U.S. House of Representativesfrom New Jersey's 9th congressional district January 3, 1977–January 3, 1983
Succeeded byRobert Torricelli
U.S. order of precedence (ceremonial)
Preceded byAndrew Maguireas Former US Representative
Order of precedence of the United Statesas Former US Representative
Succeeded byDick Zimmeras Former US Representative
This article incorporates public domain material from the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress
vteNew Jersey's delegation(s) to the 95th–97th United States Congress (ordered by seniority)
95th
Senate:
▌C. Case (R)
▌H. Williams (D)
House:
▌P. Rodino (D)
▌F. Thompson (D)
▌J. Minish (D)
▌E. Patten (D)
▌J. Howard (D)
▌R. Roe (D)
▌E. Forsythe (R)
▌M. Rinaldo (R)
▌M. Fenwick (R)
▌J. Florio (D)
▌W. Hughes (D)
▌A. Maguire (D)
▌H. Meyner (D)
▌H. Hollenbeck (R)
▌J. LeFante (D)
96th
Senate:
▌H. Williams (D)
▌B. Bradley (D)
House:
▌P. Rodino (D)
▌F. Thompson (D)
▌J. Minish (D)
▌E. Patten (D)
▌J. Howard (D)
▌R. Roe (D)
▌E. Forsythe (R)
▌M. Rinaldo (R)
▌M. Fenwick (R)
▌J. Florio (D)
▌W. Hughes (D)
▌A. Maguire (D)
▌H. Hollenbeck (R)
▌J. Courter (R)
▌F. Guarini (D)
97th
Senate:
▌H. Williams (D)
▌B. Bradley (D)
▌N. Brady (R)
▌F. Lautenberg (D)
House:
▌P. Rodino (D)
▌J. Minish (D)
▌J. Howard (D)
▌R. Roe (D)
▌E. Forsythe (R)
▌M. Rinaldo (R)
▌M. Fenwick (R)
▌J. Florio (D)
▌W. Hughes (D)
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▌J. Courter (R)
▌F. Guarini (D)
▌B. Dwyer (D)
▌M. Roukema (R)
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Authority control databases: People
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juditten_Church | Juditten Church | ["1 Notes","2 References"] | Coordinates: 54°42′57″N 20°25′29″E / 54.71583°N 20.42472°E / 54.71583; 20.42472Church in Russia
The katholikon of St. Nicholas Convent, formerly the 13th century Juditten Church
Juditten Church (German: Juditter Kirche; Russian: Юдиттен-кирха) is a Russian Orthodox church in the Mendeleyevo district of Kaliningrad, Russia. originally built as a Roman Catholic church, it later become a Prussian Union (Protestant) church. Juditten was the name of the Mendeleyevo district when it was a quarter of Königsberg, East Prussia, Germany. It is the oldest building of Kaliningrad.
One of the oldest churches of Sambia, the fortified church was built in the monastic state of the Teutonic Order between 1276 and 1294/98 or ca. 1287/88. In 1402 it was mentioned in the treasurer's book as Judynkirchen. Frescoes by the painter Peter were located in the chancel by 1394. It received a free-standing tower ca. 1400, a crucifix ca. 1520, and a weather vane in 1577. The clock tower and nave were connected by a barrel-vaulted vestibule in 1820.
Juditten became a shrine to the Virgin Mary and a medieval Christian pilgrimage site for visitors from throughout the Holy Roman Empire, especially during the era of Teutonic Order Grand Master Konrad von Jungingen (served 1393–1407). The church's frescoes depicted coats of arms (such as those of Grand Master Ulrich von Jungingen), the lives of Jesus and Mary, the Twelve Apostles, chivalric stories, and legendary creatures. Its larger-than-life Madonna and Child above a crescent moon was made out of colored wood by an unknown artist prior to 1454. According to Königsberg architect Friedrich Lahrs (1880–1964), the Madonna used to be located in Königsberg Cathedral's chapel. Its pearls were stolen from its crown by Königsberg rebels in 1454 during the Thirteen Years' War, but the Teutonic Knights replaced them in 1504 and moved the art to the pilgrimage site Juditten in 1504. The church was converted from Catholicism to Lutheranism in 1526 following the establishment of the secular Duchy of Prussia the previous year; pilgrimages were allowed to continue despite the Protestant Reformation. It also contained a cathedra from 1686, a Baroque altar, and an organ from 1840.
The church included epitaphs and portraits of field marshals Erhard Ernst von Röder and Hans von Lehwaldt by the Königsberg artist E. A. Knopke; both Röder and Lehwaldt were successively married to a daughter of Wilhelm Dietrich von Buddenbrock. Johann Christoph Gottsched was born in the church's rectory in 1700. Stanislaus Cauer was buried in the church's cemetery.
Although the church was largely undamaged by fighting during World War II, it was plundered in April 1945, when Königsberg was taken by the Soviets. Services continued until 1948. The roof and part of the walls collapsed in the 1960, and the building was neglected through the 1970s. It was reconsecrated in October 1985 as a Russian Orthodox church and eventually was restored to serve as the main church of St. Nicholas Orthodox Convent.
Sketch from Adolf Bötticher's Die Bau- und Kunstdenkmäler der Provinz Ostpreußen: Das Samland, 1891
Postcard, ca. 1908
Interior of the church prior to 1945
Juditten Church
Notes
^ "История города".
^ "Юдиттен-кирха в Калининграде на фото и карте".
^ a b c Hermanowski, p. 145
^ a b c Albinus, p. 143
^ Reichel, p. 48
^ a b Mühlpfordt, p. 66
^ Reichel, p. 50
^ a b Baczko, p. 185
^ "История города".
^ "Юдиттен-кирха в Калининградской области". Archived from the original on 2012-02-03. Retrieved 2012-01-25.
References
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Judittenkirche, Kaliningrad.
Albinus, Robert (1985). Lexikon der Stadt Königsberg Pr. und Umgebung (in German). Leer: Verlag Gerhard Rautenberg. p. 371. ISBN 3-7921-0320-6.
Baczko, Ludwig von (1804). Versuch einer Geschichte und Beschreibung Königsbergs (in German). Königsberg: Goebbels und Ungar. pp. 539.
Hermanowski, Georg (1980). Ostpreußen-Lexikon: für alle, die Ostpreußen lieben (in German). Mannheim: Adam Kraft Verlag. p. 328. ISBN 3-8083-1162-2.
Mühlpfordt, Herbert Meinhard (1972). Königsberg von A bis Z (in German). München: Aufstieg-Verlag. p. 168. ISBN 3-7612-0092-7.
Reichel, Eugen (1908). Gottsched (in German). Vol. Erster Band. Berlin: Gottsched Verlag. p. 758.
54°42′57″N 20°25′29″E / 54.71583°N 20.42472°E / 54.71583; 20.42472 | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%D0%A1%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BE-%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%B2_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5_(%D0%AE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD-%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D1%91%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%81%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0).JPG"},{"link_name":"katholikon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katholikon"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language"},{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"Russian 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ChurchJuditten Church (German: Juditter Kirche; Russian: Юдиттен-кирха) is a Russian Orthodox church in the Mendeleyevo district of Kaliningrad, Russia.[1] originally built as a Roman Catholic church, it later become a Prussian Union (Protestant) church. Juditten was the name of the Mendeleyevo district when it was a quarter of Königsberg, East Prussia, Germany. It is the oldest building of Kaliningrad.[2]One of the oldest churches of Sambia, the fortified church was built in the monastic state of the Teutonic Order between 1276 and 1294/98[3] or ca. 1287/88.[4] In 1402 it was mentioned in the treasurer's book as Judynkirchen. Frescoes by the painter Peter were located in the chancel by 1394. It received a free-standing tower ca. 1400, a crucifix ca. 1520, and a weather vane in 1577. The clock tower and nave were connected by a barrel-vaulted vestibule in 1820.[4]Juditten became a shrine to the Virgin Mary and a medieval Christian pilgrimage site for visitors from throughout the Holy Roman Empire,[5] especially during the era of Teutonic Order Grand Master Konrad von Jungingen (served 1393–1407).[3] The church's frescoes depicted coats of arms (such as those of Grand Master Ulrich von Jungingen), the lives of Jesus and Mary, the Twelve Apostles, chivalric stories, and legendary creatures.[6] Its larger-than-life Madonna and Child above a crescent moon was made out of colored wood by an unknown artist prior to 1454.[6] According to Königsberg architect Friedrich Lahrs (1880–1964), the Madonna used to be located in Königsberg Cathedral's chapel. Its pearls were stolen from its crown by Königsberg rebels in 1454 during the Thirteen Years' War, but the Teutonic Knights replaced them in 1504 and moved the art to the pilgrimage site Juditten in 1504.[4] The church was converted from Catholicism to Lutheranism in 1526 following the establishment of the secular Duchy of Prussia the previous year;[7] pilgrimages were allowed to continue despite the Protestant Reformation.[8] It also contained a cathedra from 1686, a Baroque altar, and an organ from 1840.The church included epitaphs and portraits of field marshals Erhard Ernst von Röder and Hans von Lehwaldt by the Königsberg artist E. A. Knopke;[8] both Röder and Lehwaldt were successively married to a daughter of Wilhelm Dietrich von Buddenbrock. Johann Christoph Gottsched was born in the church's rectory in 1700. Stanislaus Cauer was buried in the church's cemetery.[9]Although the church was largely undamaged by fighting during World War II, it was plundered in April 1945, when Königsberg was taken by the Soviets.[3] Services continued until 1948. The roof and part of the walls collapsed in the 1960, and the building was neglected through the 1970s. It was reconsecrated in October 1985 as a Russian Orthodox church and eventually was restored to serve as the main church of St. Nicholas Orthodox Convent.[10]Sketch from Adolf Bötticher's Die Bau- und Kunstdenkmäler der Provinz Ostpreußen: Das Samland, 1891\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPostcard, ca. 1908\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tInterior of the church prior to 1945\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tJuditten Church","title":"Juditten Church"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"\"История города\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.klgd.ru/city/history/gubin/oktyabr.php?print=Y"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"\"Юдиттен-кирха в Калининграде на фото и карте\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//russights.ru/post_1274188379.html"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-H145_3-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-H145_3-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-H145_3-2"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-A143_4-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-A143_4-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-A143_4-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-M66_6-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-M66_6-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-B185_8-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-B185_8-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"\"История города\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.klgd.ru/city/history/gubin/t52.php?print=Y"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"\"Юдиттен-кирха в Калининградской области\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20120203092526/http://www.kaliningradgid.ru/mesta/yuditten-kirha-1559.html"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.kaliningradgid.ru/mesta/yuditten-kirha-1559.html"}],"text":"^ \"История города\".\n\n^ \"Юдиттен-кирха в Калининграде на фото и карте\".\n\n^ a b c Hermanowski, p. 145\n\n^ a b c Albinus, p. 143\n\n^ Reichel, p. 48\n\n^ a b Mühlpfordt, p. 66\n\n^ Reichel, p. 50\n\n^ a b Baczko, p. 185\n\n^ \"История города\".\n\n^ \"Юдиттен-кирха в Калининградской области\". Archived from the original on 2012-02-03. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippe_Torreton | Philippe Torreton | ["1 Life and career","2 Selected filmography","3 Decorations","4 References","5 External links"] | French actor (born 1965)
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Philippe TorretonTorreton in 2014Born (1965-10-13) 13 October 1965 (age 58)Rouen, Normandy, FranceOccupation(s)Actor, politicianYears active1990–presentHeight1.77 m (5 ft 10 in)AwardsBest Actor 1997 Capitaine Conan
Philippe Torreton (born 13 October 1965) is a French actor.
Life and career
Born in Rouen, to a teacher mother, and filling station attendant father, Torreton grew up in a suburb of the city. A student at the lycée Val de Seine de Grand-Quevilly, he discovered there a certain liking for the theater that he nurtured, thanks to his teachers, - he often cites one in particular, - M.Désir. A student of CNSAD, he would return there, this time as a teacher, in October 2008.
Torreton entered the Comédie-Française in 1990 as a pensionnaire (salaried actor having no share in the profits) and became a sociétaire (shareholding member of the Comédie-Française) in 1994. He left in 1999 having played many prestigious roles including Scapin, Lorenzaccio, Hamlet, Henry V, Tartuffe.
He played Capitaine Conan in the film of the same name, directed by Bertrand Tavernier, based on a little-known incident from the time of the First World War, and for which he won the César Award for Best Actor 1997. And, a politically committed actor, he played the role of the principal of a primary school confronted with social problems in Ça commence aujourd'hui, again directed by Tavernier, in 1998.
He was elected in the Municipal council of the 9th arrondissement of Paris.
On 10 April 2020, during the coronavirus lockdown, Torreton was one of a handful of people to take part in a Good Friday service led by Michel Aupetit, Archbishop of Paris, in the Cathedral of Notre-Dame de Paris, still being rebuilt after the fire a year earlier. All wore protective clothing. During the service, Torreton read Francis Jammes' "Je vous salue, Marie".
Selected filmography
Philippe Torreton at the 2007 Cannes Film Festival.
Year
Title
Role
Director
Notes
1991
La neige et le feu
Claude Pinoteau
1992
L.627
Antoine
Bertrand Tavernier
1993
Une nouvelle vie
Fred
Olivier Assayas
1994
Oublie-moi
Fabrice
Noémie Lvovsky
L'ange noir
Christophe
Jean-Claude Brisseau
Le petit qui attend le facteur
Anne-Marie Etienne
1995
The Bait
Chief cop
Bertrand Tavernier
1996
Le bel été 1914
Ernest Pailleron
Christian de Chalonge
Capitaine Conan
Capitaine Conan
Bertrand Tavernier
La serva amorosa
Arlequin
Jean Douchet
1999
It All Starts Today
Daniel Lefebvre
Bertrand Tavernier
Tôt ou tard
Éric
Anne-Marie Etienne
2001
Félix et Lola
Félix
Patrice Leconte
Vertiges de l'amour
Vincent
Laurent Chouchan
2003
Monsieur N.
Napoleon
Antoine De Caunes
Corps à corps
Marco Tisserand
François Hanss
2004
The Light
Yvon Le Guen
Philippe Lioret
2005
Sky Fighters
Bertrand
Gérard Pirès
Les Rois maudits
Robert d'Artois
Josée Dayan
TV Mini-Series
2006
Le Grand Meaulnes
M. Seurel
Jean-Daniel Verhaeghe
2007
Jean de la Fontaine, le défi
Colbert
Daniel Vigne
Ulzhan
Charles
Volker Schlöndorff
2009
District 13: Ultimatum
The President
Patrick Alessandrin
2011
Guilty
Alain Marécaux
Vincent Garenq
The Art of Love
Narrator
Emmanuel Mouret
Rebellion
Christian Prouteau
Mathieu Kassovitz
2013
Mood Indigo
Jean-Sol Partre
Michel Gondry
La Pièce manquante
André Mouton
Nicolas Birkenstock
2016
Les Enfants de la chance
Docteur Daviel
Malik Chibane
Decorations
Officer of the Order of Arts and Letters (2016)
References
^ a b Hay, Stephen (2000). Bertrand Tavernier: the film-maker of Lyon. I.B.Tauris. pp. 230–. ISBN 978-1-86064-462-7. Retrieved 14 July 2011.
^ Salomé Vincendon (10 April 2020). "Vendredi saint à Notre-Dame". bfmtv.com. BFM TV.
^ "Pâques à Notre-Dame: Philippe Torreton lit le "Je vous salue, Marie" de Francis Jammes". BFM TV YouTube Channel. 10 April 2020. Archived from the original on 2021-12-21.
^ "Nomination dans l'ordre des Arts et des Lettres janvier 2016 - Ministère de la Culture et de la Communication". Archived from the original on 2016-06-05. Retrieved 2016-04-03.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Philippe Torreton.
Philippe Torreton at IMDb
Philippe Torreton at AllMovie
vteCésar Award for Best Actor
1976: Philippe Noiret
1977: Michel Galabru
1978: Jean Rochefort
1979: Michel Serrault
1980: Claude Brasseur
1981: Gérard Depardieu
1982: Michel Serrault
1983: Philippe Léotard
1984: Coluche
1985: Alain Delon
1986: Christophe Lambert
1987: Daniel Auteuil
1988: Richard Bohringer
1989: Jean-Paul Belmondo
1990: Philippe Noiret
1991: Gérard Depardieu
1992: Jacques Dutronc
1993: Claude Rich
1994: Pierre Arditi
1995: Gérard Lanvin
1996: Michel Serrault
1997: Philippe Torreton
1998: André Dussollier
1999: Jacques Villeret
2000: Daniel Auteuil
2001: Sergi López
2002: Michel Bouquet
2003: Adrien Brody
2004: Omar Sharif
2005: Mathieu Amalric
2006: Michel Bouquet
2007: François Cluzet
2008: Mathieu Amalric
2009: Vincent Cassel
2010: Tahar Rahim
2011: Éric Elmosnino
2012: Omar Sy
2013: Jean-Louis Trintignant
2014: Guillaume Gallienne
2015: Pierre Niney
2016: Vincent Lindon
2017: Gaspard Ulliel
2018: Swann Arlaud
2019: Alex Lutz
2020: Roschdy Zem
2021: Sami Bouajila
2022: Benoît Magimel
2023: Benoît Magimel
2024: Arieh Worthalter
vteLumières Award for Best Actor
Michel Serrault (1996)
Charles Berling (1997)
Michel Serrault (1998)
Jacques Villeret (1999)
Philippe Torreton (2000)
Daniel Auteuil (2001)
Michel Bouquet (2002)
Jean Rochefort (2003)
Bruno Todeschini (2004)
Mathieu Amalric (2005)
Romain Duris (2006)
Gérard Depardieu (2007)
Mathieu Amalric (2008)
Vincent Cassel (2009)
Tahar Rahim (2010)
Michael Lonsdale (2011)
Omar Sy (2012)
Jean-Louis Trintignant (2013)
Guillaume Gallienne (2014)
Gaspard Ulliel (2015)
Vincent Lindon (2016)
Jean-Pierre Léaud (2017)
Nahuel Pérez Biscayart (2018)
Alex Lutz (2019)
Roschdy Zem (2020)
Sami Bouajila (2021)
Benoît Magimel (2022)
Benoît Magimel (2023)
Arieh Worthalter (2024)
Authority control databases International
FAST
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
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Spain
France
BnF data
Germany
Israel
United States
Czech Republic
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MusicBrainz
People
Deutsche Biographie
Other
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derwent_Island_House | Derwent Island House | ["1 History","2 William Wordsworth","3 Gallery (Derwent Island and Derwent Water)","4 See also","5 Notes","6 External links"] | Coordinates: 54°35′28″N 3°08′42″W / 54.5912°N 3.1449°W / 54.5912; -3.1449Grade II listed house on Derwent Island, Cumbria, England
Derwent Island House
Derwent Island House (often called Derwent Isle House) is a Grade II listed 18th-century Italianate house situated on the seven-acre (three-hectare) Derwent Island, Derwent Water, Keswick, Cumbria, and in the ownership of the National Trust. It is leased as a private home, but is open to the public five days a year. The interior is classical in style.
History
Derwent Island was owned by Fountains Abbey and used by monks, but with the dissolution of the monasteries, it became property of the Crown in 1539. In 1569 it was sold to the Company of Mines Royal a subsidiary of a German mining company. The German miners built a camp on the island where they kept animals, grew vegetables and brewed beer.
In 1778 Joseph Pocklington bought the island (then known as Vicar's Island) from Miles Ponsonby for £300. He built a house, boathouse, fort and battery, and Druid circle folly on the land. The house was one of the earliest villas to be built in the lake district, an entry in Pocklington's notebooks suggests that he saw a house on Belle Isle (in nearby Windermere lake) in 1776, perhaps inspiring his own ambition for a house on a lake district island. Pocklington held annual regattas on the lake at which he fired off his cannon and the small fort used for mock battles. Pocklington sold the island to William Peachy in 1796, a friend of poet Robert Southey.
Henry Cowper Marshall purchased the island in 1844 and employed architect Anthony Salvin to add east and west wings and a three-storey tower to the house. In 1951, Mr Marshall's grandson Denis Marshall gave the property to the National Trust.
During the 20th century, the house was home to several members of the Grindlay family who leased it from the Marshalls.
William Wordsworth
William Wordsworth was upset by the building, feeling it spoiled the view, and described Pocklington as "a native of Nottinghamshire, who played strange pranks by his buildings and plantations upon Vicar's Island, in Derwentwater, which his admiration, such as it was, of the country, and probably a wish to be a leader in a new fashion, had tempted him to purchase."
Gallery (Derwent Island and Derwent Water)
See also
Listed buildings in Keswick, Cumbria
Notes
^ "Derwent Isle House". National Heritage List for England. Historic England. Retrieved 9 December 2023.
^ "National Trust looks for Derwent Island House tenants".
^ Derwent Island House, Historic Building Recording, Matrix Archaeology
^ "Keswick - Derwent Isle House". Visit Cumbria. Retrieved 6 December 2010.
^ "The British News Paper Archive". Coventry Evening Telegraph. 21 April 1965. Director of a Coventry Firm dies aged 65. Mr Reginald Robert Grindlay, the elder son of Mr A. R. Grindlay, a former Alderman and "Father" of Coventry City Council, died at his home at Derwent Island, Keswick, yesterday. Mr Grindlay was 65 years old and until about six months ago lived at Holly Lodge, Berkswell. He was a director with his father, and a younger brother, Mr Stephen Grindlay, of Grindlay (Coventry) Ltd. Mr Grindlay, a prominent Freemason, was a member of the Grand Lodge of England and of the Provincial Grand Lodge of Warwickshire. He was a past master of the Victory Lodge, Coventry. His death occurred suddenly. The funeral will be on Friday at 3.30 pm at Allesley Church. He leaves a widow, Mrs Vera Grindlay, and a son and daughter.
^ Wordsworth, "First Letter on the Keswick and Windermere Railway", 1844.
External links
Derwent Island House - National Trust
54°35′28″N 3°08′42″W / 54.5912°N 3.1449°W / 54.5912; -3.1449 | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Derwent_Island_House_(cropped).jpg"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Italianate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italianate_architecture"},{"link_name":"Derwent Water","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derwent_Water"},{"link_name":"Keswick, Cumbria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keswick,_Cumbria"},{"link_name":"National Trust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Trust_for_Places_of_Historic_Interest_or_Natural_Beauty"},{"link_name":"classical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_architecture"}],"text":"Grade II listed house on Derwent Island, Cumbria, EnglandDerwent Island HouseDerwent Island House (often called Derwent Isle House) is a Grade II listed[1] 18th-century Italianate house situated on the seven-acre (three-hectare) Derwent Island, Derwent Water, Keswick, Cumbria, and in the ownership of the National Trust. 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Pocklington sold the island to William Peachy in 1796, a friend of poet Robert Southey.Henry Cowper Marshall purchased the island in 1844 and employed architect Anthony Salvin to add east and west wings and a three-storey tower to the house.[4] In 1951, Mr Marshall's grandson Denis Marshall gave the property to the National Trust.During the 20th century, the house was home to several members of the Grindlay family who leased it from the Marshalls.[5]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"William Wordsworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Wordsworth"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"William Wordsworth was upset by the building, feeling it spoiled the view, and described Pocklington as \"a native of Nottinghamshire, who played strange pranks by his buildings and plantations upon Vicar's Island, in Derwentwater, which his admiration, such as it was, of the country, and probably a wish to be a leader in a new fashion, had tempted him to purchase.\"[6]","title":"William Wordsworth"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Keswick_Panorama_-_Oct_2009.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Derwent_Water,_Lake_District,_Cumbria_-_June_2009.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Derwent_Water,_Keswick_-_June_2009.jpg"}],"title":"Gallery (Derwent Island and Derwent Water)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"\"Derwent Isle House\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1144694?section=official-list-entry"},{"link_name":"Historic England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historic_England"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"\"National Trust looks for Derwent Island House tenants\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-cumbria-24222429"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-VCHISTORY_4-0"},{"link_name":"\"Keswick - Derwent Isle House\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.visitcumbria.com/kes/derwent-isle-house.htm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:03_5-0"},{"link_name":"\"The British News Paper Archive\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000769/19650421/085/0007"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"}],"text":"^ \"Derwent Isle House\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kealia_Watt | Kealia Watt | ["1 Early life","2 College career","3 Club career","3.1 Houston Dash, 2014–2019","3.2 Chicago Red Stars, 2020–2021","4 International career","5 Post-soccer career","6 Personal life","7 Career statistics","7.1 Club","8 Honors","9 See also","10 References","11 External links"] | American soccer player (born 1992)
Kealia Watt
Watt in 2014Personal informationFull name
Kealia Ohai WattBirth name
Kealia Mae OhaiDate of birth
(1992-01-31) January 31, 1992 (age 32)Place of birth
Draper, Utah, United StatesHeight
5 ft 5 in (1.65 m)Position(s)
Midfielder / ForwardYouth career2000–2010
Avalanche Soccer Club2006–2010
Alta High SchoolCollege careerYears
Team
Apps
(Gls)2010–2013
North Carolina Tar Heels
44
(20)Senior career*Years
Team
Apps
(Gls)2014–2019
Houston Dash
114
(28)2020–2021
Chicago Red Stars
28
(7)International career‡2010
United States U-17
2009–2012
United States U-20
24
(8)2013
United States U-23
2
(0)2016
United States
3
(1)
*Club domestic league appearances and goals, correct as of February 14, 2022‡ National team caps and goals, correct as of November 13, 2017
Kealia Ohai Watt (/keɪˈliːə/ kay-ə-LEE-ə; born Kealia Mae Ohai; January 31, 1992) is an American former professional soccer player who played for the Chicago Red Stars and the Houston Dash in the National Women's Soccer League (NWSL).
Watt played for the North Carolina Tar Heels in college, winning the NCAA championship in 2012. She represented the United States on the under-17, under-20, under-23 and senior national teams. She scored the winning goal in the final match of the 2012 FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup.
Early life
Watt was born to Ben and Cindy Ohai and raised in Draper, Utah. Her sister, Megan, is a former youth national team member who played soccer at USC where she won the 2007 NCAA championship. She is part Hawaiian on her father's side. Her parents named her after Kealia Beach on the island of Kauai.
Watt, who graduated from Alta High School in June 2010, was a four-year varsity soccer player at the school. She led the team to four straight state soccer championships from 2006 to 2009. She was a two-time Gatorade state player of the year, three-time first-team high school All-America, three-time All-State selection, three-time 5A soccer MVP, and the 2010 NSCAA National High School Player of the year. In June 2010, she earned Parade All-American honors.
As a youth, Watt also played club soccer for the Utah Avalanche. With the team, she won four state titles.
College career
A four-year starter with the Tar Heels from 2010 to 2013, Watt was a member of the 2012 championship-winning team. She was named the tournament's most outstanding offensive player after scoring the game-winning goal during overtime in the semi-final and the first goal of the final in the second minute of the match.
Following her freshman year playing for the Tar Heels, Watt was named to the First-Team All-Atlantic Coast Conference (ACC) and ACC All-Freshman Team. She led the team in scoring with 14 goals and started 22 of the team's 24 games. During her sophomore year, she started in all 20 games in which she played. She scored six goals, including a team high of 3 game-winning goals and served six assists. In her third year with the Tar Heels, Ohai led the team in points (23) and goals (9).
Club career
Houston Dash, 2014–2019
Ohai during a match against the Boston Breakers, August 2015
Watt was selected as the second overall pick in the 2014 NWSL College Draft by the Houston Dash as the expansion team's very first college draft pick. Of her draft selection, Dash head coach Randy Waldrum said, "I couldn't have asked for things to fall into place so well. It was an amazing day for the Dash. Starting with the selection of Kealia Ohai, we got one of the nation's best forwards. She has great pace, is extremely athletic, and can really stretch defenses with her speed."
She became the club's captain midway through the 2016 season, which coincided with a scoring streak which saw her net 11 goals in 10 games. Watt was named NWSL Player of the Week for weeks 15 and 17. She finished the season tied with Lynn Williams for the golden boot, Williams was given the award as she had more assists. Watt was named to the 2016 NWSL Best XI.
In 2017, Watt scored two goals in 10 games before tearing her ACL on June 24 in a game against the Orlando Pride. This injury would force her to miss the remainder of the 2017 season.
Watt returned to the field on April 22, 2018, against the Orlando Pride. In 2018 she appeared in 19 games and scored 5 goals.
Chicago Red Stars, 2020–2021
On January 6, 2020, Watt was traded to the Chicago Red Stars in exchange for defender Katie Naughton and the 18th overall selection in the 2020 NWSL College Draft.
After the 2021 season, Watt was a free agent. She did not officially announce her retirement from professional soccer and Watt's husband broke the news that she was retired from professional soccer during an interview with People Magazine in 2023, ending speculation about her return.
International career
Watt (top left) with the U.S. team at the FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup in Japan, 2012.
A member of the U.S. youth national programs from the age of 13, Watt has played with the under-15, under-17, under-18, under-20, and the under-23 teams. As a member of the 2012 US U-20 Women's National Team, she won the 2012 FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup and scored the game-winning goal in the 44th minute of the final to lead the U.S. to victory over Germany.
Watt made her international debut for the senior team on October 23, 2016, against Switzerland in a friendly match in Minneapolis. She scored 48 seconds after entering the match as a substitute in the 81st minute, setting a record for the fastest goal in a US women's national team debut. She received a call-up in July 2018 to the team's training camp for the 2018 Tournament of Nations, her first call-up since injuring her knee in 2017, but did not make the final roster for the tournament.
Post-soccer career
Watt was announced as a contributor and sideline analyst for Amazon's Prime Video broadcast of the NWSL in 2024. Her broadcast debut was on April 12, 2024 for a match between the Dash and the Washington Spirit.
Personal life
Watt is legally blind in her right eye. Her brother-in-law is former NFL Houston Texans player Brian Cushing.
In October 2016, Watt confirmed that she was in a relationship with NFL player J. J. Watt. They became engaged in May 2019. They were married on February 15, 2020, in the Bahamas, and Watt subsequently began using her married name. On October 23, 2022, Watt gave birth to her and J.J.'s first child.
On May 1, 2023, the couple were announced as new minority investors in Burnley F.C., which earned promotion from the EFL Championship to the Premier League for the 2023–24 season.
Career statistics
Club
As of match played February 13, 2022
Appearances and goals by club, season and competition
Club
Season
League
Cup
Play-offs
Total
Division
Apps
Goals
Apps
Goals
Apps
Goals
Apps
Goals
Houston Dash
2014
NWSL
23
4
—
—
23
4
2015
19
4
—
—
19
4
2016
20
11
—
—
20
11
2017
10
2
—
—
10
2
2018
19
5
—
—
19
5
2019
23
2
—
—
23
2
Total
114
28
0
0
0
0
114
28
Chicago Red Stars
2020
NWSL Fall Series
4
2
6
0
—
10
2
2021
NWSL
24
5
4
0
2
0
30
5
2022
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Total
28
7
10
0
2
0
40
7
Career total
142
35
10
0
2
0
154
35
^ Includes the NWSL Challenge Cup
^ Includes the NWSL Playoffs
Honors
North Carolina Tar Heels women's soccer team
NCAA Division I Women's Soccer Championship: 2012
Chicago Red Stars
NWSL Challenge Cup runner-up: 2020
NWSL Championship runner-up: 2021
United States U20
CONCACAF Women's U-20 Championship: 2012
FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup: 2012
See also
List of University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill alumni
List of American and Canadian soccer champions
List of Senior CLASS Award women's soccer winners
Portals: Women's association football Sports Association football Biography
References
^ "FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup Japan 2012 – List of Players: USA" (PDF). FIFA. September 14, 2012. p. 16. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 17, 2019. Retrieved April 10, 2022.
^ "Megan Ohai Profile". USC Trojans. Archived from the original on May 26, 2017. Retrieved January 24, 2014.
^ Boyd, John; Roepken, Corey (October 28, 2016). "Things to know about the soccer star Kealia Ohai". Houston Chronicle. Archived from the original on February 4, 2022. Retrieved February 4, 2022.
^ a b "Pretty Name, Dynamic Game". US Soccer. August 26, 2012. Archived from the original on October 30, 2013. Retrieved January 24, 2014.
^ a b c d "Kealia Ohai Biography". University of North Carolina. Archived from the original on February 1, 2014. Retrieved January 24, 2014.
^ "High school sports: Kealia Ohai named national player of the year". Deseret News. June 16, 2010. Archived from the original on February 19, 2014. Retrieved January 27, 2014.
^ Oram, Bill (June 15, 2010). "Alta's Kealia Ohai named to Parade's All America team". The Salt Lake Tribune. Archived from the original on February 2, 2014. Retrieved January 28, 2014.
^ a b c "Kealia Ohai". United States Soccer Federation. Archived from the original on March 25, 2014. Retrieved January 27, 2014.
^ a b "UNC women win 21st soccer title". ESPN. Associated Press. December 6, 2012. Archived from the original on January 18, 2015. Retrieved January 27, 2014.
^ Hays, Graham (December 3, 2012). "WINNING 21ST TITLE NO EASY FEAT FOR N. CAROLINA". ESPN. Archived from the original on July 24, 2013. Retrieved January 27, 2014.
^ "Kealia Ohai scores at 5:53 of the second OT to lift North Carolina to 1–0 win over Stanford". Fox News. December 1, 2012. Archived from the original on March 6, 2015. Retrieved January 27, 2014.
^ "Ohai lifts North Carolina past Stanford in 2OT". Boston Herald. December 1, 2012. Archived from the original on January 27, 2014. Retrieved January 27, 2014.
^ "North Carolina wins 21st NCAA women's soccer crown". USA Today. Associated Press. December 3, 2012. Archived from the original on August 3, 2018. Retrieved November 2, 2017.
^ Ortiz, Jose de Jesus (January 17, 2014). "Dash get a dose of speed with UNC's Ohai". Houston Chronicle. Archived from the original on January 18, 2015. Retrieved January 27, 2014.
^ "Tar Heels Dunn, Ohai go No. 1-2 in women's pro soccer draft". Herald Sun. January 17, 2014. Archived from the original on January 18, 2015. Retrieved January 27, 2014.
^ "Houston Dash select Kealia Ohai, Rafaelle Souza, Marissa Diggs and Jordan Jackson in 2014 NWSL College Draft". Houston Dynamo. January 17, 2014. Archived from the original on February 21, 2014. Retrieved January 27, 2014.
^ "Kealia Ohai voted NWSL Player of the Week". August 2, 2016. Archived from the original on April 3, 2019. Retrieved March 17, 2019.
^ "Here are the winners of the NWSL MVP and other awards". October 20, 2016. Archived from the original on January 25, 2018. Retrieved March 17, 2019.
^ "National Women's Soccer League Announces 2016 Best XI". Archived from the original on October 9, 2016. Retrieved March 17, 2019.
^ "Houston Dash forward Kealia Ohai to miss the remainder of the season with left knee injury". June 26, 2017. Archived from the original on April 3, 2019. Retrieved March 17, 2019.
^ "Kealia Ohai". Archived from the original on April 3, 2019. Retrieved March 17, 2019.
^ "Red Stars Acquire Kealia Ohai". chicagoredstars.com. Chicago Red Stars. January 6, 2020. Archived from the original on September 22, 2020. Retrieved January 6, 2020.
^ "Houston Dash acquire DF Katie Naughton and 2020 NWSL Draft pick from Chicago Red Stars in trade". houstondynamo.com. Houston Dynamo. January 6, 2020. Archived from the original on February 2, 2020. Retrieved January 6, 2020.
^ "J.J. Watt's Decision to Retire Was Largely Because 'He Wanted to Be with Koa,' Says Wife Kealia". Peoplemag. Retrieved April 12, 2024.
^ Kriger, Rachael (September 29, 2023). "Kealia Watt is officially retired, says husband J.J. in People interview – Equalizer Soccer". Retrieved April 12, 2024.
^ "Kealia Watt Q/A: Amazon Prime's newest analyst on 10 years of the Dash and NWSL growth". Squad Depth. April 12, 2024. Retrieved April 12, 2024.
^ "Kealia Ohai". US Soccer. Archived from the original on March 25, 2014. Retrieved January 24, 2014.
^ "2013 Statistics". US Soccer. Archived from the original on July 27, 2013. Retrieved January 24, 2014.
^ "U.S. Women Win U-20 World Cup". New York Times. September 8, 2012. Archived from the original on January 18, 2015. Retrieved January 27, 2014.
^ "FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup Japan 2012 – USA 1:0 (1:0) Germany – Report". FIFA. September 8, 2012. Archived from the original on January 15, 2014. Retrieved January 24, 2014.
^ "U.S. women beat Germany 1–0 to win U-20 World Cup". USA Today. Archived from the original on January 18, 2015. Retrieved January 27, 2014.
^ "Lloyd leads USA to 5–1 win vs. Switzerland on record-setting day in Minneapolis". US Soccer. October 23, 2016. Archived from the original on October 24, 2016. Retrieved October 25, 2016.
^ "ELLIS CALLS 25 TO TRAINING CAMP AHEAD OF 2018 TOURNAMENT OF NATIONS". July 18, 2018. Archived from the original on September 13, 2018. Retrieved July 18, 2018.
^ Deitsch, Richard. "Prime Video tabs its 2024 NWSL broadcast team". The Athletic. Retrieved April 12, 2024.
^ "Kealia Watt on broadcasting, being honored by Dash, perfect Hawaiian roll French toast casserole". khou.com. April 11, 2024. Retrieved April 12, 2024.
^ Ortiz, Jose de Jesus (May 13, 2014). "Ohai's vision a nonissue with Dash". Houston Chronicle. Houston. Archived from the original on September 19, 2016. Retrieved September 7, 2016.
^ "Dash use No. 2 pick on Kealia Ohai, sister-in-law of Brian Cushing". Houston Chronicle. January 17, 2014. Archived from the original on January 20, 2014. Retrieved January 24, 2014.
^ Kassouf, Jeff (January 17, 2014). "Kealia Ohai lands in Houston, where family awaits". Equalizer Soccer. Archived from the original on April 29, 2014. Retrieved January 27, 2014.
^ Thompson, Dana (October 28, 2016). "Houston Dash player Kealia Ohai confirms she's dating J.J. Watt". Houston Chronicle. Archived from the original on March 27, 2019. Retrieved March 10, 2019.
^ "J.J. Watt sends love to Kealia Ohai ahead of return from ACL injury". April 23, 2018. Archived from the original on June 28, 2018. Retrieved May 12, 2018.
^ Duaine Hahn, Jason (May 26, 2019). "Houston Texans Star JJ Watt Is Engaged to Kealia Ohai: 'I'm the Luckiest Man in the World'". People. Archived from the original on May 27, 2019. Retrieved May 26, 2019.
^ Kimble, Lindsay (February 15, 2020). "JJ Watt Ties the Knot! NFL Star Marries Kealia Ohai in the Bahamas — See Her Dress!". People. Archived from the original on February 16, 2020. Retrieved February 15, 2020.
^ "Chicago Red Stars Unveil 2020 Preseason Roster". Chicago Red Stars. March 9, 2020. Archived from the original on January 21, 2021. Retrieved March 10, 2020.
^ "J.J. and Kealia Watt announce birth of their son". ESPN. October 25, 2022. Archived from the original on December 27, 2022. Retrieved December 27, 2022.
^ "US Sporting Power Couple, NFL Star JJ Watt, and Football Pro Wife Kealia Watt, Join the Clarets Family" (Press release). Burnley F.C. May 1, 2023. Archived from the original on May 5, 2023. Retrieved May 5, 2023.
^ "Kealia Watt Stats – All Competitions". fbref. Archived from the original on February 14, 2022. Retrieved February 14, 2022.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Kealia Watt.
Kealia Watt – FIFA competition record (archived)
US Soccer player profile
North Carolina player profile
Kealia Ohai profile at Houston Dash
vte2016 NWSL Teams of the YearBest XI
GK: Harris
DF: Barnes
DF: Gilliland
DF: Menges
DF: Sauerbrunn
MF: Heath
MF: Long
FW: McDonald
FW: Ohai
FW: Press
FW: Williams
Second XI
GK: Naeher
DF: Johnston
DF: Krieger
DF: Rampone
DF: Short
MF: Colaprico
MF: DiBernardo
MF: Fishlock
MF: Little
FW: Dunn
FW: Groom | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"/keɪˈliːə/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"kay-ə-LEE-ə","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key"},{"link_name":"soccer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_association_football"},{"link_name":"Chicago Red Stars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Red_Stars"},{"link_name":"Houston Dash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston_Dash"},{"link_name":"National Women's Soccer League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Women%27s_Soccer_League"},{"link_name":"North Carolina Tar Heels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Carolina_Tar_Heels_women%27s_soccer"},{"link_name":"NCAA championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NCAA_Division_I_women%27s_soccer_tournament"},{"link_name":"2012","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_NCAA_Division_I_women%27s_soccer_tournament"},{"link_name":"under-17","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_women%27s_national_under-17_soccer_team"},{"link_name":"under-20","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_women%27s_national_under-20_soccer_team"},{"link_name":"under-23","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_women%27s_national_under-23_soccer_team"},{"link_name":"senior national teams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_women%27s_national_soccer_team"},{"link_name":"2012 FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_FIFA_U-20_Women%27s_World_Cup"}],"text":"Kealia Ohai Watt (/keɪˈliːə/ kay-ə-LEE-ə; born Kealia Mae Ohai; January 31, 1992) is an American former professional soccer player who played for the Chicago Red Stars and the Houston Dash in the National Women's Soccer League (NWSL).Watt played for the North Carolina Tar Heels in college, winning the NCAA championship in 2012. She represented the United States on the under-17, under-20, under-23 and senior national teams. She scored the winning goal in the final match of the 2012 FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup.","title":"Kealia Watt"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Draper, Utah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Draper,_Utah"},{"link_name":"USC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USC_Trojans#Women's_soccer"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Hawaiian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_Hawaiians"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Kauai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kauai"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ohai-pretty-name-4"},{"link_name":"Alta High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alta_High_School_(Utah)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-unc_bio-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-unc_bio-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ussf_bio-8"}],"text":"Watt was born to Ben and Cindy Ohai and raised in Draper, Utah. Her sister, Megan, is a former youth national team member who played soccer at USC where she won the 2007 NCAA championship.[2] She is part Hawaiian on her father's side.[3] Her parents named her after Kealia Beach on the island of Kauai.[4]Watt, who graduated from Alta High School in June 2010, was a four-year varsity soccer player at the school.[5] She led the team to four straight state soccer championships from 2006 to 2009. She was a two-time Gatorade state player of the year, three-time first-team high school All-America, three-time All-State selection, three-time 5A soccer MVP, and the 2010 NSCAA National High School Player of the year.[5][6] In June 2010, she earned Parade All-American honors.[7]As a youth, Watt also played club soccer for the Utah Avalanche. With the team, she won four state titles.[8]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2012 championship-winning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_NCAA_Division_I_women%27s_soccer_tournament"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-espn_2012cc-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-espn_2012cc-9"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ussf_bio-8"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-unc_bio-5"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ussf_bio-8"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-unc_bio-5"}],"text":"A four-year starter with the Tar Heels from 2010 to 2013, Watt was a member of the 2012 championship-winning team.[9][10] She was named the tournament's most outstanding offensive player after scoring the game-winning goal during overtime in the semi-final[11][12] and the first goal of the final in the second minute of the match.[9][13]Following her freshman year playing for the Tar Heels, Watt was named to the First-Team All-Atlantic Coast Conference (ACC) and ACC All-Freshman Team. She led the team in scoring with 14 goals and started 22 of the team's 24 games.[8] During her sophomore year, she started in all 20 games in which she played. She scored six goals, including a team high of 3 game-winning goals and served six assists.[5][8] In her third year with the Tar Heels, Ohai led the team in points (23) and goals (9).[5]","title":"College career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Club career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kealia_Ohai_-_Forward,_Houston_Dash_(21055006935).jpg"},{"link_name":"Boston Breakers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Breakers"},{"link_name":"2014 NWSL College Draft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_NWSL_College_Draft"},{"link_name":"Houston Dash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston_Dash"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Randy Waldrum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randy_Waldrum"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Lynn Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynn_Williams_(soccer)"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Best XI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NWSL_awards"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Orlando Pride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orlando_Pride"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Orlando Pride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orlando_Pride"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"sub_title":"Houston Dash, 2014–2019","text":"Ohai during a match against the Boston Breakers, August 2015Watt was selected as the second overall pick in the 2014 NWSL College Draft by the Houston Dash as the expansion team's very first college draft pick.[14][15] Of her draft selection, Dash head coach Randy Waldrum said, \"I couldn't have asked for things to fall into place so well. It was an amazing day for the Dash. Starting with the selection of Kealia Ohai, we got one of the nation's best forwards. She has great pace, is extremely athletic, and can really stretch defenses with her speed.\"[16]She became the club's captain midway through the 2016 season, which coincided with a scoring streak which saw her net 11 goals in 10 games. Watt was named NWSL Player of the Week for weeks 15 and 17.[17] She finished the season tied with Lynn Williams for the golden boot, Williams was given the award as she had more assists.[18] Watt was named to the 2016 NWSL Best XI.[19]In 2017, Watt scored two goals in 10 games before tearing her ACL on June 24 in a game against the Orlando Pride. This injury would force her to miss the remainder of the 2017 season.[20]Watt returned to the field on April 22, 2018, against the Orlando Pride. In 2018 she appeared in 19 games and scored 5 goals.[21]","title":"Club career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chicago Red Stars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Red_Stars"},{"link_name":"defender","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defender_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"Katie Naughton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katie_Naughton"},{"link_name":"2020 NWSL College Draft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_NWSL_College_Draft"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"People Magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"}],"sub_title":"Chicago Red Stars, 2020–2021","text":"On January 6, 2020, Watt was traded to the Chicago Red Stars in exchange for defender Katie Naughton and the 18th overall selection in the 2020 NWSL College Draft.[22][23]After the 2021 season, Watt was a free agent.[24] She did not officially announce her retirement from professional soccer and Watt's husband broke the news that she was retired from professional soccer during an interview with People Magazine in 2023, ending speculation about her return.[25][26]","title":"Club career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:FIFA_U-20_Women%27s_World_Cup_2012_Awards_Ceremony_15_(cropped).JPG"},{"link_name":"FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA_U-20_Women%27s_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ohai-pretty-name-4"},{"link_name":"under-20","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_women%27s_national_under-20_soccer_team"},{"link_name":"under-23","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_women%27s_national_under-23_soccer_team"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"2012 US U-20 Women's National Team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_FIFA_U-20_Women%27s_World_Cup_squads#United_States"},{"link_name":"2012 FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_FIFA_U-20_Women%27s_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"senior team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_women%27s_national_soccer_team"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"2018 Tournament of Nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Tournament_of_Nations"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"}],"text":"Watt (top left) with the U.S. team at the FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup in Japan, 2012.A member of the U.S. youth national programs from the age of 13,[4] Watt has played with the under-15, under-17, under-18, under-20, and the under-23 teams.[27][28] As a member of the 2012 US U-20 Women's National Team, she won the 2012 FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup and scored the game-winning goal in the 44th minute of the final to lead the U.S. to victory over Germany.[29][30][31]Watt made her international debut for the senior team on October 23, 2016, against Switzerland in a friendly match in Minneapolis. She scored 48 seconds after entering the match as a substitute in the 81st minute, setting a record for the fastest goal in a US women's national team debut.[32] She received a call-up in July 2018 to the team's training camp for the 2018 Tournament of Nations, her first call-up since injuring her knee in 2017, but did not make the final roster for the tournament.[33]","title":"International career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Washington Spirit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Spirit"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"}],"text":"Watt was announced as a contributor and sideline analyst for Amazon's Prime Video broadcast of the NWSL in 2024.[34] Her broadcast debut was on April 12, 2024 for a match between the Dash and the Washington Spirit.[35]","title":"Post-soccer career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"NFL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Football_League"},{"link_name":"Houston Texans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston_Texans"},{"link_name":"Brian Cushing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Cushing"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"NFL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Football_League"},{"link_name":"J. J. Watt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._J._Watt"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"Bahamas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahamas"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"Burnley F.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burnley_F.C."},{"link_name":"EFL Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EFL_Championship"},{"link_name":"Premier League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premier_League"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"}],"text":"Watt is legally blind in her right eye.[36] Her brother-in-law is former NFL Houston Texans player Brian Cushing.[37][38]In October 2016, Watt confirmed that she was in a relationship with NFL player J. J. Watt.[39][40] They became engaged in May 2019.[41] They were married on February 15, 2020, in the Bahamas,[42] and Watt subsequently began using her married name.[43] On October 23, 2022, Watt gave birth to her and J.J.'s first child.[44]On May 1, 2023, the couple were announced as new minority investors in Burnley F.C., which earned promotion from the EFL Championship to the Premier League for the 2023–24 season.[45]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Career statistics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-47"},{"link_name":"NWSL Challenge Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NWSL_Challenge_Cup"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-48"},{"link_name":"NWSL Playoffs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NWSL_Playoffs"}],"sub_title":"Club","text":"As of match played February 13, 2022[46]^ Includes the NWSL Challenge Cup\n\n^ Includes the NWSL Playoffs","title":"Career statistics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"NCAA Division I Women's Soccer Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NCAA_Division_I_Women%27s_Soccer_Championship"},{"link_name":"2012","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_NCAA_Division_I_Women%27s_Soccer_Tournament"},{"link_name":"NWSL Challenge Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NWSL_Challenge_Cup"},{"link_name":"2020","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_NWSL_Challenge_Cup"},{"link_name":"NWSL Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Women%27s_Soccer_League"},{"link_name":"2021","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NWSL_Playoffs#2021_season"},{"link_name":"CONCACAF Women's U-20 Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CONCACAF_Women%27s_U-20_Championship"},{"link_name":"2012","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_CONCACAF_Women%27s_U-20_Championship"},{"link_name":"FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA_U-20_Women%27s_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"2012","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_FIFA_U-20_Women%27s_World_Cup"}],"text":"North Carolina Tar Heels women's soccer teamNCAA Division I Women's Soccer Championship: 2012Chicago Red StarsNWSL Challenge Cup runner-up: 2020\nNWSL Championship runner-up: 2021United States U20CONCACAF Women's U-20 Championship: 2012\nFIFA U-20 Women's World Cup: 2012","title":"Honors"}] | [{"image_text":"Ohai during a match against the Boston Breakers, August 2015","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Kealia_Ohai_-_Forward%2C_Houston_Dash_%2821055006935%29.jpg/240px-Kealia_Ohai_-_Forward%2C_Houston_Dash_%2821055006935%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Watt (top left) with the U.S. team at the FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup in Japan, 2012.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/FIFA_U-20_Women%27s_World_Cup_2012_Awards_Ceremony_15_%28cropped%29.JPG/220px-FIFA_U-20_Women%27s_World_Cup_2012_Awards_Ceremony_15_%28cropped%29.JPG"}] | [{"title":"List of University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill alumni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_University_of_North_Carolina_at_Chapel_Hill_alumni"},{"title":"List of American and Canadian soccer champions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_American_and_Canadian_soccer_champions"},{"title":"List of Senior CLASS Award women's soccer winners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Senior_CLASS_Award_women%27s_soccer_winners"},{"title":"Portals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Womens-soccer-icon.png"},{"title":"Women's association football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Women%27s_association_football"},{"title":"Sports","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Sports"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Soccer_ball.svg"},{"title":"Association football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Association_football"},{"title":"Biography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Biography"}] | [{"reference":"\"FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup Japan 2012 – List of Players: USA\" (PDF). 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Retrieved January 27, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.foxnews.com/sports/2012/12/01/kealia-ohai-scores-at-553-second-ot-to-lift-north-carolina-to-1-0-win-over/","url_text":"\"Kealia Ohai scores at 5:53 of the second OT to lift North Carolina to 1–0 win over Stanford\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150306151026/http://www.foxnews.com/sports/2012/12/01/kealia-ohai-scores-at-553-second-ot-to-lift-north-carolina-to-1-0-win-over/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Ohai lifts North Carolina past Stanford in 2OT\". Boston Herald. December 1, 2012. Archived from the original on January 27, 2014. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leunclavius | Johannes Leunclavius | ["1 References","2 Further reading"] | German historian and orientalist
Johannes Leunclavius (c. 1533/1541 – 1594) was a German historian and orientalist. He was an expert in Turkish history, republishing and annotating Ottoman sources. He also edited Xenophon, Cassius Dio, and other classical authors.
He also published Historiae Musulmanae Turcorum, de monumentis ipsorum exscriptae, libri XVIII.
Leunclavius accompanied the nobleman Heinrich von Lichtenstein on a diplomatic mission to Istanbul, staying there from October 1584 to April 1585.
He was a friend of Friedrich Sylburg, who published his translation of Zosimus.
References
^ Other name variants: Hans Lewenklaw, Löwenklau, Joannes Leunclavius, John Leunclavius
^ Nina Berman (11 February 2011). German Literature on the Middle East: Discourses and Practices, 1000-1989. University of Michigan Press. p. 87. ISBN 978-0-472-11751-2. Retrieved 2 March 2013.
^ Philologia Orientalis. Brill Archive. 1976. p. 48. GGKEY:GCEL4PZ88LS. Retrieved 2 March 2013.
Further reading
Horawitz A. H. Leunclavius Johannes // Allgemeine deutsche Biographie. Lpz., 1883. Bd. 18. S. 488-493.
B. Stolte, "Observations on Joannes Leunclavius (1541-1594) at work", Rechtshistorisches Journal 13 (1994), pp. 219–33.
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United States
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Czech Republic
Greece
Croatia
Netherlands
Poland
Portugal
Vatican
Academics
CiNii
People
Deutsche Biographie
Other
IdRef
This article about a German historian is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Turkish history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_history"},{"link_name":"Ottoman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Xenophon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xenophon"},{"link_name":"Cassius Dio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cassius_Dio"},{"link_name":"Istanbul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Berman2011-2"},{"link_name":"Friedrich Sylburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Sylburg"},{"link_name":"Zosimus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zosimus_(historian)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Philologia_Orientalis-3"}],"text":"Johannes Leunclavius[1] (c. 1533/1541 – 1594) was a German historian and orientalist. 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H. Leunclavius Johannes // Allgemeine deutsche Biographie. Lpz., 1883. Bd. 18. S. 488-493.\nB. Stolte, \"Observations on Joannes Leunclavius (1541-1594) at work\", Rechtshistorisches Journal 13 (1994), pp. 219–33.Authority control databases International\nFAST\nISNI\nVIAF\nWorldCat\nNational\nNorway\nChile\nSpain\nFrance\nBnF data\nGermany\nItaly\nIsrael\nBelgium\nUnited States\nSweden\nCzech Republic\nGreece\nCroatia\nNetherlands\nPoland\nPortugal\nVatican\nAcademics\nCiNii\nPeople\nDeutsche Biographie\nOther\nIdRefThis article about a German historian is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte","title":"Further reading"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Nina Berman (11 February 2011). German Literature on the Middle East: Discourses and Practices, 1000-1989. University of Michigan Press. p. 87. ISBN 978-0-472-11751-2. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_decavanadate | Sodium decavanadate | ["1 Preparation","2 Structure","3 Acid-base properties","4 Potential uses","5 Related decavanadates","6 References"] | Sodium decavanadate
Identifiers
CAS Number
(anhydrous): 12315-57-0 N
3D model (JSmol)
(anhydrous): Interactive image
ChemSpider
(anhydrous): 34997594
EC Number
(anhydrous): 235-375-1
PubChem CID
(anhydrous): 118856830
InChI
InChI=1S/6Na.28O.10V/q6*+1;28*-2;10*+5Key: WSNCYQDYQWKFLZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N
SMILES
(anhydrous): ...........................................
Properties
Chemical formula
Na6
Molar mass
1419.6 g/mol
Appearance
orange solid
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C , 100 kPa).
N (what is YN ?)
Infobox references
Chemical compound
Sodium decavanadate describes any member of the family of inorganic compounds with the formula Na6(H2O)n. These are sodium salts of the orange-colored decavanadate anion 6−. Numerous other decavanadate salts have been isolated and studied since 1956 when it was first characterized.
Preparation
The preparation of decavanadate is achieved by acidifying an aqueous solution of ortho-vanadate:
10 Na3 + 24 HOAc → Na6 + 12 H2O + 24 NaOAc
The formation of decavanadate is optimized by maintaining a pH range of 4–7. Typical side products include metavanadate, −, and hexavanadate, 2−, ions.
Structure
The decavanadate ion consists of 10 fused VO6 octahedra and has D2h symmetry. The structure of Na6·18H2O has been confirmed with X-ray crystallography.
Figure 1: structure of decavanadate ion with equivalent V and O atoms indicated
The decavanadate anions contains three sets of equivalent V atoms (see fig. 1). These include two central VO6 octahedra (Vc) and four each peripheral tetragonal-pyramidal VO5 groups (Va and Vb). There are seven unique groups of oxygen atoms (labeled A through G). Two of these (A) bridge to six V centers, four (B) bridge three V centers, fourteen of these (C, D and E) span edges between pairs of V centers, and eight (F and G) are peripheral.
The oxidation state of vanadium in decavanadate is +5.
Acid-base properties
Aqueous vanadate (V) compounds undergo various self-condensation reactions. Depending on pH, major vanadate anions in solution include VO2(H2O)42+, VO43−, V2O73−, V3O93−, V4O124−, and V10O286−. The anions often reversibly protonate. Decavanadate forms according to this equilibrium:
H3V10O283− ⇌ H2V10O284− + H+
H2V10O284− ⇌ HV10O285− + H+
HV10O285−(aq) ⇌ V10O286− + H+
The structure of the various protonation states of the decavanadate ion has been examined by 51V NMR spectroscopy. Each species gives three signals; with slightly varying chemical shifts around −425, −506, and −523 ppm relative to vanadium oxytrichloride; suggesting that rapid proton exchange occurs resulting in equally symmetric species. The three protonations of decavanadate have been shown to occur at the bridging oxygen centers, indicated as B and C in figure 1.
Decavanadate is most stable in pH 4–7 region. Solutions of vanadate turn bright orange at pH 6.5, indicating the presence of decavanadate. Other vanadates are colorless. Below pH 2.0, brown V2O5 precipitates as the hydrate.
V10O286− + 6H+ + 12H2 ⇌ 5V2O5
Potential uses
Decavanadate has been found to inhibit phosphoglycerate mutase, an enzyme which catalyzes step 8 of glycolysis. In addition, decavandate was found to have modest inhibition of Leishmania tarentolae viability, suggesting that decavandate may have a potential use as a topical inhibitor of protozoan parasites.
Related decavanadates
Many decavanadate salts have been characterized. NH4+, Ca2+, Ba2+, Sr2+, and group I decavanadate salts are prepared by the acid-base reaction between V2O5 and the oxide, hydroxide, carbonate, or hydrogen carbonate of the desired positive ion.
6 NH3 + 5 V2O5 + 3 H2O ⇌ (NH4)6
Other decavanadates:
(NH4)6·6H2O
K6·9H2O
K6·10H2O
Ca3·16H2O
K2Mg2·16H2O
K2Zn2·16H2O
Cs2Mg2·16H2O
Cs4Na2·10H2O
K4Na2·16H2O
Sr3·22H2O
Ba3·19H2O
H3V10O28·4CH3CN
Ag6·4H2O
Naturally occurring decavanadates include:
Ca3V10O28·17 H2O (Pascoite)
Ca2Mg(V10O28)·16H2O (Magnesiopascoite)
Na4Mg(V10O28)·24H2O (Huemulite)
References
^ a b c d e f g Johnson, G.; Murmann, R. K. (1979). "Sodium and Ammonium Decayanadates(V)". Inorganic Syntheses. Vol. 19. pp. 140–145. doi:10.1002/9780470132500.ch32. ISBN 978-0-471-04542-7.
^ a b c d e f g h Rossotti, F. J.; Rossotti, H. (1956). "Equilibrium Studies of Polyanions". Acta Chemica Scandinavica. 10: 957–984. doi:10.3891/acta.chem.scand.10-0957.
^ a b c d e f g h Evans, H. T. Jr (1966). "The molecular structure of the isopoly complex ion, decavanadate". Inorg. Chem. 5: 967–977. doi:10.1021/ic50040a004.
^ a b Kustin, K.; Pessoa, J. C.; Crans, D. C. (2007). Vandadium: The Versatile Metal. Washington, D. C.: American Chemical Society. ISBN 978-0-8412-7446-4.
^ a b c Rehder, D. (2008). Bioinorganic Vanadium Chemistry. Wiley & Sons. pp. 13–51. ISBN 978-0-470-06509-9.
^ Durif, P.A.; Averbuch-pouchot, M.T. (1980). "Structure d'un Décavanadate d'Hexasodium Hydraté". Acta Crystallogr. B. 36 (3): 680–682. Bibcode:1980AcCrB..36..680D. doi:10.1107/S0567740880004116.
^ a b c d e Tracey, A.S.; Crans, D.C. (1998). Vanadium Compounds. Washington D.C.: American Chemical Society. ISBN 0-8412-3589-9.
^ a b c Day, V. W.; Klemperer, W. G.; Maltbie, D. J. (1987). "Where Are the Protons in H3V10O283−?". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 109 (10): 2991–3002. doi:10.1021/ja00244a022.
^ Turner, Timothy; Nguyen, Victoria; McLauchlan, Craig; Dymon, Zaneta; Dorsey, Benjamin; Hooker, Jaqueline; Jones, Marjorie (March 2012). "Inhibitory effects of decavanadate on several enzymes and Leishmania tarentolae In Vitro". Journal of Inorganic Biochemistry. 108: 96–104. doi:10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2011.09.009. PMID 22005446. Retrieved 23 January 2021.
^ a b c Dametto, A.C.; de Arauju, A.S.; de Souza Correa, R.; Guilherme, L.R.; Massabni, A.C. (2010). "Synthesis, infrared spectroscopy and crystal structure determination of a new decavanadate". J Chem Crystallogr. 40 (11): 897–901. doi:10.1007/s10870-010-9759-x. S2CID 97736357.
^ Matias, P.M.; Pessoa, J.C.; Duarte, M.T.; Maderia, C. (2000). "Tetrapotassium disodium decavanadate(V) decahydrate". Acta Crystallogr. C. 57 (3): e75–e76. Bibcode:2000AcCrC..56E..75M. doi:10.1107/S0108270100001530. PMID 15263200.
^ Escobar, M.E.; Baran, E.J. (1981). "Die Schwingungsspektren einiger kristalliner Dekavanadate". Monatshefte für Chemie. 112: 43–49. doi:10.1007/BF00906241. S2CID 101366009.
^ Aureliano, Manuel; Crans, Debbie C. (2009). "Decavanadate (V10O6−28) and oxovanadates: Oxometalates with many biological activities". Journal of Inorganic Biochemistry. 103 (4): 536–546. doi:10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2008.11.010. ISSN 0162-0134. PMID 19110314. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"inorganic compounds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inorganic_compound"},{"link_name":"sodium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium"},{"link_name":"anion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anion"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-one-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-two-2"}],"text":"Chemical compoundSodium decavanadate describes any member of the family of inorganic compounds with the formula Na6[V10O28](H2O)n. These are sodium salts of the orange-colored decavanadate anion [V10O28]6−.[1] Numerous other decavanadate salts have been isolated and studied since 1956 when it was first characterized.[2]","title":"Sodium decavanadate"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"vanadate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanadate"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-one-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-one-1"}],"text":"The preparation of decavanadate is achieved by acidifying an aqueous solution of ortho-vanadate:[1]10 Na3[VO4] + 24 HOAc → Na6[V10O28] + 12 H2O + 24 NaOAcThe formation of decavanadate is optimized by maintaining a pH range of 4–7. Typical side products include metavanadate, [VO3]−, and hexavanadate, [V6O16]2−, ions.[1]","title":"Preparation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-three-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-four-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-five-5"},{"link_name":"X-ray crystallography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-ray_crystallography"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-six-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Decavanadate_structure.png"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-three-3"},{"link_name":"oxidation state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxidation_state"},{"link_name":"vanadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanadium"}],"text":"The decavanadate ion consists of 10 fused VO6 octahedra and has D2h symmetry.[3][4][5] The structure of Na6[V10O28]·18H2O has been confirmed with X-ray crystallography.[6]Figure 1: structure of decavanadate ion with equivalent V and O atoms indicatedThe decavanadate anions contains three sets of equivalent V atoms (see fig. 1).[3] These include two central VO6 octahedra (Vc) and four each peripheral tetragonal-pyramidal VO5 groups (Va and Vb). There are seven unique groups of oxygen atoms (labeled A through G). Two of these (A) bridge to six V centers, four (B) bridge three V centers, fourteen of these (C, D and E) span edges between pairs of V centers, and eight (F and G) are peripheral.The oxidation state of vanadium in decavanadate is +5.","title":"Structure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-seven-7"},{"link_name":"protonate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protonation"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-five-5"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-two-2"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-seven-7"},{"link_name":"51V NMR spectroscopy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanadium-51_nuclear_magnetic_resonance"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-five-5"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-seven-7"},{"link_name":"chemical shifts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_shift"},{"link_name":"vanadium oxytrichloride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanadium_oxytrichloride"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-eight-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-eight-8"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-one-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-four-4"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-seven-7"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-three-3"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-seven-7"}],"text":"Aqueous vanadate (V) compounds undergo various self-condensation reactions.[7] Depending on pH, major vanadate anions in solution include VO2(H2O)42+, VO43−, V2O73−, V3O93−, V4O124−, and V10O286−. The anions often reversibly protonate.[5] Decavanadate forms according to this equilibrium:[2][7]H3V10O283− ⇌ H2V10O284− + H+\nH2V10O284− ⇌ HV10O285− + H+\nHV10O285−(aq) ⇌ V10O286− + H+The structure of the various protonation states of the decavanadate ion has been examined by 51V NMR spectroscopy.[5][7] Each species gives three signals; with slightly varying chemical shifts around −425, −506, and −523 ppm relative to vanadium oxytrichloride; suggesting that rapid proton exchange occurs resulting in equally symmetric species.[8] The three protonations of decavanadate have been shown to occur at the bridging oxygen centers, indicated as B and C in figure 1.[8]Decavanadate is most stable in pH 4–7 region.[1][4][7] Solutions of vanadate turn bright orange at pH 6.5, indicating the presence of decavanadate. Other vanadates are colorless. Below pH 2.0, brown V2O5 precipitates as the hydrate.[3][7]V10O286− + 6H+ + 12H2 ⇌ 5V2O5","title":"Acid-base properties"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"phosphoglycerate mutase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphoglycerate_mutase"},{"link_name":"enzyme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzyme"},{"link_name":"glycolysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycolysis"},{"link_name":"Leishmania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leishmania"},{"link_name":"inhibitor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzyme_inhibitor"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Decavanadate has been found to inhibit phosphoglycerate mutase, an enzyme which catalyzes step 8 of glycolysis. In addition, decavandate was found to have modest inhibition of Leishmania tarentolae viability, suggesting that decavandate may have a potential use as a topical inhibitor of protozoan parasites.[9]","title":"Potential uses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-one-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-two-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-two-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-one-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-two-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-three-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-two-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-three-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-two-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-three-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-one-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-two-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-three-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-three-3"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nine-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ten-11"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nine-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nine-10"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-eight-8"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-eleven-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Pascoite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pascoite"},{"link_name":"Magnesiopascoite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnesiopascoite"},{"link_name":"Huemulite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huemulite"}],"text":"Many decavanadate salts have been characterized. NH4+, Ca2+, Ba2+, Sr2+, and group I decavanadate salts are prepared by the acid-base reaction between V2O5 and the oxide, hydroxide, carbonate, or hydrogen carbonate of the desired positive ion.[1]6 NH3 + 5 V2O5 + 3 H2O ⇌ (NH4)6[V10O28]Other decavanadates:(NH4)6[V10O28]·6H2O[2]\nK6[V10O28]·9H2O[2]\nK6[V10O28]·10H2O[1][2][3]\nCa3[V10O28]·16H2O[2][3]\nK2Mg2[V10O28]·16H2O[2][3]\nK2Zn2[V10O28]·16H2O[1][2][3]\nCs2Mg2[V10O28]·16H2O[3]\nCs4Na2[V10O28]·10H2O[10]\nK4Na2[V10O28]·16H2O[11]\nSr3[V10O28]·22H2O[10]\nBa3[V10O28]·19H2O[10]\n[(C6H5)4P]H3V10O28·4CH3CN[8]\nAg6[V10O28]·4H2O[12][13]Naturally occurring decavanadates include:Ca3V10O28·17 H2O (Pascoite)\nCa2Mg(V10O28)·16H2O (Magnesiopascoite)\nNa4Mg(V10O28)·24H2O (Huemulite)","title":"Related decavanadates"}] | [{"image_text":"Figure 1: structure of decavanadate ion with equivalent V and O atoms indicated","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/76/Decavanadate_structure.png"}] | null | [{"reference":"Johnson, G.; Murmann, R. K. (1979). \"Sodium and Ammonium Decayanadates(V)\". Inorganic Syntheses. Vol. 19. pp. 140–145. doi:10.1002/9780470132500.ch32. ISBN 978-0-471-04542-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2F9780470132500.ch32","url_text":"10.1002/9780470132500.ch32"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-471-04542-7","url_text":"978-0-471-04542-7"}]},{"reference":"Rossotti, F. J.; Rossotti, H. (1956). \"Equilibrium Studies of Polyanions\". Acta Chemica Scandinavica. 10: 957–984. doi:10.3891/acta.chem.scand.10-0957.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3891%2Facta.chem.scand.10-0957","url_text":"\"Equilibrium Studies of Polyanions\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3891%2Facta.chem.scand.10-0957","url_text":"10.3891/acta.chem.scand.10-0957"}]},{"reference":"Evans, H. T. Jr (1966). \"The molecular structure of the isopoly complex ion, decavanadate\". Inorg. Chem. 5: 967–977. doi:10.1021/ic50040a004.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fic50040a004","url_text":"10.1021/ic50040a004"}]},{"reference":"Kustin, K.; Pessoa, J. C.; Crans, D. C. (2007). Vandadium: The Versatile Metal. Washington, D. C.: American Chemical Society. ISBN 978-0-8412-7446-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8412-7446-4","url_text":"978-0-8412-7446-4"}]},{"reference":"Rehder, D. (2008). Bioinorganic Vanadium Chemistry. Wiley & Sons. pp. 13–51. ISBN 978-0-470-06509-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-06509-9","url_text":"978-0-470-06509-9"}]},{"reference":"Durif, P.A.; Averbuch-pouchot, M.T. (1980). \"Structure d'un Décavanadate d'Hexasodium Hydraté\". Acta Crystallogr. B. 36 (3): 680–682. Bibcode:1980AcCrB..36..680D. doi:10.1107/S0567740880004116.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1980AcCrB..36..680D","url_text":"1980AcCrB..36..680D"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1107%2FS0567740880004116","url_text":"10.1107/S0567740880004116"}]},{"reference":"Tracey, A.S.; Crans, D.C. (1998). Vanadium Compounds. Washington D.C.: American Chemical Society. ISBN 0-8412-3589-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8412-3589-9","url_text":"0-8412-3589-9"}]},{"reference":"Day, V. W.; Klemperer, W. G.; Maltbie, D. J. (1987). \"Where Are the Protons in H3V10O283−?\". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 109 (10): 2991–3002. doi:10.1021/ja00244a022.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_G._Klemperer","url_text":"Klemperer, W. G."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fja00244a022","url_text":"10.1021/ja00244a022"}]},{"reference":"Turner, Timothy; Nguyen, Victoria; McLauchlan, Craig; Dymon, Zaneta; Dorsey, Benjamin; Hooker, Jaqueline; Jones, Marjorie (March 2012). \"Inhibitory effects of decavanadate on several enzymes and Leishmania tarentolae In Vitro\". Journal of Inorganic Biochemistry. 108: 96–104. doi:10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2011.09.009. PMID 22005446. Retrieved 23 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0162013411002637","url_text":"\"Inhibitory effects of decavanadate on several enzymes and Leishmania tarentolae In Vitro\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jinorgbio.2011.09.009","url_text":"10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2011.09.009"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22005446","url_text":"22005446"}]},{"reference":"Dametto, A.C.; de Arauju, A.S.; de Souza Correa, R.; Guilherme, L.R.; Massabni, A.C. (2010). \"Synthesis, infrared spectroscopy and crystal structure determination of a new decavanadate\". J Chem Crystallogr. 40 (11): 897–901. doi:10.1007/s10870-010-9759-x. S2CID 97736357.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10870-010-9759-x","url_text":"10.1007/s10870-010-9759-x"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:97736357","url_text":"97736357"}]},{"reference":"Matias, P.M.; Pessoa, J.C.; Duarte, M.T.; Maderia, C. (2000). \"Tetrapotassium disodium decavanadate(V) decahydrate\". Acta Crystallogr. C. 57 (3): e75–e76. Bibcode:2000AcCrC..56E..75M. doi:10.1107/S0108270100001530. PMID 15263200.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000AcCrC..56E..75M","url_text":"2000AcCrC..56E..75M"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1107%2FS0108270100001530","url_text":"10.1107/S0108270100001530"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15263200","url_text":"15263200"}]},{"reference":"Escobar, M.E.; Baran, E.J. (1981). \"Die Schwingungsspektren einiger kristalliner Dekavanadate\". Monatshefte für Chemie. 112: 43–49. doi:10.1007/BF00906241. S2CID 101366009.","urls":[{"url":"http://sedici.unlp.edu.ar/handle/10915/146548","url_text":"\"Die Schwingungsspektren einiger kristalliner Dekavanadate\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF00906241","url_text":"10.1007/BF00906241"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:101366009","url_text":"101366009"}]},{"reference":"Aureliano, Manuel; Crans, Debbie C. (2009). \"Decavanadate (V10O6−28) and oxovanadates: Oxometalates with many biological activities\". Journal of Inorganic Biochemistry. 103 (4): 536–546. doi:10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2008.11.010. ISSN 0162-0134. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddie_Pye | Eddie Pye | ["1 External links"] | American baseball player (born 1967)
Baseball player
Eddie PyeInfielderBorn: (1967-02-13) February 13, 1967 (age 57)Columbia, Tennessee, U.S.Batted: RightThrew: RightMLB debutJune 3, 1994, for the Los Angeles DodgersLast MLB appearanceMay 19, 1995, for the Los Angeles DodgersMLB statisticsBatting average.056Home runs0Runs batted in0
Teams
Los Angeles Dodgers (1994–1995)
Robert Edward Pye (born February 13, 1967) is an American former Major League Baseball infielder. He is an alumnus of Middle Tennessee State University.
Drafted by the Los Angeles Dodgers in the 10th round of the 1988 MLB amateur draft, Pye made his Major League Baseball debut with the Los Angeles Dodgers on June 3, 1994, and appeared in his final game on May 19, 1995.
External links
Career statistics and player information from Baseball Reference, or Fangraphs, or Baseball Reference (Minors)
This biographical article relating to an American baseball infielder is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Major League Baseball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_League_Baseball"},{"link_name":"infielder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infielder"},{"link_name":"Middle Tennessee State University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Tennessee_State_University"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles Dodgers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Dodgers"},{"link_name":"1988 MLB amateur draft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1988_Major_League_Baseball_Draft"}],"text":"Baseball playerRobert Edward Pye (born February 13, 1967) is an American former Major League Baseball infielder. He is an alumnus of Middle Tennessee State University.Drafted by the Los Angeles Dodgers in the 10th round of the 1988 MLB amateur draft, Pye made his Major League Baseball debut with the Los Angeles Dodgers on June 3, 1994, and appeared in his final game on May 19, 1995.","title":"Eddie Pye"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/players/p/pyeed01.shtml","external_links_name":"Baseball Reference"},{"Link":"https://www.fangraphs.com/statss.aspx?playerid=1010581","external_links_name":"Fangraphs"},{"Link":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/minors/player.cgi?id=pye---001rob","external_links_name":"Baseball Reference (Minors)"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eddie_Pye&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beni_Montresor | Beni Montresor | ["1 Career","2 Personal life","3 References","4 External links"] | Italian illustrator, costume and set designer, director
Beni Montresor, Photographed by Carl Van Vechten, 1964.
Montresor in 1981
Beni Montresor (31 March 1926 – 11 October 2001) was a versatile Italian artist, opera and film director, set designer, author and children's book illustrator. He won the 1965 Caldecott Medal for U.S. picture book illustration, recognizing May I Bring a Friend?. The Italian government knighted him in 1966 for his contributions to the arts.
Career
Montresor was particularly known in the United States as a designer of sets, lighting and costumes for opera. He designed sets and costumes for the 1964 American premiere of Gian Carlo Menotti's opera The Last Savage at the Metropolitan Opera. He also designed the evocative and ephemeral scenery and lighting for the Washington Opera/New York City Opera revival of the Montemezzi opera The Love of Three Kings in 1981. He was the Artistic Director of the Teatro dell'Opera di Roma in 1988–1989. He directed two films, Pilgrimage (1972), starring Cliff De Young and La Messe dorée (1975), starring Lucia Bose. He was also a stage and film set designer with commissions from La Scala, Spoleto, the Glyndebourne Festival, the New York City Opera and the Metropolitan Opera for productions like La Gioconda, Esclarmonde, The Last Savage, The Daughter of the Regiment, L'Elisir d'Amore (Metropolitan Opera), Aida and The Magic Flute (New York City Opera). Montresor worked with film directors Federico Fellini, Vittorio De Sica and Roberto Rossellini among others.
Between 1964 and 1986, Montresor also designed for a Broadway play revival (Marco Millions) and two new musicals (Do I Hear a Waltz? and Rags).
Personal life
Montresor had a longer term affair with the writer Anne Cumming in the 1950s whilst she was married and also had many other gay and straight affairs.
Beni Montresor died in Verona on 11 October 2001 at the age of 75; the cause of his death was reportedly pancreatic cancer.
References
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Beni Montresor.
^ "Caldecott Medal & Honor Books, 1938–Present". American Library Association. Archived from the original on 10 April 2011. Retrieved 24 February 2010.
^ a b Honan, William H. (13 October 2001). "Beni Montresor, Artist in 2 Worlds, Dies at 78". New York Times. Retrieved 24 February 2010.
^ Fratello, Giovanni (11 April 2008). "Lo sguardo di Beni Montresor" (in Italian). L'Unità. Retrieved 24 February 2010.
^ "Dal Colore alla Luce:Beni Montresor. Un protagonista del teatro internazionale" (in Italian). Retrieved 24 February 2010.
^ Beni Montresor. Internet Broadway Database, ibdb.com, https://www.ibdb.com/broadway-cast-staff/beni-montresor-25145. Accessed 20 September 2021.
^ "Felicity Mason/Anne Cumming – A Brief Biography and Interview – Jennie Skerl". European Beat Studies Network. 16 October 2012. Retrieved 12 April 2017.
^ a b Honan, William H. (13 October 2001). "Beni Montresor, Artist in 2 Worlds, Dies at 78". The New York Times. Retrieved 11 October 2021. Correction: Oct. 15, 2001 -- An obituary on Saturday about Beni Montresor, illustrator of children's books and designer of opera sets and costumes, misstated his age. He was 75, not 78.
^ Lane, John Francis (4 December 2001). "Obituary: Beni Montresor". the Guardian. Retrieved 11 October 2021.
External links
Children's literature portalFilm portalVisual arts portal
Beni Montresor papers, 1953–1999 (bulk 1970–1989), held by the Billy Rose Theatre Division, New York Public Library for the Performing Arts
Authority control databases International
FAST
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Spain
France
BnF data
Germany
Israel
United States
Japan
Korea
Netherlands
Academics
CiNii
Artists
RKD Artists
ULAN
Other
SNAC
IdRef | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Beni_Montresor.jpg"},{"link_name":"Carl Van Vechten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Van_Vechten"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Beni_Montresor_LOC.jpg"},{"link_name":"film director","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_director"},{"link_name":"set designer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Set_designer"},{"link_name":"Caldecott Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caldecott_Medal"},{"link_name":"May I Bring a Friend?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_I_Bring_a_Friend%3F"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Beni Montresor, Photographed by Carl Van Vechten, 1964.Montresor in 1981Beni Montresor (31 March 1926 – 11 October 2001) was a versatile Italian artist, opera and film director, set designer, author and children's book illustrator. 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He designed sets and costumes for the 1964 American premiere of Gian Carlo Menotti's opera The Last Savage at the Metropolitan Opera. He also designed the evocative and ephemeral scenery and lighting for the Washington Opera/New York City Opera revival of the Montemezzi opera The Love of Three Kings in 1981.[2] He was the Artistic Director of the Teatro dell'Opera di Roma in 1988–1989.[3] He directed two films, Pilgrimage (1972), starring Cliff De Young and La Messe dorée [fr] (1975), starring Lucia Bose.[4] He was also a stage and film set designer with commissions from La Scala, Spoleto, the Glyndebourne Festival, the New York City Opera and the Metropolitan Opera for productions like La Gioconda, Esclarmonde, The Last Savage, The Daughter of the Regiment, L'Elisir d'Amore (Metropolitan Opera), Aida and The Magic Flute (New York City Opera). 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guy_Gruters | Guy Gruters | ["1 Early life and education","2 Air Force service","3 Awards and decorations","4 Other honors","5 References","6 External links"] | Guy D. GrutersGruters in 2012Birth nameGuy Dennis GrutersBorn (1942-10-26) October 26, 1942 (age 81)Sarasota, Florida, U.S.StatusRetiredAllegianceUnited States of AmericaService/branch United States Air ForceYears of service1966–1973Rank CaptainBattles/warsVietnam WarAwards Distinguished Flying Cross (2) Silver Star (2) Bronze Star (Valor) Purple Heart (2) Air Medal (20) Prisoner of War MedalAlma materUSAFA, B.S. 1964Purdue University, M.S. 1965
Captain Guy Dennis Gruters (born October 26, 1942) was a United States Air Force officer and fighter pilot best known for his survival for over five years as a prisoner of war in Vietnam. He was one of the five hundred and ninety-one surviving POWs of all military services released in 1973 for return to the United States during Operation Homecoming.
Early life and education
Guy Gruters was born on October 26, 1942, in Sarasota, Florida, but raised in New Jersey, where he spent his childhood trapping muskrat, camping, hunting and Scouting (Eagle Scout rank awarded). He won acceptance to the United States Air Force Academy and graduated with a Bachelor of Science degree in engineering science (summa cum laude; ranked 7th in his graduating class overall, #1 in Engineering Science) in 1964. He then went on to Purdue University and completed a Master of Science degree in astronautical engineering in less than one year, in 1965.
Air Force service
Following his graduation from Purdue, he was sent to flight school. After Undergraduate Pilot Training at Moody AFB, Georgia, he received his pilot wings in March 1966. He completed F-100 Super Sabre Combat Crew Training with the 4514th Combat Crew Training Squadron at Luke AFB, Arizona, in October 1966 and then O-1 Bird Dog Forward Air Controller Training in February 1967. Following this, he volunteered for Vietnam and served six years, more than five years of which was as a POW. During his flight operations as a Forward Air Controller in the first 10 months, Guy flew more than 400 combat missions, first for the 173rd Airborne Brigade in the O-1 Bird Dog light observation aircraft and then for the MISTY Fast FACS in the F-100F Super Sabre over North Vietnam.
As a co-pilot of the two-seat F-100F, Gruters was shot down twice. The first shoot down required a parachute water landing less than 1 mile (1.6 km) offshore near the North Vietnamese city of Đồng Hới while under fire from the North Vietnamese coastal guns in November 1967. While North Vietnamese boats were prevented from intercepting the downed pilots by strafing U.S. F-4 fighter-bombers, First Lieutenant Gruters and Captain Charles Neel were rescued under heavy fire by two USAF HH-3E Jolly Green helicopter crews based 60 miles (97 km) away.
Gruters was shot down for the second time on December 20, 1967. He and fellow pilot, Colonel Robert R. Craner ejected under 1,500 feet (460 m) inverted after losing all hydraulic control. They were captured and imprisoned in the Hỏa Lò Prison (Hanoi Hilton) among other camps for over five years. Upon their initial incarceration, Gruters and Craner cared for Lance Sijan before Sijan succumbed to wounds and torture in January 1968.
Gruters spent 5 years and 3 months as a prisoner of war before his release in 1973.
Awards and decorations
Guy Gruters' decorations include more than thirty combat awards, with two Silver Stars, two DFCs, two Purple Hearts, three Bronze Star Medals for Valor, the POW Medal, a Presidential Unit Citation, over 20 Air Medals and other medals.
USAF Pilot Badge
Parachutist Badge
Silver Starwith bronze oak leaf cluster
Legion of Merit
Distinguished Flying Crosswith Valor device and bronze oak leaf cluster
Bronze Star Medalwith Valor device
Purple Heartwith bronze oak leaf cluster
Air Medalwith three silver and one bronze oak leaf clusters
Air Medalwith two bronze oak leaf clusters(second ribbon required for accoutrement spacing)
Air Force Presidential Unit Citationwith bronze oak leaf cluster
Prisoner of War Medal
National Defense Service Medal
Vietnam Service Medalwith two silver and two bronze campaign stars
Vietnam Service Medalwith bronze campaign star
Air Force Longevity Service Ribbonwith bronze oak leaf cluster
USAF Marksmanship Ribbon
Republic of Vietnam Gallantry Cross Unit Citation
Republic of Vietnam Campaign Medal
Other honors
Guy Gruters' testimony was instrumental in Lance Sijan receiving the Medal of Honor posthumously in 1976. Guy Gruters' story was described in the book, "Bury Us Upside Down," "Into the Mouth of the Cat", and "Misty: Fast FACS."
References
^ a b Galdorisi, George; Phillips, Thomas (January 2009). Leave No Man Behind: The Saga of Combat Search and Rescue. Zenith Press. pp. 316–317. ISBN 978-0-7603-2392-2.
^ "Bury Us Upside Down: The Misty Pilots and the Secret Battle for the Ho Chi Minh Trail". Archived from the original on 2011-07-19. Retrieved 2011-04-30.
External links
Biography portal
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Guy Gruters.
"Guy Gruters' Website". Retrieved April 29, 2011. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Captain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"United States Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"officer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_officer"},{"link_name":"fighter pilot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fighter_pilot"},{"link_name":"prisoner of war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prisoner_of_war"},{"link_name":"Operation Homecoming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Homecoming"}],"text":"Captain Guy Dennis Gruters (born October 26, 1942) was a United States Air Force officer and fighter pilot best known for his survival for over five years as a prisoner of war in Vietnam. He was one of the five hundred and ninety-one surviving POWs of all military services released in 1973 for return to the United States during Operation Homecoming.","title":"Guy Gruters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sarasota, Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarasota,_Florida"},{"link_name":"New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"camping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camping"},{"link_name":"hunting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunting"},{"link_name":"Scouting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boy_Scouts_of_America"},{"link_name":"Eagle Scout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eagle_Scout_(Boy_Scouts_of_America)"},{"link_name":"United States Air Force Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Air_Force_Academy"},{"link_name":"Bachelor of Science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Science"},{"link_name":"engineering science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineering_science"},{"link_name":"summa cum laude","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summa_cum_laude"},{"link_name":"Purdue University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purdue_University"},{"link_name":"Master of Science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Science"},{"link_name":"astronautical engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerospace_engineering"}],"text":"Guy Gruters was born on October 26, 1942, in Sarasota, Florida, but raised in New Jersey, where he spent his childhood trapping muskrat, camping, hunting and Scouting (Eagle Scout rank awarded). He won acceptance to the United States Air Force Academy and graduated with a Bachelor of Science degree in engineering science (summa cum laude; ranked 7th in his graduating class overall, #1 in Engineering Science) in 1964. He then went on to Purdue University and completed a Master of Science degree in astronautical engineering in less than one year, in 1965.","title":"Early life and education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Undergraduate Pilot Training","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Undergraduate_Pilot_Training"},{"link_name":"Moody AFB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moody_AFB"},{"link_name":"Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)"},{"link_name":"pilot wings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Air_Force_aeronautical_rating"},{"link_name":"F-100 Super Sabre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_F-100_Super_Sabre"},{"link_name":"Luke AFB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luke_AFB"},{"link_name":"Arizona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona"},{"link_name":"O-1 Bird Dog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O-1_Bird_Dog"},{"link_name":"Forward Air Controller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forward_Air_Controller"},{"link_name":"Vietnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam"},{"link_name":"POW","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/POW"},{"link_name":"combat missions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerial_warfare"},{"link_name":"173rd Airborne Brigade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/173rd_Airborne_Brigade"},{"link_name":"North Vietnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Vietnam"},{"link_name":"Đồng Hới","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BB%93ng_H%E1%BB%9Bi"},{"link_name":"First Lieutenant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Lieutenant"},{"link_name":"Captain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"HH-3E Jolly Green","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HH-3E_Jolly_Green_Giant"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Galdorisi-1"},{"link_name":"Colonel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonel_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Hỏa Lò Prison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%E1%BB%8Fa_L%C3%B2_Prison"},{"link_name":"Lance Sijan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lance_Sijan"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Galdorisi-1"}],"text":"Following his graduation from Purdue, he was sent to flight school. After Undergraduate Pilot Training at Moody AFB, Georgia, he received his pilot wings in March 1966. He completed F-100 Super Sabre Combat Crew Training with the 4514th Combat Crew Training Squadron at Luke AFB, Arizona, in October 1966 and then O-1 Bird Dog Forward Air Controller Training in February 1967. Following this, he volunteered for Vietnam and served six years, more than five years of which was as a POW. During his flight operations as a Forward Air Controller in the first 10 months, Guy flew more than 400 combat missions, first for the 173rd Airborne Brigade in the O-1 Bird Dog light observation aircraft and then for the MISTY Fast FACS in the F-100F Super Sabre over North Vietnam.As a co-pilot of the two-seat F-100F, Gruters was shot down twice. The first shoot down required a parachute water landing less than 1 mile (1.6 km) offshore near the North Vietnamese city of Đồng Hới while under fire from the North Vietnamese coastal guns in November 1967. While North Vietnamese boats were prevented from intercepting the downed pilots by strafing U.S. F-4 fighter-bombers, First Lieutenant Gruters and Captain Charles Neel were rescued under heavy fire by two USAF HH-3E Jolly Green helicopter crews based 60 miles (97 km) away.[1]Gruters was shot down for the second time on December 20, 1967. He and fellow pilot, Colonel Robert R. Craner ejected under 1,500 feet (460 m) inverted after losing all hydraulic control. They were captured and imprisoned in the Hỏa Lò Prison (Hanoi Hilton) among other camps for over five years. Upon their initial incarceration, Gruters and Craner cared for Lance Sijan before Sijan succumbed to wounds and torture in January 1968.[1]Gruters spent 5 years and 3 months as a prisoner of war before his release in 1973.","title":"Air Force service"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Silver Stars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver_Star"},{"link_name":"DFCs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DFC_(US)"},{"link_name":"Purple Hearts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purple_Heart"},{"link_name":"Bronze Star Medals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronze_Star_Medals"},{"link_name":"Valor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%22V%22_Device"},{"link_name":"POW Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/POW_Medal"},{"link_name":"Presidential Unit Citation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidential_Unit_Citation_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Air Medals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Medal"}],"text":"Guy Gruters' decorations include more than thirty combat awards, with two Silver Stars, two DFCs, two Purple Hearts, three Bronze Star Medals for Valor, the POW Medal, a Presidential Unit Citation, over 20 Air Medals and other medals.","title":"Awards and decorations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Medal of Honor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medal_of_Honor"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Guy Gruters' testimony was instrumental in Lance Sijan receiving the Medal of Honor posthumously in 1976. Guy Gruters' story was described in the book, \"Bury Us Upside Down,\"[2] \"Into the Mouth of the Cat\", and \"Misty: Fast FACS.\"","title":"Other honors"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Galdorisi, George; Phillips, Thomas (January 2009). Leave No Man Behind: The Saga of Combat Search and Rescue. Zenith Press. pp. 316–317. ISBN 978-0-7603-2392-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7603-2392-2","url_text":"978-0-7603-2392-2"}]},{"reference":"\"Bury Us Upside Down: The Misty Pilots and the Secret Battle for the Ho Chi Minh Trail\". Archived from the original on 2011-07-19. Retrieved 2011-04-30.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110719070324/http://www.buryusupsidedown.com/includes/FileIncluder.asp?Content=Foreword.inc","url_text":"\"Bury Us Upside Down: The Misty Pilots and the Secret Battle for the Ho Chi Minh Trail\""},{"url":"http://www.buryusupsidedown.com/includes/FileIncluder.asp?Content=Foreword.inc","url_text":"the original"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110719070324/http://www.buryusupsidedown.com/includes/FileIncluder.asp?Content=Foreword.inc","external_links_name":"\"Bury Us Upside Down: The Misty Pilots and the Secret Battle for the Ho Chi Minh Trail\""},{"Link":"http://www.buryusupsidedown.com/includes/FileIncluder.asp?Content=Foreword.inc","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.guygruters.net/","external_links_name":"\"Guy Gruters' Website\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faz%C4%B1l_%C3%96nder | Fazıl Önder | ["1 Biography","2 Assassination","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"] | Fazıl ÖnderBorn1926Omorphita, Nicosia, CyprusDiedMay 24, 1958(1958-05-24) (aged 31–32)Nicosia, CyprusOccupationJournalist
This article's lead section may be too short to adequately summarize the key points. Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of the article. (May 2022)
Fazıl Önder (1926 – 1958) was a Turkish Cypriot journalist who was assassinated.
Biography
Fazıl Önder was born in Omorphita in 1926. He completed primary school, but was unable to attend secondary school for financial reasons. Thereafter, along with his brother Cemal, he embarked on an apprenticeship in a saddle shop. After the completion of his apprenticeship, he founded a saddle shop of his own with a business partner.
From 1949 onwards, he signed up for membership to various trade unions, including the Pancyprian Federation of Labour. In 1951, he started working at the Turkish Literature Club (Turk Edebiyat Kulup). British educated lawyer Ayhan Hikmet, along with Ahmet Malyo, Derviş Ali Kavazoğlu, Mehmet Edisoğlu, and Önder had created this group to further educate themselves in politics, economics, and ideology, as well as encourage the spread of socialism to members and non-members alike through their activities. The organisation also served as a hub for people to be able to listen to Radio Moscow broadcasts, where Nâzım Hikmet was then living in exile from his native Turkey.
Önder eventually established a publication called İnkılâpçı (Revolutionary). He was appointed editor, whilst Ahmet Sadi and Kavazoğlu took on columnist roles for the newspaper. İnkılâpçı published articles relevant to the Cypriot working classes and advocated the unity of Greek and Turkish Cypriots, however after its fifteenth issue, it was shut down; the publication was cited as a threat to British colonial rule. Önder additionally assisted in the establishment of the Pedagogy Academy and Agriculture School in Cyprus.
Assassination
Önder was assassinated by TMT on 24 May 1958, it is believed that the order to assassinate him came because of the threat of his socialist leanings, as well as his stance against partition, favouring the idea of a united Cyprus.
It has been reported that whilst Önder was initially shot, it was not fatal and the killer blow came when he attempted to overpower one of his assassins; the second member of the party stabbing him in the back during the struggle. His wife, Zehra, and daughter, Ayşe, were not permitted to be at his funeral; only his sister and two other relatives were allowed to attend. His relatives are still unable to confirm if Önder was in fact the individual buried under his name.
See also
İnkılâpçı
Pancyprian Federation of Labour
Progressive Party of Working People
References
^ ICTUR; et al., eds. (2005). Trade Unions of the World (6th ed.). London, UK: John Harper Publishing. ISBN 0-9543811-5-7.
^ http://www.fazilonder.org/biyografi.html Archived 2009-07-20 at the Wayback Machine His biography (Turkish)
External links
Official website | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Turkish Cypriot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_Cypriot"}],"text":"Fazıl Önder (1926 – 1958) was a Turkish Cypriot journalist who was assassinated.","title":"Fazıl Önder"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Omorphita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omorphita"},{"link_name":"Pancyprian Federation of Labour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pancyprian_Federation_of_Labour"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Ayhan Hikmet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayhan_Hikmet"},{"link_name":"Derviş Ali Kavazoğlu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dervi%C5%9F_Ali_Kavazo%C4%9Flu"},{"link_name":"socialism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialism"},{"link_name":"Radio Moscow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voice_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"Nâzım Hikmet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A2z%C4%B1m_Hikmet"},{"link_name":"İnkılâpçı","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0nk%C4%B1l%C3%A2p%C3%A7%C4%B1"},{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_Cypriots"},{"link_name":"Turkish Cypriots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_Cypriots"}],"text":"Fazıl Önder was born in Omorphita in 1926. He completed primary school, but was unable to attend secondary school for financial reasons. Thereafter, along with his brother Cemal, he embarked on an apprenticeship in a saddle shop. After the completion of his apprenticeship, he founded a saddle shop of his own with a business partner.From 1949 onwards, he signed up for membership to various trade unions, including the Pancyprian Federation of Labour.[1] In 1951, he started working at the Turkish Literature Club (Turk Edebiyat Kulup). British educated lawyer Ayhan Hikmet, along with Ahmet Malyo, Derviş Ali Kavazoğlu, Mehmet Edisoğlu, and Önder had created this group to further educate themselves in politics, economics, and ideology, as well as encourage the spread of socialism to members and non-members alike through their activities. The organisation also served as a hub for people to be able to listen to Radio Moscow broadcasts, where Nâzım Hikmet was then living in exile from his native Turkey.Önder eventually established a publication called İnkılâpçı (Revolutionary). He was appointed editor, whilst Ahmet Sadi and Kavazoğlu took on columnist roles for the newspaper. İnkılâpçı published articles relevant to the Cypriot working classes and advocated the unity of Greek and Turkish Cypriots, however after its fifteenth issue, it was shut down; the publication was cited as a threat to British colonial rule. Önder additionally assisted in the establishment of the Pedagogy Academy and Agriculture School in Cyprus.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"TMT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_Resistance_Organisation"},{"link_name":"partition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taksim_(politics)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Önder was assassinated by TMT on 24 May 1958, it is believed that the order to assassinate him came because of the threat of his socialist leanings, as well as his stance against partition, favouring the idea of a united Cyprus.It has been reported that whilst Önder was initially shot, it was not fatal and the killer blow came when he attempted to overpower one of his assassins; the second member of the party stabbing him in the back during the struggle. His wife, Zehra, and daughter, Ayşe, were not permitted to be at his funeral; only his sister and two other relatives were allowed to attend. His relatives are still unable to confirm if Önder was in fact the individual buried under his name.[2]","title":"Assassination"}] | [] | [{"title":"İnkılâpçı","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0nk%C4%B1l%C3%A2p%C3%A7%C4%B1"},{"title":"Pancyprian Federation of Labour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pancyprian_Federation_of_Labour"},{"title":"Progressive Party of Working People","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progressive_Party_of_Working_People"}] | [{"reference":"ICTUR; et al., eds. (2005). Trade Unions of the World (6th ed.). London, UK: John Harper Publishing. ISBN 0-9543811-5-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Centre_for_Trade_Union_Rights","url_text":"ICTUR"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9543811-5-7","url_text":"0-9543811-5-7"}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.fazilonder.org/biyografi.html","external_links_name":"http://www.fazilonder.org/biyografi.html"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090720201603/http://fazilonder.org/biyografi.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090720201553/http://fazilonder.org/","external_links_name":"Official website"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euro_4_Championship | Euro 4 Championship | ["1 History","2 Cars","3 Champions","3.1 Drivers","3.2 Teams","3.3 Rookie Class","3.4 Woman Trophy","4 Circuits","5 References","6 External links"] | This article relies excessively on references to primary sources. Please improve this article by adding secondary or tertiary sources. Find sources: "Euro 4 Championship" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2024) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Single-Seater Racing ChampionshipEuro 4 ChampionshipCategoryFIA Formula 4RegionEuropeInaugural season2023ConstructorsTatuusEngine suppliersAbarthTyre suppliersPirelliDrivers' champion Ugo UgochukwuTeams' champion Prema RacingOfficial websiteOfficial website Current season
Euro 4 Championship is a formula racing series regulated according to FIA Formula 4 regulations. The Championship was inaugurated in 2023.
History
WSK Promotions, well known for running karting championships including the WSK Euro Series, is promoting the Championship.
Cars
See also: Tatuus F4-T-421
Italian race car constructor Tatuus is contracted to design and build all the cars. Tatuus had also built all the cars for the Formula Abarth. The chassis is a monocoque made of carbon fibre.
The engine is a 1400cc Fiat-FPT. This is the same engine used in the Formula Abarth between 2010 and 2013. It is detuned to fit the FIA Formula 4 regulations to 160 hp (120 kW), down from the original 180 hp (130 kW).
Champions
Drivers
Season
Driver
Team
Races
Poles
Wins
Podiums
Fastest lap
Points
Margins
2023
Ugo Ugochukwu
Prema Racing
9 of 9
1
3
5
2
193
24
Teams
Season
Team
Poles
Wins
Podiums
Fastest lap
Points
Margins
2023
Prema Racing
4
6
16
5
435
150
Rookie Class
The result of the championship was decided by different standings. Wins and points of the rookie standings are present in brackets.
Season
Driver
Team
Poles
Wins (rookie)
Podiums
Fastest laps
Points (rookie)
Margin
2023
Akshay Bohra
US Racing
2
1 (3)
4
1
180
10
Woman Trophy
Season
Driver
Team
Poles
Wins (Trophy)
Podiums
Fastest laps
Points
Margin
2023
Tina Hausmann
AKM Motorsport
0
6
9
0
222
7
Circuits
Bold denotes a circuit will be used in the 2024 season.
Number
Circuits
Rounds
Years
1
Mugello Circuit
1
2023–present
Monza Circuit
1
2023–present
Circuit de Barcelona-Catalunya
1
2023
4
Red Bull Ring
0
2024
References
^ "ACI's three-round European F4 series confirmed with double points finale". Retrieved 16 September 2023.
^ "Formula 4 to feature a Tatuus chassis". Italian Formula 4 Championship. Retrieved 13 January 2014.
^ "Formula 4 powered by Abarth". Italian Formula 4 Championship. Retrieved 13 January 2014.
External links
Official website
ACI Sport website
vteFIA Formula 4 ChampionshipsItalian F4 Championship
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
2024
F4 British Championship
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
2024
F4 Japanese Championship
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
2024
F4 Chinese Championship
2015–16
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
2024
Formula 4 Australian Championship
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2024
NACAM Formula 4 Championship
2015–16
2016–17
2017–18
2018–19
2019–20
2021
2022
2023
2024
F4 Spanish Championship
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
2024
Formula 4 United States Championship
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
2024
Formula 4 South East Asia Championship
2016–17
2017–18
2018
2019
2023
Formula 4 UAE Championship
2016–17
2017–18
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
2024
F4 Danish Championship / Nordic 4
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
2024
French F4 Championship
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
2024
F4 Brazilian Championship
2022
2023
2024
GB4 Championship
2022
2023
2024
ACCR F4 Trophy / F4 CEZ Championship
2022
2023
2024
Formula Winter Series
2023
2024
F1 Academy
2023
2024
Euro 4 Championship
2023
2024
F4 Indian Championship
2023
2024
F4 Saudi Arabian Championship
2024
Ligier JS F4 Series
2024
Upcoming/ProposedF4 Middle East Championship
2025
DefunctADAC Formula 4
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
F4 NEZ/SMP F4 Championship
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
F4 Argentina Championship
2021
vteFIA Global PathwayTier I
Formula One (1950–present)
Tier II
FIA Formula 2 Championship (2017–present)
Tier III
FIA Formula 3 Championship (2019–present)
FIA Formula 3 World Cup (2016–2019, 2023)
Tier IV
Formula Regional Americas Championship (2018–present)
Formula Regional Asian Championship (2018–2022)
Formula Regional European Championship (2019–present)
Formula Regional Japanese Championship (2020–present)
Formula Regional Middle East Championship (2023–present)
Formula Regional Oceania Championship (2023–present)
Tier V
ADAC Formula 4 (2015–2022)
Australian Formula 4 Championship (2015–2019, 2024)
China Formula 4 Championship (2015–present)
F4 Argentina Championship (2021)
F4 Brazilian Championship (2022–present)
F4 British Championship (2015–present)
F4 Danish Championship (2017–2023)
F4 Indian Championship (2023)
F4 Japanese Championship (2015–present)
F4 Saudi Arabian Championship (2024)
F4 Spanish Championship (2016–present)
French F4 Championship (2018–present)
Formula 4 CEZ Championship (2023–present)
Formula 4 South East Asia Championship (2016–2020, 2023)
Formula 4 UAE Championship (2016–2024)
Formula 4 United States Championship (2016–present)
Italian F4 Championship (2014–present)
NACAM Formula 4 Championship (2015–2020, 2022–present)
SMP F4 Championship (2015–2019) | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"formula racing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formula_racing"},{"link_name":"FIA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_Internationale_de_l%27Automobile"},{"link_name":"Formula 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formula_4"}],"text":"Single-Seater Racing ChampionshipEuro 4 Championship is a formula racing series regulated according to FIA Formula 4 regulations. The Championship was inaugurated in 2023.","title":"Euro 4 Championship"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"WSK Promotions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=WSK_Promotions&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"WSK Euro Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WSK_Euro_Series"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"WSK Promotions, well known for running karting championships including the WSK Euro Series, is promoting the Championship.[1]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tatuus F4-T-421","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatuus_F4-T-421"},{"link_name":"Tatuus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatuus"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"monocoque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monocoque"},{"link_name":"carbon fibre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_fibre"},{"link_name":"Fiat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiat"},{"link_name":"FPT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiat_Powertrain_Technologies"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Formula Abarth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formula_Abarth"}],"text":"See also: Tatuus F4-T-421Italian race car constructor Tatuus is contracted to design and build all the cars.[2] Tatuus had also built all the cars for the Formula Abarth. The chassis is a monocoque made of carbon fibre.The engine is a 1400cc Fiat-FPT.[3] This is the same engine used in the Formula Abarth between 2010 and 2013. It is detuned to fit the FIA Formula 4 regulations to 160 hp (120 kW), down from the original 180 hp (130 kW).","title":"Cars"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Champions"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Drivers","title":"Champions"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Teams","title":"Champions"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Rookie Class","text":"The result of the championship was decided by different standings. Wins and points of the rookie standings are present in brackets.","title":"Champions"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Woman Trophy","title":"Champions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2024 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Euro_4_Championship"}],"text":"Bold denotes a circuit will be used in the 2024 season.","title":"Circuits"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"ACI's three-round European F4 series confirmed with double points finale\". Retrieved 16 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://formulascout.com/three-round-euro-f4-championship-confirmed-with-double-points-finale/105990","url_text":"\"ACI's three-round European F4 series confirmed with double points finale\""}]},{"reference":"\"Formula 4 to feature a Tatuus chassis\". Italian Formula 4 Championship. Retrieved 13 January 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.acisportitalia.it/F4/notizia/ing/4305/Formula-4-to-feature-a-Tatuus-chassis/2013","url_text":"\"Formula 4 to feature a Tatuus chassis\""}]},{"reference":"\"Formula 4 powered by Abarth\". Italian Formula 4 Championship. Retrieved 13 January 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.acisportitalia.it/F4/notizia/ing/4317/Formula-4-powered-by-Abarth/2014","url_text":"\"Formula 4 powered by Abarth\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Euro+4+Championship%22","external_links_name":"\"Euro 4 Championship\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Euro+4+Championship%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Euro+4+Championship%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Euro+4+Championship%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Euro+4+Championship%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Euro+4+Championship%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://www.euro4championship.com//","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://formulascout.com/three-round-euro-f4-championship-confirmed-with-double-points-finale/105990","external_links_name":"\"ACI's three-round European F4 series confirmed with double points finale\""},{"Link":"http://www.acisportitalia.it/F4/notizia/ing/4305/Formula-4-to-feature-a-Tatuus-chassis/2013","external_links_name":"\"Formula 4 to feature a Tatuus chassis\""},{"Link":"http://www.acisportitalia.it/F4/notizia/ing/4317/Formula-4-powered-by-Abarth/2014","external_links_name":"\"Formula 4 powered by Abarth\""},{"Link":"http://www.f4championship.com/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"http://www.acisport.it/en/F4/home","external_links_name":"ACI Sport website"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_lieutenant_governors_of_the_North-West_Territories | List of lieutenant governors of the North-West Territories | ["1 See also","2 Notes","3 References"] | This is a list of historical lieutenant governors of the North-West Territories, Canada. The position of Lieutenant Governor lasted from the acquisition of Rupert's Land and the North-Western Territory in 1869 to the creation of Alberta and Saskatchewan in 1905.
Since the establishment of Saskatchewan and Alberta from the Territories' most populated regions, the territory had no lieutenant governor. Instead, a commissioner represents the federal government and acts as the de facto representative of the King. Yukon was carved out of the North-West Territories in 1898 and has had its own commissioners since then.
Lieutenant governors of the North-West Territories
Name
From
To
Title
The Hon. Sir William McDougall
September 28, 1869
May 10, 1870
Lieutenant Governor of Rupert's Land and the North-Western Territory
The Hon. Sir Adams G. Archibald
May 10, 1870
December 2, 1872
Lieutenant Governor of Manitoba and the North-West Territories
The Hon. Sir Francis Godschall Johnson
April 9, 1872
December 2, 1872
The Hon. Alexander Morris
December 2, 1872
October 7, 1876
The Hon. David Laird
October 7, 1876
December 3, 1881
Lieutenant Governor of the North-West Territories
The Hon. Edgar Dewdney
December 3, 1881
July 1, 1888
The Hon. Joseph Royal
July 1, 1888
October 31, 1893
The Hon. Charles Herbert Mackintosh
October 31, 1893
May 30, 1898
The Hon. Malcolm Colin Cameron
May 30, 1898
September 26, 1898
The Hon. Amédée E. Forget
October 4, 1898
September 1, 1905
See also
Commissioners of Northwest Territories
List of Northwest Territories premiers
List of Northwest Territories general elections
Notes
^ Was unable to enter the North-West Territories, but returned to Ottawa, and campaigned against Manitoba becoming a province. He was listed as leader of the provisional North-West Territories government until Adams G. Archibald took over on May 10, 1870.
^ Appointed but never assumed office
References
^ a b c "Former Lieutenant Governors of the Northwest Territories, 1876-1905". Legislative Assembly of Alberta.
vtePolitics of Northwest TerritoriesCommissioner
Margaret Thom
Former commissioners
Former lieutenant-governors (1869–1905)
Deputy Commissioner
Leonard Kenny
Former deputy commissioners
Premier
R.J. Simpson
Former premiers
Executive Council (Cabinet)
Legislature
Current assembly
Former legislatures
Current electoral divisions
Consensus government (1870–1898, 1905–present)
Former political parties (1898–1905)
Liberal-Conservative
Liberals
Elections
2023 general election
Plebiscites
Electoral districts
Other Canadian politics
Federal
BC
AB
SK
MB
ON
QC
NB
NS
PEI
NL
YT
NT
NU
vteList of lieutenant governors of Canada (by province or territory)Provinces
Alberta
British Columbia
Manitoba
New Brunswick
Newfoundland and Labrador
Nova Scotia
Ontario
Prince Edward Island
Quebec
Saskatchewan
Territories
Northwest Territories
Nunavut
Yukon
Category
Canada portal | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lieutenant Governor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_(Canada)"},{"link_name":"Rupert's Land","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rupert%27s_Land"},{"link_name":"North-Western Territory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North-Western_Territory"},{"link_name":"Alberta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberta"},{"link_name":"Saskatchewan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saskatchewan"},{"link_name":"commissioner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commissioner_of_the_Northwest_Territories"},{"link_name":"the King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_monarchy"},{"link_name":"Yukon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yukon"},{"link_name":"North-West Territories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North-West_Territories"},{"link_name":"own commissioners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commissioners_of_Yukon"}],"text":"This is a list of historical lieutenant governors of the North-West Territories, Canada. The position of Lieutenant Governor lasted from the acquisition of Rupert's Land and the North-Western Territory in 1869 to the creation of Alberta and Saskatchewan in 1905.Since the establishment of Saskatchewan and Alberta from the Territories' most populated regions, the territory had no lieutenant governor. Instead, a commissioner represents the federal government and acts as the de facto representative of the King. Yukon was carved out of the North-West Territories in 1898 and has had its own commissioners since then.","title":"List of lieutenant governors of the North-West Territories"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"Adams G. Archibald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adams_G._Archibald"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"}],"text":"^ Was unable to enter the North-West Territories, but returned to Ottawa, and campaigned against Manitoba becoming a province. He was listed as leader of the provisional North-West Territories government until Adams G. Archibald took over on May 10, 1870.\n\n^ Appointed but never assumed office","title":"Notes"}] | [] | [{"title":"Commissioners of Northwest Territories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commissioners_of_Northwest_Territories"},{"title":"List of Northwest Territories premiers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Northwest_Territories_premiers"},{"title":"List of Northwest Territories general elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Northwest_Territories_general_elections"}] | [{"reference":"\"Former Lieutenant Governors of the Northwest Territories, 1876-1905\". Legislative Assembly of Alberta.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.assembly.ab.ca/lao/library/lt-gov/index.htm","url_text":"\"Former Lieutenant Governors of the Northwest Territories, 1876-1905\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.assembly.ab.ca/lao/library/lt-gov/index.htm","external_links_name":"\"Former Lieutenant Governors of the Northwest Territories, 1876-1905\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Brooker | Steve Brooker | ["1 Career","2 Style of play","3 Personal life","4 Career statistics","5 Honours","6 References","7 External links"] | English footballer
Steve BrookerPersonal informationFull name
Stephen Michael Lord BrookerDate of birth
(1981-05-21) 21 May 1981 (age 43)Place of birth
Newport Pagnell, EnglandHeight
5 ft 10 in (1.78 m)Position(s)
ForwardYouth career1997–1999
WatfordSenior career*Years
Team
Apps
(Gls)1999–2001
Watford
1
(0)2001
→ Port Vale (loan)
2
(0)2001–2004
Port Vale
129
(36)2004–2009
Bristol City
101
(37)2008
→ Cheltenham Town (loan)
14
(5)2008
→ Doncaster Rovers (loan)
1
(1)2009–2011
Doncaster Rovers
13
(1)2012
Buxton
Total
261
(80)
*Club domestic league appearances and goals
Stephen Michael Lord Brooker (born 21 May 1981) is an English former professional footballer who played as a forward. He scored 86 goals from 294 league and cup appearances in a 12-year professional career.
He began his career with Watford in 1999 before moving on to Port Vale in 2001, following a short loan spell. With Vale, he won the Football League Trophy in 2001. He transferred to Bristol City in 2004, where he would spend the next five years. In 2008, he spent time on loan at both Cheltenham Town and Doncaster Rovers before he joined Doncaster permanently in 2009. He spent two years with the club before he was released due to injury concerns. He signed with Buxton in October 2012.
Career
Brooker came through the youth system at Watford before joining Port Vale, initially on loan, in January 2001. He was signed by manager Brian Horton on the recommendation of coach Martin Foyle (who would succeed Horton as manager in February 2004). He signed permanently two weeks later on a two-and-a-half-year deal for a transfer fee of £15,000. Other clubs were reportedly interested in the player after his impressive loan stint, but Watford manager Graham Taylor stuck to the original transfer terms agreed upon before the loan began. He helped the "Valiants" to lift the 2001 Football League Trophy after he scored past Brentford in the final.
Forced to undergo a hernia operation at the start of the 2002–03 season, he recovered to score five goals in thirty games. After he recovered from a hamstring injury that caused him to miss a month at the start of the 2003–04 season, he went on to finish the campaign with eight goals in 34 games.
He started the 2004–05 season in tremendous form, scoring for four successive league games in August, including a brace past Hull City. With his contract up in the summer, the next month he was sold to Bristol City for a fee of £225,000. This came days after fans were told he was not for sale and would not be moving by Vale chairman Bill Bratt – a statement that convinced City chairman Stephen Lansdown that "we must now look elsewhere." He went on to have a highly successful season with City, scoring sixteen goals for the club, despite suffering from a broken toe. This gave him a total of 21 goals for both Vale and City in 2004–05, and won him another year on his contract with City. This extended deal quashed rumours of a move to Norwich City.
He was both the club's Player of the Season and top scorer in the 2005–06 season with sixteen league goals, one of these goals came against former club Port Vale after the player claimed that the boo-boys at Vale Park inspired him to find the net. His form helped the club go from the bottom of the league in December, to finish just six points shy of the play-offs. He was rewarded with a new deal with the club despite having two years remaining on his contract.
He scored three goals in 27 games during City's 2006–07 promotion-winning campaign. However, on his release from prison in September, he found himself battling a catalogue of injuries, that would go on to plague him for several years. He missed the start of the campaign with hamstring and knee injuries, and picked up a further knee injury in April, which caused him to miss the club's pre-season tour of Latvia.
He missed much of the 2007–08 season after being forced to undergo two knee operations. In January Brooker was made available for a loan spell to regain fitness, and twenty clubs put in offers. After recovering from illness and a further back injury, he joined Keith Downing's League One side Cheltenham Town on a one-month loan. This deal was later extended by another month. Playing fourteen games with the "Robins", he scored his five goals for the club in the space of six matches, helping the club to avoid relegation into League Two. His form persuaded manager Gary Johnson to re-call him to Bristol. On his return to City he scored an emotional late goal against Norwich to send his club top of the table; however, the "Reds" would have to settle with a play-off place. Overall, he played just four games of the club's march to the play-off final with Hull City, and was not named on the teamsheet in the final itself. Cheltenham were hopeful of signing the striker in the summer, but were denied the chance to have him back on loan, despite City having six strikers on the books.
He started the 2008–09 season well by coming off the bench to get the late winners at Blackpool, Peterborough United, and Coventry City. However, he was then struck down by an Achilles injury. On the November loan window deadline day, he joined Doncaster Rovers on a one-month loan with a view to a permanent deal. He came on as a substitute for his Rovers debut against Watford and scored with his first touch to give his new team a 1–1 draw. However, he suffered a tore calf muscle in training and returned to Ashton Gate. He returned to Rovers permanently for an undisclosed fee in January 2009, penning a two and a half-year deal despite not being fully fit. He was initially expected to be rested for two weeks, but soon found himself out of action on a long-term basis after requiring an operation to fix an ankle injury.
He missed the entirety of the 2009–10 campaign with his injury problems. In the 2010–11 campaign he finally made his second appearance for the club, and on 30 April, Brooker scored his second goal for "Donny" when he blasted a 25 half-volley into the net to earn his club a 1–1 draw with Leicester City – the point ensured his club safety from relegation. However, he was still released from the club at the end of the season.
In October 2012, he joined Northern Premier League Premier Division side Buxton after training with the "Bucks" for several weeks trying to build his fitness. The club finished seventh in 2012–13.
Style of play
Brooker was a forward with aggression and strength.
Personal life
On 1 September 2006, Brooker was sentenced to prison for 28 days for his part in a 2005 nightclub brawl, which also saw his Bristol City teammates Bradley Orr and David Partridge imprisoned. Two weeks later, he and Orr were released on licence, having served half of their original sentence in custody. The sentence was described by City chairman Stephen Lansdown as 'harsh'.
Career statistics
Appearances and goals by club, season and competition
Club
Season
League
FA Cup
League Cup
Other
Total
Division
Apps
Goals
Apps
Goals
Apps
Goals
Apps
Goals
Apps
Goals
Watford
1999–2000
Premier League
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
2000–01
First Division
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Total
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Port Vale
2000–01
Second Division
23
9
0
0
0
0
5
2
28
11
2001–02
Second Division
41
9
2
1
2
0
3
1
48
11
2002–03
Second Division
26
5
1
0
1
0
2
0
30
5
2003–04
Second Division
32
8
1
0
1
0
0
0
34
8
2004–05
League One
9
5
0
0
1
0
1
0
11
5
Total
131
36
4
1
5
0
11
3
151
40
Bristol City
2004–05
League One
33
16
1
0
0
0
0
0
34
16
2005–06
League One
37
16
1
0
1
0
0
0
39
16
2006–07
League One
23
2
2
1
0
0
2
0
27
3
2007–08
Championship
4
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
4
1
2008–09
Championship
4
2
0
0
2
1
0
0
6
3
Total
101
37
4
1
3
1
2
0
110
39
Cheltenham Town (loan)
2007–08
League One
14
5
0
0
0
0
0
0
14
5
Doncaster Rovers
2008–09
Championship
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
2009–10
Championship
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2010–11
Championship
13
1
2
0
1
0
0
0
16
1
Total
14
2
2
0
1
0
0
0
17
2
Career total
261
80
11
2
9
1
13
3
294
86
^ a b c d e f g Appearance/s and goal/s in the EFL Trophy.
^ Statistics for Buxton not recorded.
Honours
Port Vale
Football League Trophy: 2000–01
Bristol City
Football League One second-place promotion: 2006–07
Individual
Bristol City Player of the Season: 2005–06
References
^ "Profile". footballzz.co.uk. Retrieved 2 April 2012.
^ a b c "FootballSquads - Port Vale - 2001/02". footballsquads.co.uk. Retrieved 24 June 2019.
^ Fielding, Rob (19 March 2020). "Five of the best Port Vale signings by Martin Foyle". onevalefan.co.uk. Retrieved 5 June 2020.
^ "Port Vale". The Guardian. 25 April 2001. Retrieved 6 November 2011.
^ Baggaley, Mike (22 January 2024). "Assessing the squad as Port Vale prepare for transfer deals". Valiant's Substack. Retrieved 23 January 2024.
^ "Vale vault Brentford to lift Vans trophy". BBC Sport. 22 April 2001. Retrieved 3 August 2011.
^ "Brooker blow for Vale". BBC Sport. 21 September 2002. Retrieved 3 August 2011.
^ "Brooker blow for Vale". BBC Sport. 7 October 2003. Retrieved 3 August 2011.
^ "Brooker boost for Vale". BBC Sport. 6 November 2003. Retrieved 3 August 2011.
^ "City still want Brooker". BBC Sport. 2 September 2004. Retrieved 3 August 2011.
^ "Robins clinch Brooker deal". BBC Sport. 29 September 2004. Retrieved 3 August 2011.
^ "Vale reject Brooker bid". BBC Sport. 8 September 2004. Retrieved 12 May 2009.
^ "Striker Brooker has toe dilemma". BBC Sport. 16 December 2004. Retrieved 3 August 2011.
^ "Brooker extends Bristol City deal". BBC Sport. 5 July 2006. Retrieved 3 August 2011.
^ "City reject Norwich-Brooker link". BBC Sport. 16 June 2006. Retrieved 3 August 2011.
^ "Vale boo-boys inspire City star". BBC Sport. 18 December 2005. Retrieved 3 August 2011.
^ "Brooker embarrassed at City's woe". BBC Sport. 7 December 2005. Retrieved 3 August 2011.
^ "Brooker set for new City contract". BBC Sport. 20 May 2006. Retrieved 3 August 2011.
^ "Brooker faces hamstring lay-off". BBC Sport. 25 September 2006. Retrieved 3 August 2011.
^ "Brooker forced to delay comeback". BBC Sport. 19 October 2006. Retrieved 3 August 2011.
^ "Brooker must delay comeback again". BBC Sport. 9 November 2006. Retrieved 3 August 2011.
^ "Brooker makes return from injury". BBC Sport. 6 December 2007. Retrieved 3 August 2011.
^ "Bristol City suffer Brooker blow". BBC Sport. 5 July 2007. Retrieved 3 August 2011.
^ "Brooker back training with City". BBC Sport. 16 August 2007. Retrieved 3 August 2011.
^ "Brooker out to prove his fitness". BBC Sport. 15 February 2008. Retrieved 3 August 2011.
^ "Johnson tells Brooker not to rush". BBC Sport. 11 December 2007. Retrieved 3 August 2011.
^ "Brooker targets return to action". BBC Sport. 17 November 2007. Retrieved 3 August 2011.
^ "Brooker to have second operation". BBC Sport. 12 September 2007. Retrieved 3 August 2011.
^ "City get 20 loan bids for Brooker". BBC Sport. 7 January 2008. Retrieved 12 May 2009.
^ "Brooker stays put until fully fit". BBC Sport. 9 January 2008. Retrieved 3 August 2011.
^ "City cautious over Brooker return". BBC Sport. 15 February 2007. Retrieved 3 August 2011.
^ "Cheltenham complete double swoop". BBC Sport. 11 January 2008. Retrieved 12 May 2009.
^ "Cheltenham complete double swoop". BBC Sport. 11 January 2008. Retrieved 3 August 2011.
^ "Brooker extends Cheltenham stay". BBC Sport. 14 February 2008. Retrieved 3 August 2011.
^ "Cheltenham 1-0 Bristol Rovers". BBC Sport. 15 March 2008. Retrieved 3 August 2011.
^ "Brooker boosted by Bristol return". BBC Sport. 21 March 2008. Retrieved 3 August 2011.
^ "Johnson recalls striker Brooker". BBC Sport. 18 March 2008. Retrieved 3 August 2011.
^ "Bristol City 2-1 Norwich". BBC Sport. 29 March 2008. Retrieved 3 August 2011.
^ "Brooker emotional at late winner". BBC Sport. 31 March 2008. Retrieved 3 August 2011.
^ "Doncaster Rovers to release Brooker & Webster". BBC Sport. 8 July 2008. Retrieved 3 August 2011.
^ "Cheltenham fail with Brooker bid". BBC Sport. 11 July 2008. Retrieved 3 August 2011.
^ "Robins to keep strikers - Johnson". BBC Sport. 30 October 2008. Retrieved 3 August 2011.
^ "Blackpool 0-1 Bristol City". BBC Sport. August 2008. Retrieved 3 August 2011.
^ "Bristol City 2-1 Peterborough". BBC Sport. 12 August 2008. Retrieved 3 August 2011.
^ "Coventry 0-3 Bristol City". BBC Sport. 23 August 2008. Retrieved 3 August 2011.
^ "Brooker scores twice on comeback". BBC Sport. 11 November 2008. Retrieved 3 August 2011.
^ "Doncaster sign up Brooker on loan". BBC Sport. 28 November 2008. Retrieved 12 May 2009.
^ "Watford 1-1 Doncaster". BBC Sport. 29 November 2008. Retrieved 3 August 2011.
^ "Brooker Returns To Bristol City". doncasterroversfc.co.uk. 3 December 2008. Retrieved 3 August 2011.
^ "Brooker returns to Bristol City". BBC Sport. 3 December 2008. Retrieved 3 August 2011.
^ "Brooker completes Doncaster move". BBC Sport. 28 January 2009. Retrieved 12 May 2009.
^ "Brooker hopes for Doncaster move". BBC Sport. 7 January 2009. Retrieved 3 August 2011.
^ "Op rules Brooker out for season". BBC Sport. 3 March 2009. Retrieved 3 August 2011.
^ "Doncaster 1 - 1 Leicester". BBC Sport. 30 April 2011. Retrieved 3 August 2011.
^ "Doncaster Rovers to release Brooker & Webster". BBC Sport. 17 May 2011. Retrieved 18 May 2011.
^ "Buxton bring in Brooker". NonLeagueDaily.com. Retrieved 9 October 2012.
^ Baggaley, Michael (26 April 2020). "Tom Pope - Why Port Vale LDV winners were heroes to this 15-year-old". Stoke Sentinel. Retrieved 26 April 2020.
^ "Fourth player quizzed after brawl". BBC News. 18 October 2005. Retrieved 12 May 2009.
^ "Football stars jailed over brawl". BBC Sport. 1 September 2006. Retrieved 12 May 2009.
^ "Jailed duo return to Bristol City". BBC Sport. 14 September 2006. Retrieved 12 May 2009.
^ "Players' jailing branded 'harsh'". BBC News. 2 September 2006. Retrieved 12 May 2009.
^ "Games played by Steve Brooker in 1999/2000". Soccerbase. Centurycomm. Retrieved 1 January 2017.
^ a b "Games played by Steve Brooker in 2000/2001". Soccerbase. Centurycomm. Retrieved 1 January 2017.
^ "Games played by Steve Brooker in 2001/2002". Soccerbase. Centurycomm. Retrieved 1 January 2017.
^ "Games played by Steve Brooker in 2002/2003". Soccerbase. Centurycomm. Retrieved 1 January 2017.
^ "Games played by Steve Brooker in 2003/2004". Soccerbase. Centurycomm. Retrieved 1 January 2017.
^ a b "Games played by Steve Brooker in 2004/2005". Soccerbase. Centurycomm. Retrieved 1 January 2017.
^ "Games played by Steve Brooker in 2005/2006". Soccerbase. Centurycomm. Retrieved 1 January 2017.
^ "Games played by Steve Brooker in 2006/2007". Soccerbase. Centurycomm. Retrieved 1 January 2017.
^ a b "Games played by Steve Brooker in 2007/2008". Soccerbase. Centurycomm. Retrieved 1 January 2017.
^ a b "Games played by Steve Brooker in 2008/2009". Soccerbase. Centurycomm. Retrieved 1 January 2017.
^ "Games played by Steve Brooker in 2009/2010". Soccerbase. Centurycomm. Retrieved 1 January 2017.
^ "Games played by Steve Brooker in 2010/2011". Soccerbase. Centurycomm. Retrieved 1 January 2017.
^ "Vale vault Brentford to lift Vans trophy". BBC Sport. 22 April 2001. Retrieved 19 January 2016.
External links
Steve Brooker at Soccerbase
vteBristol City F.C. Player of the Season
1970–71: Sharpe
1971–72: Merrick
1972–73: Emanuel
1973–74: Gow
1974–75: Collier
1975–76: The Whole Squad
1976–77: Hunter
1977–78: Hunter
1978–79: Gow
1979–80: Merrick
1980–81: Mabbutt
1981–82: Award not given
1982–83: Riley
1983–84: Pritchard
1984–85: Walsh
1985–86: Hutchinson
1986–87: Newman
1987–88: Walsh
1988–89: Waugh
1989–90: B. Taylor
1990–91: Llewellyn
1991–92: M. Scott
1992–93: Welch
1993–94: Allison
1994–95: Bryant
1995–96: Kuhl
1996–97: S. Taylor
2004–05: Lita
2005–06: Brooker
2006–07: McCombe
2007–08: Basso
2008–09: Adebola
2009–10: Skuse
2010–11: Adomah
2011–12: Stead
2012–13: Heaton
2013–14: Baldock
2014–15: The Whole Squad
2015–16: Flint
2016–17: Abraham
2017–18: Reid
2018–19: Webster
2019–20: Diédhiou
2020–21: Bentley
2021–22: Weimann
2022–23: A. Scott
2023–24: Dickie | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"footballer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"forward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forward_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"Watford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watford_F.C."},{"link_name":"Port Vale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Vale_F.C."},{"link_name":"Football League Trophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EFL_Trophy"},{"link_name":"2001","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001_Football_League_Trophy_final"},{"link_name":"transferred","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transfer_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"Bristol City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bristol_City_F.C."},{"link_name":"Cheltenham Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheltenham_Town_F.C."},{"link_name":"Doncaster Rovers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doncaster_Rovers_F.C."},{"link_name":"Buxton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buxton_F.C."}],"text":"Stephen Michael Lord Brooker (born 21 May 1981) is an English former professional footballer who played as a forward. He scored 86 goals from 294 league and cup appearances in a 12-year professional career.He began his career with Watford in 1999 before moving on to Port Vale in 2001, following a short loan spell. With Vale, he won the Football League Trophy in 2001. He transferred to Bristol City in 2004, where he would spend the next five years. In 2008, he spent time on loan at both Cheltenham Town and Doncaster Rovers before he joined Doncaster permanently in 2009. He spent two years with the club before he was released due to injury concerns. He signed with Buxton in October 2012.","title":"Steve Brooker"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"youth system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Youth_system"},{"link_name":"Watford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watford_F.C."},{"link_name":"Port Vale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Vale_F.C."},{"link_name":"manager","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manager_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"Brian Horton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Horton"},{"link_name":"coach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coach_(sport)"},{"link_name":"Martin Foyle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Foyle"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Graham Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graham_Taylor"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"2001","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001_Football_League_Trophy_final"},{"link_name":"Football League Trophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EFL_Trophy"},{"link_name":"Brentford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brentford_F.C."},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"hernia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hernia"},{"link_name":"2002–03","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002%E2%80%9303_Port_Vale_F.C._season"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"hamstring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamstring"},{"link_name":"2003–04","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003%E2%80%9304_Port_Vale_F.C._season"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"2004–05","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004%E2%80%9305_Port_Vale_F.C._season"},{"link_name":"Hull City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hull_City_A.F.C."},{"link_name":"contract","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football_contracts"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Bristol City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bristol_City_F.C."},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Bill Bratt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Bratt"},{"link_name":"Stephen Lansdown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Lansdown"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"broken toe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broken_toe"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"2004–05","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004%E2%80%9305_Football_League"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Norwich City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwich_City_F.C."},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"2005–06","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005%E2%80%9306_in_English_football"},{"link_name":"Vale Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vale_Park"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"play-offs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Football_League_play-offs"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"2006–07","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006%E2%80%9307_Football_League"},{"link_name":"promotion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Promotion_and_relegation"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Latvia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvia"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"2007–08","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007%E2%80%9308_Football_League"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Keith Downing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keith_Downing"},{"link_name":"League One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EFL_League_One"},{"link_name":"Cheltenham Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheltenham_Town_F.C."},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"relegation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Promotion_and_relegation"},{"link_name":"League Two","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EFL_League_Two"},{"link_name":"Gary Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Johnson_(footballer,_born_1955)"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"play-off final","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Football_League_Championship_play-off_final"},{"link_name":"Hull City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hull_City_A.F.C."},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"2008–09 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008%E2%80%9309_in_English_football"},{"link_name":"Blackpool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackpool_F.C."},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"Peterborough United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peterborough_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"Coventry City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coventry_City_F.C."},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"Achilles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achilles_tendon"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"Doncaster Rovers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doncaster_Rovers_F.C."},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"substitute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substitute_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"tore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strain_(injury)"},{"link_name":"calf muscle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triceps_surae_muscle"},{"link_name":"Ashton Gate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashton_Gate_Stadium"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"2009–10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009%E2%80%9310_Doncaster_Rovers_F.C._season"},{"link_name":"2010–11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010%E2%80%9311_Doncaster_Rovers_F.C._season"},{"link_name":"volley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volley_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"Leicester City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leicester_City_F.C."},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"Northern Premier League Premier Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Premier_League_Premier_Division"},{"link_name":"Buxton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buxton_F.C."},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"2012–13","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012%E2%80%9313_Northern_Premier_League"}],"text":"Brooker came through the youth system at Watford before joining Port Vale, initially on loan, in January 2001. He was signed by manager Brian Horton on the recommendation of coach Martin Foyle (who would succeed Horton as manager in February 2004).[3] He signed permanently two weeks later on a two-and-a-half-year deal for a transfer fee of £15,000.[4] Other clubs were reportedly interested in the player after his impressive loan stint, but Watford manager Graham Taylor stuck to the original transfer terms agreed upon before the loan began.[5] He helped the \"Valiants\" to lift the 2001 Football League Trophy after he scored past Brentford in the final.[6]Forced to undergo a hernia operation at the start of the 2002–03 season,[7] he recovered to score five goals in thirty games. After he recovered from a hamstring injury that caused him to miss a month at the start of the 2003–04 season,[8][9] he went on to finish the campaign with eight goals in 34 games.He started the 2004–05 season in tremendous form, scoring for four successive league games in August, including a brace past Hull City. With his contract up in the summer,[10] the next month he was sold to Bristol City for a fee of £225,000.[11] This came days after fans were told he was not for sale and would not be moving by Vale chairman Bill Bratt – a statement that convinced City chairman Stephen Lansdown that \"we must now look elsewhere.\"[12] He went on to have a highly successful season with City, scoring sixteen goals for the club, despite suffering from a broken toe.[13] This gave him a total of 21 goals for both Vale and City in 2004–05, and won him another year on his contract with City.[14] This extended deal quashed rumours of a move to Norwich City.[15]He was both the club's Player of the Season and top scorer in the 2005–06 season with sixteen league goals, one of these goals came against former club Port Vale after the player claimed that the boo-boys at Vale Park inspired him to find the net.[16] His form helped the club go from the bottom of the league in December,[17] to finish just six points shy of the play-offs. He was rewarded with a new deal with the club despite having two years remaining on his contract.[18]He scored three goals in 27 games during City's 2006–07 promotion-winning campaign. However, on his release from prison in September, he found himself battling a catalogue of injuries,[19] that would go on to plague him for several years. He missed the start of the campaign with hamstring and knee injuries,[20][21] and picked up a further knee injury in April,[22] which caused him to miss the club's pre-season tour of Latvia.[23][24]He missed much of the 2007–08 season after being forced to undergo two knee operations.[25][26][27][28] In January Brooker was made available for a loan spell to regain fitness, and twenty clubs put in offers.[29] After recovering from illness and a further back injury,[30][31] he joined Keith Downing's League One side Cheltenham Town on a one-month loan.[32][33] This deal was later extended by another month.[34] Playing fourteen games with the \"Robins\", he scored his five goals for the club in the space of six matches,[35] helping the club to avoid relegation into League Two. His form persuaded manager Gary Johnson to re-call him to Bristol.[36][37] On his return to City he scored an emotional late goal against Norwich to send his club top of the table;[38][39] however, the \"Reds\" would have to settle with a play-off place. Overall, he played just four games of the club's march to the play-off final with Hull City, and was not named on the teamsheet in the final itself. Cheltenham were hopeful of signing the striker in the summer,[40] but were denied the chance to have him back on loan,[41] despite City having six strikers on the books.[42]He started the 2008–09 season well by coming off the bench to get the late winners at Blackpool,[43] Peterborough United,[44] and Coventry City.[45] However, he was then struck down by an Achilles injury.[46] On the November loan window deadline day, he joined Doncaster Rovers on a one-month loan with a view to a permanent deal.[47] He came on as a substitute for his Rovers debut against Watford and scored with his first touch to give his new team a 1–1 draw.[48] However, he suffered a tore calf muscle in training and returned to Ashton Gate.[49][50] He returned to Rovers permanently for an undisclosed fee in January 2009, penning a two and a half-year deal despite not being fully fit.[51] He was initially expected to be rested for two weeks,[52] but soon found himself out of action on a long-term basis after requiring an operation to fix an ankle injury.[53]He missed the entirety of the 2009–10 campaign with his injury problems. In the 2010–11 campaign he finally made his second appearance for the club, and on 30 April, Brooker scored his second goal for \"Donny\" when he blasted a 25 half-volley into the net to earn his club a 1–1 draw with Leicester City – the point ensured his club safety from relegation.[54] However, he was still released from the club at the end of the season.[55]In October 2012, he joined Northern Premier League Premier Division side Buxton after training with the \"Bucks\" for several weeks trying to build his fitness.[56] The club finished seventh in 2012–13.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"forward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forward_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"}],"text":"Brooker was a forward with aggression and strength.[57]","title":"Style of play"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"nightclub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nightclub"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"Bristol City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bristol_City_F.C."},{"link_name":"Bradley Orr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bradley_Orr"},{"link_name":"David Partridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Partridge"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"Stephen Lansdown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Lansdown"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"}],"text":"On 1 September 2006, Brooker was sentenced to prison for 28 days for his part in a 2005 nightclub brawl,[58] which also saw his Bristol City teammates Bradley Orr and David Partridge imprisoned.[59] Two weeks later, he and Orr were released on licence, having served half of their original sentence in custody.[60] The sentence was described by City chairman Stephen Lansdown as 'harsh'.[61]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-efl_64-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-efl_64-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-efl_64-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-efl_64-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-efl_64-4"},{"link_name":"f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-efl_64-5"},{"link_name":"g","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-efl_64-6"},{"link_name":"EFL Trophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EFL_Trophy"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-not_75-0"},{"link_name":"Buxton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buxton_F.C."}],"text":"^ a b c d e f g Appearance/s and goal/s in the EFL Trophy.\n\n^ Statistics for Buxton not recorded.","title":"Career statistics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Football League Trophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_League_Trophy"},{"link_name":"2000–01","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000%E2%80%9301_Football_League_Trophy"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"},{"link_name":"Football League One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_League_One"},{"link_name":"2006–07","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006%E2%80%9307_Football_League"},{"link_name":"Bristol City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bristol_City_F.C."},{"link_name":"2005–06","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2005%E2%80%9306_Bristol_City_F.C._season&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Port ValeFootball League Trophy: 2000–01[74]Bristol CityFootball League One second-place promotion: 2006–07IndividualBristol City Player of the Season: 2005–06","title":"Honours"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Profile\". footballzz.co.uk. Retrieved 2 April 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thefinalball.com/jogador.php?id=48492&%3bepoca_id=0","url_text":"\"Profile\""}]},{"reference":"\"FootballSquads - Port Vale - 2001/02\". footballsquads.co.uk. Retrieved 24 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.footballsquads.co.uk/eng/2001-2002/d2/portv.htm","url_text":"\"FootballSquads - Port Vale - 2001/02\""}]},{"reference":"Fielding, Rob (19 March 2020). \"Five of the best Port Vale signings by Martin Foyle\". onevalefan.co.uk. Retrieved 5 June 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.onevalefan.co.uk/2020/03/five-best-martin-foyle-signings/","url_text":"\"Five of the best Port Vale signings by Martin Foyle\""}]},{"reference":"\"Port Vale\". The Guardian. 25 April 2001. Retrieved 6 November 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/football/2001/apr/25/footballfanzines.sport2","url_text":"\"Port Vale\""}]},{"reference":"Baggaley, Mike (22 January 2024). \"Assessing the squad as Port Vale prepare for transfer deals\". Valiant's Substack. Retrieved 23 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://portvalethevaliant.substack.com/p/assessing-the-squad-as-port-vale","url_text":"\"Assessing the squad as Port Vale prepare for transfer deals\""}]},{"reference":"\"Vale vault Brentford to lift Vans trophy\". BBC Sport. 22 April 2001. Retrieved 3 August 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/1289338.stm","url_text":"\"Vale vault Brentford to lift Vans trophy\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Sport","url_text":"BBC Sport"}]},{"reference":"\"Brooker blow for Vale\". BBC Sport. 21 September 2002. Retrieved 3 August 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/p/port_vale/2272507.stm","url_text":"\"Brooker blow for Vale\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Sport","url_text":"BBC Sport"}]},{"reference":"\"Brooker blow for Vale\". BBC Sport. 7 October 2003. Retrieved 3 August 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/p/port_vale/3171830.stm","url_text":"\"Brooker blow for Vale\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Sport","url_text":"BBC Sport"}]},{"reference":"\"Brooker boost for Vale\". BBC Sport. 6 November 2003. Retrieved 3 August 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/p/port_vale/3248331.stm","url_text":"\"Brooker boost for Vale\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Sport","url_text":"BBC Sport"}]},{"reference":"\"City still want Brooker\". BBC Sport. 2 September 2004. Retrieved 3 August 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/b/bristol_city/3622482.stm","url_text":"\"City still want Brooker\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Sport","url_text":"BBC Sport"}]},{"reference":"\"Robins clinch Brooker deal\". BBC Sport. 29 September 2004. Retrieved 3 August 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/b/bristol_city/3700122.stm","url_text":"\"Robins clinch Brooker deal\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Sport","url_text":"BBC Sport"}]},{"reference":"\"Vale reject Brooker bid\". BBC Sport. 8 September 2004. Retrieved 12 May 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/teams/b/bristol_city/3631652.stm","url_text":"\"Vale reject Brooker bid\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Sport","url_text":"BBC Sport"}]},{"reference":"\"Striker Brooker has toe dilemma\". BBC Sport. 16 December 2004. Retrieved 3 August 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/b/bristol_city/4102531.stm","url_text":"\"Striker Brooker has toe dilemma\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Sport","url_text":"BBC Sport"}]},{"reference":"\"Brooker extends Bristol City deal\". BBC Sport. 5 July 2006. Retrieved 3 August 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/b/bristol_city/5146646.stm","url_text":"\"Brooker extends Bristol City deal\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Sport","url_text":"BBC Sport"}]},{"reference":"\"City reject Norwich-Brooker link\". BBC Sport. 16 June 2006. Retrieved 3 August 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/b/bristol_city/5086126.stm","url_text":"\"City reject Norwich-Brooker link\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Sport","url_text":"BBC Sport"}]},{"reference":"\"Vale boo-boys inspire City star\". BBC Sport. 18 December 2005. Retrieved 3 August 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/b/bristol_city/4539778.stm","url_text":"\"Vale boo-boys inspire City star\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Sport","url_text":"BBC Sport"}]},{"reference":"\"Brooker embarrassed at City's woe\". BBC Sport. 7 December 2005. Retrieved 3 August 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/b/bristol_city/4506240.stm","url_text":"\"Brooker embarrassed at City's woe\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Sport","url_text":"BBC Sport"}]},{"reference":"\"Brooker set for new City contract\". BBC Sport. 20 May 2006. Retrieved 3 August 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/b/bristol_city/5001008.stm","url_text":"\"Brooker set for new City contract\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Sport","url_text":"BBC Sport"}]},{"reference":"\"Brooker faces hamstring lay-off\". BBC Sport. 25 September 2006. Retrieved 3 August 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/b/bristol_city/5378694.stm","url_text":"\"Brooker faces hamstring lay-off\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Sport","url_text":"BBC Sport"}]},{"reference":"\"Brooker forced to delay comeback\". BBC Sport. 19 October 2006. Retrieved 3 August 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/b/bristol_city/6067056.stm","url_text":"\"Brooker forced to delay comeback\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Sport","url_text":"BBC Sport"}]},{"reference":"\"Brooker must delay comeback again\". BBC Sport. 9 November 2006. Retrieved 3 August 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/b/bristol_city/6133076.stm","url_text":"\"Brooker must delay comeback again\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Sport","url_text":"BBC Sport"}]},{"reference":"\"Brooker makes return from injury\". BBC Sport. 6 December 2007. Retrieved 3 August 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/b/bristol_city/7130414.stm","url_text":"\"Brooker makes return from injury\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Sport","url_text":"BBC Sport"}]},{"reference":"\"Bristol City suffer Brooker blow\". BBC Sport. 5 July 2007. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leeward_Is | Leeward Islands | ["1 Origin of the name","2 Geography","3 History","3.1 British colony of the Leeward Islands","4 List of notable islands in the Leeward Islands","5 See also","6 References","7 Further reading","8 External links"] | Coordinates: 16°N 61°W / 16°N 61°W / 16; -61Subgroup of islands in the West Indies
This article is about the Caribbean island group. For the western islands of French Polynesia, see Leeward Islands (Society Islands). For other uses, see Leeward Islands (disambiguation).
Not to be confused with Leeward Antilles.
"Leewards" redirects here. For the direction, see Windward and leeward. For other uses, see Leeward (disambiguation).
Leeward IslandsEnglish: Leeward IslandsFrench: Îles-Sous-le-VentCharlotte Amalie, capital of the U.S. Virgin IslandsGeographyLocationCaribbean SeaNorth Atlantic OceanCoordinates16°N 61°W / 16°N 61°W / 16; -61Total islands30+Major islandsAntigua and BarbudaGuadeloupeMontserratSaint Kitts and NevisSaint MartinVirgin IslandsHighest elevation1,467 m (4813 ft)Highest pointLa Grande Soufrière, GuadeloupeAdministrationAntigua and BarbudaLargest settlementSt. John'sGuadeloupeLargest settlementLes AbymesSaint Kitts and NevisLargest settlementBasseterreSint MaartenLargest settlementPhilipsburgDemographicsPopulationc. +700,000
The Leeward Islands (/ˈliːwərd/) are a group of islands situated where the northeastern Caribbean Sea meets the western Atlantic Ocean. Starting with the Virgin Islands east of Puerto Rico, they extend southeast to Guadeloupe and its dependencies. In English, the term Leeward Islands refers to the northern islands of the Lesser Antilles chain. The more southerly part of this chain, starting with Dominica, is called the Windward Islands. Dominica was originally considered a part of the Leeward Islands, but was transferred from the British Leeward Islands to the British Windward Islands in 1940.
Origin of the name
Charlotte Amalie, Saint Thomas, in the U.S. Virgin Islands
Overlooking Sandy Ground, Anguilla
The name of this island group, Leeward Islands, dates from previous centuries, when sailing ships were the sole form of transportation across the Atlantic Ocean. In sailing terminology, "windward" means towards the source of the wind (upwind), while "leeward" is the opposite direction (downwind). In the West Indies, the prevailing winds, known as the trade winds, blow predominantly out of the northeast. Therefore, a sailing vessel departing from the British Gold Coast and the Gulf of Guinea, driven by the trade winds, would normally first encounter Dominica and Martinique, islands most to windward, in their west-northwesterly heading to the final destinations in the Caribbean, Central America, and Northern America. This location, Dominica and Martinique, becomes the rough dividing line between the Windward Islands and the Leeward Islands.
The early Spanish explorers called Puerto Rico and the islands to the west Sotavento, meaning "leeward". The islands to the south and east of Puerto Rico were then called Islas de Barlovento, meaning "windward islands". When the British gained control of many of the Lesser Antilles, they designated Antigua, Montserrat and the islands to the north as the Leeward Islands. Guadeloupe and the islands to the south were designated as the Windward Islands. Later on, all islands north of Martinique became known as the Leeward Islands. Dominica was transferred to the British Windward Islands in 1940, and is now considered part of the Windward Islands.
However, even in modern usage in languages other than English, notably, Dutch, French, and Spanish, all of the Lesser Antilles from the Virgin Islands to Trinidad and Tobago are known as the Windward Islands (Bovenwindse Eilanden in Dutch, Îles du Vent in French, and Islas de Barlovento in Spanish). The ABC islands and the other islands along the Venezuelan coast, known in English as the Leeward Antilles, are known in languages other than English as an equivalent of the Leeward Islands.
Geography
The Leeward Islands are labelled on the map's middle right side
The islands were created mostly by volcanoes in the Lesser Antilles subduction zone. Some are still active. Notable eruptions occurred in Montserrat in the 1990s and in 2009 to 2010. At 1,467 metres or 4,813 feet, the highest point is La Grande Soufrière in Guadeloupe.
History
The Caribs, after whom the Caribbean is named, are believed to have migrated from the Orinoco River area in Venezuela in South America to settle in the Caribbean islands about 1200 AD, according to carbon dating. Over the century leading up to Columbus' arrival in the Caribbean archipelago in 1492, the Caribs mostly displaced the Maipurean-speaking Taínos, who settled the island chains earlier in history, by warfare, extermination and assimilation.
The islands were among the first parts of the Americas to fall under the control of the Spanish Empire. European contact commenced with Christopher Columbus's second voyage; many of the islands' names originate from this period: Montserrat was named in honour of Santa Maria de Montserrat (Our Lady of Montserrat), after the Blessed Virgin of the Monastery of Montserrat, which is located on the Mountain of Montserrat, the national shrine of Catalonia. Mont serrat in Catalan means "saw mountain", referring to the serrated appearance of the mountain range.
British colony of the Leeward Islands
Main article: British Leeward Islands
The Leeward Islands became a British colony in 1671, with William Stapleton as its first governor.
Although comparatively much smaller than the surrounding islands in the Caribbean, the Leeward Islands posed the most significant rebellion to the British Stamp Act, though it was decidedly less severe in comparison to that of the mainland North American colonies.
In 1660, there were about 8,000 white settlers and approximately 2,000 African slaves in the Leeward Islands. However, that ratio narrowed over succeeding years. In 1678, there were 10,408 white settlers and 8,449 black slaves. By 1708, there was a huge disparity between the number of white settlers, which had declined to 7,311, while the number of black slaves was estimated at 23,500.
In 1816, the colony as a federation of islands was dissolved, and the individual islands were ruled individually. However, the colony of the Leeward Islands was re-established in 1833.
List of notable islands in the Leeward Islands
There are two countries and eleven territories in the Leeward Islands. From the northwest to the southeast, the main islands are:
Virgin Islands
Spanish Virgin Islands
Spanish (Puerto Rican) Islands (Puerto Rico) (United States)
Culebra (Municipality of Puerto Rico) (United States)
Vieques (Municipality of Puerto Rico) (United States)
U.S. Virgin Islands (United States)
Saint Thomas
Saint John
Saint Croix
Water Island
British Virgin Islands (United Kingdom)
Jost Van Dyke
Tortola
Virgin Gorda
Anegada
Anguilla (United Kingdom)
Saint Martin Island
Saint Martin (France)
Sint Maarten (Netherlands)
Saint Barthélemy (France)
Saba (Netherlands)
Sint Eustatius (Netherlands)
Saint Kitts and Nevis
Saint Kitts
Nevis
Antigua and Barbuda
Barbuda
Antigua
Redonda — uninhabited
Montserrat (United Kingdom)
Guadeloupe (France)
La Désirade (dependency of Guadeloupe) — literally 'The Desired', also called La Deseada
Îles des Saintes (dependency of Guadeloupe)
Marie-Galante (dependency of Guadeloupe)
See also
Geography portal
Leeward Islands moist forests
British Leeward Islands
Leeward Antilles
Leeward Islands Cricket Association
Leeward Islands cricket team
Lesser Antilles
Lesser Antilles topics
Leeward Islands topics
Windward Islands topics
Windward Islands
References
^ "Windward Islands Map — Leeward Islands Map — Satellite Image". geology.com. Retrieved 2020-11-20.
^ Sauer, Carl O. (1966). The Early Spanish Main. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 192. The current convention that the Leeward Islands (Sotavento) run from Guadeloupe to St. Croix records the Spanish practice of sailing to their leeward and may go back to the time of Columbus
^ J. C. Hart and W. T. Stone (1982), A Cruising Guide to the Caribbean and the Bahamas, Dodd, Mead & Co., p. 601, ISBN 0-396-08023-5.
^ "The Leewards". The New York Times. 20 December 1964. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 11 November 2021. The Leeward Islands, a cluster of isles in the Caribbean under United States, British, Dutch and French flags, are strung out in a 400-mile‐long arc between Puerto Rico and Martinique. The group takes its name from the geographic fact that it is farther from the direct route of the rain‐carrying northeasterly trade winds than the neighboring Windward Islands. One of the islands, Dominica, is geographically part of the Leewards, but, since 1940, has been politically and administratively part of the British Windioard Islands.
^ Sweeney, James L. (2007). "Caribs, Maroons, Jacobins, Brigands, and Sugar Barons: The Last Stand of the Black Caribs on St. Vincent" Archived 2012-02-27 at the Wayback Machine, African Diaspora Archaeology Network, March 2007, retrieved 26 April 2007.
^ O'Shaughnessy, Andrew (April 1994). "The Stamp Act Crisis in the British Caribbean". The William and Mary Quarterly. 51 (2): 203–226. doi:10.2307/2946860. JSTOR 2946860. S2CID 144862560.
^ Hilary Beckles, "The 'Hub of Empire': The Caribbean and Britain in the Seventeenth Century", The Oxford History of the British Empire: Volume 1 The Origins of Empire, ed. by Nicholas Canny (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001), p. 224.
^ "LC Name Authority File (LCNAF) — Leeward Islands (Federation)". id.loc.gov. The Library of Congress. Retrieved 23 December 2020.
^ The American Universal Geography, Jedidiah Morse, 7ed. v1, Charlestown, 1819.
Further reading
Jeppe Mulich. 2020. In a Sea of Empires: Networks and Crossings in the Revolutionary Caribbean. Cambridge University Press.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Leeward Islands.
Digital Library of the Caribbean−dloc.org: "The Leeward Islands Gazette"—freely−openly available, with full page images and searchable text
Digital Library of the Caribbean−dloc.org: "Antigua, Montserrat and Virgin Islands Gazette"—openly−freely available, with searchable text and full page images
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IdRef | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Leeward Islands (Society Islands)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leeward_Islands_(Society_Islands)"},{"link_name":"Leeward Islands (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leeward_Islands_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Leeward Antilles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leeward_Antilles"},{"link_name":"Windward and leeward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windward_and_leeward"},{"link_name":"Leeward (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leeward_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"/ˈliːwərd/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"Caribbean Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caribbean_Sea"},{"link_name":"Virgin Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgin_Islands"},{"link_name":"Puerto Rico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Rico"},{"link_name":"Guadeloupe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guadeloupe"},{"link_name":"Lesser Antilles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesser_Antilles"},{"link_name":"Dominica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominica"},{"link_name":"Windward Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windward_Islands"},{"link_name":"British Leeward Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Leeward_Islands"},{"link_name":"British Windward Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Windward_Islands"}],"text":"Subgroup of islands in the West IndiesThis article is about the Caribbean island group. For the western islands of French Polynesia, see Leeward Islands (Society Islands). For other uses, see Leeward Islands (disambiguation).Not to be confused with Leeward Antilles.\"Leewards\" redirects here. For the direction, see Windward and leeward. For other uses, see Leeward (disambiguation).The Leeward Islands (/ˈliːwərd/) are a group of islands situated where the northeastern Caribbean Sea meets the western Atlantic Ocean. Starting with the Virgin Islands east of Puerto Rico, they extend southeast to Guadeloupe and its dependencies. In English, the term Leeward Islands refers to the northern islands of the Lesser Antilles chain. The more southerly part of this chain, starting with Dominica, is called the Windward Islands. Dominica was originally considered a part of the Leeward Islands, but was transferred from the British Leeward Islands to the British Windward Islands in 1940.","title":"Leeward Islands"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Charlotte_Amalie_Wade.jpg"},{"link_name":"Charlotte Amalie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlotte_Amalie,_U.S._Virgin_Islands"},{"link_name":"Saint Thomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Thomas,_U.S._Virgin_Islands"},{"link_name":"U.S. Virgin Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Virgin_Islands"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sandy_Ground_Anguilla.jpg"},{"link_name":"Sandy Ground","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandy_Ground,_Anguilla"},{"link_name":"Anguilla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anguilla"},{"link_name":"sailing ships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sailing_ship"},{"link_name":"windward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windward_and_leeward"},{"link_name":"leeward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windward_and_leeward"},{"link_name":"West Indies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Indies"},{"link_name":"trade winds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_winds"},{"link_name":"British Gold Coast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold_Coast_(British_colony)"},{"link_name":"Gulf of Guinea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Guinea"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Caribbean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caribbean"},{"link_name":"Central America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_America"},{"link_name":"Northern America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_America"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Spanish explorers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_colonization_of_the_Americas"},{"link_name":"Puerto Rico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Rico"},{"link_name":"Lesser Antilles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesser_Antilles"},{"link_name":"Antigua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigua"},{"link_name":"Montserrat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montserrat"},{"link_name":"Guadeloupe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guadeloupe"},{"link_name":"Martinique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martinique"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Dominica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominica"},{"link_name":"British Windward Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Windward_Islands"},{"link_name":"Windward Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windward_Islands"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Virgin Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgin_Islands"},{"link_name":"Trinidad and Tobago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago"},{"link_name":"ABC islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_islands_(Leeward_Antilles)"},{"link_name":"Leeward Antilles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leeward_Antilles"}],"text":"Charlotte Amalie, Saint Thomas, in the U.S. Virgin IslandsOverlooking Sandy Ground, AnguillaThe name of this island group, Leeward Islands, dates from previous centuries, when sailing ships were the sole form of transportation across the Atlantic Ocean. In sailing terminology, \"windward\" means towards the source of the wind (upwind), while \"leeward\" is the opposite direction (downwind). In the West Indies, the prevailing winds, known as the trade winds, blow predominantly out of the northeast. Therefore, a sailing vessel departing from the British Gold Coast and the Gulf of Guinea, driven by the trade winds, would normally first encounter Dominica and Martinique,[1] islands most to windward, in their west-northwesterly heading to the final destinations in the Caribbean, Central America, and Northern America.[2] This location, Dominica and Martinique, becomes the rough dividing line between the Windward Islands and the Leeward Islands.The early Spanish explorers called Puerto Rico and the islands to the west Sotavento, meaning \"leeward\". The islands to the south and east of Puerto Rico were then called Islas de Barlovento, meaning \"windward islands\". When the British gained control of many of the Lesser Antilles, they designated Antigua, Montserrat and the islands to the north as the Leeward Islands. Guadeloupe and the islands to the south were designated as the Windward Islands. Later on, all islands north of Martinique became known as the Leeward Islands.[3] Dominica was transferred to the British Windward Islands in 1940, and is now considered part of the Windward Islands.[4]However, even in modern usage in languages other than English, notably, Dutch, French, and Spanish, all of the Lesser Antilles from the Virgin Islands to Trinidad and Tobago are known as the Windward Islands (Bovenwindse Eilanden in Dutch, Îles du Vent in French, and Islas de Barlovento in Spanish). The ABC islands and the other islands along the Venezuelan coast, known in English as the Leeward Antilles, are known in languages other than English as an equivalent of the Leeward Islands.","title":"Origin of the name"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Caribbean_general_map.png"},{"link_name":"volcanoes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcano"},{"link_name":"Lesser Antilles subduction zone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesser_Antilles_subduction_zone"},{"link_name":"Montserrat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montserrat"},{"link_name":"La Grande Soufrière","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Grande_Soufri%C3%A8re"},{"link_name":"Guadeloupe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guadeloupe"}],"text":"The Leeward Islands are labelled on the map's middle right sideThe islands were created mostly by volcanoes in the Lesser Antilles subduction zone. Some are still active. Notable eruptions occurred in Montserrat in the 1990s and in 2009 to 2010. At 1,467 metres or 4,813 feet, the highest point is La Grande Soufrière in Guadeloupe.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Caribs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Island_Caribs"},{"link_name":"Caribbean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caribbean"},{"link_name":"Orinoco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orinoco"},{"link_name":"South America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_America"},{"link_name":"Caribbean islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caribbean_islands"},{"link_name":"carbon dating","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_dating"},{"link_name":"Columbus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Columbus"},{"link_name":"Maipurean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maipurean"},{"link_name":"Taínos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ta%C3%ADnos"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Spanish Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Empire"},{"link_name":"Christopher Columbus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Columbus"},{"link_name":"Santa Maria de Montserrat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Maria_de_Montserrat"},{"link_name":"Blessed Virgin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blessed_Virgin"},{"link_name":"Monastery of Montserrat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monastery_of_Montserrat"},{"link_name":"Mountain of Montserrat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain_of_Montserrat"},{"link_name":"Catalonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalonia"},{"link_name":"Catalan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalan_language"},{"link_name":"saw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saw"}],"text":"The Caribs, after whom the Caribbean is named, are believed to have migrated from the Orinoco River area in Venezuela in South America to settle in the Caribbean islands about 1200 AD, according to carbon dating. Over the century leading up to Columbus' arrival in the Caribbean archipelago in 1492, the Caribs mostly displaced the Maipurean-speaking Taínos, who settled the island chains earlier in history, by warfare, extermination and assimilation.[5]The islands were among the first parts of the Americas to fall under the control of the Spanish Empire. European contact commenced with Christopher Columbus's second voyage; many of the islands' names originate from this period: Montserrat was named in honour of Santa Maria de Montserrat (Our Lady of Montserrat), after the Blessed Virgin of the Monastery of Montserrat, which is located on the Mountain of Montserrat, the national shrine of Catalonia. Mont serrat in Catalan means \"saw mountain\", referring to the serrated appearance of the mountain range.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"British","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"William Stapleton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_William_Stapleton,_1st_Baronet"},{"link_name":"Stamp Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stamp_Act_1765"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"sub_title":"British colony of the Leeward Islands","text":"The Leeward Islands became a British colony in 1671, with William Stapleton as its first governor.Although comparatively much smaller than the surrounding islands in the Caribbean, the Leeward Islands posed the most significant rebellion to the British Stamp Act, though it was decidedly less severe in comparison to that of the mainland North American colonies.[6]In 1660, there were about 8,000 white settlers and approximately 2,000 African slaves in the Leeward Islands. However, that ratio narrowed over succeeding years. In 1678, there were 10,408 white settlers and 8,449 black slaves. By 1708, there was a huge disparity between the number of white settlers, which had declined to 7,311, while the number of black slaves was estimated at 23,500.[7]In 1816, the colony as a federation of islands was dissolved, and the individual islands were ruled individually. However, the colony of the Leeward Islands was re-established in 1833.[8]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Virgin Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgin_Islands"},{"link_name":"Spanish (Puerto Rican) Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Virgin_Islands"},{"link_name":"Puerto Rico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Rico"},{"link_name":"Culebra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culebra,_Puerto_Rico"},{"link_name":"Municipality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipalities_of_Puerto_Rico"},{"link_name":"Puerto Rico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Rico"},{"link_name":"Vieques","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vieques,_Puerto_Rico"},{"link_name":"Municipality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipalities_of_Puerto_Rico"},{"link_name":"Puerto Rico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Rico"},{"link_name":"U.S. Virgin Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Virgin_Islands"},{"link_name":"Saint Thomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Thomas,_U.S._Virgin_Islands"},{"link_name":"Saint John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_John,_U.S._Virgin_Islands"},{"link_name":"Saint Croix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Croix"},{"link_name":"Water Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_Island,_U.S._Virgin_Islands"},{"link_name":"British Virgin Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Virgin_Islands"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Crown"},{"link_name":"Jost Van Dyke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jost_Van_Dyke"},{"link_name":"Tortola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tortola"},{"link_name":"Virgin Gorda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgin_Gorda"},{"link_name":"Anegada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anegada"},{"link_name":"Anguilla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anguilla"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Crown"},{"link_name":"Saint Martin Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Martin_(island)"},{"link_name":"Saint Martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collectivity_of_Saint_Martin"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Sint Maarten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sint_Maarten"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands"},{"link_name":"Saint Barthélemy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Barth%C3%A9lemy"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Saba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saba_(island)"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"},{"link_name":"Sint Eustatius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sint_Eustatius"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"},{"link_name":"Saint Kitts and Nevis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis"},{"link_name":"Saint Kitts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Kitts"},{"link_name":"Nevis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nevis"},{"link_name":"Antigua and Barbuda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigua_and_Barbuda"},{"link_name":"Barbuda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbuda"},{"link_name":"Antigua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigua"},{"link_name":"Redonda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redonda"},{"link_name":"Montserrat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montserrat"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Crown"},{"link_name":"Guadeloupe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guadeloupe"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Fifth_Republic"},{"link_name":"La Désirade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_D%C3%A9sirade"},{"link_name":"dependency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dependent_territory"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Îles des Saintes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Eles_des_Saintes"},{"link_name":"Marie-Galante","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie-Galante"}],"text":"There are two countries and eleven territories in the Leeward Islands. From the northwest to the southeast, the main islands are:Virgin Islands\nSpanish Virgin Islands\n Spanish (Puerto Rican) Islands (Puerto Rico) (United States)\n Culebra (Municipality of Puerto Rico) (United States)\n Vieques (Municipality of Puerto Rico) (United States)\n U.S. Virgin Islands (United States)\nSaint Thomas\nSaint John\nSaint Croix\nWater Island\n British Virgin Islands (United Kingdom)\nJost Van Dyke\nTortola\nVirgin Gorda\nAnegada\n Anguilla (United Kingdom)\nSaint Martin Island\nSaint Martin (France)\n Sint Maarten (Netherlands)\n Saint Barthélemy (France)\n Saba (Netherlands)\n Sint Eustatius (Netherlands)\n Saint Kitts and Nevis\n Saint Kitts\n Nevis\n Antigua and Barbuda\n Barbuda\n Antigua\n Redonda — uninhabited\n Montserrat (United Kingdom)\n Guadeloupe (France)\nLa Désirade (dependency of Guadeloupe) — literally 'The Desired', also called La Deseada[9]\nÎles des Saintes (dependency of Guadeloupe)\nMarie-Galante (dependency of Guadeloupe)","title":"List of notable islands in the Leeward Islands"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"In a Sea of Empires: Networks and Crossings in the Revolutionary Caribbean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.cambridge.org/gb/academic/subjects/history/atlantic-history/sea-empires-networks-and-crossings-revolutionary-caribbean"}],"text":"Jeppe Mulich. 2020. In a Sea of Empires: Networks and Crossings in the Revolutionary Caribbean. Cambridge University Press.","title":"Further reading"}] | [{"image_text":"Charlotte Amalie, Saint Thomas, in the U.S. Virgin Islands","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Charlotte_Amalie_Wade.jpg/220px-Charlotte_Amalie_Wade.jpg"},{"image_text":"Overlooking Sandy Ground, Anguilla","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Sandy_Ground_Anguilla.jpg/220px-Sandy_Ground_Anguilla.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Leeward Islands are labelled on the map's middle right side","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Caribbean_general_map.png/500px-Caribbean_general_map.png"}] | [{"title":"Geography portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Geography"},{"title":"Leeward Islands moist forests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leeward_Islands_moist_forests"},{"title":"British Leeward Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Leeward_Islands"},{"title":"Leeward Antilles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leeward_Antilles"},{"title":"Leeward Islands Cricket Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leeward_Islands_Cricket_Association"},{"title":"Leeward Islands cricket team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leeward_Islands_cricket_team"},{"title":"Lesser Antilles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesser_Antilles"},{"title":"Lesser Antilles topics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Lesser_Antilles"},{"title":"Leeward Islands topics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Leeward_Islands_(Caribbean)"},{"title":"Windward Islands topics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Windward_Islands"},{"title":"Windward Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windward_Islands"}] | [{"reference":"\"Windward Islands Map — Leeward Islands Map — Satellite Image\". geology.com. Retrieved 2020-11-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://geology.com/world/windward-islands-leeward-islands.shtml","url_text":"\"Windward Islands Map — Leeward Islands Map — Satellite Image\""}]},{"reference":"Sauer, Carl O. (1966). The Early Spanish Main. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 192. The current convention that the Leeward Islands (Sotavento) run from Guadeloupe to St. Croix records the Spanish practice of sailing to their leeward and may go back to the time of Columbus [who arrived at the Dominica Passage on his 2nd voyage]","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=H6IimGc3OqIC","url_text":"The Early Spanish Main"}]},{"reference":"\"The Leewards\". The New York Times. 20 December 1964. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 11 November 2021. The Leeward Islands, a cluster of isles in the Caribbean under United States, British, Dutch and French flags, are strung out in a 400-mile‐long arc between Puerto Rico and Martinique. The group takes its name from the geographic fact that it is farther from the direct route of the rain‐carrying northeasterly trade winds than the neighboring Windward Islands. One of the islands, Dominica, is geographically part of the Leewards, but, since 1940, has been politically and administratively part of the British Windioard Islands.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1964/12/20/archives/the-leewards-the-leeward-islands-a-cluster-of-isles-in-the.html","url_text":"\"The Leewards\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","url_text":"0362-4331"}]},{"reference":"O'Shaughnessy, Andrew (April 1994). \"The Stamp Act Crisis in the British Caribbean\". The William and Mary Quarterly. 51 (2): 203–226. doi:10.2307/2946860. JSTOR 2946860. S2CID 144862560.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2946860","url_text":"10.2307/2946860"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/2946860","url_text":"2946860"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144862560","url_text":"144862560"}]},{"reference":"\"LC Name Authority File (LCNAF) — Leeward Islands (Federation)\". id.loc.gov. The Library of Congress. Retrieved 23 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/n81008536.html","url_text":"\"LC Name Authority File (LCNAF) — Leeward Islands (Federation)\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Leeward_Islands¶ms=16_N_61_W_scale:4000000_region:AN_type:isle_source:kolossus-srwiki","external_links_name":"16°N 61°W / 16°N 61°W / 16; -61"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Leeward_Islands¶ms=16_N_61_W_scale:4000000_region:AN_type:isle_source:kolossus-srwiki","external_links_name":"16°N 61°W / 16°N 61°W / 16; -61"},{"Link":"https://geology.com/world/windward-islands-leeward-islands.shtml","external_links_name":"\"Windward Islands Map — Leeward Islands Map — Satellite Image\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=H6IimGc3OqIC","external_links_name":"The Early Spanish Main"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1964/12/20/archives/the-leewards-the-leeward-islands-a-cluster-of-isles-in-the.html","external_links_name":"\"The Leewards\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","external_links_name":"0362-4331"},{"Link":"http://www.diaspora.uiuc.edu/news0307/news0307-7.pdf","external_links_name":"Sweeney, James L. (2007). \"Caribs, Maroons, Jacobins, Brigands, and Sugar Barons: The Last Stand of the Black Caribs on St. Vincent\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120227183833/http://www.diaspora.uiuc.edu/news0307/news0307-7.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2946860","external_links_name":"10.2307/2946860"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/2946860","external_links_name":"2946860"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144862560","external_links_name":"144862560"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/n81008536.html","external_links_name":"\"LC Name Authority File (LCNAF) — Leeward Islands (Federation)\""},{"Link":"https://www.cambridge.org/gb/academic/subjects/history/atlantic-history/sea-empires-networks-and-crossings-revolutionary-caribbean","external_links_name":"In a Sea of Empires: Networks and Crossings in the Revolutionary Caribbean"},{"Link":"http://dloc.com/UF00076863","external_links_name":"Digital Library of the Caribbean−dloc.org: \"The Leeward Islands Gazette\""},{"Link":"http://dloc.com/UF00076853","external_links_name":"Digital Library of the Caribbean−dloc.org: \"Antigua, Montserrat and Virgin Islands Gazette\""},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/239927304","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJccdhtryW6yYxf4RGTT73","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007560514305171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85075697","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge867167&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"},{"Link":"https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10044887","external_links_name":"NARA"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/027864863","external_links_name":"IdRef"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glanzenberg | Dietikon | ["1 Geography","2 Transportation","3 Waters","4 History","5 Politics","6 Demographics","7 Economics and education","8 Weather","9 Visitor attractions","10 Notable people","11 Twin towns","12 Gallery","13 References","14 External links"] | Coordinates: 47°24′N 8°24′E / 47.400°N 8.400°E / 47.400; 8.400Not to be confused with Dietlikon.
Municipality in Zurich, SwitzerlandDietikonMunicipality
Coat of armsLocation of Dietikon
DietikonShow map of SwitzerlandDietikonShow map of Canton of ZurichCoordinates: 47°24′N 8°24′E / 47.400°N 8.400°E / 47.400; 8.400CountrySwitzerlandCantonZurichDistrictDietikonGovernment • ExecutiveStadtrat with 7 members • MayorStadtpräsidentOtto Müller(as of March 2014) • ParliamentGemeinderat with 36 membersArea • Total9.33 km2 (3.60 sq mi)Elevation388 m (1,273 ft)Population (31 December 2018) • Total27,236 • Density2,900/km2 (7,600/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+01:00 (Central European Time) • Summer (DST)UTC+02:00 (Central European Summer Time)Postal code(s)8953SFOS number0243ISO 3166 codeCH-ZHSurrounded byBergdietikon (AG), Geroldswil, Oetwil an der Limmat, Schlieren, Spreitenbach (AG), Unterengstringen, Urdorf, WeiningenTwin townsKolín (Czech Republic), Braggio (Switzerland), Renens (Switzerland)Websitewww.dietikon.ch SFSO statistics
Dietikon is the fifth biggest city of the canton of Zürich in Switzerland, after Zürich, Winterthur, Uster and Dübendorf. It is the capital of the same-named district of Dietikon and part of the Zürich metropolitan area.
Geography
Dietikon and Uetliberg as seen from Spreitenbach
The Limmat at Dietikon railway station
The industrial city Dietikon is situated at an elevation of 388 m (1,273 ft) at the confluence of the Reppisch and the Limmat, located in the Limmat Valley (German: Limmattal), along the railway line from Zürich to Baden. Here and in the neighboring region, Spreitenbach, is also the large Limmattal rail freight marshalling yard.
Dietikon has an area of 9.3 square kilometers (3.6 sq mi). Of this area, 17.2% is used for agricultural purposes, while 27% is forested. Of the rest of the land, 49.1% is settled (buildings or roads) and the remainder (6.7%) is non-productive (rivers, glaciers or mountains). In 1996 housing and buildings made up 33.8% of the total area, while transportation infrastructure made up the rest (15.3%). Of the total unproductive area, water (streams and lakes) made up 4.9% of the area. As of 2007 40.7% of the total municipal area was undergoing some type of construction.
The largest and best known forests of the municipality include the Honeret, Guggenbüehl and Röhrenmoos.
The Honeret forest lies on a side moraine of the Linth glacier ("Linthgletscher"). There are over 200 prominent stones through the woods, up to erratic boulders as big as 25 m2 (270 sq ft). The Honeret and the Guggenbüehl-Wald are separated by only one main street. In the forest, there are a few springs from which the brooks Tobelbach and Stoffelbach rise and then flow down into the Reppisch. Also in the forest lies the forest cottage "Lorenzhütte."
The Guggenbüehl forest lies wholly within Dietikon. Within the forest lies the "Giigelibode" pond. It has neither inflow nor outflow. A Vita course is in the forest.
Transportation
S17 line provided by the Bremgarten-Dietikon-Bahn
Marmoriweiher pond alongside the Reppisch
The municipality is located on the A3 motorway.
Dietikon railway station and Glanzenberg railway station are stops of the S-Bahn Zürich on the lines S3 and S12. Dietikon railway station is also the terminus of the line S17 provided by the Bremgarten-Dietikon-Bahn.
Between 1900 and 1928, Dietikon was the terminus of the Limmattal tramway from Zürich. The Limmattal light rail line follows a similar alignment, albeit extended through Dietikon to Killwangen.
Waters
Important running waters that flow through Dietikon are the Limmat and its tributary Reppisch. Wide brooks are the approximately 3 km (1.9 mi) long Schäflibach and the Teischlibach. The Schäflibach is created with the flows together from Allmendbach and Stockacherbach and leads into the Limmat. The Teischlibach originates from Röhrenmoos in the forest above Dietikon and also leads into the Limmat. The Marmoriweiher lies in the Grunschen a place used for gaming and grilling. The Marmoriweiher is an artificial pond, that was positioned for the water supply of the fire brigade. For this, a distraction canal was built with the Grunschen. Later, the pond of a marble factory served. This gave it its name.
History
Aerial view by Walter Mittelholzer (1930)
Dietikon is first mentioned in 1100 as Dietinchovin. Dietikon features several Roman ruins and also the Fahr Benedictine Convent, given by the House of Regensberg around 1130 AD, with a cloister church dating from the years 1743 to 1746. The Second Battle of Zürich was fought in Dietikon (September 1799) and the town name is among those inscribed at the pillar of the Arc de Triomphe in Paris, France.
Politics
City president is Roger Bachmann (SVP).
Demographics
Town hall in Dietikon
The classification yard RBL (Rangierbahnhof Limmattal)
St. Agatha, the Roman Catholic Church (built in 1927)
The Reformed church (built in 1925)
Dietikon has a population (as of 31 December 2020) of 28,057. As of 2007, 39.8% of the population was made up of foreign nationals. As of 2008 the gender distribution of the population was 50% male and 50% female. Over the last 10 years the population has grown at a rate of 10.5%. Most of the population (as of 2000) speaks German (73.9%), with Italian being second most common (8.9%) and Albanian being third (3.8%).
In the 2007 election the most popular party was the SVP which received 40.1% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were the SPS (19.9%), the CVP (13.7%) and the FDP (8%).
The age distribution of the population (as of 2000) is children and teenagers (0–19 years old) make up 21.3% of the population, while adults (20–64 years old) make up 64.7% and seniors (over 64 years old) make up 14%. In Dietikon about 60.1% of the population (between age 25-64) have completed either non-mandatory upper secondary education or additional higher education (either university or a Fachhochschule). There are 9,892 households in Dietikon.
Dietikon has an unemployment rate of 4.2%. As of 2005, there were 179 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 13 businesses involved in this sector. 2,613 people are employed in the secondary sector and there are 213 businesses in this sector. 10,632 people are employed in the tertiary sector, with 957 businesses in this sector. As of 2007 60.6% of the working population were employed full-time, and 39.4% were employed part-time.
As of 2008 there were 8,655 Catholics and 4,599 Protestants in Dietikon. In the 2000 census, religion was broken down into several smaller categories. From the 2000 census, 26.5% were some type of Protestant, with 24.6% belonging to the Swiss Reformed Church and 1.9% belonging to other Protestant churches. 41.8% of the population were Catholic. Of the rest of the population, 12.2% were Muslim, 16.1% belonged to another religion (not listed), 4.6% did not give a religion, and 9.4% were atheist or agnostic.
The historical population is given in the following table:
year
population
1779
686
1836
1,025
1850
1,291
1900
2,613
1910
4,493
1950
7,132
1960
14,920
1970
22,705
1990
21,152
2000
21,353
2017
27,079
Economics and education
Among other companies, the Limmattaler Zeitung newspaper and Ex Libris are situated in Dietikon.
Weather
Dietikon has an average of 132.2 days of rain per year and on average receives 1,078 mm (42.4 in) of precipitation. The wettest month is August during which time Dietikon receives an average of 114 mm (4.5 in) of precipitation. During the wettest month, there is precipitation for an average of 12.7 days.
Visitor attractions
There's the Bruno Weber Park in Dietikon respectively Spreitenbach, one of the few sculpture gardens and Gesamtkunstwerks in Switzerland. Glanzenberg was once a settlement along the river Limmat, but its fortifications seem to never have been completed, and it might have been destroyed in 1267/68, a legend tells. Its remains are to be found in a little forest along the Limmat, opposite the railway station of the same name. Also situated there are the walls of the former Glanzenberg castle, built in the late 12th century AD by the Counts of Regensberg.
Notable people
Diamá (aka Claudia D'Addio), 2008
Bruno Weber (1931-2011) an artist and architect, specializing in fantastic realism
Peter Schweri (1939-2016) artist, painter, illustrator, photographer and music composer
Peter Vetsch (born 1943) an architect, known for building earth houses
Urs Fischbacher (born 1959) an economist and professor of applied economic research at the University of Konstanz
Markus Notter (born 1960) politician and former city president
Josef Wiederkehr (born 1970) a businessman and politician
Diamá (born 1980) also known as Claudia D'Addio, a singer, grew up in Dietikon
Twin towns
Dietikon is twinned with the towns of
Braggio, Graubünden, Switzerland
Kolín, Czech Republic
Renens, Vaud, Switzerland
Gallery
Zentralschulhaus building
Zürcherstrasse towards Schlieren
Protected area Dietiker & Geroldswiler Auen on the Limmat's shore
Hiking path at Glanzenberg train station
Ruins of the Schönenwerd water castle
Dietikon as part of the inscription at the Arc de Triomphe in Paris referring to the Second Battle of Zürich in 1799
Bruno Weber Park
Earth house estate Lättenstrasse by Peter Vetsch
References
^ a b "Arealstatistik Standard - Gemeinden nach 4 Hauptbereichen". Federal Statistical Office. Retrieved 13 January 2019.
^ "Ständige Wohnbevölkerung nach Staatsangehörigkeitskategorie Geschlecht und Gemeinde; Provisorische Jahresergebnisse; 2018". Federal Statistical Office. 9 April 2019. Retrieved 11 April 2019.
^ a b Swiss Federal Statistical Office Archived January 5, 2016, at the Wayback Machine accessed 05-Aug-2009
^ a b c d e Statistics Zurich (in German) accessed 4 August 2009
^ "Das kurze Leben des "Lisebethli"" . Neue Zürcher Zeitung (in German). 18 February 2002. Archived from the original on 28 November 2018. Retrieved 28 November 2018.
^ "Betrieb & Angebot" (in German). Limmattalbahn AG. Archived from the original on 31 May 2018. Retrieved 31 May 2018.
^ a b Dietikon in German, French and Italian in the online Historical Dictionary of Switzerland.
^ "Ständige und nichtständige Wohnbevölkerung nach institutionellen Gliederungen, Geburtsort und Staatsangehörigkeit". bfs.admin.ch (in German). Swiss Federal Statistical Office - STAT-TAB. 31 December 2020. Retrieved 21 September 2021.
^ "Temperature and Precipitation Average Values-Table, 1961-1990" (in German, French, and Italian). Federal Office of Meteorology and Climatology - MeteoSwiss. Archived from the original on 27 June 2009. Retrieved 8 May 2009., the weather station elevation is 385 meters above sea level.
^ Kathrin Fink (2014-08-31). "Künstlerfreunde glauben fest an die Zukunft des Bruno-Weber-Parks" (in German). Limmattaler Zeitung. Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2014-10-17.
External links
Official website (in German)
Dietikon in German, French and Italian in the online Historical Dictionary of Switzerland.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Dietikon.
vteMunicipalities in the district of Dietikon, Switzerland
Aesch
Birmensdorf
Dietikon
Geroldswil
Oberengstringen
Oetwil an der Limmat
Schlieren
Uitikon
Unterengstringen
Urdorf
Weiningen
Canton of Zürich
Districts of Canton Zürich
Municipalities of the canton of Zürich
Authority control databases International
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Germany
Israel
United States
Czech Republic
Geographic
MusicBrainz area
Other
Historical Dictionary of Switzerland | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dietlikon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dietlikon"},{"link_name":"canton of Zürich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canton_of_Z%C3%BCrich"},{"link_name":"Switzerland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland"},{"link_name":"Zürich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%BCrich"},{"link_name":"Winterthur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winterthur"},{"link_name":"Uster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uster"},{"link_name":"Dübendorf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%BCbendorf"},{"link_name":"Dietikon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dietikon_district"}],"text":"Not to be confused with Dietlikon.Municipality in Zurich, SwitzerlandDietikon is the fifth biggest city of the canton of Zürich in Switzerland, after Zürich, Winterthur, Uster and Dübendorf. It is the capital of the same-named district of Dietikon and part of the Zürich metropolitan area.","title":"Dietikon"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Blick_auf_den_Uetliberg_087.jpg"},{"link_name":"Uetliberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uetliberg"},{"link_name":"Spreitenbach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spreitenbach"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Limmat_-_Dietikon_-_Massena_IMG_6096.JPG"},{"link_name":"Limmat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limmat"},{"link_name":"Reppisch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reppisch"},{"link_name":"Limmat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limmat"},{"link_name":"Limmat Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limmat_Valley"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SFSO-3"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dietikon&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-StatZurich-4"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dietikon&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-StatZurich-4"},{"link_name":"erratic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glacial_erratic"},{"link_name":"springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spring_(hydrology)"}],"text":"Dietikon and Uetliberg as seen from SpreitenbachThe Limmat at Dietikon railway stationThe industrial city Dietikon is situated at an elevation of 388 m (1,273 ft) at the confluence of the Reppisch and the Limmat, located in the Limmat Valley (German: Limmattal), along the railway line from Zürich to Baden. Here and in the neighboring region, Spreitenbach, is also the large Limmattal rail freight marshalling yard.Dietikon has an area of 9.3 square kilometers (3.6 sq mi). Of this area, 17.2% is used for agricultural purposes, while 27% is forested. Of the rest of the land, 49.1% is settled (buildings or roads) and the remainder (6.7%) is non-productive (rivers, glaciers or mountains).[3] In 1996[update] housing and buildings made up 33.8% of the total area, while transportation infrastructure made up the rest (15.3%).[4] Of the total unproductive area, water (streams and lakes) made up 4.9% of the area. As of 2007[update] 40.7% of the total municipal area was undergoing some type of construction.[4]The largest and best known forests of the municipality include the Honeret, Guggenbüehl and Röhrenmoos.The Honeret forest lies on a side moraine of the Linth glacier (\"Linthgletscher\"). There are over 200 prominent stones through the woods, up to erratic boulders as big as 25 m2 (270 sq ft). The Honeret and the Guggenbüehl-Wald are separated by only one main street. In the forest, there are a few springs from which the brooks Tobelbach and Stoffelbach rise and then flow down into the Reppisch. Also in the forest lies the forest cottage \"Lorenzhütte.\"The Guggenbüehl forest lies wholly within Dietikon. Within the forest lies the \"Giigelibode\" pond. It has neither inflow nor outflow. A Vita course is in the forest.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BDWM_BDe_8-8_Ortsdurchfahrt_Dietikon.jpg"},{"link_name":"S17 line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S17_(ZVV)"},{"link_name":"Bremgarten-Dietikon-Bahn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bremgarten-Dietikon-Bahn"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dietikon_-_Marmoriweiher_IMG_6131.JPG"},{"link_name":"Reppisch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reppisch"},{"link_name":"A3 motorway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A3_motorway_(Switzerland)"},{"link_name":"Dietikon railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dietikon_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Glanzenberg railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glanzenberg_railway_station"},{"link_name":"S-Bahn Zürich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S-Bahn_Z%C3%BCrich"},{"link_name":"S3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S3_(ZVV)"},{"link_name":"S12","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S12_(ZVV)"},{"link_name":"S17","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S17_(ZVV)"},{"link_name":"Bremgarten-Dietikon-Bahn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bremgarten-Dietikon-Bahn"},{"link_name":"Limmattal tramway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limmattal_tramway"},{"link_name":"Limmattal light rail line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limmattal_light_rail_line"},{"link_name":"Killwangen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killwangen"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nzzsl-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OpOff-6"}],"text":"S17 line provided by the Bremgarten-Dietikon-BahnMarmoriweiher pond alongside the ReppischThe municipality is located on the A3 motorway.Dietikon railway station and Glanzenberg railway station are stops of the S-Bahn Zürich on the lines S3 and S12. Dietikon railway station is also the terminus of the line S17 provided by the Bremgarten-Dietikon-Bahn.Between 1900 and 1928, Dietikon was the terminus of the Limmattal tramway from Zürich. The Limmattal light rail line follows a similar alignment, albeit extended through Dietikon to Killwangen.[5][6]","title":"Transportation"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Important running waters that flow through Dietikon are the Limmat and its tributary Reppisch. Wide brooks are the approximately 3 km (1.9 mi) long Schäflibach and the Teischlibach. The Schäflibach is created with the flows together from Allmendbach and Stockacherbach and leads into the Limmat. The Teischlibach originates from Röhrenmoos in the forest above Dietikon and also leads into the Limmat. The Marmoriweiher lies in the Grunschen a place used for gaming and grilling. The Marmoriweiher is an artificial pond, that was positioned for the water supply of the fire brigade. For this, a distraction canal was built with the Grunschen. Later, the pond of a marble factory served. This gave it its name.","title":"Waters"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ETH-BIB-Dietikon,_Au,_Spreitenbach-Inlandfl%C3%BCge-LBS_MH01-005998.tif"},{"link_name":"Walter Mittelholzer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Mittelholzer"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HDS-7"},{"link_name":"Roman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland_in_the_Roman_era"},{"link_name":"Fahr Benedictine Convent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fahr_Monastery"},{"link_name":"clarification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"House of Regensberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Regensberg"},{"link_name":"cloister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloister"},{"link_name":"Second Battle of Zürich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Z%C3%BCrich"},{"link_name":"Arc de Triomphe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arc_de_Triomphe"}],"text":"Aerial view by Walter Mittelholzer (1930)Dietikon is first mentioned in 1100 as Dietinchovin.[7] Dietikon features several Roman ruins and also the Fahr Benedictine Convent, given[clarification needed] by the House of Regensberg around 1130 AD, with a cloister church dating from the years 1743 to 1746. The Second Battle of Zürich was fought in Dietikon (September 1799) and the town name is among those inscribed at the pillar of the Arc de Triomphe in Paris, France.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"City president is Roger Bachmann (SVP).","title":"Politics"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dietikon_Stadthaus.JPG"},{"link_name":"Town hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Town_hall"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Limmattal_-_Rangierbahnhof_IMG_6056.JPG"},{"link_name":"classification yard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classification_yard"},{"link_name":"Rangierbahnhof Limmattal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limmattal#Transportation"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dietikon_-_St._Agatha_Kirche_IMG_6141_ShiftN.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dietikon_-_Reformierte_Kirche_IMG_6134.JPG"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stat2020_ZH-8"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dietikon&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dietikon&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dietikon&action=edit"},{"link_name":"SVP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_People%27s_Party"},{"link_name":"SPS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Switzerland"},{"link_name":"CVP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Democratic_People%27s_Party_of_Switzerland"},{"link_name":"FDP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_Democratic_Party_of_Switzerland"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dietikon&action=edit"},{"link_name":"upper secondary education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_in_Switzerland#Secondary"},{"link_name":"Fachhochschule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fachhochschule"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-StatZurich-4"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dietikon&action=edit"},{"link_name":"primary economic sector","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_sector_of_the_economy"},{"link_name":"secondary sector","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondary_sector_of_the_economy"},{"link_name":"tertiary sector","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tertiary_sector_of_the_economy"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SFSO-3"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dietikon&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-StatZurich-4"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dietikon&action=edit"},{"link_name":"Catholics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"Protestants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestant_Reformation"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dietikon&action=edit"},{"link_name":"Swiss Reformed Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_Reformed_Church"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-StatZurich-4"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HDS-7"}],"text":"Town hall in DietikonThe classification yard RBL (Rangierbahnhof Limmattal)St. Agatha, the Roman Catholic Church (built in 1927)The Reformed church (built in 1925)Dietikon has a population (as of 31 December 2020) of 28,057.[8] As of 2007[update], 39.8% of the population was made up of foreign nationals. As of 2008[update] the gender distribution of the population was 50% male and 50% female. Over the last 10 years the population has grown at a rate of 10.5%. Most of the population (as of 2000[update]) speaks German (73.9%), with Italian being second most common (8.9%) and Albanian being third (3.8%).In the 2007 election the most popular party was the SVP which received 40.1% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were the SPS (19.9%), the CVP (13.7%) and the FDP (8%).The age distribution of the population (as of 2000[update]) is children and teenagers (0–19 years old) make up 21.3% of the population, while adults (20–64 years old) make up 64.7% and seniors (over 64 years old) make up 14%. In Dietikon about 60.1% of the population (between age 25-64) have completed either non-mandatory upper secondary education or additional higher education (either university or a Fachhochschule). There are 9,892 households in Dietikon.[4]Dietikon has an unemployment rate of 4.2%. As of 2005[update], there were 179 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 13 businesses involved in this sector. 2,613 people are employed in the secondary sector and there are 213 businesses in this sector. 10,632 people are employed in the tertiary sector, with 957 businesses in this sector.[3] As of 2007[update] 60.6% of the working population were employed full-time, and 39.4% were employed part-time.[4]As of 2008[update] there were 8,655 Catholics and 4,599 Protestants in Dietikon. In the 2000 census[update], religion was broken down into several smaller categories. From the 2000 census, 26.5% were some type of Protestant, with 24.6% belonging to the Swiss Reformed Church and 1.9% belonging to other Protestant churches. 41.8% of the population were Catholic. Of the rest of the population, 12.2% were Muslim, 16.1% belonged to another religion (not listed), 4.6% did not give a religion, and 9.4% were atheist or agnostic.[4]The historical population is given in the following table:[7]","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Limmattaler Zeitung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limmattaler_Zeitung"},{"link_name":"Ex Libris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ex_Libris_(bookshop)"}],"text":"Among other companies, the Limmattaler Zeitung newspaper and Ex Libris are situated in Dietikon.","title":"Economics and education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MeteoSchweiz-9"}],"text":"Dietikon has an average of 132.2 days of rain per year and on average receives 1,078 mm (42.4 in) of precipitation. The wettest month is August during which time Dietikon receives an average of 114 mm (4.5 in) of precipitation. During the wettest month, there is precipitation for an average of 12.7 days.[9]","title":"Weather"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bruno Weber Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_Weber_Park"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-limmattaler20140928-10"},{"link_name":"Glanzenberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glanzenberg"},{"link_name":"Limmat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limmat"},{"link_name":"Counts of Regensberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counts_of_Regensberg"}],"text":"There's the Bruno Weber Park in Dietikon respectively Spreitenbach, one of the few sculpture gardens and Gesamtkunstwerks in Switzerland.[10] Glanzenberg was once a settlement along the river Limmat, but its fortifications seem to never have been completed, and it might have been destroyed in 1267/68, a legend tells. Its remains are to be found in a little forest along the Limmat, opposite the railway station of the same name. Also situated there are the walls of the former Glanzenberg castle, built in the late 12th century AD by the Counts of Regensberg.","title":"Visitor attractions"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Diam%C3%A1_(aka_Claudia_D%27Addio).jpg"},{"link_name":"Bruno Weber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_Weber"},{"link_name":"fantastic realism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fantastic_realism"},{"link_name":"Peter Schweri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Schweri"},{"link_name":"Peter Vetsch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Vetsch"},{"link_name":"earth houses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth_house"},{"link_name":"Urs Fischbacher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urs_Fischbacher"},{"link_name":"University of Konstanz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Konstanz"},{"link_name":"Josef Wiederkehr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josef_Wiederkehr"},{"link_name":"Diamá","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diam%C3%A1"}],"text":"Diamá (aka Claudia D'Addio), 2008Bruno Weber (1931-2011) an artist and architect, specializing in fantastic realism\nPeter Schweri (1939-2016) artist, painter, illustrator, photographer and music composer\nPeter Vetsch (born 1943) an architect, known for building earth houses\nUrs Fischbacher (born 1959) an economist and professor of applied economic research at the University of Konstanz\nMarkus Notter (born 1960) politician and former city president\nJosef Wiederkehr (born 1970) a businessman and politician\nDiamá (born 1980) also known as Claudia D'Addio, a singer, grew up in Dietikon","title":"Notable people"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"twinned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twin_towns_and_sister_cities"}],"text":"Dietikon is twinned with the towns of","title":"Twin towns"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dietikon_-_Zentralschulhaus_IMG_6138_ShiftN.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dietikon_-_Z%C3%BCrcherstrasse_IMG_6139_ShiftN.jpg"},{"link_name":"Schlieren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schlieren"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dietiker_und_Geroldswiler_Auen_-_Geroldswil_IMG_6016.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Limmat_-_Dietikon_IMG_5929.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:RuineSch%C3%B6nenwerd02.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Arc-de-triomphe-dietikon.jpg"},{"link_name":"Arc de Triomphe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arc_de_Triomphe"},{"link_name":"Second Battle of Zürich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Z%C3%BCrich"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2014_Bruno_Weber_Park_..._hoffen_wir_auf_Wiederer%C3%B6ffnung_nach_dem_20._Oktober_2014-10-17_15-11-26.JPG"},{"link_name":"Bruno Weber Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_Weber_Park"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Earth_house_estate.JPG"},{"link_name":"Earth house","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth_house"},{"link_name":"Peter Vetsch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Vetsch"}],"text":"Zentralschulhaus building\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tZürcherstrasse towards Schlieren\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tProtected area Dietiker & Geroldswiler Auen on the Limmat's shore\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tHiking path at Glanzenberg train station\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tRuins of the Schönenwerd water castle\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tDietikon as part of the inscription at the Arc de Triomphe in Paris referring to the Second Battle of Zürich in 1799\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tBruno Weber Park\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tEarth house estate Lättenstrasse by Peter Vetsch","title":"Gallery"}] | [{"image_text":"Dietikon and Uetliberg as seen from Spreitenbach","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Blick_auf_den_Uetliberg_087.jpg/220px-Blick_auf_den_Uetliberg_087.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Limmat at Dietikon railway station","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Limmat_-_Dietikon_-_Massena_IMG_6096.JPG/220px-Limmat_-_Dietikon_-_Massena_IMG_6096.JPG"},{"image_text":"S17 line provided by the Bremgarten-Dietikon-Bahn","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/BDWM_BDe_8-8_Ortsdurchfahrt_Dietikon.jpg/220px-BDWM_BDe_8-8_Ortsdurchfahrt_Dietikon.jpg"},{"image_text":"Marmoriweiher pond alongside the Reppisch","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Dietikon_-_Marmoriweiher_IMG_6131.JPG/220px-Dietikon_-_Marmoriweiher_IMG_6131.JPG"},{"image_text":"Aerial view by Walter Mittelholzer (1930)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/ETH-BIB-Dietikon%2C_Au%2C_Spreitenbach-Inlandfl%C3%BCge-LBS_MH01-005998.tif/lossy-page1-220px-ETH-BIB-Dietikon%2C_Au%2C_Spreitenbach-Inlandfl%C3%BCge-LBS_MH01-005998.tif.jpg"},{"image_text":"Town hall in Dietikon","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Dietikon_Stadthaus.JPG/220px-Dietikon_Stadthaus.JPG"},{"image_text":"The classification yard RBL (Rangierbahnhof Limmattal)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Limmattal_-_Rangierbahnhof_IMG_6056.JPG/220px-Limmattal_-_Rangierbahnhof_IMG_6056.JPG"},{"image_text":"St. Agatha, the Roman Catholic Church (built in 1927)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Dietikon_-_St._Agatha_Kirche_IMG_6141_ShiftN.jpg/220px-Dietikon_-_St._Agatha_Kirche_IMG_6141_ShiftN.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Reformed church (built in 1925)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Dietikon_-_Reformierte_Kirche_IMG_6134.JPG/220px-Dietikon_-_Reformierte_Kirche_IMG_6134.JPG"},{"image_text":"Diamá (aka Claudia D'Addio), 2008","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Diam%C3%A1_%28aka_Claudia_D%27Addio%29.jpg/140px-Diam%C3%A1_%28aka_Claudia_D%27Addio%29.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"Arealstatistik Standard - Gemeinden nach 4 Hauptbereichen\". Federal Statistical Office. Retrieved 13 January 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/de/home/statistiken/raum-umwelt/bodennutzung-bedeckung/gesamtspektrum-regionalen-stufen/gemeinden.html","url_text":"\"Arealstatistik Standard - Gemeinden nach 4 Hauptbereichen\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ständige Wohnbevölkerung nach Staatsangehörigkeitskategorie Geschlecht und Gemeinde; Provisorische Jahresergebnisse; 2018\". Federal Statistical Office. 9 April 2019. Retrieved 11 April 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/de/home/statistiken/bevoelkerung.assetdetail.7966022.html","url_text":"\"Ständige Wohnbevölkerung nach Staatsangehörigkeitskategorie Geschlecht und Gemeinde; Provisorische Jahresergebnisse; 2018\""}]},{"reference":"\"Das kurze Leben des \"Lisebethli\"\" [The short life of «Lisebethli»]. Neue Zürcher Zeitung (in German). 18 February 2002. Archived from the original on 28 November 2018. Retrieved 28 November 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nzz.ch/article7YQJ0-1.370824","url_text":"\"Das kurze Leben des \"Lisebethli\"\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181128145228/https://www.nzz.ch/article7YQJ0-1.370824","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Betrieb & Angebot\" [Operation & Offer] (in German). Limmattalbahn AG. Archived from the original on 31 May 2018. Retrieved 31 May 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.limmattalbahn.ch/home/projekt/betrieb-angebot.html","url_text":"\"Betrieb & Angebot\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180531124104/https://www.limmattalbahn.ch/home/projekt/betrieb-angebot.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Ständige und nichtständige Wohnbevölkerung nach institutionellen Gliederungen, Geburtsort und Staatsangehörigkeit\". bfs.admin.ch (in German). Swiss Federal Statistical Office - STAT-TAB. 31 December 2020. Retrieved 21 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pxweb.bfs.admin.ch/pxweb/de/px-x-0102020000_201","url_text":"\"Ständige und nichtständige Wohnbevölkerung nach institutionellen Gliederungen, Geburtsort und Staatsangehörigkeit\""}]},{"reference":"\"Temperature and Precipitation Average Values-Table, 1961-1990\" (in German, French, and Italian). Federal Office of Meteorology and Climatology - MeteoSwiss. Archived from the original on 27 June 2009. Retrieved 8 May 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090627163841/http://www.meteoswiss.admin.ch/web/de/klima/klima_schweiz/tabellen.html","url_text":"\"Temperature and Precipitation Average Values-Table, 1961-1990\""},{"url":"http://www.meteoswiss.admin.ch/web/de/klima/klima_schweiz/tabellen.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Kathrin Fink (2014-08-31). \"Künstlerfreunde glauben fest an die Zukunft des Bruno-Weber-Parks\" (in German). Limmattaler Zeitung. Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2014-10-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304044559/http://www.limmattalerzeitung.ch/limmattal/region-limmattal/kuenstlerfreunde-glauben-fest-an-die-zukunft-des-bruno-weber-parks-128300688","url_text":"\"Künstlerfreunde glauben fest an die Zukunft des Bruno-Weber-Parks\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limmattaler_Zeitung","url_text":"Limmattaler Zeitung"},{"url":"http://www.limmattalerzeitung.ch/limmattal/region-limmattal/kuenstlerfreunde-glauben-fest-an-die-zukunft-des-bruno-weber-parks-128300688","url_text":"the original"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Dietikon¶ms=47_24_N_8_24_E_region:CH-ZH_type:city(28057)","external_links_name":"47°24′N 8°24′E / 47.400°N 8.400°E / 47.400; 8.400"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Dietikon¶ms=47_24_N_8_24_E_region:CH-ZH_type:city(28057)","external_links_name":"47°24′N 8°24′E / 47.400°N 8.400°E / 47.400; 8.400"},{"Link":"http://www.dietikon.ch/","external_links_name":"www.dietikon.ch"},{"Link":"http://www.media-stat.admin.ch/maps/profile/profile.html?226.0243.en.geoRefStandard","external_links_name":"SFSO statistics"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dietikon&action=edit","external_links_name":"[update]"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dietikon&action=edit","external_links_name":"[update]"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dietikon&action=edit","external_links_name":"[update]"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dietikon&action=edit","external_links_name":"[update]"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dietikon&action=edit","external_links_name":"[update]"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dietikon&action=edit","external_links_name":"[update]"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dietikon&action=edit","external_links_name":"[update]"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dietikon&action=edit","external_links_name":"[update]"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dietikon&action=edit","external_links_name":"[update]"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dietikon&action=edit","external_links_name":"[update]"},{"Link":"https://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/de/home/statistiken/raum-umwelt/bodennutzung-bedeckung/gesamtspektrum-regionalen-stufen/gemeinden.html","external_links_name":"\"Arealstatistik Standard - Gemeinden nach 4 Hauptbereichen\""},{"Link":"https://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/de/home/statistiken/bevoelkerung.assetdetail.7966022.html","external_links_name":"\"Ständige Wohnbevölkerung nach Staatsangehörigkeitskategorie Geschlecht und Gemeinde; 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gornji_Kokoti | Gornji Kokoti | ["1 Demographics","2 References"] | Village in Podgorica, MontenegroGornji Kokoti
Горње СтравчеVillageGornji KokotiLocation within MontenegroCoordinates: 42°23′51″N 19°10′29″E / 42.39750°N 19.17472°E / 42.39750; 19.17472Country MontenegroMunicipality PodgoricaPopulation (2011) • Total74Time zoneUTC+1 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST)
Gornji Kokoti (Serbian Cyrillic: Горњи Кокоти) is a village in the municipality of Podgorica, Montenegro.
Demographics
According to the 2003 census, it had a population of 73.
According to the 2011 census, its population was 74.
Ethnicity in 2011
Ethnicity
Number
Percentage
Montenegrins
62
83.8%
Serbs
10
13.5%
other/undeclared
2
2.7%
Total
74
100%
References
^ Књига 9, Становништво, упоредни преглед броја становника 1948, 1953, 1961, 1971, 1981, 1991, 2003, подаци по насељима, Републички завод за статистику, Подгорица, септембар 2005, COBISS-ID 8764176
^ "Tabela N1. Stanovništvo prema nacinalnoj odnosno etničkoj pripadnosti po naseljima, Popis stanovništva, domaćinstava i stanova u Crnoj Gori 2011. godine" (in Montenegrin). Statistical Office of Montenegro. Retrieved January 27, 2012.
vte City of Podgorica Administrative divisions
Podgorica Capital City
Zeta Municipality
Tuzi Municipality
Neighborhoods
See: List of Podgorica neighbourhoods and suburbs
Municipality settlements
List
Balabani
Baloči
Begova Glavica
Beri
Berislavci
Bezjovo
Bigor
Bijelo Polje
Bioče
Bistrice
Blizna
Bolesestra
Botun
Brežine
Briđe
Brskut
Buronji
Ćafa
Ćepetići
Crnci
Crvena Paprat
Cvilin
Dolovi
Donje Stravče
Donji Kokoti
Draževina
Dučići
Duga
Đurkovići
Duške
Farmaci
Fundina
Goljemadi
Golubovci
Goričani
Gornje Stravče
Gornji Kokoti
Gostilj
Gradac
Grbavci
Grbi Do
Kiselica
Klopot
Kopilje
Kornet
Kosor
Kruse
Kržanja
Kurilo
Lekići
Liješnje
Liješta
Lijeva Rijeka
Ljajkovići
Lopate
Lutovo
Lužnica
Mahala
Mataguži
Medun
Mileti
Mitrovići
Mojanovići
Momče
Mrke
Opasanica
Oraovice
Orasi
Orahovo
Ožezi
Parci
Pelev Brijeg
Petrovići
Podgorica
Ponari
Prisoja
Progonovići
Raći
Radeća
Radovče
Releza
Rijeka Piperska
Selište
Seoca
Seoštica
Sjenice
Slacko
Srpska
Staniselići
Stanjevića Rupa
Stijena
Stupovi
Šušunja
Trmanje
Tuzi Ljevorečke
Ubalac
Ubli
Velje Brdo
Veruša
Vidijenje
Vilac
Vranjina
Vrbica
Vukovci
Zagreda
Zaugao
Geography
Cijevna
Mareza
Morača
Ribnica
Sitnica
Zeta
Lake Skadar
Komovi
Zeta plain
Landmarks
Adži-paša's bridge
Blažo Jovanović Bridge
Clock Tower
Dajbabska Gora Tower
Ribnica Fortress
Duklja
Millennium Bridge
Medun
Moscow Bridge
Republic Square
Roman Square
Cathedral of the Resurrection of Christ
Dajbabe Monastery
Church of the Holy Heart of Jesus
Culture
Doclean Academy of Sciences and Arts
Matica crnogorska
Montenegrin Academy of Sciences and Arts
Montenegrin National Theatre
Montenegrin PEN Center
Montenegrin Symphony Orchestra
Sports venues
Morača Sports Center
Podgorica City Stadium
Camp FSCG
Stadion Malih Sportova
Stadion Trešnjica
Stadion Cvijetni Brijeg
Stadion na Koniku
DG Arena
Tološi Stadium
Stadion Zlatica
Zabjelo Stadium
Stadion Masline
Stadion Ljajkovići
University Sports Center
Donji Kokoti Tennis Courts
Sport clubs
SD Budućnost
FK Budućnost
KK Budućnost
RK Budućnost
OK Budućnost
ŽRK Budućnost
ŽOK Budućnost
ŽFK Budućnost
FK Blue Star
FK Bratstvo
FK Crvena Stijena
FK Drezga
FK Grafičar
FK Internacional
FK Kom
OFK Mladost DG
FK Podgorica
FK Napredak
FK Ribnica
OFK Titograd
FK Zabjelo
FK Zeta
KK Studentski centar
Rugby Podgorica
Rugby Budućnost
Events
Podgorica Marathon
Podgorica Book Fair
WTA Podgorica
1989 EKF
Eurobasket 2005
FINA World League 2009
2019 GSSE
EHF Euro 2022
FINA World Cup 2023
Education
Gymnasium "Slobodan Škerović"
University of Montenegro
University of Donja Gorica
University Mediteran
Media
RTCG
Altlas
Pink M
1Prva
TV Vijesti
Dan
Dnevne Novine
Pobjeda
Vijesti
Monitor
Shopping malls
Delta City
Mall of Montenegro
Companies
VOLI
Plantaže
Transportation
Podgorica Airport
Podgorica railway station
This Montenegro location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Serbian Cyrillic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbian_Cyrillic_alphabet"},{"link_name":"municipality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipalities_of_Montenegro"},{"link_name":"Podgorica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Podgorica_Capital_City"},{"link_name":"Montenegro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montenegro"}],"text":"Gornji Kokoti (Serbian Cyrillic: Горњи Кокоти) is a village in the municipality of Podgorica, Montenegro.","title":"Gornji Kokoti"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stats1-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"According to the 2003 census, it had a population of 73.[1]According to the 2011 census, its population was 74.[2]","title":"Demographics"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Tabela N1. Stanovništvo prema nacinalnoj odnosno etničkoj pripadnosti po naseljima, Popis stanovništva, domaćinstava i stanova u Crnoj Gori 2011. godine\" (in Montenegrin). Statistical Office of Montenegro. Retrieved January 27, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.monstat.org/cg/page.php?id=536&pageid=322","url_text":"\"Tabela N1. Stanovništvo prema nacinalnoj odnosno etničkoj pripadnosti po naseljima, Popis stanovništva, domaćinstava i stanova u Crnoj Gori 2011. godine\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistical_Office_of_Montenegro","url_text":"Statistical Office of Montenegro"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Gornji_Kokoti¶ms=42_23_51_N_19_10_29_E_type:city(74)_region:ME","external_links_name":"42°23′51″N 19°10′29″E / 42.39750°N 19.17472°E / 42.39750; 19.17472"},{"Link":"http://www.monstat.org/cg/page.php?id=536&pageid=322","external_links_name":"\"Tabela N1. Stanovništvo prema nacinalnoj odnosno etničkoj pripadnosti po naseljima, Popis stanovništva, domaćinstava i stanova u Crnoj Gori 2011. godine\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gornji_Kokoti&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_(The_Click_song) | Hurricane (The Click song) | ["1 Track listing","1.1 A-Side","1.2 B-Side","2 Charts","2.1 Weekly charts","2.2 Year-end charts","3 References"] | Single by The Click
"Hurricane"Single by The Clickfrom the album Game Related B-side"Actin' Bad"ReleasedAugust 23, 1995Recorded1995GenreHip hopLength4:21LabelSick Wid It, JiveSongwriter(s)Earl Stevens, Dannell Stevens, Tenina Stevens, Brandt JonesProducer(s)Studio TonThe Click singles chronology
"Captain Save a Hoe" (1994)
"Hurricane" (1995)
"Scandalous" (1995)
"Hurricane" is a song by American hip hip group The Click. It is the lead single released from their second album, Game Related. Produced by Studio Ton, the song became The Click's most successful single, peaking at number 63 on the Billboard Hot 100 and number four on the Billboard Hot Rap Singles. The song's title comes from the alcoholic drink of the same name.
Track listing
A-Side
"Hurricane" (LP Version) - 4:21
"Hurricane" (Instrumental) - 4:18
"Hurricane" (Acapella) - 4:19
B-Side
"Hurricane" (Remix) - 4:24
"Hurricane" (Remix Instrumental) - 4:23
"Actin' Bad" - 4:26
Charts
Weekly charts
Chart (1995/1996)
Peakposition
Billboard Hot 100
63
Billboard Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Singles & Tracks
31
Billboard Hot Rap Singles
4
Billboard Hot Dance Music/Maxi-Singles Sales
33
Billboard Rhythmic Top 40
40
Year-end charts
End of year chart (1996)
Position
Billboard Hot Rap Singles
48
References
^ Billboard Year-End Hot Rap Singles - 1996. 28 December 1996. Retrieved 2011-11-19.
This 1990s hip hop song-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Click","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Click_(band)"},{"link_name":"Game Related","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_Related"},{"link_name":"Billboard Hot 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100"},{"link_name":"Hot Rap Singles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rap_Songs"},{"link_name":"alcoholic drink of the same name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_(cocktail)"}],"text":"\"Hurricane\" is a song by American hip hip group The Click. It is the lead single released from their second album, Game Related. Produced by Studio Ton, the song became The Click's most successful single, peaking at number 63 on the Billboard Hot 100 and number four on the Billboard Hot Rap Singles. The song's title comes from the alcoholic drink of the same name.","title":"Hurricane (The Click song)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"A-Side","text":"\"Hurricane\" (LP Version) - 4:21\n\"Hurricane\" (Instrumental) - 4:18\n\"Hurricane\" (Acapella) - 4:19","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"B-Side","text":"\"Hurricane\" (Remix) - 4:24\n\"Hurricane\" (Remix Instrumental) - 4:23\n\"Actin' Bad\" - 4:26","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Charts"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Weekly charts","title":"Charts"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Year-end charts","title":"Charts"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Billboard Year-End Hot Rap Singles - 1996. 28 December 1996. Retrieved 2011-11-19.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=sQkEAAAAMBAJ&q=Billboard+1996&pg=RA1-PA17","url_text":"Billboard Year-End Hot Rap Singles - 1996"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=sQkEAAAAMBAJ&q=Billboard+1996&pg=RA1-PA17","external_links_name":"Billboard Year-End Hot Rap Singles - 1996"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hurricane_(The_Click_song)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emotional_disorders | Emotional and behavioral disorders | ["1 History","1.1 Early history","1.2 Use and development of the term","2 Criteria","2.1 Criticisms","3 Student characteristics","4 Internalizing and externalizing behavior","5 Effect in cognition","6 Services in the United States","6.1 Texas","6.2 New York","6.3 California","6.4 Michigan","6.5 Florida","7 References","8 External links"] | The examples and perspective in this article deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a worldwide view of the subject. You may improve this article, discuss the issue on the talk page, or create a new article, as appropriate. (September 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Medical conditionEmotional and behavioral disorder with onset usually occurring in childhood and adolescenceSpecialtyPsychiatry, psychology
Emotional and behavioral disorders (EBD; also known as behavioral and emotional disorders) refer to a disability classification used in educational settings that allows educational institutions to provide special education and related services to students who have displayed poor social and/or academic progress.
The classification is often given to students after conducting a Functional Behavior Analysis. These students need individualized behavior supports such as a Behavior Intervention Plan, to receive a free and appropriate public education. Students with EBD may be eligible for an Individualized Education Plan (IEP) and/or accommodations in the classroom through a 504 Plan.
History
Early history
Before any studies were done on the subject, mental illnesses were often thought to be a form of demonic possession or witchcraft. Since much was unknown, there was little to no distinction between the different types of mental illness and developmental disorders that we refer to today. Most often, they were dealt with by performing an exorcism on the person exhibiting signs of any mental illness. In the early to mid-1800s, asylums were introduced to America and Europe. There, patients were treated cruelly and often referred to as lunatics by doctors in the professional fields. The main focus of asylums were to shun people with mental illnesses from the public. In 1963, the Community Mental Health Centers Construction Act (Public Law 88–164), was passed by Congress and signed by John F. Kennedy, which provided federal funding to community mental health centers. This legislation changed the way that mental health services were handled and also led to the closure of many large asylums. Many laws soon followed assisting more and more people with EBDs. 1978 came with the passing of Public Law 94- 142 which required free and public education to all disabled children including those with EBDs. An extension of PL 94–142, PL 99-457, was put into act which would provide services to all disabled children from the ages of 3-5 by the 1990–91 school year. PL 94-142 has since been renamed to the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA).
Use and development of the term
Various terms have been used to describe irregular emotional and behavioral disorders. Many of the terms such as mental illness and psychopathology were used to describe adults with such conditions. Mental illness was a label for most people with any type of disorder and it was common for people with emotional and behavioral disorders to be labeled with a mental illness. However, those terms were avoided when describing children as it seemed too stigmatizing. In the late 1900s the term "behaviorally disordered" appeared. Some professionals in the field of special education accepted the term while others felt it ignored emotional issues. In order to make a more uniformed terminology, the National Mental Health and Special Education Coalition, which consists of over thirty professional and advocacy groups, coined the term "emotional and behavioral disorders" in 1988.
Criteria
Further information: Expectancy challenge
According to the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act an EBD classification is required if one or more of the following characteristics is excessively observed in a student over a significant amount of time:
Learning challenges that cannot be explained by intellectual, sensory, or health factors.
Trouble keeping up or building satisfactory relationships with peers and teachers.
Inappropriate behavior (against self or others) or emotions (shares the need to harm others or self, low self-worth) in normal conditions.
An overall attitude of unhappiness or depression.
A tendency to develop physical symptoms or fears related with individual or school issues.
The term "EBD" includes students diagnosed with schizophrenia. However, it does not have any significant bearing on students who are socially maladjusted unless they also meet the above criteria.
Criticisms
Providing or failing to provide an EBD classification to a student may be controversial, as the IDEA does not clarify which children would be considered "socially maladjusted". Students with a psychiatric diagnosis of conduct disorder are not guaranteed to receive additional educational services under an EBD classification. Students with an EBD classification who meet the diagnostic criteria for various disruptive behavior disorders, including attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), oppositional defiant disorder (ODD), or conduct disorder (CD) do not have an automatic eligibility to receive an IEP or 504 Plan. Students considered "socially maladjusted", but ineligible for an EBD classification (i.e., students diagnosed with conduct disorder), often receive better educational services in special education classrooms or alternative schools with high structure, clear rules, and consistent consequences.
Student characteristics
Students with EBD are a diverse population with a wide range of intellectual and academic abilities. Males, African-Americans, and economically disadvantaged students are over-represented in the EBD population, and students with EBD are more likely to live in single-parent homes, foster homes, or other non-traditional living situations. These students also tend to have low rates of positive social interactions with peers in educational contexts. Students with EBD are often categorized as "internalizers" (e.g., have poor self-esteem, or are diagnosed with an anxiety disorder or mood disorder) or "externalizers" (e.g., disrupt classroom instruction, or are diagnosed with disruptive behavior disorders such as oppositional defiant disorder and conduct disorder). Male students may be over-represented in the EBD population because they appear to be more likely to exhibit disruptive externalizing behavior that interferes with classroom instruction. Females may be more likely to exhibit internalizing behavior that does not interfere with classroom instruction, though to what extent this perception is due to social expectations of differences in male and female behavior is unclear. In any case, it is important to note that both internalizing and externalizing behaviour can and do occur in either sex; Students with EBD are also at an increased risk for learning disabilities, school dropout, substance abuse, and juvenile delinquency.
Internalizing and externalizing behavior
A person with EBD with "internalizing" behavior may have poor self-esteem, have depression, experience loss of interest in social, academic, and other life activities, and may exhibit non-suicidal self-injury or substance abuse. Students with internalizing behavior may also have a diagnosis of separation anxiety or another anxiety disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), specific or social phobia, obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD), panic disorder, and/or an eating disorder. Teachers are more likely to write referrals for students that are overly disruptive. Screening tools used to detect students with high levels of "internalizing" behavior are not sensitive and are rarely used in practice. Students with EBD with "externalizing" behavior may be aggressive, non-compliant, extroverted, or disruptive.
Students with EBD that show externalizing behavior are often diagnosed with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), oppositional defiant disorder (ODD), conduct disorder,autism spectrum disorder and/or bipolar disorder; however, this population can also include typically developing children that have learned to exhibit externalizing behavior for various reasons (e.g., escape from academic demands or access to attention). These students often have difficulty inhibiting emotional responses resulting from anger, frustration, and disappointment. Students who "externalize" exhibit behaviors such as insulting, provoking, threatening, bullying, cursing, and fighting, along with other forms of aggression. Male students with EBD exhibit externalizing behavior more often than their female counterparts.
Children and adolescents with ADD or ADHD may display different types of externalizing behavior and should be either medicated or going through behavioral treatment for their diagnosis. Adolescents with severe ADHD would likely benefit most from both medication and behavioral treatment. Younger children should go through behavioral treatment before being treated with medication. Another recommended form of treatment for children and adolescents diagnosed with ADHD would be counseling from a mental health professional. Treatment options will improve performance of children and adolescents on emotion recognition tasks, specifically response time as there is no difficulty recognizing human emotions. The degree of required treatments vary depending on the degree of ADD or ADHD the individual has.
Treatment for these types of behaviors should include the parents as it is evident that their parenting skills impact on how their child deals with their symptoms, especially when at a younger age. Parents going through a parenting skills training program were reported a decrease in internalizing and externalizing behavior in their children post-training program. The program included learning how to give positive attention, increase good behavior with small frequent rewards and specific praise as well as learning how to decrease attention when the child behaved poorly.
Effect in cognition
In recent years, many researchers have been interested in exploring the relationship between emotional disorders and cognition. Evidence has revealed that there is a relationship between the two. Strauman (1989) investigated how emotional disorders shape a person's cognitive structure, that is, the mental processes people utilize to make sense of the world around them. He recruited three groups of individuals: those with social phobias, those with depression, and controls with no emotional disorder diagnosis. He wanted to determine whether these groups had a cognitive structure showing an actual/ideal (AI) discrepancy (referring to an individual not believing that they have achieved their personal desires) or actual/own/other (AOO) discrepancy (referring to an individual's actions not living up to what their significant other believes that they need to be). He found that depressed individuals had the highest AI discrepancy and social phobics had the greatest AOO discrepancy, while the controls were lower or in between the two for both discrepancies.
Specific cognitive processes (e.g., attention) may be different in those with emotional disorders. MacLeod, Mathews, and Tata (1986) tested the reaction times of 32 participants, some of whom were diagnosed with Generalized Anxiety disorder, when presented with threatening words. They found that when threatening words were presented, people with greater anxiety tended to have increased selective attention, meaning that they reacted quicker to a stimulus in an area where a threatening word was just presented (32-59ms faster). When in the control group, subjects reacted slower when there was a threatening word proceeding the stimulus (16-32ms slower).
Emotional disorders can also alter the way people regulate their emotions. Joormann and Gotlib (2010) conducted a study with depressed, or previously depressed, individuals to test this. They found that, when compared to individuals who have never had a depressive episode, previously and currently depressed individuals tended to use maladaptive emotion regulation strategies (such as rumination or brooding) more. They also found that when depressed individuals displayed cognitive inhibition (slowing of response to a variable that had been previously ignored) when asked to describe a negative word (ignored variable was a positive word), they were less likely to ruminate or brood. When they displayed cognitive inhibition when asked to describe a positive word (ignored variable was a negative word), they were more likely to reflect.
Services in the United States
There are many types of services available to EBD students, referenced below. One service is one-on-one support (or an aide) who assists in everyday activities and academics. Another service is foundations offer behavior services as well as counseling support. Some services include classrooms that are dedicated to educational foundations and work on building the student up possessively. States also offer dedicated schools with multiple resources that help students with EBD excel and transition (back) into local schools.
Texas
The state of Texas has the Texas Behavior Support Initiative (TBSI) authorized by Senate Bill 1196 and Texas Administrative Code §89.1053. With its design to provide knowledge for the use of constructive behavior interventions and to aid students, including students with disabilities. TBSI meets the legislative requirements for the use of restraint and time-out, along with providing the baseline work for behavior strategies and prevention throughout each environment.
New York
The state of New York has the Foundations Behavioral Health that has been approved out of state educations and residential provider with the New York State Education Dept. Foundations offer Academic and Behavioral Health Services to students between the ages of 14 and 21. This program allows students educational experience to have strategic interventions to aid their social and behavioral functioning. Some of the program's highlights include Functional Behavioral Assessment (FBA), Behavioral Intervention Plan (BIP) & Community Based Instruction (CBI).
California
The state of California has Spectrum Center classrooms in Los Angeles and the San Francisco area which are providing Emotional Disabilities and Behavioral Services. They provide academic classrooms for students who are actively working to improve grade-level standards and working toward getting their high school diploma. The main practice is the use of Positive Behavior Interventions and Supports (PBIS). PBIS instructional practices help students determine their skill level and progress, restore their skills through direct instruction, knowing the standards on their grade level and small group counseling.
Michigan
The state of Michigan has a Behavioral Education Center (BEC) in Bangor. Its purpose is to aid local schools directs with students between the ages of 5 and 26 years old with EBD's. Along with having students use appropriate behaviors and skills to successfully return to their local school setting. Classroom programs, consultation, coaching, and professional development services are available within the school districts.
Florida
The state of Florida has Students with Emotional/Behavioral Disabilities Network (SEDNET). SEDNET projects across the state aid the local school districts to work with those at-risk of EBD's. “Dealing with adverse behavior in the educational environment,” it serves students who poorly function at home, school, or community due to drugs and substance abuse or mental health issues. SEDNET 2A Services: Family Services Planning Team (FSPT)- agencies, school officials and SEDNET meet with parents to assist and aid the child's poor performance at school and home. Positive Behavior Support providing technical assistance to promote positive behavior. Classroom Observation/Teacher Consultation- working with EBD children using successful strategies and tips in a classroom environment.
References
^ World Health Organization (2016). "International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems 10th Revision (ICD-10): Behavioural and emotional disorders with onset usually occurring in childhood and adolescence (F90–F98)". Retrieved 2 November 2018.
^ World Health Organization. The ICD-10 Classification of Mental and Behavioural Disorders. Clinical descriptions and diagnostic guidelines. Geneva. p. 40.
^ "EMOTIONAL AND BEHAVIORAL DISORDER (EBD)" (PDF). Cherokee County School District. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-05-02. Retrieved 2019-05-09.
^ a b "Are Students with EBD Given an IEP Plan? | Synonym". classroom.synonym.com. Retrieved 2019-05-06.
^ a b "Mental Health Treatment: Then and Now | Introduction to Psychology". courses.lumenlearning.com. Retrieved 2019-05-07.
^ "The History of Asylums in the 1800s - Video & Lesson Transcript". Study.com. Retrieved 2019-05-07.
^ Fong, Yvonne. "The History of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders". Academia.
^ a b "Overview of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders" (PDF). Pro Ed Inc.
^ "History of Emotional Behavioral Disorders". Emotional Behavioral Disorders. Retrieved 2019-05-07.
^ "Emotional Disturbance |". Center for Parent Information and Resources. 2010-06-16. Archived from the original on 2017-07-28. Retrieved 2019-05-06.
^ a b "Students with Emotional Disturbance: Eligibility and Characteristics". The Center for Effective Collaboration and Practice. American Institutes for Research. 2001. Archived from the original on 18 October 2015. Retrieved 22 October 2015.
^ "Social Maladjustment". Reinforcement Unlimited. Georgia. Archived from the original on 2 May 2001. Retrieved 22 October 2015.
^ a b c d Danielson, Melissa L.; Bitsko, Rebecca H.; Ghandour, Reem M.; Holbrook, Joseph R.; Kogan, Michael D.; Blumberg, Stephen J. (2018-03-04). "Prevalence of Parent-Reported ADHD Diagnosis and Associated Treatment Among U.S. Children and Adolescents, 2016". Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology. 47 (2): 199–212. doi:10.1080/15374416.2017.1417860. ISSN 1537-4416. PMC 5834391. PMID 29363986.
^ Wehby, Joseph; Symons, F.; Shores, R. E. (1995). "A descriptive analysis of aggressive behavior in classrooms for children with emotional and behavioral disorders". Behavioral Disorders. 20 (2): 87–105. doi:10.1177/019874299502000207. S2CID 151985694.
^ a b c Wells, Erica L.; Day, Taylor N.; Harmon, Sherelle L.; Groves, Nicole B.; Kofler, Michael J. (2018-11-26). "Are emotion recognition abilities intact in pediatric ADHD?". Emotion. 19 (7): 1192–1205. doi:10.1037/emo0000520. ISSN 1931-1516. PMC 6535378. PMID 30475028.
^ Cartwright-Hatton, Sam; McNally, Deborah; White, Caroline; Verduyn, Chrissie (2005). "Parenting Skills Training: An Effective Intervention for Internalizing Symptoms in Younger Children?". Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Nursing. 18 (2). Wiley: 45–52. doi:10.1111/j.1744-6171.2005.00014.x. ISSN 1744-6171. PMID 15966947.
^ Garner, B. K. (2007). Getting to “got it!”. Alexandria, VA: Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development.
^ Strauman T. J. (1989). "Self-discrepancies in clinical depression and social phobia: Cognitive structures that underlie emotional disorders?". Journal of Abnormal Psychology. 98 (1). APA: 14–22. doi:10.1037/0021-843x.98.1.14. eISSN 1939-1846. ISSN 0021-843X. OCLC 818916111. PMID 2708634.
^ MacLeod, Colin; Mathews, Andrew; Tata, Philip (1986). "Attentional bias in emotional disorders". Journal of Abnormal Psychology. 95 (1). APA: 15–20. doi:10.1037/0021-843x.95.1.15. eISSN 1939-1846. ISSN 0021-843X. OCLC 818916111. PMID 3700842.
^ Joormann, Jutta; Gotlib, Ian H. (2010). "Emotion regulation in depression: Relation to cognitive inhibition". Cognition & Emotion. 24 (2). Routledge: 281–298. doi:10.1080/02699930903407948. eISSN 1464-0600. ISSN 0269-9931. LCCN 00238845. OCLC 1039330776. PMC 2839199. PMID 20300538.
^ "Texas Support Initiative". Texas Behavior Support. Archived from the original on 2011-08-23. Retrieved 2019-05-08.
^ "Out of State Education and Residential Provider |". Foundations Behavioral Health. Archived from the original on 2016-07-13. Retrieved 2019-05-08. All the locations listed are in PA
^ "Emotional Disabilities and Behavioral Services |". Spectrum Schools. San Pablo, CA. Archived from the original on 2019-05-06. Retrieved 2019-05-08.
^ "Behavioral Education Center". Special Education Programs and Services. Van Buren Intermediate School District. Lawrence, MI. Archived from the original on 2020-08-05. Retrieved 2019-05-08.
^ "Classrooms for Students With Severe Emotional Impairment". Special Education Programs and Services. Van Buren Intermediate School District. Lawrence, MI. Archived from the original on 2020-09-20. Retrieved 2019-05-08.
^ "Students with Emotional/Behavioral Disabilities Network". Panhandle Area Educational Consortium. Chipley, FL. 2019. Archived from the original on 2019-05-06. Retrieved 2019-05-08.
External links
"What is an emotional or behavioral disorder?" (PDF). Children's mental health and emotional or behavioral disorders project. PACER: Minnesota Parent Training and Information Center. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 October 2006. Retrieved 29 June 2022.
Behaviour Management (EBD) Review Group: Published reviews
ClassificationDICD-10: F90–F98ICD-9-CM: 312
vteMental disorders (Classification)Adult personality and behaviorSexual
Ego-dystonic sexual orientation
Paraphilia
Fetishism
Voyeurism
Sexual maturation disorder
Sexual relationship disorder
Other
Factitious disorder
Munchausen syndrome
Gender dysphoria
Intermittent explosive disorder
Dermatillomania
Kleptomania
Pyromania
Trichotillomania
Personality disorder
Childhood and learningEmotional and behavioral
ADHD
Conduct disorder
ODD
Emotional and behavioral disorders
Separation anxiety disorder
Movement disorders
Stereotypic
Social functioning
DAD
RAD
Selective mutism
Speech
Cluttering
Stuttering
Tic disorder
Tourette syndrome
Intellectual disability
X-linked intellectual disability
Lujan–Fryns syndrome
Psychological development(developmental disabilities)
Pervasive
Specific
Mood (affective)
Bipolar
Bipolar I
Bipolar II
Bipolar NOS
Cyclothymia
Depression
Atypical depression
Dysthymia
Major depressive disorder
Melancholic depression
Seasonal affective disorder
Mania
Neurological and symptomaticAutism spectrum
Autism
Asperger syndrome
High-functioning autism
PDD-NOS
Savant syndrome
Dementia
AIDS dementia complex
Alzheimer's disease
Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease
Frontotemporal dementia
Huntington's disease
Mild cognitive impairment
Parkinson's disease
Pick's disease
Sundowning
Vascular dementia
Wandering
Other
Delirium
Organic brain syndrome
Post-concussion syndrome
Neurotic, stress-related and somatoformAdjustment
Adjustment disorder with depressed mood
AnxietyPhobia
Agoraphobia
Social anxiety
Social phobia
Anthropophobia
Specific social phobia
Specific phobia
Claustrophobia
Other
Generalized anxiety disorder
OCD
Panic attack
Panic disorder
Stress
Acute stress reaction
PTSD
Dissociative
Depersonalization-derealization disorder
Dissociative identity disorder
Dissociative fugue
Psychogenic amnesia
Somatic symptom
Body dysmorphic disorder
Conversion disorder
Ganser syndrome
Globus pharyngis
Psychogenic non-epileptic seizures
False pregnancy
Hypochondriasis
Mass psychogenic illness
Nosophobia
Psychogenic pain
Somatization disorder
Physiological and physical behaviorEating
Anorexia nervosa
Bulimia nervosa
Rumination syndrome
Other specified feeding or eating disorder
Nonorganic sleep
Hypersomnia
Insomnia
Parasomnia
Night terror
Nightmare
REM sleep behavior disorder
Postnatal
Postpartum depression
Postpartum psychosis
Sexual desire
Hypersexuality
Hypoactive sexual desire disorder
Psychoactive substances, substance abuse and substance-related
Drug overdose
Intoxication
Physical dependence
Rebound effect
Stimulant psychosis
Substance dependence
Withdrawal
Schizophrenia, schizotypal and delusionalDelusional
Delusional disorder
Folie à deux
Psychosis andschizophrenia-like
Brief reactive psychosis
Schizoaffective disorder
Schizophreniform disorder
Schizophrenia
Childhood schizophrenia
Disorganized (hebephrenic) schizophrenia
Pseudoneurotic schizophrenia
Simple-type schizophrenia
Other
Catatonia
Symptoms and uncategorized
Impulse-control disorder
Klüver–Bucy syndrome
Psychomotor agitation
Stereotypy
vteEmotional and behavioral disordersEmotional/behavioral
ADHD
Conduct disorder
Oppositional defiant disorder
Emotional/behavioral disorder (EBD)
Separation anxiety
Social functioning
Selective mutism
RAD
DAD
Tic disorders
Tourette syndrome
Speech disorders
Stuttering
Cluttering
Stereotypic movement disorder
Elimination disorders
Enuresis
Encopresis | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ICD-10-web-EN-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ICD-10-Clinical-2"},{"link_name":"special education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_education"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"behavior supports","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classroom_management"},{"link_name":"free and appropriate public education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_and_appropriate_public_education"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-4"},{"link_name":"Individualized Education Plan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Individualized_education_plan"},{"link_name":"504 Plan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/504_Plan"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-4"}],"text":"Medical conditionEmotional and behavioral disorders (EBD; also known as behavioral and emotional disorders)[1][2] refer to a disability classification used in educational settings that allows educational institutions to provide special education and related services to students who have displayed poor social and/or academic progress.[3]The classification is often given to students after conducting a Functional Behavior Analysis. These students need individualized behavior supports such as a Behavior Intervention Plan, to receive a free and appropriate public education.[4] Students with EBD may be eligible for an Individualized Education Plan (IEP) and/or accommodations in the classroom through a 504 Plan.[4]","title":"Emotional and behavioral disorders"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"mental illnesses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mental_illness"},{"link_name":"exorcism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exorcism"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Community Mental Health Centers Construction Act (Public Law 88–164)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_Mental_Health_Act"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-5"},{"link_name":"Public Law 94- 142","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_for_All_Handicapped_Children_Act"},{"link_name":"PL 99-457","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_Law_99-457"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Individuals_with_Disabilities_Education_Act"}],"sub_title":"Early history","text":"Before any studies were done on the subject, mental illnesses were often thought to be a form of demonic possession or witchcraft. Since much was unknown, there was little to no distinction between the different types of mental illness and developmental disorders that we refer to today. Most often, they were dealt with by performing an exorcism on the person exhibiting signs of any mental illness.[5] In the early to mid-1800s, asylums were introduced to America and Europe. There, patients were treated cruelly and often referred to as lunatics by doctors in the professional fields.[6] The main focus of asylums were to shun people with mental illnesses from the public. In 1963, the Community Mental Health Centers Construction Act (Public Law 88–164), was passed by Congress and signed by John F. Kennedy, which provided federal funding to community mental health centers. This legislation changed the way that mental health services were handled and also led to the closure of many large asylums.[5] Many laws soon followed assisting more and more people with EBDs. 1978 came with the passing of Public Law 94- 142 which required free and public education to all disabled children including those with EBDs. An extension of PL 94–142, PL 99-457, was put into act which would provide services to all disabled children from the ages of 3-5 by the 1990–91 school year.[7] PL 94-142 has since been renamed to the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA).","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"psychopathology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychopathology"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-8"}],"sub_title":"Use and development of the term","text":"Various terms have been used to describe irregular emotional and behavioral disorders. Many of the terms such as mental illness and psychopathology were used to describe adults with such conditions.[8] Mental illness was a label for most people with any type of disorder and it was common for people with emotional and behavioral disorders to be labeled with a mental illness.[9] However, those terms were avoided when describing children as it seemed too stigmatizing. In the late 1900s the term \"behaviorally disordered\" appeared. Some professionals in the field of special education accepted the term while others felt it ignored emotional issues.[8] In order to make a more uniformed terminology, the National Mental Health and Special Education Coalition, which consists of over thirty professional and advocacy groups, coined the term \"emotional and behavioral disorders\" in 1988.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Expectancy challenge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expectancy_challenge"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"schizophrenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schizophrenia"}],"text":"Further information: Expectancy challengeAccording to the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act an EBD classification is required if one or more of the following characteristics is excessively observed in a student over a significant amount of time:[10]Learning challenges that cannot be explained by intellectual, sensory, or health factors.\nTrouble keeping up or building satisfactory relationships with peers and teachers.\nInappropriate behavior (against self or others) or emotions (shares the need to harm others or self, low self-worth) in normal conditions.\nAn overall attitude of unhappiness or depression.\nA tendency to develop physical symptoms or fears related with individual or school issues.The term \"EBD\" includes students diagnosed with schizophrenia. However, it does not have any significant bearing on students who are socially maladjusted unless they also meet the above criteria.","title":"Criteria"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"IDEA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Individuals_with_Disabilities_Education_Act"},{"link_name":"conduct disorder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conduct_disorder"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cecp.air.org2-11"},{"link_name":"disruptive behavior disorders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disruptive_behavior_disorder"},{"link_name":"attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attention-deficit_hyperactivity_disorder"},{"link_name":"oppositional defiant disorder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oppositional_defiant_disorder"},{"link_name":"conduct disorder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conduct_disorder"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cecp.air.org2-11"},{"link_name":"conduct disorder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conduct_disorder"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"sub_title":"Criticisms","text":"Providing or failing to provide an EBD classification to a student may be controversial, as the IDEA does not clarify which children would be considered \"socially maladjusted\". Students with a psychiatric diagnosis of conduct disorder are not guaranteed to receive additional educational services under an EBD classification.[11] Students with an EBD classification who meet the diagnostic criteria for various disruptive behavior disorders, including attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), oppositional defiant disorder (ODD), or conduct disorder (CD) do not have an automatic eligibility to receive an IEP or 504 Plan.[11] Students considered \"socially maladjusted\", but ineligible for an EBD classification (i.e., students diagnosed with conduct disorder), often receive better educational services in special education classrooms or alternative schools with high structure, clear rules, and consistent consequences.[12]","title":"Criteria"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"self-esteem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-esteem"},{"link_name":"anxiety disorder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder"},{"link_name":"mood disorder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mood_disorder"},{"link_name":"disruptive behavior disorders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disruptive_behavior_disorders"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-13"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-13"}],"text":"Students with EBD are a diverse population with a wide range of intellectual and academic abilities. Males, African-Americans, and economically disadvantaged students are over-represented in the EBD population, and students with EBD are more likely to live in single-parent homes, foster homes, or other non-traditional living situations.[13] These students also tend to have low rates of positive social interactions with peers in educational contexts.[14] Students with EBD are often categorized as \"internalizers\" (e.g., have poor self-esteem, or are diagnosed with an anxiety disorder or mood disorder) or \"externalizers\" (e.g., disrupt classroom instruction, or are diagnosed with disruptive behavior disorders such as oppositional defiant disorder and conduct disorder). Male students may be over-represented in the EBD population because they appear to be more likely to exhibit disruptive externalizing behavior that interferes with classroom instruction. Females may be more likely to exhibit internalizing behavior that does not interfere with classroom instruction, though to what extent this perception is due to social expectations of differences in male and female behavior is unclear. In any case, it is important to note that both internalizing and externalizing behaviour can and do occur in either sex;[13] Students with EBD are also at an increased risk for learning disabilities, school dropout, substance abuse, and juvenile delinquency.[13]","title":"Student characteristics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"internalizing\" behavior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internalizing_disorder"},{"link_name":"non-suicidal self-injury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-suicidal_self-injury"},{"link_name":"substance abuse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substance_abuse"},{"link_name":"separation anxiety","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Separation_anxiety"},{"link_name":"post-traumatic stress disorder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-traumatic_stress_disorder"},{"link_name":"specific","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specific_phobia"},{"link_name":"social phobia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_phobia"},{"link_name":"panic disorder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panic_disorder"},{"link_name":"eating disorder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eating_disorder"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-15"},{"link_name":"externalizing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Externalizing_Disorders"},{"link_name":"attention deficit hyperactivity disorder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attention_deficit_hyperactivity_disorder"},{"link_name":"oppositional defiant disorder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oppositional_defiant_disorder"},{"link_name":"conduct disorder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conduct_disorder"},{"link_name":"autism spectrum disorder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autism_spectrum_disorder"},{"link_name":"bipolar disorder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bipolar_disorder"},{"link_name":"learned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operant_conditioning"},{"link_name":"escape from academic demands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinforcement#Positive_and_negative"},{"link_name":"access to attention","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinforcement#Positive_and_negative"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-15"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-13"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"text":"A person with EBD with \"internalizing\" behavior may have poor self-esteem, have depression, experience loss of interest in social, academic, and other life activities, and may exhibit non-suicidal self-injury or substance abuse. Students with internalizing behavior may also have a diagnosis of separation anxiety or another anxiety disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), specific or social phobia, obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD), panic disorder, and/or an eating disorder. Teachers are more likely to write referrals for students that are overly disruptive. Screening tools used to detect students with high levels of \"internalizing\" behavior are not sensitive and are rarely used in practice.[15] Students with EBD with \"externalizing\" behavior may be aggressive, non-compliant, extroverted, or disruptive.Students with EBD that show externalizing behavior are often diagnosed with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), oppositional defiant disorder (ODD), conduct disorder,autism spectrum disorder and/or bipolar disorder; however, this population can also include typically developing children that have learned to exhibit externalizing behavior for various reasons (e.g., escape from academic demands or access to attention). These students often have difficulty inhibiting emotional responses resulting from anger, frustration, and disappointment. Students who \"externalize\" exhibit behaviors such as insulting, provoking, threatening, bullying, cursing, and fighting, along with other forms of aggression. Male students with EBD exhibit externalizing behavior more often than their female counterparts.[15]Children and adolescents with ADD or ADHD may display different types of externalizing behavior and should be either medicated or going through behavioral treatment for their diagnosis.[13] Adolescents with severe ADHD would likely benefit most from both medication and behavioral treatment. Younger children should go through behavioral treatment before being treated with medication. Another recommended form of treatment for children and adolescents diagnosed with ADHD would be counseling from a mental health professional. Treatment options will improve performance of children and adolescents on emotion recognition tasks, specifically response time as there is no difficulty recognizing human emotions.[15] The degree of required treatments vary depending on the degree of ADD or ADHD the individual has.Treatment for these types of behaviors should include the parents as it is evident that their parenting skills impact on how their child deals with their symptoms, especially when at a younger age. Parents going through a parenting skills training program were reported a decrease in internalizing and externalizing behavior in their children post-training program.[16] The program included learning how to give positive attention, increase good behavior with small frequent rewards and specific praise as well as learning how to decrease attention when the child behaved poorly.","title":"Internalizing and externalizing behavior"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"text":"In recent years, many researchers have been interested in exploring the relationship between emotional disorders and cognition. Evidence has revealed that there is a relationship between the two. Strauman (1989) investigated how emotional disorders shape a person's cognitive structure, that is, the mental processes people utilize to make sense of the world around them.[17] He recruited three groups of individuals: those with social phobias, those with depression, and controls with no emotional disorder diagnosis. He wanted to determine whether these groups had a cognitive structure showing an actual/ideal (AI) discrepancy (referring to an individual not believing that they have achieved their personal desires) or actual/own/other (AOO) discrepancy (referring to an individual's actions not living up to what their significant other believes that they need to be). He found that depressed individuals had the highest AI discrepancy and social phobics had the greatest AOO discrepancy, while the controls were lower or in between the two for both discrepancies.[18]Specific cognitive processes (e.g., attention) may be different in those with emotional disorders. MacLeod, Mathews, and Tata (1986) tested the reaction times of 32 participants, some of whom were diagnosed with Generalized Anxiety disorder, when presented with threatening words. They found that when threatening words were presented, people with greater anxiety tended to have increased selective attention, meaning that they reacted quicker to a stimulus in an area where a threatening word was just presented (32-59ms faster). When in the control group, subjects reacted slower when there was a threatening word proceeding the stimulus (16-32ms slower).[19]Emotional disorders can also alter the way people regulate their emotions. Joormann and Gotlib (2010) conducted a study with depressed, or previously depressed, individuals to test this. They found that, when compared to individuals who have never had a depressive episode, previously and currently depressed individuals tended to use maladaptive emotion regulation strategies (such as rumination or brooding) more. They also found that when depressed individuals displayed cognitive inhibition (slowing of response to a variable that had been previously ignored) when asked to describe a negative word (ignored variable was a positive word), they were less likely to ruminate or brood. When they displayed cognitive inhibition when asked to describe a positive word (ignored variable was a negative word), they were more likely to reflect.[20]","title":"Effect in cognition"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"There are many types of services available to EBD students, referenced below. One service is one-on-one support (or an aide) who assists in everyday activities and academics. Another service is foundations offer behavior services as well as counseling support. Some services include classrooms that are dedicated to educational foundations and work on building the student up possessively. States also offer dedicated schools with multiple resources that help students with EBD excel and transition (back) into local schools.","title":"Services in the United States"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"sub_title":"Texas","text":"The state of Texas has the Texas Behavior Support Initiative (TBSI) authorized by Senate Bill 1196 and Texas Administrative Code §89.1053. With its design to provide knowledge for the use of constructive behavior interventions and to aid students, including students with disabilities. TBSI meets the legislative requirements for the use of restraint and time-out, along with providing the baseline work for behavior strategies and prevention throughout each environment.[21]","title":"Services in the United States"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"sub_title":"New York","text":"The state of New York has the Foundations Behavioral Health that has been approved out of state educations and residential provider with the New York State Education Dept. Foundations offer Academic and Behavioral Health Services to students between the ages of 14 and 21. This program allows students educational experience to have strategic interventions to aid their social and behavioral functioning. Some of the program's highlights include Functional Behavioral Assessment (FBA), Behavioral Intervention Plan (BIP) & Community Based Instruction (CBI).[22]","title":"Services in the United States"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"sub_title":"California","text":"The state of California has Spectrum Center classrooms in Los Angeles and the San Francisco area which are providing Emotional Disabilities and Behavioral Services. They provide academic classrooms for students who are actively working to improve grade-level standards and working toward getting their high school diploma. The main practice is the use of Positive Behavior Interventions and Supports (PBIS). PBIS instructional practices help students determine their skill level and progress, restore their skills through direct instruction, knowing the standards on their grade level and small group counseling.[23]","title":"Services in the United States"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"}],"sub_title":"Michigan","text":"The state of Michigan has a Behavioral Education Center (BEC) in Bangor. Its purpose is to aid local schools directs with students between the ages of 5 and 26 years old with EBD's.[24] Along with having students use appropriate behaviors and skills to successfully return to their local school setting. Classroom programs, consultation, coaching, and professional development services are available within the school districts.[25]","title":"Services in the United States"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"}],"sub_title":"Florida","text":"The state of Florida has Students with Emotional/Behavioral Disabilities Network (SEDNET). SEDNET projects across the state aid the local school districts to work with those at-risk of EBD's. “Dealing with adverse behavior in the educational environment,” it serves students who poorly function at home, school, or community due to drugs and substance abuse or mental health issues. SEDNET 2A Services: Family Services Planning Team (FSPT)- agencies, school officials and SEDNET meet with parents to assist and aid the child's poor performance at school and home. Positive Behavior Support providing technical assistance to promote positive behavior. Classroom Observation/Teacher Consultation- working with EBD children using successful strategies and tips in a classroom environment.[26]","title":"Services in the United States"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"World Health Organization (2016). \"International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems 10th Revision (ICD-10): Behavioural and emotional disorders with onset usually occurring in childhood and adolescence (F90–F98)\". Retrieved 2 November 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Health_Organization","url_text":"World Health Organization"},{"url":"http://apps.who.int/classifications/icd10/browse/2016/en#/F90","url_text":"\"International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems 10th Revision (ICD-10): Behavioural and emotional disorders with onset usually occurring in childhood and adolescence (F90–F98)\""}]},{"reference":"World Health Organization. The ICD-10 Classification of Mental and Behavioural Disorders. Clinical descriptions and diagnostic guidelines. Geneva. p. 40.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Health_Organization","url_text":"World Health Organization"},{"url":"https://icd.who.int/browse10/2016/en","url_text":"The ICD-10 Classification of Mental and Behavioural Disorders. Clinical descriptions and diagnostic guidelines"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geneva","url_text":"Geneva"}]},{"reference":"\"EMOTIONAL AND BEHAVIORAL DISORDER (EBD)\" (PDF). Cherokee County School District. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-05-02. Retrieved 2019-05-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190502051329/https://www.cherokeek12.net/userfiles/wp-uploads/2016/07/Emotional-and-Behavioral-Disability-Eligibility.pdf","url_text":"\"EMOTIONAL AND BEHAVIORAL DISORDER (EBD)\""},{"url":"https://www.cherokeek12.net/userfiles/wp-uploads/2016/07/Emotional-and-Behavioral-Disability-Eligibility.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Are Students with EBD Given an IEP Plan? | Synonym\". classroom.synonym.com. Retrieved 2019-05-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://classroom.synonym.com/students-ebd-given-iep-plan-17195.html","url_text":"\"Are Students with EBD Given an IEP Plan? | Synonym\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mental Health Treatment: Then and Now | Introduction to Psychology\". courses.lumenlearning.com. Retrieved 2019-05-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://courses.lumenlearning.com/wmopen-psychology/chapter/introduction-to-mental-health/","url_text":"\"Mental Health Treatment: Then and Now | Introduction to Psychology\""}]},{"reference":"\"The History of Asylums in the 1800s - Video & Lesson Transcript\". Study.com. Retrieved 2019-05-07.","urls":[{"url":"http://study.com/academy/lesson/the-history-of-asylums-in-the-1800s.html","url_text":"\"The History of Asylums in the 1800s - Video & Lesson Transcript\""}]},{"reference":"Fong, Yvonne. \"The History of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders\". Academia.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.academia.edu/17559495","url_text":"\"The History of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders\""}]},{"reference":"\"Overview of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders\" (PDF). Pro Ed Inc.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.proedinc.com/Downloads/12762Ch01.pdf","url_text":"\"Overview of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders\""}]},{"reference":"\"History of Emotional Behavioral Disorders\". Emotional Behavioral Disorders. Retrieved 2019-05-07.","urls":[{"url":"http://ebdforeveryone.weebly.com/history-of-emotional-behavioral-disorders.html","url_text":"\"History of Emotional Behavioral Disorders\""}]},{"reference":"\"Emotional Disturbance |\". Center for Parent Information and Resources. 2010-06-16. Archived from the original on 2017-07-28. Retrieved 2019-05-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170728020020/https://www.parentcenterhub.org/emotionaldisturbance/","url_text":"\"Emotional Disturbance |\""},{"url":"https://www.parentcenterhub.org/emotionaldisturbance/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Students with Emotional Disturbance: Eligibility and Characteristics\". The Center for Effective Collaboration and Practice. American Institutes for Research. 2001. Archived from the original on 18 October 2015. Retrieved 22 October 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151018115029/http://cecp.air.org/resources/20th/eligchar.asp","url_text":"\"Students with Emotional Disturbance: Eligibility and Characteristics\""},{"url":"http://cecp.air.org/resources/20th/eligchar.asp/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Social Maladjustment\". Reinforcement Unlimited. Georgia. Archived from the original on 2 May 2001. Retrieved 22 October 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20010502221502/http://www.behavior-consultant.com/social.htm","url_text":"\"Social Maladjustment\""},{"url":"http://www.behavior-consultant.com/social.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Danielson, Melissa L.; Bitsko, Rebecca H.; Ghandour, Reem M.; Holbrook, Joseph R.; Kogan, Michael D.; Blumberg, Stephen J. (2018-03-04). \"Prevalence of Parent-Reported ADHD Diagnosis and Associated Treatment Among U.S. Children and Adolescents, 2016\". Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology. 47 (2): 199–212. doi:10.1080/15374416.2017.1417860. ISSN 1537-4416. PMC 5834391. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorothee_B%C3%A4r | Dorothee Bär | ["1 Early life and education","2 Political career","2.1 Member of Parliament, 2002–present","2.2 State Secretary for Transport and Digital Infrastructure, 2014–2018","2.3 State Minister for Digitization, 2018–2021","3 Other activities","3.1 Government agencies","3.2 Corporate boards","3.3 Non-profits","4 Political positions","5 Personal life","6 See also","7 References","8 External links"] | German politician
Dorothee BärBär in 2017Minister of State for DigitizationIn office14 March 2018 – 8 December 2021ChancellorAngela MerkelPreceded byOffice establishedParliamentary State Secretary for Transport and Digital InfrastructureIn office17 December 2013 – 14 March 2018ChancellorAngela MerkelMinisterAlexander Dobrindt Christian Schmidt (Acting)Preceded byAndreas ScheuerSucceeded bySteffen BilgerDeputy General Secretary of the Christian Social UnionIn office9 February 2009 – 1 February 2017LeaderHorst SeehoferPreceded byJoachim Herrmann (1998)Succeeded byMarkus BlumeMember of the Bundestag for Bad KissingenIncumbentAssumed office 27 September 2009Preceded byEduard Lintner
Personal detailsBorn (1978-04-19) 19 April 1978 (age 46)Bamberg, West GermanyPolitical partyChristian Social Union of BavariaSpouseOliver BärAlma materFree University of BerlinSignatureWebsitedorothee-baer.de
Dorothee Gisela Renate Maria Bär (née Mantel; born 19 April 1978) is a German politician of the Christian Social Union of Bavaria (CSU) who has been serving as a member of the German Bundestag since 2002. From 2014 to 2021, she served in various capacities in the government of Chancellor Angela Merkel.
Early life and education
Dorothee Bär, grew up in Ebelsbach, Landkreis Haßberge where she still lives.
She finished high school in Grayslake, Illinois in 1996 and Franz-Ludwig-Gymnasium in Bamberg in 1999.
Supported by a scholarship of the Hanns Seidel Foundation, Bär studied political science in several universities throughout Germany and received her diploma in 2005 from Otto-Suhr-Institut of the Free University of Berlin. After her graduation, she worked as a journalist for several radio stations and newspapers.
Political career
Bär started her political career in 1996 by joining the Young Union (JU), the youth organization of the CSU. In 1994 she became a member of the CSU. In 1999, she became a member of the Board of Directors of the Junge Union for the region of Lower Franconia. From 2001 to 2003, she served as the Chairperson of the Association of Christian Democratic Students (RCDS) of Bavaria.
Member of Parliament, 2002–present
Since the 2002 national elections, Bär has been a member of the German Parliament representing the Bad Kissingen electoral district (#248) which comprises three counties: Bad Kissingen, Rhön-Grabfeld, and Haßberge. Between 2005 and 2009, Bär was a member of the Committee on Foreign Affairs. Within her parliamentary group, she served as deputy spokesperson for foreign policy between 2008 and 2009, succeeding Karl-Theodor zu Guttenberg.
In November 2008 Bär was elected as the Deputy National Chairperson of the Young Union, under the leadership of chairman Philipp Mißfelder. In February 2009, she became the Deputy Secretary General of the CSU, serving alongside Secretary General Alexander Dobrindt under party chairman Horst Seehofer.
In the negotiations to form a coalition government following the 2009 federal elections, Bär was part of the CDU/CSU delegation in the working group on families, integration of immigrants and culture, led by Maria Böhmer and Hans-Joachim Otto. Between 2009 and 2013, she then served on the Committee on Family Affairs, Senior Citizens, Women and Youth as well as on the Committee on Cultural and Media Affairs.
In addition to her committee assignments, Bär was a member of the German-Korean Parliamentary Friendship Group and of the German-Swiss Parliamentary Friendship Group.
Since 2021, Bär has been serving as one her parliamentary group's deputy chairs, under the leadership of successive chairs Ralph Brinkhaus (2021–2022) and Friedrich Merz (2022–present). In this capacity, she oversees the group’s legislative activities on families and cultural affairs.
State Secretary for Transport and Digital Infrastructure, 2014–2018
In the coalition talks following the 2013 federal elections, Bär led the working group on digital policy; her co-chair was Brigitte Zypries of the SPD. In the third government under Chancellor Angela Merkel, she served as Parliamentary State Secretary in the Federal Ministry of Transport and Digital Infrastructure under the leadership of Minister Alexander Dobrindt. In this capacity, she was also the government’s Coordinator for Freight Transport and Logistics.
State Minister for Digitization, 2018–2021
In the negotiations to form a fourth cabinet under Merkel following the 2017 federal elections, Bär again led the working group on digital policy, this time alongside Helge Braun and Lars Klingbeil. Following the formation of the new government, she was appointed to the newly established post of State Minister for Digitization at the Federal Chancellery. Together with investor Frank Thelen she also been co-chaired the German Innovation Council at the Federal Chancellery.
Ahead of the 2021 elections, CDU chairman Armin Laschet included Bär in his eight-member shadow cabinet for the Christian Democrats’ campaign; she was the only CSU politician selected for this role.
Other activities
Government agencies
Federal Agency for Civic Education (BpB), Member of the Board of Trustees (2005–2009)
Corporate boards
FC Bayern München, Member of the Advisory Board (since 2019)
ÖPP Deutschland AG, Ex-officio Member of the Supervisory Board (2013-2017)
CNC Communications & Network Consulting, Member of the Board of Experts (2009–2013)
Quadriga University of Applied Sciences Berlin, (2009–2013)
Rhön-Klinikum, Member of the Advisory Board (2009–2013)
RTL Television, Member of the Program Committee (2009–2013)
Non-profits
University of Würzburg, Member of the Board of Trustees
International Journalists’ Programmes (IJP), Member of the Board of Trustees
AFS Intercultural Programs - Germany, Member of the Board of Trustees
German Academy for Literature for Children and Young Adults, Member of the Advisory Board
Kissinger Sommer, Member of the Board of Trustees
cnetz, Member of the Advisory Board
Total E-Quality initiative, Member of the Board of Trustees
Wasserwacht of the Bavarian Red Cross, Chairwoman
Atlantik-Brücke, Member
2017 German Computer Games Award, Member of the Jury
German Federal Film Board (FFA), Member of the Supervisory Board (2005–2013)
Political positions
Ahead of the 2021 national elections, Bär endorsed Markus Söder as the Christian Democrats' joint candidate to succeed Chancellor Angela Merkel.
Personal life
Bär with her husband in 2012
Bär is married to lawyer and fellow CSU politician Oliver Bär. The couple has two daughters and a son.
See also
List of Bavarian Christian Social Union politicians
References
^ a b c d e Personal background information from her official website
^ a b Bundestag Archived 30 September 2009 at the Wayback Machine
^ Georg Paul Hefty (11 November 2008), Dorothee Bär: Die nächste Generation der CSU Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung.
^ German-Swiss Parliamentary Friendship Group Federal Assembly.
^ Neuaufstellung der Union: Spahn ist jetzt Stellvertreter des Fraktionsvorsitzenden Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, 13 December 2021.
^ Dorothee Bär ist neue Koordinatorin für Güterverkehr und Logistik Federal Ministry of Transport and Digital Infrastructure, press release of 29 January 2014.
^ Dana Heide and Dietmar Neuerer (5 March 2018), Dorothee Bär ist für Seehofer die beste Lösung fürs Digitale Handelsblatt.
^ "Innovation Council konstituiert sich im Bundeskanzleramt". Startseite (in German). 17 May 2018. Retrieved 20 May 2019.
^ Fatina Keilani and Christoph Prantner (September 3, 2021), Personen statt Positionen: Laschet bringt sein «Zukunftsteam» in Stellung Neue Zürcher Zeitung.
^ Margot Lamparter (8 March 2019), Dorothee Bär neues Mitglied im Verwaltungsbeirat des FC Bayern Bayerischer Rundfunk.
^ Board of Trustees (2019-2022) Archived 3 October 2016 at the Wayback Machine International Journalists’ Programmes (IJP).
^ Second CDU premier drops support for Laschet's German chancellery run Reuters, April 16, 2021.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Dorothee Bär.
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Links to related articles
vte Members of the 17th Bundestag (2009–2013)President: Norbert Lammert (CDU)CDU/CSUvte CDU/CSUSpeaker: Volker Kauder
CDU:
Altmaier
Bareiß
Barthle
Baumann
Beck
Behrens
Bellmann
Bergner
Beyer
Bilger
Binninger
Bleser
Böhmer
Börnsen
Bosbach
Brackmann
Brähmig
Brand
Brandt
Brauksiepe
Braun
Brehmer
Brinkhaus
Caesar
Connemann
Dautzenberg
de Maizière
Dörflinger
Dött
Feist
Ferlemann
Fischbach
Fischer
Fischer
Fischer
Flachsbarth
Flosbach
Fritz
Fuchs
Fuchtel
Funk
Gädechens
Gebhart
Gerig
Gienger
Götz
Granold
Grindel
Gröhe
Grosse-Brömer
Grotelüschen
Grübel
Grund
Grütters
Gutting
Haibach
Harbarth
Hardt
Heider
Heiderich
Heil
Heinen-Esser
Heinrich
Henke
Hennrich
Herrmann
Heveling
Hintze
Hirte
Hochbaum
Holzenkamp
Hörster
Hübinger
Hüppe
Jarzombek
Jasper
Jung
Jung
Jüttner
Kammer
Kampeter
Kaster
Kauder
Kauder
Kaufmann
Kiesewetter
von Klaeden
Klamt
Klein
Klimke
Klöckner
Knoerig
Koeppen
Kolbe
Koschorrek
Kossendey
Kretschmer
Krichbaum
Krings
Krogmann
Kruse
Kudla
Kues
Lach
Lamers
Lämmel
Lammert
Landgraf
von der Leyen
Liebing
Lietz
Linnemann
Lips
Luczak
Luther
Maag
von der Marwitz
Mattfeldt
Meister
Merkel
Michalk
Middelberg
Mißfelder
Monstadt
Müller
Murmann
Neumann
Noll
Otte
Paul
Pawelski
Petzold
Pfeiffer
Pfeiffer
Philipp
Pofalla
Poland
Polenz
Pols
Puttrich
Rachel
Rehberg
Reiche
Riebsamen
Rief
Riegert
Riesenhuber
Röring
Röttgen
Rüddel
Schäfer
Schäuble
Schavan
Schiewerling
Schindler
Schipanski
Schirmbeck
Schnieder
Schockenhoff
Schröder
Schröder
Schulte-Drüggelte
Schummer
Schuster
Seif
Selle
Sendker
Sensburg
Siebert
Spahn
Stauche
Steffel
Steinbach
von Stetten
Stier
Storjohann
Strenz
Strobl
Strothmann
Stübgen
Tauber
Tillmann
Vaatz
Vogel
Vogelsang
Voßhoff
Wadephul
Wanderwitz
Wegner
Weinberg
Weiss
Weiß
Wellenreuther
Wellmann
Wichtel
Widmann-Mauz
Willsch
Winkelmeier-Becker
Zimmer
Zylajew
CSU:
Aigner
Aumer
Bär
Brandl
Dobrindt
Frankenhauser
Friedrich
Frieser
Gauweiler
Geis
Glos
Göppel
Götzer
zu Guttenberg
Hahn
Hasselfeldt
Hinsken
Holmeier
Kalb
Karl
Koschyk
Lange
Lehmer
Lehrieder
Mayer
Michelbach
Mortler
Müller
Müller
Nüßlein
Obermeier
Oswald
Raab
Ramsauer
Ruck
Rupprecht
Scheuer
Schmidt
Silberhorn
Singhammer
Stracke
Straubinger
Uhl
Wöhrl
Zöller
SPDvte SPDSpeaker: Frank-Walter Steinmeier
Members:
Arndt-Brauer
Arnold
Barchmann
Barnett
Bartels
Barthel
Bartol
Bas
Bätzing-Lichtenthäler
Becker
Beckmeyer
Binding
Bollmann
Brandner
Brase
Brinkmann
Bulmahn
Bülow
Burchardt
Burkert
Crone
Danckert
Dörmann
Drobinski-Weiß
Duin
Edathy
Egloff
Ehrmand
Erler
Ernstberger
Evers-Meyer
Ferner
Fograscher
Franke
Freitag
Friedrich
Gabriel
Gerdes
Gerster
Gleicke
Gloser
Gottschalck
Graf
Griese
Groneberg
Groschek
Groß
Gunkel
Hacker
Hagedorn
Hagemann
Hartmann
Heil
Hellmich
Hempelmann
Hendricks
Herzog
Hiller-Ohm
Hinz
Hofmann
Högl
Humme
Juratović
Kaczmarek
Kahrs
Kastner
Kelber
Klingbeil
Klose
Klug
Kofler
Kolbe
Körper
Kramme
Kressl
Krüger-Leißner
Kumpf
Lambrecht
Lange
Lauterbach
Lemme
Lischka
Lösekrug-Möller
Lühmann
Marks
Mast
Mattheis
Merkel
Meßmer
Miersch
Müntefering
Mützenich
Nahles
Nietan
Nink
Oppermann
Ortel
Özoğuz
Paula
Pflug
Poß
Priesmeier
Pronold
Raabe
Rawert
Rebmann
Reichenbach
Reimann
Rix
Röspel
Rossmann
Roth
Roth
Rupprecht
Sawade
Schaaf
Schäfer
Scheelen
Scheer
Schieder
Schieder
Schmidt
Schmidt
Schneider
Scholz
Schreiner
Schulz
Schurer
Schwabe
Schwall-Düren
Schwanholz
Schwanitz
Schwartze
Schwarzelühr-Sutter
Sieling
Steffen
Steinbrück
Steinmeier
Strässer
Tack
Thierse
Thönnes
Tiefensee
Veit
Vogt
Volkmer
Wicklein
Wieczorek-Zeul
Wiefelspütz
Wolff
Zapf
Ziegler
Zöllmer
Zypries
FDPvte FDPSpeaker: Birgit Homburger and Rainer Brüderle
Members:
Ackermann
Ahrendt
Aschenberg-Dugnus
Bahr
Bernschneider
Blumenthal
Bögel
Bracht-Bendt
Breil
Brüderle
Brunkhorst
Burgbacher
Buschmann
Canel
Daub
Deutschmann
Djir-Sarai
Döring
Drexler
Dyckmans
Ehrenberg
Erdel
van Essen
Flach
Fricke
Friedhoff
Geisen
Gerhardt
Goldmann
Golombeck
Gruß
Günther
Happach-Kasan
Haustein
Höferlin
Hoff
Homburger
Hoyer
Kamp
Kauch
Knopek
Kober
Kolb
Königshaus
Kopp
Koppelin
Körber
Krestel
Kurth
Lanfermann
Laurischk
Leibrecht
Leutheusser-Schnarrenberger
Lindemann
Lindner
Lindner
Link
Lotter
Luksic
Meierhofer
Meinhardt
Molitor
Mücke
Müller
Müller-Sönksen
Neumann
Niebel
Otto
Pieper
Piltz
von Polheim
Ratjen-Damerau
Reinemund
Reinhold
Röhlinger
Ruppert
Sänger
Schäffler
Schnurr
Schulz
Schuster
Schweickert
Simmling
Skudelny
Solms
Spatz
Stadler
Staffeldt
Stinner
Thiele
Thomae
Todtenhausen
Toncar
Tören
Vogel
Volk
Westerwelle
Winterstein
Wissing
Wolff
LINKEvte LINKESpeaker: Gregor Gysi
Members:
Alpers
Bartsch
Behrens
Binder
Birkwald
Bluhm
Bockhahn
Buchholz
Bulling-Schröter
Bunge
Claus
Dağdelen
Dehm-Desoi
Dittrich
Dreibus
Enkelmann
Ernst
Gehrcke-Reymann
Gohlke
Golze
Groth
Gysi
Hänsel
Hein
Höger
Höll
Hunko
Jelpke
Jochimsen
Kipping
Koch
Korte
Krellmann
Kunert
Lafontaine
Lay
Leidig
Lenkert
Leutert
Liebich
Lötzer
Lötzsch
Lutze
Maurer
Menzner
Möhring
Möller
Movassat
Naumann
Nord
Pau
Petermann
Pitterle
Ploetz
Remmers
Schäfer
Schlecht
Schui
Seifert
Senger-Schäfer
Sharma
Sitte
Stüber
Süßmair
Tackmann
Tempel
Troost
Ulrich
van Aken
Vogler
Voß
Wagenknecht
Wawzyniak
Weinberg
Werner
Wunderlich
Zimmermann
GRÜNEvte GRUENESpeaker: Renate Künast and Jürgen Trittin
Members:
Andreae
Beck
Beck
Behm
Bender
Bonde
Deligöz
Dörner
Ebner
Fell
Gambke
Gehring
Göring-Eckardt
Haßelmann
Herlitzius
Hermann
Hinz
Höfken-Deipenbrock
Hofreiter
Höhn
Hönlinger
Hoppe
Kekeritz
Keul
Kieckbusch
Kilic
Kindler
Klein-Schmeink
Koczy
Koenigs
Kotting-Uhl
Krischer
Krumwiede
Kuhn
Kühn
Künast
Kurth
Kurth
Lazar
Lindner
Maisch
Malczak
Montag
Müller
Müller-Gemmeke
Nestle
Nouripour
Ostendorff
Ott
Paus
Pothmer
Rößner
Roth
Sager
Sarrazin
Scharfenberg
Scheel
Schick
Schmidt
Schneider
Seiler
Steiner
Strengmann-Kuhn
Ströbele
Terpe
Tressel
Trittin
von Cramon-Taubadel
von Notz
Wagner
Wagner
Walter-Rosenheimer
Wieland
Wilms
Winkler
OTHERvteIndependent
Members:
Nešković
List of members of the 17th Bundestag
vte Members of the 18th Bundestag (2013–2017)President: Norbert Lammert (CDU)CDU/CSUvte CDU/CSUSpeaker: Volker Kauder
CDU:
Albani
Altmaier
Bareiß
Barthle
Baumann
Beermann
Behrens
Bellmann
Benning
Berghegger
Bergner
Bertram
Beyer
Bilger
Binninger
Bleser
Böhmer
Bosbach
Brackmann
Brähmig
Brand
Brandt
Brauksiepe
Braun
Brehmer
Brinkhaus
Caesar
Connemann
Dinges-Dierig
Donth
Dörflinger
Dött
Eckenbach
Färber
Feiler
Feist
Ferlemann
Fischbach
Fischer
Fischer
Flachsbarth
Flosbach
Frei
Fuchs
Fuchtel
Funk
Gädechens
Gebhart
Gerig
Gienger
Giousouf
Grindel
Groden-Kranich
Gröhe
Gröhler
Grosse-Brömer
Grotelüschen
Grübel
Grund
Grundmann
Grütters
Gundelach
Güntzler
Gutting
Haase
Hajek
Harbarth
Hardt
Hauer
Hauptmann
Heck
Heider
Heiderich
Heil
Heinrich
Helfrich
Heller
Hellmuth
Henke
Hennrich
Herdan
Heveling
Hintze
Hinz
Hirte
Hirte
Hochbaum
Hoffmann
Holzenkamp
Hoppenstedt
Horb
Höschel
Hornhues
Huber
Hübinger
Hüppe
Jarzombek
Jepsen
Jörrißen
Jung
Jung
Jung
Jüttner
Kammer
Kampeter
Kanitz
Karliczek
Kaster
Kauder
Kaufmann
Kemmer
Kiesewetter
Kippels
Klein
Klimke
Knoerig
Koeppen
Koob
Körber
Kovac
Kretschmer
Krichbaum
Krings
Kruse
Kudla
Kühne
Lach
Lagosky
Lamers
Lämmel
Lammert
Landgraf
Leikert
Lengsfeld
Leyen
Lezius
Liebing
Lietz
Linnemann
Lips
Lorenz
Lücking-Michel
Luczak
Maag
Magwas
Mahlberg
Maizière
Manderla
Marschall
Marwitz
Mattfeldt
Meister
Merkel
Metzler
Michalk
Middelberg
Mißfelder
Monstadt
Möring
Mosblech
Motschmann
Müller
Murmann
Nick
Noll
Nowak
Oellers
Ostermann
Otte
Pahlmann
Pantel
Patzelt
Pätzold
Petzold
Pfeiffer
Pfeiffer
Pofalla
Pols
Rachel
Radomski
Rehberg
Reiche
Riebsamen
Rief
Riesenhuber
Ripsam
Röring
Rösel
Röttgen
Rüddel
Schäfer
Schäuble
Schavan
Schiewerling
Schimke
Schindler
Schipanski
Schmelzle
Schmidt
Schnieder
Schockenhoff
Schön
Schröder
Schröder
Schulte-Drüggelte
Schulze
Schummer
Schuster
Schwarzer
Seif
Selle
Sendker
Sensburg
Siebert
Sorge
Spahn
Stauche
Steffel
Stegemann
Stein
Steineke
Steiniger
Stetten
Stier
Stockhofe
Storjohann
Strenz
Stritzl
Strobl
Strothmann
Stübgen
Sütterlin-Waack
Tauber
Tillmann
Timmermann-Fechter
Uhl
Vaatz
Veith
Viesehon
Vietz
Vogel
Volmering
Voßbeck-Kayser
Vries
Wadephul
Wanderwitz
Wange
Warken
Wegner
Weiler
Weinberg
Weiß
Weiss
Wellenreuther
Wellmann
Wendt
Westermayer
Whittaker
Wichtel
Widmann-Mauz
Wiese
Willsch
Winkelmeier-Becker
Wittke
Woltmann
Zertik
Zimmer
CSU:
Albsteiger
Auernhammer
Bär
Brandl
Dobrindt
Durz
Eberl
Fabritius
Freudenstein
Friedrich
Frieser
Gauweiler
Göppel
Hahn
Hasselfeldt
Hoffmann
Holmeier
Irlstorfer
Kalb
Karl
Koschyk
Lange
Lanzinger
Launert
Lehrieder
Lenz
Lerchenfeld
Lindholz
Ludwig
Mayer
Meier
Michelbach
Mortler
Müller
Müller
Nüßlein
Obermeier
Oßner
Radwan
Rainer
Ramsauer
Rupprecht
Scheuer
Schmidt
Silberhorn
Singhammer
Stefinger
Stracke
Straubinger
Strebl
Uhl
Ullrich
Weisgerber
Wöhrl
Zech
Zeulner
Zollner
SPDvte SPDSpeaker: Frank-Walter Steinmeier, Thomas Oppermann
Members:
Annen
Arndt-Brauer
Arnold
Baehrens
Bahr
Bähr-Losse
Barchmann
Barley
Barnett
Bartels
Barthel
Bartke
Bartol
Bas
Bätzing-Lichtenthäler
Becker
Beckmeyer
Binding
Blienert
Brase
Brunner
Bulmahn
Bülow
Burkert
Castellucci
Coße
Crone
Daldrup
De Ridder
Diaby
Dittmar
Dörmann
Drobinski-Weiß
Edathy
Ehrmann
Engelmeier-Heite
Erler
Ernstberger
Esken
Evers-Meyer
Fechner
Felgentreu
Ferner
Finckh-Krämer
Flisek
Fograscher
Franke
Freese
Freitag
Gabriel
Gerdes
Gerster
Gleicke
Glöckner
Gottschalck
Griese
Groneberg
Groß
Grötsch
Gunkel
Hagedorn
Hagl-Kehl
Hakverdi
Hampel
Hartmann
Hartmann
Heidenblut
Heil
Heinrich
Held
Hellmich
Hendricks
Henn
Herzog
Hiller-Ohm
Hinz
Hitschler
Högl
Ilgen
Jantz
Jost
Junge
Juratovic
Jurk
Kaczmarek
Kahrs
Kampmann
Kapschack
Katzmarek
Kelber
Kermer
Kiziltepe
Klare
Klingbeil
Kofler
Kolbe
Kömpel
Kramme
Krüger
Krüger-Leißner
Kühn-Mengel
Lambrecht
Lange
Lauterbach
Lemme
Lischka
Lösekrug-Möller
Lotze
Lühmann
Malecha-Nissen
Marks
Mast
Mattheis
Miersch
Mindrup
Mittag
Müller
Müller
Müntefering
Mützenich
Nahles
Nietan
Nissen
Oppermann
Özdemir
Özoğuz
Paschke
Petry
Pflugradt
Pilger
Poschmann
Poß
Post
Post
Priesmeier
Pronold
Raabe
Raatz
Rabanus
Rawert
Rebmann
Reichenbach
Reimann
Rimkus
Rix
Rode-Bosse
Rohde
Rosemann
Röspel
Rossmann
Roth
Rüthrich
Rützel
Ryglewski
Saathoff
Sawade
Schabedoth
Schäfer
Scheer
Schieder
Schiefner
Schlegel
Schmidt
Schmidt
Schmidt
Schneider
Scho-Antwerpes
Schulte
Schulz
Schurer
Schwabe
Schwartze
Schwarz
Schwarzelühr-Sutter
Sieling
Spiering
Spinrath
Stadler
Stamm-Fibich
Steffen
Steinbrück
Steinmeier
Strässer
Tack
Tausend
Thews
Thissen
Thönnes
Tiefensee
Träger
Veit
Vogt
Vöpel
Weber
Westphal
Wicklein
Wiese
Wolff
Yüksel
Ziegler
Zierke
Zimmermann
Zöllmer
Zypries
LINKEvte LINKESpeaker: Gregor Gysi, Dietmar Bartsch, Sahra Wagenknecht
Members:
Aken
Alpers
Bartsch
Behrens
Binder
Birkwald
Bluhm
Buchholz
Bulling-Schröter
Claus
Dağdelen
Dehm
Ernst
Gehrcke
Gohlke
Golze
Groth
Gysi
Hahn
Hänsel
Hein
Höger
Hunko
Hupach
Jelpke
Karawanskij
Kassner
Kipping
Korte
Krellmann
Kunert
Lay
Leidig
Lenkert
Leutert
Liebich
Lötzsch
Lutze
Menz
Möhring
Movassat
Müller
Neu
Nord
Pau
Petzold
Pitterle
Renner
Schlecht
Sitte
Steinke
Tackmann
Tank
Tempel
Troost
Ulrich
Vogler
Wagenknecht
Wawzyniak
Weinberg
Werner
Wöllert
Wunderlich
Zdebel
Zimmermann
Zimmermann
GRÜNEvte GRUENESpeaker: Katrin Göring-Eckardt, Anton Hofreiter
Members:
Amtsberg
Andreae
Baerbock
Beck
Beck
Brantner
Brugger
Deligöz
Dörner
Dröge
Ebner
Gambke
Gastel
Gehring
Göring-Eckardt
Hajduk
Haßelmann
Hinz
Hofreiter
Höhn
Janecek
Kekeritz
Keul
Kindler
Klein-Schmeink
Koenigs
Kotting-Uhl
Krischer
Kühn
Kühn
Künast
Kurth
Lazar
Lemke
Lindner
Maisch
Meiwald
Mihalic
Müller-Gemmeke
Mutlu
Notz
Nouripour
Ostendorff
Özdemir
Paus
Pothmer
Rößner
Roth
Rüffer
Sarrazin
Scharfenberg
Schauws
Schick
Schmidt
Schulz-Asche
Strengmann-Kuhn
Ströbele
Terpe
Tressel
Trittin
Verlinden
Wagner
Walter-Rosenheimer
Wilms
OTHERvteIndependent
Members:
Steinbach
List of members of the 18th Bundestag
vte Members of the 19th Bundestag (2017–2021)President Wolfgang Schäuble (CDU)CDU/CSUvte CDU, CSUSpeaker: Ralph Brinkhaus
CDU:
Abercron
Albani
Altenkamp
Altmaier
Amthor
Bareiß
Barthle
Beermann
Behrens
Bellmann
Benning
Berghegger
Bernstein
Bernstiel
Beyer
Biadacz
Bilger
Bleser
Brackmann
Brand
Brauksiepe (until 4 November 2018)
Braun
Breher
Brehmer
Brinkhaus
Brodesser
Connemann
Damerow
Donth
Dött
Färber
Feiler
Ferlemann
Fischer
Flachsbarth
Frei
Friemann-Jennert (from 7 April 2021)
Fuchtel
Gädechens
Gebhart
Gerig
Gienger
Gnodtke
Groden-Kranich
Gröhe
Gröhler
Grosse-Brömer
Grotelüschen
Grübel
Grund
Grundmann
Grütters
Güntzler
Gutting
Haase
Harbarth (until 30 November 2018)
Hardt
Hauer
Hauptmann (until 19 March 2021)
Heider
Heil
Heilmann
Heinrich
Helfrich
Henke
Hennrich
Henrichmann
Heveling
Hirte
Hirte
Hoppenstedt
Irmer
Jarzombek
Jung
Jung
Karliczek
Kartes
Kauder
Kaufmann
Kemmer
Kiesewetter
Kippels
Klein
Knoerig
Koeppen
Koob
Körber
Kovac (from 17 March 2021)
Krauß
Krichbaum
Krings
Kruse
Kühne
Lamers
Lämmel
Landgraf
Lehmann
Leikert
Leyen (until 31 July 2019)
Lezius
Linnemann
Lips
Löbel (until 10 March 2021)
Luczak
Ludwig (from 3 December 2019)
Maag
Magwas
Maizière
Manderla (from 5 November 2018)
Mannes
Marschall
Marwitz
Mattfeldt
Meister
Merkel
Metzler
Middelberg
Monstadt
Möring
Motschmann
Müller
Müller
Müller
Natterer (from 11 November 2020)
Nick
Nicolaisen
Noll
Nordt (from 22 March 2021)
Oellers
Oster
Ostermann (from 1 May 2021)
Otte
Pahlmann (from 1 August 2019)
Pantel
Patzelt
Pfeiffer
Ploß
Pols
Rachel
Radomski
Rehberg
Riebsamen
Rief
Röring
Röttgen
Rouenhoff
Rüddel
Sauer
Schäfer
Schäuble
Schimke
Schipanski
Schmidtke
Schnieder
Schön
Schreiner
Schulze
Schummer
Schuster (until 9 November 2020)
Schweiger
Seif
Selle
Sendker
Sensburg
Siebert (from 2 March 2020)
Simon
Sorge
Spahn
Steffel
Stegemann
Steier
Stein
Steineke
Steiniger
Stetten
Stier
Storjohann
Strenz (until 21 March 2021)
Stübgen (until 2 December 2019)
Tauber (until 7 May 2021)
Tebroke
Thies
Throm
Tiemann
Tillmann
Uhl
Vaatz
Veith (until 1 March 2020)
Vieregge
Viesehon (from 8 May 2021)
Vogel
Vries
Vries
Wadephul
Wanderwitz
Warken (from 5 December 2018)
Wegner
Weiler
Weinberg
Weiß
Weiss
Wellenreuther
Wendt
Whittaker
Widmann-Mauz
Wiesmann
Willsch
Winkelmeier-Becker
Wittke (until 30 April 2021)
Ziemiak
Zimmer
CSU:
Auernhammer
Aumer
Bär
Brandl
Brehm
Dobrindt
Durz
Erndl
Fabritius (from 22 March 2021)
Freudenstein (from 2 July 2019, until 15 May 2020)
Friedrich
Frieser
Hahn
Hoffmann
Holmeier
Irlstorfer
Karl
Kießling
Kuffer
Lange
Launert
Lehrieder
Lenz
Lindholz
Loos
Ludwig
Mayer
Michelbach
Mortler (until 1 July 2019)
Müller
Müller
Oßner
Pilsinger
Radwan
Rainer
Ramsauer
Rupprecht
Scheuer
Schmidt
Silberhorn
Staffler
Stefinger
Stracke
Straubinger
Ullrich
Weisgerber
Zech (from 25 May 2020, until 19 March 2021)
Zeulner
SPDvte SPDSpeaker: Rolf Mützenich
Other members:
Annen
Arndt-Brauer
Bach
Baehrens
Bahr
Baradari
Barley (until 1 July 2019)
Barnett
Bartke
Bartol
Bas
Binding
Brecht
Breymaier
Brunner
Budde
Castellucci
Daldrup
Diaby
Dilcher
Dittmar
Esdar
Esken
Fahimi
Fechner
Felgentreu
Franke
Freese
Freitag
Gerdes
Gerster
Glöckner
Gremmels
Griese
Groß
Grötsch
Hagedorn
Hagl-Kehl
Hakverdi
Hartmann
Heidenblut
Heil
Heinrich
Held
Hellmich
Hendricks
Herzog
Hiller-Ohm
Hitschler
Högl (until 25 May 2020)
Junge
Juratovic
Jurk
Kaczmarek
Kahrs (until 6 May 2020)
Kaiser
Kapschack
Katzmarek
Kiziltepe
Klare
Klingbeil
Kofler
Kolbe
Korkmaz
Kramme
Lambrecht
Lange
Lauterbach
Lehmann
Lindh
Lotze (from 24 November 2020)
Lühmann
Maas
Mackensen-Geis (from 2 July 2019)
Marks
Dorothee Martin from (11 May 2020)
Mast
Matschie
Mattheis
Miersch
Mindrup
Mittag
Mohrs
Moll
Möller
Müller
Müller
Müntefering
Mützenich
Nahles (until 31 October 2019)
Nietan
Nissen
Oppermann (until 25 October 2020)
Ortleb
Özdemir
Özoğuz
Paschke
Petry
Pilger
Poschmann
Post
Post
Pronold
Raabe
Rabanus
Mechthild Rawert (from 26 May 2020)
Ridder
Rimkus
Rix
Rohde
Rosemann
Röspel
Rossmann
Roth
Rüthrich
Rützel
Ryglewski
Saathoff
Schäfer
Scheer
Schieder
Schiefner
Schmid
Schmidt
Schmidt
Schmidt
Schneider
Schraps
Schrodi
Schulte
Schulz
Schulz
Schwabe
Schwartze
Schwarz
Schwarzelühr-Sutter
Spiering
Stadler
Stamm-Fibich
Steffen
Stein
Tack
Tausend
Thews
Töns
Träger
Vogt
Völlers
Vöpel
Weber
Weingarten (from 1 November 2019)
Westphal
Wiese
Yüksel
Ziegler
Zierke
Zimmermann
AfDvte AfDSpeaker: Alexander Gauland, Alice Weidel
Other members:
Baumann
Bernhard
Bleck
Boehringer
Brandner
Braun
Bühl
Büttner
Bystron
Chrupalla
Cotar
Curio
Droese
Ehrhorn
Elsner von Gronow
Espendiller
Felser
Friedhoff
Friesen
Frohnmaier
Frömming
Gauland
Gehrke (until 23 September 2021)
Glaser
Gminder
Gottberg
Gottschalk
Hampel
Harder-Kühnel
Hartwig
Haug
Hebner
Hemmelgarn
Herdt
Hess
Heßenkemper
Hilse
Höchst
Hohmann
Hollnagel
Holm
Huber
Jacobi
Jongen
Kestner
Keuter
Kleinwächter
Komning
König
Kotré
Kraft
Lucassen
Magnitz
Maier
Maier
Malsack-Winkemann
Miazga
Mrosek
Müller
Münz
Münzenmaier
Neumann
Nolte
Oehme
Otten
Pasemann
Peterka
Podolay
Pohl
Protschka
Reichardt
Renner
Reusch
Schielke-Ziesing
Schlund
Schneider
Schulz
Seitz
Sichert
Spangenberg
Spaniel
Springer
Storch
Weidel
Weyel
Wiehle
Wildberg
Wirth
Witt
FDPvte FDPSpeaker: Christian Lindner
Other members:
Aggelidis
Alt
Aschenberg-Dugnus
Bauer
Beeck
Beek
Beer (until 30 June 2019)
Brandenburg
Brandenburg
Bubendorfer-Licht
Buschmann
Busen
Cronenberg
Dassler
Djir-Sarai
Dürr
Ebbing
Faber
Föst
Gohl (from 1 May 2021)
Fricke
Hacker
Hanke (from 15 November 2019)
Heidt (from 1 July 2019)
Helling-Plahr
Herbrand
Herbst
Hessel
Hocker
Höferlin
Hoffmann
Houben
Ihnen
Jensen
Jung (until 30 April 2021)
Kemmerich (until 14 November 2019)
Klein
Klinge
Kluckert
Kober
Köhler
Konrad
Kubicki
Kuhle
Kulitz
Lambsdorff
Lechte
Lindner
Link
Luksic
Mansmann
Martens
Meyer
Müller
Müller-Böhm
Müller-Rosentritt
Neumann
Nölke (from 28 April 2020)
Reinhold
Reuther
Ruppert (until 27 April 2020)
Sattelberger
Sauter
Schäffler
Schinnenburg
Seestern-Pauly
Sitta
Skudelny
Solms
Stark-Watzinger
Strack-Zimmermann
Strasser
Suding
Teuteberg
Theurer
Thomae
Todtenhausen
Toncar
Ullmann
Ullrich
Vogel
Weeser
Westig
Willkomm
LINKEvte LINKESpeaker: Dietmar Bartsch, Amira Mohamed Ali
Other members:
Achelwilm
Akbulut
Barrientos
Bartsch
Beutin
Birkwald
Bluhm
Brandt
Buchholz
Bull-Bischoff
Cezanne
Dağdelen
Dehm
Domscheit-Berg
Ernst
Ferschl
Freihold
Gabelmann
Gohlke
Gysi
Hahn
Hänsel
Höhn
Hunko
Jelpke
Kassner
Kessler
Kipping
Korte
Krellmann
Lay
Leidig
Lenkert
Leutert (until 14 February 2021)
Liebich
Lötzsch
Lutze
Masi
Meiser
Mohamed Ali
Möhring
Movassat
Müller
Nastić
Neu
Nord
Pau
Pellmann
Perli
Pflüger
Remmers
Renner
Riexinger
Schreiber
Sitte
Sommer
Steinke
Straetmanns
Tackmann
Tatti
Axel Troost (from 16 February 2021)
Ulrich
Vogler
Wagenknecht
Wagner
Weinberg
Werner
Zdebel
Zimmermann
Zimmermann
GRÜNEvte GRÜNESpeaker: Katrin Göring-Eckardt, Anton Hofreiter
Other members:
Amtsberg
Andreae (until 31 October 2019)
Badum
Baerbock
Bause
Bayaz
Bayram
Brantner
Brugger
Christmann
Dahmen (from 12 November 2020)
Deligöz
Dörner (until 31 October 2020)
Dröge
Ebner
Gastel
Gehring
Gelbhaar
Göring-Eckardt
Grundl
Hajduk
Haßelmann
Hoffmann
Hofreiter
von Holtz
Janecek
Kappert-Gonther
Kekeritz
Keul
Kindler
Klein-Schmeink
Kotting-Uhl
Krischer
Kühn
Kühn (until 18 October 2020)
Künast
Kurth
Lazar
Lehmann
Lemke
Lindner
Mihalic
Müller
Müller-Gemmeke
Nestle
Notz
Nouripour
Ostendorff
Özdemir
Paus
Polat
Rößner
Roth
Rottmann
Rüffer
Sarrazin
Schauws
Schick (until 31 December 2018)
Schmidt
Schmidt
Schneidewind-Hartnagel (from 1 November 2019)
Schulz-Asche
Strengmann-Kuhn
Stumpp
Tressel
Trittin
Verlinden
Wagner
Walter-Rosenheimer
Wetzel (from 21 October 2020)
Zickenheiner (from 1 January 2019)
OTHERvteIndependent
Members:
Bülow
Hartmann
Herrmann
Kamann
Mieruch
Nüßlein
Petry
List of members of the 19th Bundestag
vte Members of the 20th Bundestag (2021–2025)President Bärbel Bas (SPD)SPDvte SPDSpeaker: Rolf Mützenich
Other members:
Abdi
Ahmetovic
Alabali-Radovan
Andres
Annen
Arlt
Baehrens
Bahr
Baldy
Baradari
Bartol
Bartz
Bas
Becker
Berghahn
Bergt
Blankenburg
Breymaier
Brunner
Budde
Cademartori
Castellucci
Daldrup
Demir
De Ridder
Diaby
Diedenhofen
Dieren
Dilcher
Dittmar
Döring
Droßmann
Echeverria
Eichwede
Engelhardt
Esdar
Esken
Fäscher
Fechner
Fiedler
Franke
Funke
Gava
Gerdes
Gerster
Glöckner
Griese
Hagedorn
Hagl-Kehl
Hakverdi
Hartmann
Heidenblut
Heil
Heiligenstadt
Heinrich
Hellmich
Hennig
Heselhaus
Heubach
Hitschler
Hohmann
Hostert
Hubertz
Hümpfer
Junge
Juratovic
Kaczmarek
Kaiser
Karaahmetoǧlu
Kasper
Kassautzki
Katzmarek
Kersten
Kleebank
Klinck
Klingbeil
Klose
Klüssendorf
Kofler
Koß
Kramme
Kreiser
Kröber
Kühnert
Lahrkamp
Larem
Lauterbach
Lehmann
Leiser
Licina-Bode
Limbacher
Lindh
Lugk
Lutze
Machalet
Mackensen-Geis
Malottki
Mann
Martens
Marvi
Mascheck
Mast
Mehltretter
Mehmet Ali
Mende
Mesarosch
Michel
Miersch
Mieves
Mittag
Moll
Möller
Müller
Müller
Müller
Müntefering
Mützenich
Nasr
Nickholz
Nietan
Nürnberger
Oehl
Ortleb
Özdemir
Özoğuz
Pantazis
Papenbrock
Papendieck
Pawlik
Peick
Petry
Plobner
Poschmann
Post
Rabanus
Rhie
Rimkus
Rinkert
Rix
Rohde
Roloff
Rosemann
Rosenthal
Roth
Rudolph
Rudolph
Ruf
Rützel
Ryglewski
Saathoff
Schäfer
Schäfer
Schamber
Schätzl
Scheer
Schieder
Schiefner
Schierenbeck
Schisanowski
Schmid
Schmid
Schmidt
Schmidt
Schneider
Schneider
Scholz
Schraps
Schreider
Schrodi
Schulze
Schwabe
Schwartze
Schwarz
Schwarzelühr-Sutter
Seitzl
Stadler
Stamm-Fibich
Stegner
Stein
Sthamer
Stüwe
Tausend
Thews
Töns
Träger
Troff-Schaffarzyk
Türk-Nachbaur
Ullrich
Völlers
Vontz
Vöpel
Wagner
Wallstein
Walter
Wegge
Wegling
Weingarten
Werner
Westphal
Wiese
Wollmann
Yüksel
Zierke
Zimmermann
Zorn
Zschau
CDU/CSUvte CDU, CSUSpeaker: Friedrich Merz
CDU:
Abraham
Albani
Altenkamp
Amthor
Aumer
Bareiß
Bernstein
Beyer
Biadacz
Bilger
Borchardt
Brand
Braun
Breher
Brehmer
Breilmann
Brinkhaus
Brodesser
Bröhr
Bury
Connemann
Czaja
Damerow
Donth
Färber
Feiler
Ferlemann
Föhr
Frei
Gädechens
Gebhart
Gramling
Gröhe
Grosse-Brömer
Grübel
Grütters
Grund
Grundmann
Güler
Güntzler
Gutting
Haase
Hardt
Hauer
Heck
Heil
Heilmann
Helfrich
Henrichmann
Heveling
Hirte
Hoppenstedt
Hoppermann
Hüppe
Janssen
Jarzombek
Jung
Karliczek
Kaufmann
Kemmer
Kiesewetter
Kippels
Klein
Klein
Klöckner
Knoerig
König
Koeppen
Körber
Koob
Krichbaum
Krings
Kuban
Laschet
Lehmann
Leikert
Linnemann
Lips
Luczak
Mack
Magwas
Mannes
Mayer-Lay
Meister
Merz
Metzler
Middelberg
Mörseburg
Monstadt
Müller
Müller
Müller
Müller
Nacke
Nicolaisen
Oellers
Oppelt
Oster
Otte
Pahlmann
Ploß
Plum
Rachel
Radomski
Rehbaum
Reichel
Rief
Röttgen
Röwekamp
Rohwer
Rouenhoff
Rüddel
Firnhaber
Schenderlein
Schimke
Schnieder
Schön
Schreiner
Seif
Simon
Sorge
Spahn
Stegemann
Steiniger
von Stetten
Stier
Stöcker
Stumpp
Tebroke
Thies
Throm
Tillmann
Timmermann-Fechter
Uhl
Ullrich
Vieregge
Vogt
Vries
Wadephul
Wanderwitz
Warken
Weiss
Weiss
Whittaker
Widmann-Mauz
Wiener
Wiesmann
Willsch
Winkelmeier-Becker
Wulf
Ziemiak
Zippelius
CSU:
Auernhammer
Bär
Brandl
Brehm
Dobrindt
Durz
Edelhäußer
Engelhard
Englhardt-Kopf
Erndl
Friedrich
Frieser
Geissler
Hahn
Hierl
Hoffmann
Irlstorfer
Kießling
Lange
Launert
Lehrieder
Lenz
Lindholz
Loos
Ludwig
Mayer
Müller
Oßner
Radwan
Rainer
Ramsauer
Rupprecht
Scheuer
Silberhorn
Staffler
Stefinger
Stracke
Straubinger
Weisgerber
Winkler
Wittmann
Zeulner
GRÜNEvte GRÜNESpeaker: Claudia Roth
Other members: Aeffner
Amtsberg
Audretsch
Außendorf
Bacherle
Badum
Bär
Baerbock
Banaszak
Bayram
Beck
Benner
Brantner
Brugger
Bsirske
Christmann
Dahmen
Deligöz
Detzer
Dröge
Düring
Ebner
Eckert
Emmerich
Fester
Gambir
Ganserer
Gastel
Gehring
Gelbhaar
Gesenhues
Göring-Eckardt
Grau
Grützmacher
Grundl
Habeck
Haßelmann
Heitmann
Henneberger
Herrmann
Hönel
Hoffmann
Hofreiter
von Holtz
Janecek
Kaddor
Kappert-Gonther
Kellner
Keul
Khan
Kindler
Klein-Schmeink
Kopf
Krämer
Kraft
Kretz
Krischer
Krumwiede-Steiner
Künast
Kurth
Lang
Lehmann
Lemke
Liebert
Limburg
Lindner
Loop
Lucks
Lührmann
Mayer
Menge
Michaelsen
Mihalic
Mijatovič
C. Müller
S. Müller
Müller-Gemmeke
Nanni
Nestle
Nick
von Notz
Nouripour
Özdemir
Otte
Pahlke
Paus
Piechotta
Filiz
Reinalter
Rößner
Rottmann
Rüffer
Sacher
Taher Saleh
J. Schäfer
S. Schäfer
Schauws
Schmidt
Schönberger
Schröder
Schulz-Asche
Sekmen
Slawik
Spallek
Spellerberg
Steffen
Steinmüller
Strengmann-Kuhn
Tesfaiesus
Trittin
Uhlig
Verlinden
N. Wagener
R. Wagener
Wagner
Walter-Rosenheimer
Weishaupt
Wenzel
Winklmann
FDPvte FDPSpeaker: Christian Dürr
Other members: Abel
Adler
Al-Halak
Alt
Aschenberg-Dugnus
Bartelt
Bauer
Beeck
Bodtke
Boginski
J. Brandenburg
M. Brandenburg
Bubendorfer-Licht
Buschmann
Busen
Cronenberg
Djir-Sarai
Dürr
Faber
Föst
Funke-Kaiser
Gassner-Herz
Gerschau
Gründer
Hacker
Hartewig
Harzer
Heidt
Helling-Plahr
Herbrand
Herbst
Hessel
Hocker
Höferlin
Hoffmann
Houben
in der Beek
Jensen
Jurisch
Klein
Kluckert
Kober
Köhler
Konrad
Kruse
Kubicki
Kuhle
Lambsdorff
Lechte
Lenders
Lieb
Lindner
Link
Lütke
Luksic
Mansmann
Merten
Meyer
Mordhorst
Müller
Müller-Rosentritt
Raffelhüschen
Redder
Reinhold
Reuther
Sauter
Schäffler
Schröder
Schulz
Seestern-Pauly
Seiter
Semet
Skudelny
Stark-Watzinger
Stockmeier
Strack-Zimmermann
Strasser
Teuteberg
Teutrine
Theurer
Thomae
Tippelt
Todtenhausen
Toncar
Ullmann
Ullrich
Vogel
Wagner
Weeser
Westig
Willkomm
Wissing
AfDvte AfDSpeaker:
Other members:
Bachmann
Baum
Baumann
Beckamp
Bernhard
Blerk
Bochmann
Boehringer
Bollmann
Brandes
Brandner
Braun
Bühl
Bystron
Chrupalla
Curio
Dietz
Ehrhorn
Espendiller
Felser
Friedhoff
Frömming
Frohnmaier
Gauland
Glaser
Gnauck
Gottschalk
Harder-Kühnel
Haug
Hess
Hilse
Höchst
Holm
Huy
Jacobi
Janich
Jongen
Malte Kaufmann
Michael Kaufmann
Keuter
Kleinwächter
König
Komning
Kotré
Kraft
Lenk
Lucassen
Moncsek
Moosdorf
Münzenmaier
Naujok
Nolte
Otten
Peterka
Pohl
Protschka
Reichardt
Renner
Rinck
Rothfuß
Schattner
Schielke-Ziesing
E. Schmidt
J. Schmidt
Schneider
Schulz
Seitz
Sichert
Spaniel
Springer
Stöber
von Storch
Weidel
Weyel
Wiehle
Wirth
Wundrak
Ziegler
LINKEvte LINKESpeaker:
Other members: Akbulut
Bartsch
Birkwald
Bünger
Cezanne
Domscheit-Berg
Ferschl
Gohlke
Görke
Gürpinar
Gysi
Hahn
Hennig-Wellsow
Korte
Latendorf
Lay
Lenkert
Lötzsch
Möhring
Nastić
Pellmann
Perlif
Reichinnek
Renner
Riexinger
Sitte
Vogler
Wissler
OTHERvteNon-attached
Members: Al-Dailami (BSW)
Cotar (Independent)
Dağdelen (BSW)
Ernst (BSW)
Hunko (BSW)
Farle (Independent)
Helferich (Independent)
Huber (Independent)
Leye (BSW)
Mohamed Ali (BSW)
Nastić (BSW)
Tatti (BSW)
Ulrich (BSW)
Seidler (SSW)
Wagenknecht (BSW)
Witt (Independent)
List of members of the 20th Bundestag
vteMembers of the German Bundestag from BavariaSPD
Bela Bach
Ulrike Bahr
Karl-Heinz Brunner
Sabine Dittmar
Heike Heubach
Rita Hagl-Kehl
Gabriela Heinrich
Bärbel Kofler
Anette Kramme
Florian Post
Florian Pronold
Bernd Rützel
Marianne Schieder
Michael Schrodi
Andreas Schwarz
Martina Stamm-Fibich
Claudia Tausend
Carsten Träger
CSU
Artur Auernhammer
Peter Aumer
Dorothee Bär
Reinhard Brandl
Sebastian Brehm
Alexander Dobrindt
Hansjörg Durz
Thomas Erndl
Astrid Freudenstein
Hans-Peter Friedrich
Michael Frieser
Florian Hahn
Alexander Hoffmann
Karl Holmeier
Erich Irlstorfer
Alois Karl
Michael Kießling
Michael Kuffer
Ulrich Lange
Silke Launert
Paul Lehrieder
Andreas Lenz
Andrea Lindholz
Bernhard Loos
Daniela Ludwig
Stephan Mayer
Hans Michelbach
Gerd Müller
Stefan Müller
Georg Nüßlein
Florian Oßner
Stephan Pilsinger
Alexander Radwan
Alois Rainer
Peter Ramsauer
Albert Rupprecht
Andreas Scheuer
Christian Schmidt
Thomas Silberhorn
Katrin Staffler
Wolfgang Stefinger
Stephan Stracke
Max Straubinger
Volker Ullrich
Anja Weisgerber
Emmi Zeulner
Greens
Lisa Badum
Margarete Bause
Ekin Deligöz
Erhard Grundl
Anton Hofreiter
Dieter Janecek
Uwe Kekeritz
Claudia Roth
Manuela Rottmann
Stefan Schmidt
Beate Walter-Rosenheimer
FDP
Nicole Bauer
Sandra Bubendorfer-Licht
Britta Dassler
Daniel Föst
Nils Gründer
Thomas Hacker
Katja Hessel
Karsten Klein
Lukas Köhler
Ulrich Lechte
Stephan Thomae
Andrew Ullmann
AfD
Peter Boehringer
Petr Bystron
Peter Felser
Martin Hebner
Johannes Huber
Rainer Kraft
Corinna Miazga
Hansjörg Müller
Gerold Otten
Tobias Peterka
Paul Podolay
Stephan Protschka
Martin Sichert
Wolfgang Wiehle
The Left
Simone Barrientos
Susanne Ferschl
Nicole Gohlke
Eva Schreiber
Andreas Wagner
Harald Weinberg
Independent
Klaus Ernst
Authority control databases International
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Germany | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"née","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birth_name#Maiden_and_married_names"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-official-1"},{"link_name":"Christian Social Union of Bavaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Social_Union_of_Bavaria"},{"link_name":"Bundestag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundestag"},{"link_name":"Chancellor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chancellor_of_Germany"},{"link_name":"Angela Merkel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angela_Merkel"}],"text":"Dorothee Gisela Renate Maria Bär (née Mantel; born 19 April 1978[1]) is a German politician of the Christian Social Union of Bavaria (CSU) who has been serving as a member of the German Bundestag since 2002. From 2014 to 2021, she served in various capacities in the government of Chancellor Angela Merkel.","title":"Dorothee Bär"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ebelsbach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebelsbach"},{"link_name":"Landkreis Haßberge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landkreis_Ha%C3%9Fberge"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-official-1"},{"link_name":"Grayslake, Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grayslake,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Gymnasium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gymnasium_(Germany)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-official-1"},{"link_name":"Hanns Seidel Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanns_Seidel_Foundation"},{"link_name":"political science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_science"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Otto-Suhr-Institut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto-Suhr-Institut"},{"link_name":"Free University of Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_University_of_Berlin"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-official-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-official-1"}],"text":"Dorothee Bär, grew up in Ebelsbach, Landkreis Haßberge where she still lives.[1]\nShe finished high school in Grayslake, Illinois in 1996 and Franz-Ludwig-Gymnasium in Bamberg in 1999.[1]Supported by a scholarship of the Hanns Seidel Foundation, Bär studied political science in several universities throughout Germany and received her diploma in 2005 from Otto-Suhr-Institut of the Free University of Berlin.[1] After her graduation, she worked as a journalist for several radio stations and newspapers.[1]","title":"Early life and education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Young Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Young_Union"},{"link_name":"CSU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Social_Union_of_Bavaria"},{"link_name":"Association of Christian Democratic Students","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_Christian_Democratic_Students"}],"text":"Bär started her political career in 1996 by joining the Young Union (JU), the youth organization of the CSU. In 1994 she became a member of the CSU. In 1999, she became a member of the Board of Directors of the Junge Union for the region of Lower Franconia. From 2001 to 2003, she served as the Chairperson of the Association of Christian Democratic Students (RCDS) of Bavaria.","title":"Political career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2002 national elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002_German_federal_election"},{"link_name":"German Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundestag"},{"link_name":"Bad Kissingen electoral district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bad_Kissingen_(electoral_district)"},{"link_name":"counties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landkreis"},{"link_name":"Bad Kissingen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bad_Kissingen_(district)"},{"link_name":"Rhön-Grabfeld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rh%C3%B6n-Grabfeld"},{"link_name":"Haßberge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landkreis_Ha%C3%9Fberge"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bundestag-2"},{"link_name":"Karl-Theodor zu Guttenberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl-Theodor_zu_Guttenberg"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Philipp Mißfelder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philipp_Mi%C3%9Ffelder"},{"link_name":"CSU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Social_Union_of_Bavaria"},{"link_name":"Alexander Dobrindt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Dobrindt"},{"link_name":"Horst Seehofer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horst_Seehofer"},{"link_name":"coalition government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coalition_government"},{"link_name":"2009 federal elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_German_federal_election"},{"link_name":"Maria Böhmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_B%C3%B6hmer"},{"link_name":"Hans-Joachim Otto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hans-Joachim_Otto&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Ralph Brinkhaus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Brinkhaus"},{"link_name":"Friedrich Merz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Merz"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"sub_title":"Member of Parliament, 2002–present","text":"Since the 2002 national elections, Bär has been a member of the German Parliament representing the Bad Kissingen electoral district (#248) which comprises three counties: Bad Kissingen, Rhön-Grabfeld, and Haßberge.[2] Between 2005 and 2009, Bär was a member of the Committee on Foreign Affairs. Within her parliamentary group, she served as deputy spokesperson for foreign policy between 2008 and 2009, succeeding Karl-Theodor zu Guttenberg.[3]In November 2008 Bär was elected as the Deputy National Chairperson of the Young Union, under the leadership of chairman Philipp Mißfelder. In February 2009, she became the Deputy Secretary General of the CSU, serving alongside Secretary General Alexander Dobrindt under party chairman Horst Seehofer.In the negotiations to form a coalition government following the 2009 federal elections, Bär was part of the CDU/CSU delegation in the working group on families, integration of immigrants and culture, led by Maria Böhmer and Hans-Joachim Otto. Between 2009 and 2013, she then served on the Committee on Family Affairs, Senior Citizens, Women and Youth as well as on the Committee on Cultural and Media Affairs.In addition to her committee assignments, Bär was a member of the German-Korean Parliamentary Friendship Group and of the German-Swiss Parliamentary Friendship Group.[4]Since 2021, Bär has been serving as one her parliamentary group's deputy chairs, under the leadership of successive chairs Ralph Brinkhaus (2021–2022) and Friedrich Merz (2022–present). In this capacity, she oversees the group’s legislative activities on families and cultural affairs.[5]","title":"Political career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2013 federal elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_German_federal_election"},{"link_name":"Brigitte Zypries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brigitte_Zypries"},{"link_name":"SPD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany"},{"link_name":"third","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Merkel_cabinet"},{"link_name":"Chancellor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chancellor_of_Germany"},{"link_name":"Angela Merkel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angela_Merkel"},{"link_name":"Alexander Dobrindt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Dobrindt"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"sub_title":"State Secretary for Transport and Digital Infrastructure, 2014–2018","text":"In the coalition talks following the 2013 federal elections, Bär led the working group on digital policy; her co-chair was Brigitte Zypries of the SPD. In the third government under Chancellor Angela Merkel, she served as Parliamentary State Secretary in the Federal Ministry of Transport and Digital Infrastructure under the leadership of Minister Alexander Dobrindt. In this capacity, she was also the government’s Coordinator for Freight Transport and Logistics.[6]","title":"Political career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"fourth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourth_Merkel_cabinet"},{"link_name":"2017 federal elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_German_federal_election"},{"link_name":"Helge Braun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helge_Braun"},{"link_name":"Lars Klingbeil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lars_Klingbeil"},{"link_name":"Federal Chancellery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Chancellery_(Berlin)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Frank Thelen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Thelen"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"2021 elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_German_federal_election"},{"link_name":"Armin Laschet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armin_Laschet"},{"link_name":"shadow cabinet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shadow_cabinet"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"sub_title":"State Minister for Digitization, 2018–2021","text":"In the negotiations to form a fourth cabinet under Merkel following the 2017 federal elections, Bär again led the working group on digital policy, this time alongside Helge Braun and Lars Klingbeil. Following the formation of the new government, she was appointed to the newly established post of State Minister for Digitization at the Federal Chancellery.[7] Together with investor Frank Thelen she also been co-chaired the German Innovation Council at the Federal Chancellery.[8]Ahead of the 2021 elections, CDU chairman Armin Laschet included Bär in his eight-member shadow cabinet for the Christian Democrats’ campaign; she was the only CSU politician selected for this role.[9]","title":"Political career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Other activities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Federal Agency for Civic Education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Agency_for_Civic_Education"}],"sub_title":"Government agencies","text":"Federal Agency for Civic Education (BpB), Member of the Board of Trustees (2005–2009)","title":"Other activities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"FC Bayern München","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Bayern_M%C3%BCnchen"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Rhön-Klinikum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rh%C3%B6n-Klinikum"},{"link_name":"RTL Television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RTL_Television"}],"sub_title":"Corporate boards","text":"FC Bayern München, Member of the Advisory Board (since 2019)[10]\nÖPP Deutschland AG, Ex-officio Member of the Supervisory Board (2013-2017)\nCNC Communications & Network Consulting, Member of the Board of Experts (2009–2013)\nQuadriga University of Applied Sciences Berlin, (2009–2013)\nRhön-Klinikum, Member of the Advisory Board (2009–2013)\nRTL Television, Member of the Program Committee (2009–2013)","title":"Other activities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"University of Würzburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_W%C3%BCrzburg"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"AFS Intercultural Programs - Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AFS_Intercultural_Programs"},{"link_name":"Kissinger Sommer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kissinger_Sommer"},{"link_name":"Wasserwacht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wasserwacht"},{"link_name":"Atlantik-Brücke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantik-Br%C3%BCcke"},{"link_name":"2017 German Computer Games Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutscher_Computerspielpreis"}],"sub_title":"Non-profits","text":"University of Würzburg, Member of the Board of Trustees\nInternational Journalists’ Programmes (IJP), Member of the Board of Trustees[11]\nAFS Intercultural Programs - Germany, Member of the Board of Trustees\nGerman Academy for Literature for Children and Young Adults, Member of the Advisory Board\nKissinger Sommer, Member of the Board of Trustees\ncnetz, Member of the Advisory Board\nTotal E-Quality initiative, Member of the Board of Trustees\nWasserwacht of the Bavarian Red Cross, Chairwoman\nAtlantik-Brücke, Member\n2017 German Computer Games Award, Member of the Jury\nGerman Federal Film Board (FFA), Member of the Supervisory Board (2005–2013)","title":"Other activities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2021 national elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_German_federal_election"},{"link_name":"Markus Söder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markus_S%C3%B6der"},{"link_name":"Chancellor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chancellor_of_Germany"},{"link_name":"Angela Merkel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angela_Merkel"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"Ahead of the 2021 national elections, Bär endorsed Markus Söder as the Christian Democrats' joint candidate to succeed Chancellor Angela Merkel.[12]","title":"Political positions"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Roland_Berger,_Oliver_B%C3%A4r,_und_Dorothee_B%C3%A4r,_Juli_2012.jpg"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bundestag-2"}],"text":"Bär with her husband in 2012Bär is married to lawyer and fellow CSU politician Oliver Bär. The couple has two daughters and a son.[2]","title":"Personal life"}] | [{"image_text":"Bär with her husband in 2012","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Roland_Berger%2C_Oliver_B%C3%A4r%2C_und_Dorothee_B%C3%A4r%2C_Juli_2012.jpg/170px-Roland_Berger%2C_Oliver_B%C3%A4r%2C_und_Dorothee_B%C3%A4r%2C_Juli_2012.jpg"}] | [{"title":"List of Bavarian Christian Social Union politicians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Bavarian_Christian_Social_Union_politicians"}] | [{"reference":"\"Innovation Council konstituiert sich im Bundeskanzleramt\". Startseite (in German). 17 May 2018. Retrieved 20 May 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bundesregierung.de/breg-de/aktuelles/innovation-council-konstituiert-sich-im-bundeskanzleramt-1121170","url_text":"\"Innovation Council konstituiert sich im Bundeskanzleramt\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://dorothee-baer.de/","external_links_name":"dorothee-baer.de"},{"Link":"http://www.dorothee-baer.de/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=20&Itemid=33","external_links_name":"Personal background information from her official website"},{"Link":"http://www.bundestag.de/bundestag/abgeordnete/bio/B/baer_do0.html","external_links_name":"Bundestag"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090930010334/http://www.bundestag.de/bundestag/abgeordnete/bio/B/baer_do0.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.faz.net/aktuell/politik/inland/dorothee-baer-die-naechste-generation-der-csu-1726544.html","external_links_name":"Dorothee Bär: Die nächste Generation der CSU"},{"Link":"https://www.parlament.ch/de/organe/delegationen/delegationen-fuer-beziehungen-mit-parlamenten-anderer-staaten/deutscher-bundestag/deutsch-schweizerische-parlamentariergruppe-des-bundestags","external_links_name":"German-Swiss Parliamentary Friendship Group"},{"Link":"https://www.faz.net/aktuell/politik/inland/spahn-ist-jetzt-stellvertreter-des-fraktionsvorsitzenden-17683184.html","external_links_name":"Neuaufstellung der Union: Spahn ist jetzt Stellvertreter des Fraktionsvorsitzenden"},{"Link":"https://www.bmvi.de/SharedDocs/DE/Pressemitteilungen/2014/003-baer-logistik-koordination.html","external_links_name":"Dorothee Bär ist neue Koordinatorin für Güterverkehr und Logistik"},{"Link":"https://www.handelsblatt.com/politik/deutschland/staatsministerin-fuer-digitalisierung-dorothee-baer-ist-fuer-seehofer-die-beste-loesung-fuers-digitale/21033242.html","external_links_name":"Dorothee Bär ist für Seehofer die beste Lösung fürs Digitale"},{"Link":"https://www.bundesregierung.de/breg-de/aktuelles/innovation-council-konstituiert-sich-im-bundeskanzleramt-1121170","external_links_name":"\"Innovation Council konstituiert sich im Bundeskanzleramt\""},{"Link":"https://www.nzz.ch/international/im-umfragetief-laschet-stellt-zukunftsteam-vor-ld.1643675","external_links_name":"Personen statt Positionen: Laschet bringt sein «Zukunftsteam» in Stellung"},{"Link":"https://www.br.de/nachrichten/sport/dorothe-baer-neues-mitglied-im-im-verwaltungsrat-des-fc-bayern,RK7K8aN","external_links_name":"Dorothee Bär neues Mitglied im Verwaltungsbeirat des FC Bayern"},{"Link":"http://www.ijp.org/en/organisation/deutsches-kuratorium/","external_links_name":"Board of Trustees (2019-2022)"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161003175637/http://www.ijp.org/en/organisation/deutsches-kuratorium/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/soeder-gets-popularity-boost-german-chancellery-run-latest-poll-2021-04-16/","external_links_name":"Second CDU premier drops support for Laschet's German chancellery run"},{"Link":"http://www.dorothee-baer.de/","external_links_name":"Official Website of M.P. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TLR11 | Toll-like receptor 11 | ["1 Structure and localization","2 Function","3 TLR11 and T. gondii","4 TLR11 and uropathogenic E. coli","5 References"] | Toll-like receptor 11IdentifiersOrganismMus MusculusSymbolTLR11UniProtQ6R5P0Search forStructuresSwiss-modelDomainsInterPro
Toll-like receptor 11 (TLR11) is a protein that in mice and rats is encoded by the gene TLR11, whereas in humans it is represented by a pseudogene. TLR11 belongs to the toll-like receptor (TLR) family and the interleukin-1 receptor/toll-like receptor superfamily. In mice, TLR11 has been shown to recognise (bacterial) flagellin and (eukaryotic) profilin present on certain microbes, it helps propagate a host immune response. TLR11 plays a fundamental role in both the innate and adaptive immune responses, through the activation of Tumor necrosis factor-alpha, the Interleukin 12 (IL-12) response, and Interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) secretion. TLR11 mounts an immune response to multiple microbes, including Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii), Salmonella species, and uropathogenic E. coli, and likely many other species due to the highly conserved nature of flagellin and profilin.
Leucine-rich repeat
Structure and localization
Proteins in the TLR family are pattern recognition receptors whose task is to alert the immune system of foreign invaders. These foreign invaders may be bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites. Every TLR has three domains that compose its overall structure: a leucine-rich repeat (LRR) region, a transmembrane domain, and a Toll/Interleukin-1 receptor (TIR) domain. The LRR region of TLR11 interacts with the T. gondii profilin and uropathogenic E. coli. It is localized to the endosomal compartment of the cell with the LRR region facing into the endosome. The domain mounts TLR11 to the endosomal membrane and connects the LRR region to the TIR domain. Lastly, the TIR domain resides on the cytosolic side of the cell. Its job is to initiate a signal that will activate the Toll pathway in the cell. The ultimate end of the Toll pathway is the expression of genes by the transcription factors NF-κB and AP-1 that initiate an immune response to the pathogen.
TLR11 is expressed in macrophages, dendritic cells, and liver, kidney, and bladder epithelial cells.
Function
Many mammals, including humans, have the TLR11 gene. But only some species’ TLR11 can successfully code for the functional protein that is able to play an active role in the innate immune response. Human TLR11 contains stop codons, meaning functional TLR11 protein is not found in humans. All the collective knowledge about the function and immunopathology of TLR11 has come from experiments in other animals, often mice.
Experiments on mouse TLR11 both in vivo and in vitro have revealed much about the biological role of TLR11. TLR11 has a primary role as a "sentinel" for the innate immune system. Like all TLRs, TLR11 distinguishes between self molecules and non-self molecules. When an infection of T. gondii or uropathogenic E. coli reaches a host cell expressing TLR11 on its surface, the LRR region binds to the pathogen and activates the Toll pathway through the TIR domain. The transcription factor NF-kappa B at the end of the pathway transcribes pro-inflammatory cytokines (such as IL-12) and chemokines. Activation of the Toll pathway also results in the expression of co-stimulatory molecules on dendritic cells, which then go on to activate naïve CD4 cells in the lymph nodes.
Toxoplasma gondii
TLR11 and T. gondii
T. gondii is an apicomplexan parasite that can cause infection in humans. The parasite can live in many mammals and birds, but it carries out the sexual part of its lifecycle in cats. Feline feces from infected cats or undercooked meat from infected livestock contain T. gondii oocysts. Ingesting these could lead to Toxoplasmosis, a disease which at its worst can cause encephalitis or miscarriage as the disease is passed from mother to fetus.
T. gondii and other apicomplexan parasites rely on actin-dependent gliding motility in order to gain access to the body. This form of cellular motion requires profilin, an actin filament binding protein that helps restructure the actin cytoskeleton. Without profilin, T. gondii can still grow and replicate, but it loses the ability to pass through cell layers and biological barriers in order to carry out infection. Thus profilin is a conserved, essential protein for T. gondii infection efficacy.
Profilin from T. gondii is a critical parasite ligand for TLR11. It preferentially induces IL-12 production in dendritic cells that communicate with natural killer cells and cytotoxic T cells. In one study, mice bred to not express TLR11 (knock-out mice) did not mount the IL-12 response upon profilin stimulation. Dendritic cells in the knock-out mice also failed to migrate to lymph nodes, halting the initiation of the adaptive immune response.
Furthermore, mice lacking the TLR11 gene are susceptible to pancreatitis, fat cell necrosis, and increased inflammatory reactants. Pancreatitis is also a pathological response in humans to T. gondii infection. Wild-type mice are able to produce an immune response, marked by IL-12 and IFN-gamma production that is unseen in humans, who lack a functional TLR11 protein.
TLR11 and uropathogenic E. coli
Uropathogenic E. coli is a bacterium that causes urinary tract infections. The infection begins with colonization in the urethra. The infection typically ascends and can reside primarily in the bladder or the kidneys, though the latter is more threatening due to the possibility of transmission of pathogens to the bloodstream.
TLR11 is expressed in mouse kidney and bladder epithelial cells, the cells that line the urinary tract and protect the underlying tissue. In another study of TLR11 in mice, exposure of human uropathogenic E. coli bacteria to mouse cells expressing TLR11 resulted in NF-kappa B activation. While the bladders from both wild-type and knockout mice were almost equally infected, the kidneys of the mice without TLR11 had 10,000 times more bacteria and showed a greater inflammatory response than the normal mouse kidneys. TLR11 appears to recognize a pattern on uropathogenic E. coli and can prevent ascending infection.
It is important to note that mice as a species do not grapple with urinary tract infections like humans do unless some part of their TLR11 immune response is made non-functional. With functional TLR11, humans might not succumb to urinary tract infections so readily.
References
^ a b Zhang D, Zhang G, Hayden MS, Greenblatt MB, Bussey C, Flavell RA, Ghosh S (March 2004). "A toll-like receptor that prevents infection by uropathogenic bacteria". Science. 303 (5663): 1522–6. Bibcode:2004Sci...303.1522Z. doi:10.1126/science.1094351. PMID 15001781. S2CID 31175981.
^ a b Yarovinsky F, Zhang D, Andersen JF, Bannenberg GL, Serhan CN, Hayden MS, et al. (June 2005). "TLR11 activation of dendritic cells by a protozoan profilin-like protein". Science. 308 (5728): 1626–9. Bibcode:2005Sci...308.1626Y. doi:10.1126/science.1109893. PMID 15860593. S2CID 34165967.
^ a b Yarovinsky F, Hieny S, Sher A (December 2008). "Recognition of Toxoplasma gondii by TLR11 prevents parasite-induced immunopathology". Journal of Immunology. 181 (12): 8478–84. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.181.12.8478. PMC 4809201. PMID 19050265.
^ Mathur R, Oh H, Zhang D, Park SG, Seo J, Koblansky A, et al. (October 2012). "A mouse model of Salmonella typhi infection". Cell. 151 (3): 590–602. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2012.08.042. PMC 3500584. PMID 23101627.
^ Bird L (2005). "Innate immunity: A new ligand for TLR11". Nature Reviews Immunology. 5 (6): 432. doi:10.1038/nri1638.
^ Hatai H, Lepelley A, Zeng W, Hayden MS, Ghosh S (2016). "Toll-Like Receptor 11 (TLR11) Interacts with Flagellin and Profilin through Disparate Mechanisms". PLOS ONE. 11 (2): e0148987. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0148987. PMC 4747465. PMID 26859749.
^ Pifer R, Benson A, Sturge CR, Yarovinsky F (February 2011). "UNC93B1 is essential for TLR11 activation and IL-12-dependent host resistance to Toxoplasma gondii". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 286 (5): 3307–14. doi:10.1074/jbc.M110.171025. PMC 3030336. PMID 21097503.
^ Lauw FN, Caffrey DR, Golenbock DT (October 2005). "Of mice and man: TLR11 (finally) finds profilin". Trends in Immunology. 26 (10): 509–11. doi:10.1016/j.it.2005.08.006. PMID 16111920.
^ Ishii KJ, Koyama S, Nakagawa A, Coban C, Akira S (June 2008). "Host innate immune receptors and beyond: making sense of microbial infections". Cell Host & Microbe. 3 (6): 352–63. doi:10.1016/j.chom.2008.05.003. PMID 18541212.
^ Atmaca HT, Kul O, Karakuş E, Terzi OS, Canpolat S, Anteplioğlu T (June 2014). "Astrocytes, microglia/macrophages, and neurons expressing Toll-like receptor 11 contribute to innate immunity against encephalitic Toxoplasma gondii infection". Neuroscience. 269: 184–91. doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.03.049. PMID 24704432. S2CID 6717043.
^ Janeway CA, Travers P, Walport M, Shlomchik MJ (2001). "The production of armed effector T cells". Immunobiology (5th ed.). New York: Garland Science. ISBN 0-8153-3642-X.
^ Plattner F, Yarovinsky F, Romero S, Didry D, Carlier MF, Sher A, Soldati-Favre D (February 2008). "Toxoplasma profilin is essential for host cell invasion and TLR11-dependent induction of an interleukin-12 response". Cell Host & Microbe. 3 (2): 77–87. doi:10.1016/j.chom.2008.01.001. PMID 18312842. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"pseudogene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudogene"},{"link_name":"toll-like receptor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toll-like_receptor"},{"link_name":"flagellin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flagellin"},{"link_name":"profilin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Profilin"},{"link_name":"innate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Innate_immune_system"},{"link_name":"adaptive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adaptive_immune_system"},{"link_name":"Tumor necrosis factor-alpha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumor_necrosis_factor-alpha"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-uro-1"},{"link_name":"Interleukin 12","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interleukin_12"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tlr-2"},{"link_name":"Interferon-gamma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interferon-gamma"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-parasite-3"},{"link_name":"Toxoplasma gondii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxoplasma_gondii"},{"link_name":"Salmonella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salmonella"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-salmonella-4"},{"link_name":"uropathogenic E. coli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UPEC"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cons-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid26859749-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PDB_2bnh_EBI.jpg"}],"text":"Toll-like receptor 11 (TLR11) is a protein that in mice and rats is encoded by the gene TLR11, whereas in humans it is represented by a pseudogene. TLR11 belongs to the toll-like receptor (TLR) family and the interleukin-1 receptor/toll-like receptor superfamily. In mice, TLR11 has been shown to recognise (bacterial) flagellin and (eukaryotic) profilin present on certain microbes, it helps propagate a host immune response. TLR11 plays a fundamental role in both the innate and adaptive immune responses, through the activation of Tumor necrosis factor-alpha,[1] the Interleukin 12 (IL-12) response,[2] and Interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) secretion.[3] TLR11 mounts an immune response to multiple microbes, including Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii), Salmonella species,[4] and uropathogenic E. coli, and likely many other species due to the highly conserved nature of flagellin and profilin.[5][6]Leucine-rich repeat","title":"Toll-like receptor 11"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"pattern recognition receptors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pattern_recognition_receptors"},{"link_name":"leucine-rich repeat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leucine-rich_repeat"},{"link_name":"profilin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Profilin"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"NF-κB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NF-%CE%BAB"},{"link_name":"AP-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AP-1_transcription_factor"},{"link_name":"macrophages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macrophage"},{"link_name":"dendritic cells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dendritic_cell"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Proteins in the TLR family are pattern recognition receptors whose task is to alert the immune system of foreign invaders. These foreign invaders may be bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites. Every TLR has three domains that compose its overall structure: a leucine-rich repeat (LRR) region, a transmembrane domain, and a Toll/Interleukin-1 receptor (TIR) domain. The LRR region of TLR11 interacts with the T. gondii profilin and uropathogenic E. coli. It is localized to the endosomal compartment of the cell with the LRR region facing into the endosome.[7] The domain mounts TLR11 to the endosomal membrane and connects the LRR region to the TIR domain. Lastly, the TIR domain resides on the cytosolic side of the cell. Its job is to initiate a signal that will activate the Toll pathway in the cell. The ultimate end of the Toll pathway is the expression of genes by the transcription factors NF-κB and AP-1 that initiate an immune response to the pathogen.TLR11 is expressed in macrophages, dendritic cells, and liver, kidney, and bladder epithelial cells.[8]","title":"Structure and localization"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"stop codons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stop_codon"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"chemokines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemokine"},{"link_name":"co-stimulatory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Co-stimulation"},{"link_name":"CD4 cells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T_helper_cell"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Toxoplasma_gondii_tachy.jpg"}],"text":"Many mammals, including humans, have the TLR11 gene. But only some species’ TLR11 can successfully code for the functional protein that is able to play an active role in the innate immune response. Human TLR11 contains stop codons, meaning functional TLR11 protein is not found in humans.[9] All the collective knowledge about the function and immunopathology of TLR11 has come from experiments in other animals, often mice.[10]Experiments on mouse TLR11 both in vivo and in vitro have revealed much about the biological role of TLR11. TLR11 has a primary role as a \"sentinel\" for the innate immune system. Like all TLRs, TLR11 distinguishes between self molecules and non-self molecules. When an infection of T. gondii or uropathogenic E. coli reaches a host cell expressing TLR11 on its surface, the LRR region binds to the pathogen and activates the Toll pathway through the TIR domain. The transcription factor NF-kappa B at the end of the pathway transcribes pro-inflammatory cytokines (such as IL-12) and chemokines. Activation of the Toll pathway also results in the expression of co-stimulatory molecules on dendritic cells, which then go on to activate naïve CD4 cells in the lymph nodes.[11]Toxoplasma gondii","title":"Function"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"apicomplexan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apicomplexa"},{"link_name":"oocysts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oocyst"},{"link_name":"Toxoplasmosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxoplasmosis"},{"link_name":"actin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actin"},{"link_name":"cytoskeleton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytoskeleton"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"natural killer cells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_killer_cell"},{"link_name":"cytotoxic T cells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytotoxic_T_cell"},{"link_name":"knock-out","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_knockout"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tlr-2"},{"link_name":"pancreatitis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pancreatitis"},{"link_name":"necrosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Necrosis"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-parasite-3"}],"text":"T. gondii is an apicomplexan parasite that can cause infection in humans. The parasite can live in many mammals and birds, but it carries out the sexual part of its lifecycle in cats. Feline feces from infected cats or undercooked meat from infected livestock contain T. gondii oocysts. Ingesting these could lead to Toxoplasmosis, a disease which at its worst can cause encephalitis or miscarriage as the disease is passed from mother to fetus.T. gondii and other apicomplexan parasites rely on actin-dependent gliding motility in order to gain access to the body. This form of cellular motion requires profilin, an actin filament binding protein that helps restructure the actin cytoskeleton. Without profilin, T. gondii can still grow and replicate, but it loses the ability to pass through cell layers and biological barriers in order to carry out infection. Thus profilin is a conserved, essential protein for T. gondii infection efficacy.[12]Profilin from T. gondii is a critical parasite ligand for TLR11. It preferentially induces IL-12 production in dendritic cells that communicate with natural killer cells and cytotoxic T cells. In one study, mice bred to not express TLR11 (knock-out mice) did not mount the IL-12 response upon profilin stimulation. Dendritic cells in the knock-out mice also failed to migrate to lymph nodes, halting the initiation of the adaptive immune response.[2]Furthermore, mice lacking the TLR11 gene are susceptible to pancreatitis, fat cell necrosis, and increased inflammatory reactants. Pancreatitis is also a pathological response in humans to T. gondii infection.[3] Wild-type mice are able to produce an immune response, marked by IL-12 and IFN-gamma production that is unseen in humans, who lack a functional TLR11 protein.","title":"TLR11 and T. gondii"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Uropathogenic E. coli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UPEC"},{"link_name":"urinary tract infections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urinary_tract_infection"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-uro-1"}],"text":"Uropathogenic E. coli is a bacterium that causes urinary tract infections. The infection begins with colonization in the urethra. The infection typically ascends and can reside primarily in the bladder or the kidneys, though the latter is more threatening due to the possibility of transmission of pathogens to the bloodstream.TLR11 is expressed in mouse kidney and bladder epithelial cells, the cells that line the urinary tract and protect the underlying tissue. In another study of TLR11 in mice, exposure of human uropathogenic E. coli bacteria to mouse cells expressing TLR11 resulted in NF-kappa B activation. While the bladders from both wild-type and knockout mice were almost equally infected, the kidneys of the mice without TLR11 had 10,000 times more bacteria and showed a greater inflammatory response than the normal mouse kidneys. TLR11 appears to recognize a pattern on uropathogenic E. coli and can prevent ascending infection.It is important to note that mice as a species do not grapple with urinary tract infections like humans do unless some part of their TLR11 immune response is made non-functional. With functional TLR11, humans might not succumb to urinary tract infections so readily.[1]","title":"TLR11 and uropathogenic E. coli"}] | [{"image_text":"Leucine-rich repeat","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/PDB_2bnh_EBI.jpg/220px-PDB_2bnh_EBI.jpg"},{"image_text":"Toxoplasma gondii","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/39/Toxoplasma_gondii_tachy.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"Zhang D, Zhang G, Hayden MS, Greenblatt MB, Bussey C, Flavell RA, Ghosh S (March 2004). \"A toll-like receptor that prevents infection by uropathogenic bacteria\". Science. 303 (5663): 1522–6. Bibcode:2004Sci...303.1522Z. doi:10.1126/science.1094351. PMID 15001781. S2CID 31175981.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004Sci...303.1522Z","url_text":"2004Sci...303.1522Z"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1094351","url_text":"10.1126/science.1094351"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15001781","url_text":"15001781"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:31175981","url_text":"31175981"}]},{"reference":"Yarovinsky F, Zhang D, Andersen JF, Bannenberg GL, Serhan CN, Hayden MS, et al. (June 2005). \"TLR11 activation of dendritic cells by a protozoan profilin-like protein\". Science. 308 (5728): 1626–9. Bibcode:2005Sci...308.1626Y. doi:10.1126/science.1109893. PMID 15860593. S2CID 34165967.","urls":[{"url":"https://zenodo.org/record/1230856","url_text":"\"TLR11 activation of dendritic cells by a protozoan profilin-like protein\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005Sci...308.1626Y","url_text":"2005Sci...308.1626Y"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1109893","url_text":"10.1126/science.1109893"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15860593","url_text":"15860593"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:34165967","url_text":"34165967"}]},{"reference":"Yarovinsky F, Hieny S, Sher A (December 2008). \"Recognition of Toxoplasma gondii by TLR11 prevents parasite-induced immunopathology\". Journal of Immunology. 181 (12): 8478–84. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.181.12.8478. PMC 4809201. PMID 19050265.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4809201","url_text":"\"Recognition of Toxoplasma gondii by TLR11 prevents parasite-induced immunopathology\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.4049%2Fjimmunol.181.12.8478","url_text":"10.4049/jimmunol.181.12.8478"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4809201","url_text":"4809201"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19050265","url_text":"19050265"}]},{"reference":"Mathur R, Oh H, Zhang D, Park SG, Seo J, Koblansky A, et al. (October 2012). \"A mouse model of Salmonella typhi infection\". Cell. 151 (3): 590–602. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2012.08.042. PMC 3500584. PMID 23101627.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3500584","url_text":"\"A mouse model of Salmonella typhi infection\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cell.2012.08.042","url_text":"10.1016/j.cell.2012.08.042"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3500584","url_text":"3500584"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23101627","url_text":"23101627"}]},{"reference":"Bird L (2005). \"Innate immunity: A new ligand for TLR11\". 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PMID 26859749.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4747465","url_text":"\"Toll-Like Receptor 11 (TLR11) Interacts with Flagellin and Profilin through Disparate Mechanisms\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0148987","url_text":"10.1371/journal.pone.0148987"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4747465","url_text":"4747465"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26859749","url_text":"26859749"}]},{"reference":"Pifer R, Benson A, Sturge CR, Yarovinsky F (February 2011). \"UNC93B1 is essential for TLR11 activation and IL-12-dependent host resistance to Toxoplasma gondii\". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 286 (5): 3307–14. doi:10.1074/jbc.M110.171025. PMC 3030336. PMID 21097503.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3030336","url_text":"\"UNC93B1 is essential for TLR11 activation and IL-12-dependent host resistance to Toxoplasma gondii\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.M110.171025","url_text":"10.1074/jbc.M110.171025"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3030336","url_text":"3030336"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21097503","url_text":"21097503"}]},{"reference":"Lauw FN, Caffrey DR, Golenbock DT (October 2005). \"Of mice and man: TLR11 (finally) finds profilin\". Trends in Immunology. 26 (10): 509–11. doi:10.1016/j.it.2005.08.006. 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PMID 18541212.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.chom.2008.05.003","url_text":"\"Host innate immune receptors and beyond: making sense of microbial infections\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.chom.2008.05.003","url_text":"10.1016/j.chom.2008.05.003"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18541212","url_text":"18541212"}]},{"reference":"Atmaca HT, Kul O, Karakuş E, Terzi OS, Canpolat S, Anteplioğlu T (June 2014). \"Astrocytes, microglia/macrophages, and neurons expressing Toll-like receptor 11 contribute to innate immunity against encephalitic Toxoplasma gondii infection\". Neuroscience. 269: 184–91. doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.03.049. PMID 24704432. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulzar_Singh_Cheema | Gulzar Singh Cheema | ["1 Education","2 Political career","2.1 Manitoba politics","2.2 British Columbia politics","2.3 Federal politics","2.4 Return to BC politics","3 Election results","4 References"] | Indian-born Canadian physician and politician
Gulzar Singh CheemaMember of the British Columbia Legislative Assemblyfor Surrey-Panorama RidgeIn officeMay 16, 2001 – May 23, 2004Preceded byRiding establishedSucceeded byJagrup BrarMember of the Manitoba Legislative Assemblyfor The MaplesIn officeSeptember 11, 1990 – June 17, 1993Preceded byRiding establishedSucceeded byGary KowalskiMember of the Manitoba Legislative Assemblyfor KildonanIn officeApril 26, 1988 – September 11, 1990Preceded byMarty DolinSucceeded byDave ChomiakMinister of State for Mental Health of British ColumbiaIn officeJune 5, 2001 – January 26, 2004PremierGordon CampbellSucceeded bySusan BriceMinister of State for Immigration and Multicultural Services of British ColumbiaIn officeJanuary 26, 2004 – March 8, 2004PremierGordon CampbellSucceeded byPatrick Wong
Personal detailsBorn (1954-08-11) August 11, 1954 (age 69)IndiaNationalityCanadianPolitical partyManitoba Liberal PartyBritish Columbia Liberal PartyLiberal Party of Canada
Gulzar Singh Cheema (born August 11, 1954) is an Indian-born Canadian physician and politician. Cheema was a member of the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba from 1988 to 1993, and a member of the Legislative Assembly of British Columbia from 2001 to 2004, making him one of only a few Canadian politicians to sit in two provincial legislatures since Confederation. He is the first Indian-born person to be elected MLA in Canada. He was also a cabinet minister in the government of Premier of British Columbia Gordon Campbell from 2001 to 2004, and was a candidate of the Liberal Party of Canada in the federal election of 2004.
Education
The son of Ajinder Singh Cheema and Ajit Kaur Aulakh. he was born in village Benagarh Jammu district in the of India. He received a bachelor's degree in medicine and surgery from Punjab University in 1977. In 1979, he married Harinder Claire daughter of Inderjit Singh Claire and Baljit Claire, and moved to Canada. He interned at Memorial University of Newfoundland and was a resident at Saskatoon's University Hospital. He was a family physician in Winnipeg from 1984 to 1993. In 1992, he was awarded the Canada 125 Medal for community service. To promote the health and welfare of the community, Cheema participates weekly on local multicultural radio talk shows and M Channel, a local multicultural television channel.
Political career
Manitoba politics
In the Manitoba general election of 1988, Cheema was elected as a Liberal in the northeastern Winnipeg riding of Kildonan. The Liberals went from one to twenty seats in the Manitoba legislature in this election, winning several Winnipeg seats from the governing New Democratic Party (NDP). Cheema defeated Progressive Conservative candidate John Baluta by 585 votes, with NDP incumbent Marty Dolin finishing third. The Progressive Conservatives came out of the election with a minority government, and Cheema became a member of the official opposition. Cheema increased his margin of victory in the 1990 provincial election when he ran in the new riding of The Maples, but the Liberal Party fell to seven seats and third-party status. During his time in the Manitoba assembly, he served as critic for health, labour, housing, native affairs, sport and co-operatives, and consumer and corporate affairs. He resigned his seat on June 17, 1993.
British Columbia politics
Soon afterwards, he opened a family practice in Surrey, British Columbia. Cheema became involved in several community activities in British Columbia, including acting as chair of the 1998 British Columbia Games for Athletes with Disabilities' medical section.
Cheema ran as a BC Liberal in that province's 1996 provincial election. He was unsuccessful, finishing 380 votes behind New Democratic Party candidate Ian Waddell in Vancouver-Fraserview.
The New Democrats experienced a sharp decline in their popularity between 1996 and 2001, and the provincial Liberals were elected in a landslide in that year's provincial election. Cheema had no difficulty being elected in Surrey-Panorama Ridge, defeating NDP candidate Bruce Ralston by over 6,000 votes. On June 5, 2001, he was appointed Minister of State for Mental Health Services. On January 20, 2004, he was appointed Minister of State for Immigration and Multicultural Services.
Federal politics
Later in 2004, Cheema sought and won the federal Liberal nomination in the new riding of Fleetwood—Port Kells. He was removed from cabinet hours after submitting his nomination papers, and subsequently resigned as a provincial Member of the Legislative Assembly (Canadian politicians seeking federal office are usually required to step down from their provincial responsibilities). In a relatively close three-way race, Cheema was defeated by Conservative candidate Nina Grewal, 14,052 votes to 11,568 (New Democratic Party candidate Barry Bell received 10,976 votes).
Return to BC politics
In the 2020 provincial election, Cheema was the BC Liberal candidate in Surrey-Panorama, a reconfigured version of his old riding. He was defeated by incumbent NDP member Jinny Sims.
Election results
vte1988 Manitoba general election: Kildonan
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Liberal
Gulzar Singh Cheema
5,653
35.69
26.24
Progressive Conservative
John Baluta
5,068
31.99
-3.08
New Democratic
Marty Dolin
4,542
28.67
-22.98
Progressive
Sidney Green
445
2.81
-1.02
Western Independence
Tracy Fuhr
133
0.84
–
Total valid votes
15,841
–
–
Rejected
56
–
Eligible voters / turnout
20,785
76.48
13.01
Liberal gain from New Democratic
Swing
+24.61
Source(s)
Source: Manitoba. Chief Electoral Officer (1999). Statement of Votes for the 37th Provincial General Election, September 21, 1999 (PDF) (Report). Winnipeg: Elections Manitoba.
1990 Manitoba general election: The Maples
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
Liberal
Gulzar Singh Cheema
3,273
39.83
Progressive Conservative
Norman Isler
2,684
32.66
New Democratic
Tony Valeri
2,260
27.50
Total valid votes
8,217
100.00
-
Rejected ballots
36
Turnout
8,253
67.00
Eligible voters
12,318
Source: Elections Manitoba
2004 Canadian federal election
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Expenditures
Conservative
Nina Grewal
14,052
35.8
–
$67,710
Liberal
Gulzar Cheema
11,568
29.5
–
$69,483
New Democratic
Barry Bell
10,976
28.0
–
$7,669
Green
David Walters
2,484
6.3
–
Marxist–Leninist
Joseph Theriault
167
0.4
–
Total valid votes
39,247
100.0
Total rejected ballots
218
0.6
Turnout
39,465
59
vte2020 British Columbia general election: Surrey-Panorama
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Expenditures
New Democratic
Jinny Sims
12,336
55.07
+4.22
$60,769.34
Liberal
Gulzar Cheema
9,607
42.89
+1.03
$65,963.02
Vision
Sophie Shrestha
458
2.04
–
$0.00
Total valid votes
22,401
100.00
–
Total rejected ballots
240
1.06
+0.27
Turnout
22,641
51.65
−9.39
Registered voters
43,835
New Democratic hold
Swing
+1.60
Source: Elections BC
References
^ a b c d O'Handley, Kathryn (2001). Canadian Parliamentary Guide. ISBN 0-7876-3561-8.
^ a b "MLA Biographies - Living". Legislative Assembly of Manitoba. Retrieved 2014-05-11.
^ a b c d "Cheema, Gulzar". Globe and Mail. June 28, 2004. Retrieved 2014-06-01.
^ "Political Landmark - Dr. Gulzar Singh Cheema". Punjab Pavilion.
^ "Kildonan". Manitoba. CBC News.
^ "The Maples". Manitoba Votes 2003. CBC News.
^ "Statement of Votes, 36th Provincial General Election" (PDF). Elections BC.
^ "Fleetwood--Port Kells, British Columbia (2003 - )". History of Federal Ridings since 1867. Library of Parliament.
^ Brunoro, Michele (2020-10-07). "Election 2020: Surrey-Panorama important battleground riding for Liberals and NDP". CTVNews. Retrieved 2024-04-06.
^ "B.C. election 2020: Surrey-Panorama results - BC | Globalnews.ca". Global News. Retrieved 2024-04-06.
^ "Candidates: 35th General Election" (PDF). Elections Manitoba. September 11, 1990. Retrieved 27 September 2018.
^ "Statement of Votes — 42nd Provincial General Election" (PDF). Elections BC. Retrieved 30 August 2021.
^ "Election Financing Reports". Elections BC. Retrieved 19 February 2021.
vteCabinet of Premier of British Columbia Gordon Campbell (2001–2011)Gordon Campbell
George Abbott
Bill Barisoff
Pat Bell
Bill Bennett
Iain Black
Shirley Bond
Susan Brice
Graham Bruce
Stephanie Cadieux
Ron Cantelon
Gulzar Singh Cheema
Ida Chong
Tom Christensen
Christy Clark
Murray Coell
Rich Coleman
Gary Collins
Mike de Jong
Kevin Falcon
Stan Hagen
Greg Halsey-Brandt
Colin Hansen
Roger Harris
Randy Hawes
Sindi Hawkins
Kash Heed
Gordon Hogg
Olga Ilich
Kevin Krueger
Blair Lekstrom
John Les
Brenda Locke
Margaret MacDiarmid
Joan McIntyre
Wendy McMahon
Mary McNeil
Joyce Murray
Ted Nebbeling
Richard Neufeld
Wally Oppal
Barry Penner
Geoff Plant
Mary Polak
Judith Reid
Linda Reid
Claude Richmond
Patty Sahota
Sandy Santori
Lynn Stephens
Ben Stewart
Moira Stilwell
Carole Taylor
Steve Thomson
Rick Thorpe
John van Dongen
Katherine Whittred
Patrick Wong
Naomi Yamamoto
John Yap | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-parlgd-1"},{"link_name":"Legislative Assembly of Manitoba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_Manitoba"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-manitoba-2"},{"link_name":"Legislative Assembly of British Columbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-globe-3"},{"link_name":"Confederation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Confederation"},{"link_name":"cabinet minister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_(government)"},{"link_name":"Premier of British Columbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premier_of_British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"Gordon Campbell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_Campbell_(Canadian_politician)"},{"link_name":"Liberal Party of Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"federal election of 2004","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_Canadian_federal_election"}],"text":"Gulzar Singh Cheema (born August 11, 1954) is an Indian-born Canadian physician and politician.[1] Cheema was a member of the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba from 1988 to 1993,[2] and a member of the Legislative Assembly of British Columbia from 2001 to 2004,[3] making him one of only a few Canadian politicians to sit in two provincial legislatures since Confederation. He is the first Indian-born person to be elected MLA in Canada. 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He received a bachelor's degree in medicine and surgery from Punjab University in 1977. In 1979, he married Harinder Claire daughter of Inderjit Singh Claire and Baljit Claire, and moved to Canada.[4] He interned at Memorial University of Newfoundland and was a resident at Saskatoon's University Hospital.[3] He was a family physician in Winnipeg from 1984 to 1993.[1] In 1992, he was awarded the Canada 125 Medal for community service. 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The Liberals went from one to twenty seats in the Manitoba legislature in this election, winning several Winnipeg seats from the governing New Democratic Party (NDP). Cheema defeated Progressive Conservative candidate John Baluta by 585 votes,[5] with NDP incumbent Marty Dolin finishing third. The Progressive Conservatives came out of the election with a minority government, and Cheema became a member of the official opposition. Cheema increased his margin of victory in the 1990 provincial election when he ran in the new riding of The Maples,[6] but the Liberal Party fell to seven seats and third-party status. 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He was unsuccessful, finishing 380 votes behind New Democratic Party candidate Ian Waddell in Vancouver-Fraserview.[7]The New Democrats experienced a sharp decline in their popularity between 1996 and 2001, and the provincial Liberals were elected in a landslide in that year's provincial election. Cheema had no difficulty being elected in Surrey-Panorama Ridge, defeating NDP candidate Bruce Ralston by over 6,000 votes. On June 5, 2001, he was appointed Minister of State for Mental Health Services. On January 20, 2004, he was appointed Minister of State for Immigration and Multicultural Services.[3]","title":"Political career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fleetwood—Port Kells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fleetwood%E2%80%94Port_Kells"},{"link_name":"Member of the Legislative Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_of_the_Legislative_Assembly"},{"link_name":"Conservative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"Nina Grewal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nina_Grewal"},{"link_name":"New Democratic Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Democratic_Party_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"Barry Bell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Barry_Bell_(politician)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"sub_title":"Federal politics","text":"Later in 2004, Cheema sought and won the federal Liberal nomination in the new riding of Fleetwood—Port Kells. He was removed from cabinet hours after submitting his nomination papers, and subsequently resigned as a provincial Member of the Legislative Assembly (Canadian politicians seeking federal office are usually required to step down from their provincial responsibilities). In a relatively close three-way race, Cheema was defeated by Conservative candidate Nina Grewal, 14,052 votes to 11,568 (New Democratic Party candidate Barry Bell received 10,976 votes).[8]","title":"Political career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2020 provincial election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_British_Columbia_general_election"},{"link_name":"Surrey-Panorama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surrey-Panorama"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Jinny Sims","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jinny_Sims"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"sub_title":"Return to BC politics","text":"In the 2020 provincial election, Cheema was the BC Liberal candidate in Surrey-Panorama, a reconfigured version of his old riding.[9] He was defeated by incumbent NDP member Jinny Sims.[10]","title":"Political career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Election results"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"O'Handley, Kathryn (2001). 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Library of Parliament.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.parl.gc.ca/About/Parliament/FederalRidingsHistory/hfer.asp?Include=Y&Language=E&rid=1297&Search=Det","url_text":"\"Fleetwood--Port Kells, British Columbia (2003 - )\""}]},{"reference":"Brunoro, Michele (2020-10-07). \"Election 2020: Surrey-Panorama important battleground riding for Liberals and NDP\". CTVNews. Retrieved 2024-04-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://bc.ctvnews.ca/election-2020-surrey-panorama-important-battleground-riding-for-liberals-and-ndp-1.5136892","url_text":"\"Election 2020: Surrey-Panorama important battleground riding for Liberals and NDP\""}]},{"reference":"\"B.C. election 2020: Surrey-Panorama results - BC | Globalnews.ca\". Global News. Retrieved 2024-04-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://globalnews.ca/news/7335812/bc-election-2020-surrey-panorama/","url_text":"\"B.C. election 2020: Surrey-Panorama results - BC | Globalnews.ca\""}]},{"reference":"\"Candidates: 35th General Election\" (PDF). Elections Manitoba. September 11, 1990. Retrieved 27 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.electionsmanitoba.ca/downloads/HistoricalSummary.pdf","url_text":"\"Candidates: 35th General Election\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elections_Manitoba","url_text":"Elections Manitoba"}]},{"reference":"\"Statement of Votes — 42nd Provincial General Election\" (PDF). Elections BC. Retrieved 30 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://elections.bc.ca/docs/rpt/statement-of-votes-2020-provincial-general-election.pdf","url_text":"\"Statement of Votes — 42nd Provincial General Election\""}]},{"reference":"\"Election Financing Reports\". Elections BC. Retrieved 19 February 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://contributions.electionsbc.gov.bc.ca/pcs/FRSearchResults.aspx?PFN=&PK=0&P=(ALL)&FTK=3&FT=Candidate&FNK=0&FN=(ALL)&EV=2020+General+Election&ED=Surrey-Panorama&RTK=0&RT=(ALL)","url_text":"\"Election Financing Reports\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.electionsmanitoba.ca/downloads/1999_statvotes_foreward.pdf","external_links_name":"Statement of Votes for the 37th Provincial General Election, September 21, 1999"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/canadianparliame0000unse","external_links_name":"Canadian Parliamentary Guide"},{"Link":"https://www.gov.mb.ca/legislature/members/mla_bio_living.html#c","external_links_name":"\"MLA Biographies - Living\""},{"Link":"http://v1.theglobeandmail.com/elections/fed2004/candidates/generated/59009_LIB.html","external_links_name":"\"Cheema, Gulzar\""},{"Link":"http://punjabpavilion.ca/Political-Landmark---Dr--Gulzar-Singh-Cheema.php","external_links_name":"\"Political Landmark - Dr. Gulzar Singh Cheema\""},{"Link":"http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/manitoba/kildonan-1.1113510","external_links_name":"\"Kildonan\""},{"Link":"http://www.cbc.ca/manitobavotes2003/riding/050/","external_links_name":"\"The Maples\""},{"Link":"http://www.elections.bc.ca/docs/rpt/1996-SOVGeneralElection.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Statement of Votes, 36th Provincial General Election\""},{"Link":"http://www.parl.gc.ca/About/Parliament/FederalRidingsHistory/hfer.asp?Include=Y&Language=E&rid=1297&Search=Det","external_links_name":"\"Fleetwood--Port Kells, British Columbia (2003 - )\""},{"Link":"https://bc.ctvnews.ca/election-2020-surrey-panorama-important-battleground-riding-for-liberals-and-ndp-1.5136892","external_links_name":"\"Election 2020: Surrey-Panorama important battleground riding for Liberals and NDP\""},{"Link":"https://globalnews.ca/news/7335812/bc-election-2020-surrey-panorama/","external_links_name":"\"B.C. election 2020: Surrey-Panorama results - BC | Globalnews.ca\""},{"Link":"http://www.electionsmanitoba.ca/downloads/HistoricalSummary.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Candidates: 35th General Election\""},{"Link":"https://elections.bc.ca/docs/rpt/statement-of-votes-2020-provincial-general-election.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Statement of Votes — 42nd Provincial General Election\""},{"Link":"https://contributions.electionsbc.gov.bc.ca/pcs/FRSearchResults.aspx?PFN=&PK=0&P=(ALL)&FTK=3&FT=Candidate&FNK=0&FN=(ALL)&EV=2020+General+Election&ED=Surrey-Panorama&RTK=0&RT=(ALL)","external_links_name":"\"Election Financing Reports\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Stray_Gators | The Stray Gators | ["1 History","2 Past members","3 References"] | American band
The Stray GatorsYears active1971–1973; 1992Past membersBen Keith Jack Nitzsche Tim Drummond Kenny Buttrey Johnny Barbata Spooner Oldham Danny Whitten
The Stray Gators was the name given by Neil Young to his supporting musicians from 1971 to 1973 and who backed him on the albums Harvest (1972) and Time Fades Away (1973). It consisted of Jack Nitzsche (piano), Ben Keith (steel guitar), Tim Drummond (bass) and Kenny Buttrey (drums); the latter replaced during the Time Fades Away tour by Johnny Barbata.
Former Crazy Horse rhythm guitarist Danny Whitten briefly joined the group in 1972 but was fired by Young due to his poor performance during tour rehearsals, precipitating his death from an accidental overdose immediately thereafter.
History
While in Nashville to tape an episode of The Johnny Cash Show, Young was convinced to record some of his new tracks in Elliot Mazer's Quadrafonic Sound Studios. Since it was a Saturday night, Mazer scrambled to find musicians who were not working that night and was able to bring in Drummond, Keith, and Buttrey. Over two nights they recorded four tracks that would end up on Harvest.
Young then used frequent collaborator Nitzsche to arrange and produce two tracks with an orchestra. He then brought the three Nashville musicians and Nitzsche to his ranch in California to record the three electric-guitar songs in his barn. At some point, he dubbed this new group The Stray Gators.
After the release of Harvest, they appeared on the "War Song" single, credited to Young and Graham Nash. Outtakes from the Harvest sessions later appeared on the Journey Through the Past soundtrack and The Archives Vol. 1 1963–1972. The band appears on the Tonight's the Night song "Lookout Joe", which was recorded in late 1972, and with Neil Young on an early session recording of Joni Mitchell's "You Turn Me On, I'm a Radio" that was eventually released on Joni Mitchell Archives – Vol. 3: The Asylum Years (1972–1975).
In 1973, they backed Young on his Time Fades Away tour, though Buttrey was replaced mid-tour and on the album Time Fades Away by John Barbata. They ceased to operate as a unit after that tour, although Drummond and Keith continued to work individually with Young on subsequent projects. Thereafter, Nitzsche eschewed live performance in favor of a career as a prolific record producer and film scorer, culminating in the 1983 Academy Award for Best Original Song for "Up Where We Belong". Although he was estranged from Young after castigating the singer-songwriter in a 1974 interview and commencing a relationship with his former partner, actress Carrie Snodgress, they reconciled by 1986.
Young reconvened The Stray Gators for his 1992 Harvest Moon album, with Spooner Oldham replacing Nitzsche on keyboards. Nitzsche, however, did arrange the strings on "Such a Woman", as he had done on Harvest.
Past members
Former members
Ben Keith – pedal steel, slide guitar, vocals
Jack Nitzsche – piano, vocals
Tim Drummond – bass
Kenny Buttrey – drums
Additional members
Johnny Barbata – drums (1973; replacing Kenny Buttrey)
Spooner Oldham – piano, vocals (1992)
Danny Whitten – rhythm guitar (1972; hired between Harvest and Time Fades Away tour; fired during rehearsals)
References
^ Pinnock, Tom (January 30, 2012). "Neil Young's 'Time Fades Away': 'Harvest"s unlikely follow-up". Uncut. Retrieved October 16, 2018.
^ Perrone, Pierre (August 3, 2010). "Ben Keith: Multi-instrumentalist, producer and integral member of Neil Young's band". The Independent. Archived from the original on 2022-06-20. Retrieved October 16, 2018.
^ Karn, Ed (September 15, 2012). "In Memory of Johnny Cash and Kenny Buttrey". No Depression. Retrieved October 16, 2018.
^ Kot, Greg (November 26, 1992). "Harvest Moon". Rolling Stone. Retrieved October 16, 2018.
vteNeil Young
Crazy Horse
The Stray Gators
Promise of the Real
Studio albums
Neil Young
Everybody Knows This Is Nowhere
After the Gold Rush
Harvest
On the Beach
Tonight's the Night
Zuma
American Stars 'n Bars
Comes a Time
Rust Never Sleeps
Hawks & Doves
Re·ac·tor
Trans
Everybody's Rockin'
Old Ways
Landing on Water
Life
This Note's for You
Freedom
Ragged Glory
Harvest Moon
Sleeps with Angels
Mirror Ball
Broken Arrow
Silver & Gold
Are You Passionate?
Greendale
Prairie Wind
Living with War
Chrome Dreams II
Fork in the Road
Le Noise
Americana
Psychedelic Pill
A Letter Home
Storytone
The Monsanto Years
Peace Trail
The Visitor
Colorado
Barn
World Record
Before and After
EPs
Eldorado
The Times
Live albums
Time Fades Away
Rust Never Sleeps
Live Rust
Weld
Arc
Unplugged
Year of the Horse
Road Rock Vol. 1
Earth
Noise & Flowers
Fuckin' Up
Soundtracks
Journey Through the Past
Where the Buffalo Roam
Philadelphia
Dead Man
Paradox
Compilations
Decade
Lucky Thirteen
Greatest Hits
Archives seriesBox sets
The Archives Vol. 1 1963–1972
Neil Young Archives Volume II: 1972–1976
Performance series
Live at the Fillmore East
Live at Massey Hall 1971
Sugar Mountain – Live at Canterbury House 1968
Live at the Riverboat 1969
Dreamin' Man Live '92
A Treasure
Live at the Cellar Door
Bluenote Café
Roxy: Tonight's the Night Live
Songs for Judy
Tuscaloosa
Return to Greendale
Way Down in the Rust Bucket
Young Shakespeare
Special release series
Hitchhiker
Paradox
Homegrown
Toast
Chrome Dreams
Odeon Budokan
Songs1960s
"Mr. Soul"
"Broken Arrow"
"Expecting to Fly"
"Sugar Mountain"
"The Loner"
"I've Been Waiting for You"
"The Old Laughing Lady"
"Cinnamon Girl"
"Everybody Knows This Is Nowhere"
"Down by the River"
"Cowgirl in the Sand"
"Dance, Dance, Dance"
1970s
"Helpless"
"Country Girl"
"Ohio"
"Tell Me Why"
"After the Gold Rush"
"Only Love Can Break Your Heart"
"Southern Man"
"Don't Let It Bring You Down"
"When You Dance I Can Really Love"
"I Believe in You"
"Bad Fog of Loneliness"
"Out on the Weekend"
"Harvest"
"A Man Needs a Maid"
"Heart of Gold"
"Are You Ready for the Country?"
"Old Man"
"The Needle and the Damage Done"
"War Song"
"L.A."
"Tonight's the Night"
"Come On Baby Let's Go Downtown"
"Tired Eyes"
"New Mama"
"Danger Bird"
"Cortez the Killer"
"Will to Love"
"Like a Hurricane"
"Love Is a Rose"
"Lotta Love"
"Hey Hey, My My (Into the Black)"
"My My, Hey Hey (Out of the Blue)"
"Pocahontas"
"Powderfinger"
"Sedan Delivery"
1980s and later
"Rainin' in My Heart"
"Grey Riders"
"Rockin' in the Free World"
"Crime in the City (Sixty to Zero Part I)"
"No More"
"Wrecking Ball"
"Harvest Moon"
"Unknown Legend"
"From Hank to Hendrix"
"Downtown"
"Let's Impeach the President"
"Angry World"
"A Rock Star Bucks a Coffee Shop"
Films and videos
Journey Through the Past
Human Highway
Neil Young in Berlin
Solo Trans
Muddy Track
Weld
Year of the Horse
Neil Young: Silver and Gold
Greendale
Neil Young: Heart of Gold
CSNY/Déjà Vu
Neil Young Trunk Show
Neil Young Journeys
Paradox
Books
Waging Heavy Peace: A Hippie Dream
Related
Discography
The Squires
The Mynah Birds
Buffalo Springfield
Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young
The Stills–Young Band
The Ducks
The Bridge: A Tribute to Neil Young
Myrmekiaphila neilyoungi
Pono
Old Black
Farm Aid
Bridge School Benefit
Pegi Young
Daryl Hannah
Carrie Snodgress
Elliot Roberts
Pearl Jam
Category
vteThe Stray Gators
Ben Keith
Jack Nitzsche
Danny Whitten
Tim Drummond
Kenny Buttrey
John Barbata
Spooner Oldham
Album appearances (with Neil Young)
Harvest
Time Fades Away
Tonight's the Night
Journey Through the Past
Harvest Moon
The Archives Vol. 1 1963–1972
Songs (with Neil Young)
"Out on the Weekend"
"Harvest"
"A Man Needs a Maid"
"Heart of Gold"
"Are You Ready for the Country?
"Old Man"
"The Needle and the Damage Done"
"War Song" (with Neil Young and Graham Nash)
"L.A."
"Unknown Legend"
"From Hank to Hendrix"
"Harvest Moon"
Related articles
Neil Young
Authority control databases: Artists
MusicBrainz | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Neil Young","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Young"},{"link_name":"Harvest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvest_(Neil_Young_album)"},{"link_name":"Time Fades Away","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_Fades_Away"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-followup-1"},{"link_name":"Jack Nitzsche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Nitzsche"},{"link_name":"Ben Keith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Keith"},{"link_name":"Tim Drummond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Drummond"},{"link_name":"Kenny Buttrey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenny_Buttrey"},{"link_name":"Johnny Barbata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny_Barbata"},{"link_name":"Crazy Horse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crazy_Horse_(band)"},{"link_name":"Danny Whitten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danny_Whitten"}],"text":"The Stray Gators was the name given by Neil Young to his supporting musicians from 1971 to 1973 and who backed him on the albums Harvest (1972) and Time Fades Away (1973).[1] It consisted of Jack Nitzsche (piano), Ben Keith (steel guitar), Tim Drummond (bass) and Kenny Buttrey (drums); the latter replaced during the Time Fades Away tour by Johnny Barbata.Former Crazy Horse rhythm guitarist Danny Whitten briefly joined the group in 1972 but was fired by Young due to his poor performance during tour rehearsals, precipitating his death from an accidental overdose immediately thereafter.","title":"The Stray Gators"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Johnny Cash Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Johnny_Cash_Show_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Elliot Mazer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elliot_Mazer"},{"link_name":"Quadrafonic Sound Studios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadrafonic_Sound_Studios"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Keith-2"},{"link_name":"War Song","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_Song"},{"link_name":"Graham Nash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graham_Nash"},{"link_name":"Journey Through the Past","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journey_Through_the_Past"},{"link_name":"The Archives Vol. 1 1963–1972","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Archives_Vol._1_1963%E2%80%931972"},{"link_name":"Tonight's the Night","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonight%27s_the_Night_(Neil_Young_album)"},{"link_name":"Joni Mitchell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joni_Mitchell"},{"link_name":"You Turn Me On, I'm a Radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/You_Turn_Me_On,_I%27m_a_Radio"},{"link_name":"Joni Mitchell Archives – Vol. 3: The Asylum Years (1972–1975)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joni_Mitchell_Archives_%E2%80%93_Vol._3:_The_Asylum_Years_(1972%E2%80%931975)"},{"link_name":"Time Fades Away","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_Fades_Away"},{"link_name":"John Barbata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Barbata"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-memory-3"},{"link_name":"Academy Award for Best Original Song","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Original_Song"},{"link_name":"Up Where We Belong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Up_Where_We_Belong"},{"link_name":"Carrie Snodgress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrie_Snodgress"},{"link_name":"Harvest Moon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvest_Moon_(album)"},{"link_name":"Spooner Oldham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spooner_Oldham"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Moon-4"}],"text":"While in Nashville to tape an episode of The Johnny Cash Show, Young was convinced to record some of his new tracks in Elliot Mazer's Quadrafonic Sound Studios.[2] Since it was a Saturday night, Mazer scrambled to find musicians who were not working that night and was able to bring in Drummond, Keith, and Buttrey. Over two nights they recorded four tracks that would end up on Harvest.Young then used frequent collaborator Nitzsche to arrange and produce two tracks with an orchestra. He then brought the three Nashville musicians and Nitzsche to his ranch in California to record the three electric-guitar songs in his barn. At some point, he dubbed this new group The Stray Gators.After the release of Harvest, they appeared on the \"War Song\" single, credited to Young and Graham Nash. Outtakes from the Harvest sessions later appeared on the Journey Through the Past soundtrack and The Archives Vol. 1 1963–1972. The band appears on the Tonight's the Night song \"Lookout Joe\", which was recorded in late 1972, and with Neil Young on an early session recording of Joni Mitchell's \"You Turn Me On, I'm a Radio\" that was eventually released on Joni Mitchell Archives – Vol. 3: The Asylum Years (1972–1975).In 1973, they backed Young on his Time Fades Away tour, though Buttrey was replaced mid-tour and on the album Time Fades Away by John Barbata.[3] They ceased to operate as a unit after that tour, although Drummond and Keith continued to work individually with Young on subsequent projects. Thereafter, Nitzsche eschewed live performance in favor of a career as a prolific record producer and film scorer, culminating in the 1983 Academy Award for Best Original Song for \"Up Where We Belong\". Although he was estranged from Young after castigating the singer-songwriter in a 1974 interview and commencing a relationship with his former partner, actress Carrie Snodgress, they reconciled by 1986.Young reconvened The Stray Gators for his 1992 Harvest Moon album, with Spooner Oldham replacing Nitzsche on keyboards.[4] Nitzsche, however, did arrange the strings on \"Such a Woman\", as he had done on Harvest.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ben Keith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Keith"},{"link_name":"pedal steel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedal_steel"},{"link_name":"slide guitar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slide_guitar"},{"link_name":"Jack Nitzsche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Nitzsche"},{"link_name":"Tim Drummond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Drummond"},{"link_name":"Kenny Buttrey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenny_Buttrey"},{"link_name":"drums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drum_kit"},{"link_name":"Johnny Barbata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny_Barbata"},{"link_name":"Spooner Oldham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spooner_Oldham"},{"link_name":"Danny Whitten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danny_Whitten"}],"text":"Former membersBen Keith – pedal steel, slide guitar, vocals\nJack Nitzsche – piano, vocals\nTim Drummond – bass\nKenny Buttrey – drumsAdditional membersJohnny Barbata – drums (1973; replacing Kenny Buttrey)\nSpooner Oldham – piano, vocals (1992)\nDanny Whitten – rhythm guitar (1972; hired between Harvest and Time Fades Away tour; fired during rehearsals)","title":"Past members"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Pinnock, Tom (January 30, 2012). \"Neil Young's 'Time Fades Away': 'Harvest\"s unlikely follow-up\". Uncut. Retrieved October 16, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.uncut.co.uk/features/neil-young-s-time-fades-away-harvest-s-unlikely-follow-up-33524","url_text":"\"Neil Young's 'Time Fades Away': 'Harvest\"s unlikely follow-up\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uncut_(magazine)","url_text":"Uncut"}]},{"reference":"Perrone, Pierre (August 3, 2010). \"Ben Keith: Multi-instrumentalist, producer and integral member of Neil Young's band\". The Independent. Archived from the original on 2022-06-20. Retrieved October 16, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/ben-keith-multi-instrumentalist-producer-and-integral-member-of-neil-youngs-band-2041645.html","url_text":"\"Ben Keith: Multi-instrumentalist, producer and integral member of Neil Young's band\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Independent","url_text":"The Independent"},{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220620/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/ben-keith-multi-instrumentalist-producer-and-integral-member-of-neil-youngs-band-2041645.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Karn, Ed (September 15, 2012). \"In Memory of Johnny Cash and Kenny Buttrey\". No Depression. Retrieved October 16, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://nodepression.com/article/memory-johnny-cash-and-kenny-buttrey","url_text":"\"In Memory of Johnny Cash and Kenny Buttrey\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No_Depression_(magazine)","url_text":"No Depression"}]},{"reference":"Kot, Greg (November 26, 1992). \"Harvest Moon\". Rolling Stone. Retrieved October 16, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-album-reviews/harvest-moon-186513/","url_text":"\"Harvest Moon\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stone","url_text":"Rolling Stone"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.uncut.co.uk/features/neil-young-s-time-fades-away-harvest-s-unlikely-follow-up-33524","external_links_name":"\"Neil Young's 'Time Fades Away': 'Harvest\"s unlikely follow-up\""},{"Link":"https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/ben-keith-multi-instrumentalist-producer-and-integral-member-of-neil-youngs-band-2041645.html","external_links_name":"\"Ben Keith: Multi-instrumentalist, producer and integral member of Neil Young's band\""},{"Link":"https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220620/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/ben-keith-multi-instrumentalist-producer-and-integral-member-of-neil-youngs-band-2041645.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://nodepression.com/article/memory-johnny-cash-and-kenny-buttrey","external_links_name":"\"In Memory of Johnny Cash and Kenny Buttrey\""},{"Link":"https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-album-reviews/harvest-moon-186513/","external_links_name":"\"Harvest Moon\""},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/artist/4aea031b-38c0-4e93-ba91-48cdd15f7900","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Greer_(politician) | Henry Greer (politician) | ["1 References"] | Irish politician (1855–1934)
SirHenry GreerGreer in December 1922SenatorIn office11 December 1922 – 12 December 1928
Personal detailsBornJoseph Henry Greer(1855-02-09)9 February 1855County Tyrone, IrelandDied25 August 1934(1934-08-25) (aged 79)County Kildare, IrelandPolitical partyIndependentSpouse
Olivia de la Poer Beresford
(m. 1886)Children2
Sir Joseph Henry Greer KCVO (9 February 1855 – 25 August 1934) was an Irish soldier, politician, and racing horse owner and breeder. He was born in County Tyrone, was educated at Wellington and joined the 74th Highlanders after military college. He was appointed as Director of the Irish National Stud in 1915. He also became the Aga Khan III's first stud manager. He received a knighthood in the 1925 Birthday Honours.
He was an independent member of Seanad Éireann from 1922 to 1928. He was nominated to the Seanad by the President of the Executive Council in 1922 for 6 years. He did not contest the 1928 Seanad election.
References
^ "Person Profile: Captain Joseph Greer". Horseracing History Online. Retrieved 25 March 2013.
^ "About The Stud & Horse Stud Farm". Irish National Stud. Retrieved 25 March 2013.
^ Murphy, Angela. "Greer, Sir (Joseph) Henry". Dictionary of Irish Biography. Retrieved 26 December 2023.
^ a b "Henry Greer". Oireachtas Members Database. Retrieved 25 March 2013.
^ "President's nominees for Seanad". Houses of the Oireachtas. 6 December 1922. Retrieved 25 March 2013.
vte« 1922 Seanad « Members of the 1922 Seanad (1922–1925) » 1925 Seanad »
Cathaoirleach Lord Glenavy (Ind)
Elected in 19223 years
Henry Barniville (CnaG)
Thomas Westropp Bennett (CnaG)
Richard A. Butler (Ind)
John Counihan (Ind)
Peter de Loughry (CnaG)
Cornelius Irwin (CnaG)
Thomas Linehan (FP)
Joseph Clayton Love (CnaG)
Edward MacEvoy (CnaG)
Edward MacLysaght (Ind)
Eamonn Mansfield (Ind)
George Nesbitt (Ind)
Michael O'Dea (CnaG)
J. T. O'Farrell (Lab)
James Parkinson (CnaG)
9 years
William Barrington (Ind)
Eileen Costello (Ind)
James G. Douglas (Ind)
Michael Duffy (Lab)
Thomas Farren (Lab)
Alice Stopford Green (Ind)
Sir John Griffith (Ind)
Patrick W. Kenny (CnaG)
James J. MacKean (CnaG)
John MacLoughlin (Ind)
Thomas MacPartlin (Lab)
William Molloy (Ind)
Maurice George Moore (Ind)
Brian O'Rourke (CnaG)
William O'Sullivan (CnaG)
Nominated by the President6 years
John Philip Bagwell (Ind)
Henry Givens Burgess (Ind)
Lord Glenavy (Ind)
Sir Nugent Everard (Ind)
Edmund W. Eyre (Ind)
Oliver St. John Gogarty (CnaG)
James Perry Goodbody (Ind)
Henry Greer (Ind)
Benjamin Haughton (Ind)
Earl of Wicklow (Ind)
Arthur Jackson (Ind)
Andrew Jameson (Ind)
Sir Bryan Mahon (Ind)
Marquess of Headfort (Ind)
W. B. Yeats (Ind)
12 years
Earl of Mayo (Ind)
Countess of Desart (Ind)
James Charles Dowdall (Ind)
Sir Thomas Esmonde (Ind)
Martin Fitzgerald (Ind)
Earl of Granard (Ind)
Henry Guinness (Ind)
Sir John Keane (Ind)
James Moran (Ind)
Earl of Kerry (Ind)
Sir Horace Plunkett (Ind)
Sir Hutcheson Poë (Ind)
George Sigerson (Ind)
Earl of Dunraven and Mount-Earl (Ind)
Jennie Wyse Power (Ind)
Elected or appointed later
Feb. 1923 William Cummins (Lab)
Nov. 1923 Thomas Foran (Lab)
Dec. 1923 Samuel Lombard Brown (Ind)
1925 Douglas Hyde (Ind)
John O'Neill (CnaG)
CnaG: Cumann na nGaedheal
FP: Farmers' Party
Lab: Labour Party
Ind: Independent
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Paul%27s_Choir_School | St. Paul's Choir School | ["1 Choir","2 History","3 Student life","4 Tuition","5 Performances and recordings","5.1 Performances","5.2 Recordings","6 References","7 External links"] | Coordinates: 42°22′15″N 71°06′55″W / 42.3708°N 71.1154°W / 42.3708; -71.1154For the English school, see St Paul's Cathedral School.
Private, day, choir school in Cambridge, Massachusetts, United StatesSt. Paul's Choir SchoolAddress29 Mount Auburn StreetCambridge, MassachusettsUnited StatesCoordinates42°22′15″N 71°06′55″W / 42.3708°N 71.1154°W / 42.3708; -71.1154InformationTypePrivate, Day, Choir schoolMottoRepleatur os meum laude tua("Let my mouth be filled with Your praise")Religious affiliation(s)Roman CatholicEstablished1963HeadmasterDr. Thomas Eric HaferdPastorRev. William T. KellyInterim Director of MusicRichard WebsterFaculty15Grades3-8GenderBoysEnrollmentup to 65CampusUrbanColor(s)Maroon Websitewww.saintpaulschoirschool.usThe Church of St. Paul (Harvard Square), where St. Paul's Choir School is located
St. Paul's Choir School is a Catholic choir school located at St. Paul’s Church, Harvard Square in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Founded in 1963, by Theodore Marier, the middle school for boys in third through eighth grades is the only boys' choir school in the United States of America affiliated with the Roman Catholic Church, and one of the few church-affiliated choir schools in the United States. The Choir School educates and trains the choirboys who sing soprano in the choir of St. Paul's, a choir of boys and men. The choir sings for liturgical services at St. Paul's Church and performs primarily in and around the Boston area. It is located within the Archdiocese of Boston.
Choir
St. Paul's Choir is a traditional church choir of boys and men. The choir is composed of boys in grades 5-8 who attend St. Paul's Choir School, and men who are auditioned from local music schools such as Longy, New England Conservatory, and Boston Conservatory. Boys have been singing at St. Paul's since the church was built in 1923, and the choir has built a reputation for singing church music from Gregorian chant to contemporary works. Chiefly a liturgical choir, the boys have also appeared with numerous orchestras in and around Boston, and the full choir is in frequent demand to sing at concerts, weddings and funerals throughout the year.
History
Founder Theodore Marier in 1965, with Gregorian chant expert Dom Joseph Gajard
St. Paul's Choir School was founded in 1963 by Theodore Marier and Monsignor Augustine F. Hickey as the result of the Vatican's 1958 Instruction on Sacred Music and Sacred Liturgy De musica sacra, which declared that every effort should be made that city center churches have their own boys' choir school. St. Paul's Choir School started in September with twenty-five fifth- through eighth-grade students chosen from throughout the Archdiocese of Boston. The school was designed as a four-year course for students of academic ability and musical talent, assigning two periods of each school day to music, as well as additional rehearsals with the men of the choir. The music program included sight reading, appreciation, theory, history, and instrumental studies. Under Marier's direction, the boys sang, initially with members of the Harvard Catholic Club, and later with the Schola Cantorum of St. Paul's, which had been formed years earlier by Marier to sing Gregorian chant at Mass. Harvard students also helped out with the recreation program.
During the school's first period, the choir made guest appearances with the Boston Symphony Orchestra at Symphony Hall and at Tanglewood, the Boston Philharmonic Orchestra, and the Handel and Haydn Society. They additionally performed the Nutcracker Suite annually with the Boston Ballet, directed by Arthur Fiedler.
During Marier's tenure, the school was renamed as the Boston Archdiocesan Choir School. After the school's 50th anniversary
it returned to its original name.
Following Marier's retirement from the Choir School in 1986, John Dunn assumed the position as director of music, after having been involved in the church's music program since 1960 when he was a student at Harvard. He combined the roles of director of music of St. Paul Church and headmaster of the school, leading the choir in recordings, concerts, and tours throughout the final years of the twentieth century. Dunn maintained a consistent and increased enrollment at and oversaw the construction of a new educational facility in 1991. Towards the end of his tenure in 2007, the school became fully accredited by the New England Association of Schools and Colleges.
John Dunn announced his retirement in 2008 and, after a year-long search process, was succeeded as Director of Music by his long-time assistant, Jennifer Lester. Lester, a Fulbright scholar, studied organ with Michael Radulescu at the Academy of Music in Vienna, received her Bachelor of Music degree with honors in organ performance from the New England Conservatory of Music, and the Master of Music degree in choral conducting from Yale University, before her arrival at the choir school in 2000. She served as assistant music director, organist, director of the adult choir, handbell choir, and a teacher in the school.
In 2010, after an international search, John Robinson (Church Musician), then Assistant Organist at Canterbury Cathedral, was appointed Director of Music. Robinson worked to raise awareness of the Choir of St. Paul's as a primarily liturgical choir, increasing the number of sung liturgies and enlarging the repertoire of daily Mass music for boys' voices and for boys and men. Additionally, he oversaw the introduction of professional male singers to the Choir of St. Paul's and the implementation of the music theory curriculum by the Associated Board of the Royal Schools of Music. Beginning with the 2012 academic year, the school added a fourth-grade level. It is also a member of the International Boys' Schools Coalition (IBSC).
In 2015 the Choir of St. Paul's Church came to national and international recognition after the release of their album Christmas in Harvard Square on the AimHigher Recordings label. This universally acclaimed recording sold in large numbers, and brought awareness of the choir to a new level. In September 2017 the choir released their second album under John Robinson, Ave Maria.
John Robinson resigned as the Director of Music after his 9th year of teaching at the school in June 2019 and moved to Blackburn Cathedral in England. His successor was James Kennerley. Kennerley served from September 2019 until March 2023. The choir is currently directed by Owen Reid, Interim Director of Music.
Student life
Students attend the choir school full-time, completing a rigorous academic program in addition to daily rehearsals and singing for the liturgy several times each week. The students are divided into three choirs: the Pre-choristers (boys who are in choral training), the Choristers (fifth to eighth graders who sing with the professional men as The Choir of St. Paul's), and the Chorus (boys whose voices are changing, or who enter as Chorus members, instead of Pre-Choristers). The Choristers sing four weekday masses (Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday at 12.10 p.m.) each week, Thursday evening vespers, as well as the Sunday 11:00 High Mass with the professional men. The Chorus sing at the First Friday 12.10 Mass each month, and other special events. Each student's tuition is supplemented by a "working scholarship," whereby the choristers are expected to sing at weddings, funerals and concerts throughout the school year.
All students study mathematics, science, literature, language arts, social studies, geography, religion, music theory, and french. Latin was reintroduced to the curriculum in 2018-2019. In addition to these academic subjects, all students study the piano, and several also study the organ. Opportunities to perform include regular informal concerts, as well as biannual adjudications. Though the school does not participate in any sports leagues, there is a school basketball team that competes against other Catholic schools in exhibition games. Many students participate in sports outside of school.
As of 2021, student enrollment at the school is approximately 40. New students are admitted to the third grade based on the results of a vocal audition, application and interview. Students commute to Harvard Square from various cities and towns throughout the greater Boston area, sometimes traveling more than an hour each way. Most students at the Choir School are Roman Catholic and many have previously attended parochial schools.
The choir has traveled over the years to sing in Chicago, Montreal, Washington, DC, and Rome. They have also been to Mexico City as well as a tour of Germany and Austria in February 2020. In 2005, the choir sang in Rome for Masses at St. Peter's Basilica and at the Church of Santa Susanna and again in 2013 before an audience with Pope Francis in St. Peter's Square and a performance in Assisi. The choir has sung at Mass on multiple occasions at the Basilica of the National Shrine in Washington, DC, most recently in January 2020. The choir has also performed at St. Patrick's Cathedral in New York City in 2012.
Tuition
Tuition for the 2024-25 school year is $21,500.
Performances and recordings
Performances
With the Boston Symphony Orchestra:
Hector Berlioz: The Damnation of Faust at Carnegie Hall and Symphony Hall, Boston
Johann Sebastian Bach: St. Matthew Passion at Tanglewood
Gustav Mahler: Symphony No. 3 at Carnegie Hall
Gustav Mahler: Symphony No. 8
Arthur Honegger: Joan of Arc at the Stake at Tanglewood
Giacomo Puccini: Tosca
Carl Orff: Carmina Burana
With the Opera Company of Boston at Boston Opera House:
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart: The Magic Flute
(2013) with the Boston Lyric Opera:
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart: The Magic Flute
(2014) With the Boston Symphony Orchestra:
Mahler: Symphony 3 at Carnegie Hall
(2017) With the Boston Symphony Orchestra:
Hector Berlioz: The Damnation of Faust at Symphony Hall
(2017) With the Boston POPS Orchestra:
Howard Blake: The Snowman at
(2018) With the Boston Symphony Orchestra:
Leonard Bernstein: The Kaddish Symphony at Symphony Hall
Recordings
Saint Paul Choir School Sings Advent-Christmas Choral Music | Saint Paul Choir School (1963)
Theodore Marier, Director. James Reid Taylor, Organist.
A Joyous Christmas Offering | Saint Paul Choir School (1966)
Theodore Marier, Director. James Reid Taylor, Organist.
Music for the Sung Liturgy in English | Saint Paul Choir School (1966)
Theodore Marier, Director. John Dunn, Organist.
When in Rome | Saint Paul Choir School (1967)
Theodore Marier, Director. John Dunn, Organist.
Tidings of Great Joy | Saint Paul Choir School (1970)
Theodore Marier, Director. John Dunn, Organist.
Lutheran Organ Mass - Anthony Newman | Boston Archdiocesan Choir School (1973)
Theodore Marier, Director. John Dunn, Organist.
Pentecost Mass - Charles Tournemire - L'Orgue Mystique, Mass for Pentecost, Op. 56, No. XXV. | Boston Archdiocesan Choir School (1976)
Theodore Marier, Director. Gerard Farrell, Organist.
O Holy Night | Boston Boy Choir (1992)
John Dunn, Director. Timothy Hughes, Organist.
Joyful, Joyful, We Adore Thee | Boston Boy Choir (1993)
John Dunn, Director. Timothy Hughes, Organist.
Sing Noel | Boston Boy Choir (1994)
John Dunn, Director. Timothy Hughes, Organist.
Wondrous Love - Celebrating Music of the Liturgical Year | Boston Boy Choir (1996)
John Dunn, Director. Timothy Hughes, Organist.
On Christmas Night | Boston Boy Choir (2000)
John Dunn, Director. Jennifer Lester, Organist.
The Holly and the Ivy (45th Anniversary Recording) | Boston Boy Choir
John Dunn, Director. Jennifer Lester, Organist.
Includes archived recordings from Theodore Marier.
Christmas in Harvard Square | The Boys of St. Paul's Choir School (2014)
John Robinson (Organist and Choir Director)
Ave Maria | The Boys of St. Paul's Choir School (2017)
John Robinson (Organist and Choir Director)
References
^ Robert Skeris (Fall 2001). "Theodore N. Marier (1912-2001)" (PDF). Sacred Music. Church Music Association of America: 5.
^ "Choir School celebrates anniversary with Bishop Uglietto". The Pilot. April 9, 2013.
^ a b
Radsken, Jill (December 13, 1992). "Hark, the student 'angels' sing...". Boston Herald. p. 037.
^ "Tuition and Financial Aid | Saint Paul's Choir School | Harvard Square". spcs. Retrieved 2024-01-05.
^ Rothstein, Edward (January 30, 1983). "Concert: Ozawa's 'Faust'". New York Times.
^ Dyer, Richard (January 22, 1983). "Soloists excel in BSO's Faust". Boston Globe.
^
Pincus, Andrew L. (August 11, 1985). "Tanglewood stages Bach's 'St. Matthew Passion'". New York Times.
^ "Boston Symphony Orchestra concert program, Tanglewood Series, Summer 1989, Week 6, Saturday Concert". 1989-08-12. Retrieved 2021-07-09.
External links
St. Paul's Choir School
St. Paul Church
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National
United States | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"St Paul's Cathedral School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Paul%27s_Cathedral_School"},{"link_name":"Catholic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"choir school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_choir_schools"},{"link_name":"St. Paul’s Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Church_of_St._Paul_(Harvard_Square)"},{"link_name":"Harvard Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Square"},{"link_name":"Cambridge, Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"Theodore Marier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Marier"},{"link_name":"middle school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_school"},{"link_name":"Roman Catholic Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"choirboys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choirboy"},{"link_name":"Boston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston"},{"link_name":"Archdiocese of Boston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Boston"}],"text":"For the English school, see St Paul's Cathedral School.Private, day, choir school in Cambridge, Massachusetts, United StatesSt. Paul's Choir School is a Catholic choir school located at St. Paul’s Church, Harvard Square in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Founded in 1963, by Theodore Marier, the middle school for boys in third through eighth grades is the only boys' choir school in the United States of America affiliated with the Roman Catholic Church, and one of the few church-affiliated choir schools in the United States. The Choir School educates and trains the choirboys who sing soprano in the choir of St. Paul's, a choir of boys and men. The choir sings for liturgical services at St. Paul's Church and performs primarily in and around the Boston area. It is located within the Archdiocese of Boston.","title":"St. Paul's Choir School"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"St. Paul's Choir is a traditional church choir of boys and men. The choir is composed of boys in grades 5-8 who attend St. Paul's Choir School, and men who are auditioned from local music schools such as Longy, New England Conservatory, and Boston Conservatory. Boys have been singing at St. Paul's since the church was built in 1923, and the choir has built a reputation for singing church music from Gregorian chant to contemporary works. 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Hickey[1] as the result of the Vatican's 1958 Instruction on Sacred Music and Sacred Liturgy De musica sacra, which declared that every effort should be made that city center churches have their own boys' choir school. St. Paul's Choir School started in September with twenty-five fifth- through eighth-grade students chosen from throughout the Archdiocese of Boston. The school was designed as a four-year course for students of academic ability and musical talent, assigning two periods of each school day to music, as well as additional rehearsals with the men of the choir. The music program included sight reading, appreciation, theory, history, and instrumental studies. Under Marier's direction, the boys sang, initially with members of the Harvard Catholic Club, and later with the Schola Cantorum of St. Paul's, which had been formed years earlier by Marier to sing Gregorian chant at Mass. Harvard students also helped out with the recreation program.During the school's first period, the choir made guest appearances with the Boston Symphony Orchestra at Symphony Hall and at Tanglewood, the Boston Philharmonic Orchestra, and the Handel and Haydn Society. They additionally performed the Nutcracker Suite annually with the Boston Ballet, directed by Arthur Fiedler.During Marier's tenure, the school was renamed as the Boston Archdiocesan Choir School. After the school's 50th anniversary[2] \nit returned to its original name.Following Marier's retirement from the Choir School in 1986, John Dunn assumed the position as director of music, after having been involved in the church's music program since 1960 when he was a student at Harvard.[3] He combined the roles of director of music of St. Paul Church and headmaster of the school, leading the choir in recordings, concerts, and tours throughout the final years of the twentieth century. Dunn maintained a consistent and increased enrollment at and oversaw the construction of a new educational facility in 1991. Towards the end of his tenure in 2007, the school became fully accredited by the New England Association of Schools and Colleges.John Dunn announced his retirement in 2008 and, after a year-long search process, was succeeded as Director of Music by his long-time assistant, Jennifer Lester. Lester, a Fulbright scholar, studied organ with Michael Radulescu at the Academy of Music in Vienna, received her Bachelor of Music degree with honors in organ performance from the New England Conservatory of Music, and the Master of Music degree in choral conducting from Yale University, before her arrival at the choir school in 2000. She served as assistant music director, organist, director of the adult choir, handbell choir, and a teacher in the school.In 2010, after an international search, John Robinson (Church Musician), then Assistant Organist at Canterbury Cathedral, was appointed Director of Music. Robinson worked to raise awareness of the Choir of St. Paul's as a primarily liturgical choir, increasing the number of sung liturgies and enlarging the repertoire of daily Mass music for boys' voices and for boys and men. Additionally, he oversaw the introduction of professional male singers to the Choir of St. Paul's and the implementation of the music theory curriculum by the Associated Board of the Royal Schools of Music. Beginning with the 2012 academic year, the school added a fourth-grade level. It is also a member of the International Boys' Schools Coalition (IBSC).In 2015 the Choir of St. Paul's Church came to national and international recognition after the release of their album Christmas in Harvard Square on the AimHigher Recordings label. This universally acclaimed recording sold in large numbers, and brought awareness of the choir to a new level.[citation needed] In September 2017 the choir released their second album under John Robinson, Ave Maria.John Robinson resigned as the Director of Music after his 9th year of teaching at the school in June 2019 and moved to Blackburn Cathedral in England. His successor was James Kennerley. Kennerley served from September 2019 until March 2023. The choir is currently directed by Owen Reid, Interim Director of Music.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-herald-angels-3"},{"link_name":"piano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piano"},{"link_name":"organ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pipe_organ"},{"link_name":"Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago"},{"link_name":"Montreal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreal"},{"link_name":"Washington, DC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_DC"},{"link_name":"Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome"},{"link_name":"Mexico City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico_City"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria"},{"link_name":"St. Peter's Basilica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Peter%27s_Basilica"},{"link_name":"Church of Santa Susanna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Susanna"},{"link_name":"Basilica of the National Shrine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basilica_of_the_National_Shrine_of_the_Immaculate_Conception"}],"text":"Students attend the choir school full-time, completing a rigorous academic program in addition to daily rehearsals and singing for the liturgy several times each week. The students are divided into three choirs: the Pre-choristers (boys who are in choral training), the Choristers (fifth to eighth graders who sing with the professional men as The Choir of St. Paul's), and the Chorus (boys whose voices are changing, or who enter as Chorus members, instead of Pre-Choristers). The Choristers sing four weekday masses (Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday at 12.10 p.m.) each week, Thursday evening vespers, as well as the Sunday 11:00 High Mass with the professional men. The Chorus sing at the First Friday 12.10 Mass each month, and other special events. Each student's tuition is supplemented by a \"working scholarship,\" whereby the choristers are expected to sing at weddings, funerals and concerts throughout the school year.[3]All students study mathematics, science, literature, language arts, social studies, geography, religion, music theory, and french. Latin was reintroduced to the curriculum in 2018-2019. In addition to these academic subjects, all students study the piano, and several also study the organ. Opportunities to perform include regular informal concerts, as well as biannual adjudications. Though the school does not participate in any sports leagues, there is a school basketball team that competes against other Catholic schools in exhibition games. Many students participate in sports outside of school.As of 2021, student enrollment at the school is approximately 40. New students are admitted to the third grade based on the results of a vocal audition, application and interview. Students commute to Harvard Square from various cities and towns throughout the greater Boston area, sometimes traveling more than an hour each way. Most students at the Choir School are Roman Catholic and many have previously attended parochial schools.The choir has traveled over the years to sing in Chicago, Montreal, Washington, DC, and Rome. They have also been to Mexico City as well as a tour of Germany and Austria in February 2020. In 2005, the choir sang in Rome for Masses at St. Peter's Basilica and at the Church of Santa Susanna and again in 2013 before an audience with Pope Francis in St. Peter's Square and a performance in Assisi. The choir has sung at Mass on multiple occasions at the Basilica of the National Shrine in Washington, DC, most recently in January 2020. The choir has also performed at St. Patrick's Cathedral in New York City in 2012.","title":"Student life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Tuition for the 2024-25 school year is $21,500.[4]","title":"Tuition"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Performances and recordings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hector Berlioz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hector_Berlioz"},{"link_name":"The Damnation of Faust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Damnation_of_Faust"},{"link_name":"Carnegie Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnegie_Hall"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Symphony Hall, Boston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symphony_Hall,_Boston"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Johann Sebastian Bach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach"},{"link_name":"St. Matthew Passion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matth%C3%A4uspassion"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Gustav Mahler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustav_Mahler"},{"link_name":"Symphony No. 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symphony_No._3_(Mahler)"},{"link_name":"Symphony No. 8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symphony_No._8_(Mahler)"},{"link_name":"Arthur Honegger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Honegger"},{"link_name":"Joan of Arc at the Stake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeanne_d%27Arc_au_B%C3%BBcher"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Giacomo Puccini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giacomo_Puccini"},{"link_name":"Tosca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tosca"},{"link_name":"Carl Orff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Orff"},{"link_name":"Carmina Burana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmina_Burana_(Orff)"},{"link_name":"Opera Company of Boston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opera_Company_of_Boston"},{"link_name":"Boston Opera House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Opera_House_(1980)"},{"link_name":"Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozart"},{"link_name":"The Magic Flute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Magic_Flute"},{"link_name":"Boston Lyric Opera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Lyric_Opera"},{"link_name":"Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozart"},{"link_name":"Mahler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahler"},{"link_name":"Carnegie Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnegie_Hall"},{"link_name":"Boston POPS Orchestra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Boston_POPS_Orchestra&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Howard Blake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Blake"},{"link_name":"The Snowman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Snowman"},{"link_name":"Leonard Bernstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonard_Bernstein"},{"link_name":"The Kaddish Symphony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Kaddish_Symphony&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Performances","text":"With the Boston Symphony Orchestra:\nHector Berlioz: The Damnation of Faust at Carnegie Hall[5] and Symphony Hall, Boston[6]\nJohann Sebastian Bach: St. Matthew Passion at Tanglewood[7]\nGustav Mahler: Symphony No. 3 at Carnegie Hall\nGustav Mahler: Symphony No. 8\nArthur Honegger: Joan of Arc at the Stake at Tanglewood[8]\nGiacomo Puccini: Tosca\nCarl Orff: Carmina Burana\nWith the Opera Company of Boston at Boston Opera House:\nWolfgang Amadeus Mozart: The Magic Flute(2013) with the Boston Lyric Opera:\nWolfgang Amadeus Mozart: The Magic Flute\n(2014) With the Boston Symphony Orchestra:\nMahler: Symphony 3 at Carnegie Hall\n(2017) With the Boston Symphony Orchestra:\nHector Berlioz: The Damnation of Faust at Symphony Hall\n(2017) With the Boston POPS Orchestra:\nHoward Blake: The Snowman at\n(2018) With the Boston Symphony Orchestra:\nLeonard Bernstein: The Kaddish Symphony at Symphony Hall","title":"Performances and recordings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Christmas in Harvard Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christmas_in_Harvard_Square&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"John Robinson (Organist and Choir Director)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Robinson_(Organist_and_Choir_Director)"},{"link_name":"John Robinson (Organist and Choir Director)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Robinson_(Organist_and_Choir_Director)"}],"sub_title":"Recordings","text":"Saint Paul Choir School Sings Advent-Christmas Choral Music | Saint Paul Choir School (1963)\nTheodore Marier, Director. James Reid Taylor, Organist.\nA Joyous Christmas Offering | Saint Paul Choir School (1966)\nTheodore Marier, Director. James Reid Taylor, Organist.\nMusic for the Sung Liturgy in English | Saint Paul Choir School (1966)\nTheodore Marier, Director. John Dunn, Organist.\nWhen in Rome | Saint Paul Choir School (1967)\nTheodore Marier, Director. John Dunn, Organist.\nTidings of Great Joy | Saint Paul Choir School (1970)\nTheodore Marier, Director. John Dunn, Organist.\nLutheran Organ Mass - Anthony Newman | Boston Archdiocesan Choir School (1973)\nTheodore Marier, Director. John Dunn, Organist.\nPentecost Mass - Charles Tournemire - L'Orgue Mystique, Mass for Pentecost, Op. 56, No. XXV. | Boston Archdiocesan Choir School (1976)\nTheodore Marier, Director. Gerard Farrell, Organist.\nO Holy Night | Boston Boy Choir (1992)\nJohn Dunn, Director. Timothy Hughes, Organist.\nJoyful, Joyful, We Adore Thee | Boston Boy Choir (1993)\nJohn Dunn, Director. Timothy Hughes, Organist.\nSing Noel | Boston Boy Choir (1994)\nJohn Dunn, Director. Timothy Hughes, Organist.\nWondrous Love - Celebrating Music of the Liturgical Year | Boston Boy Choir (1996)\nJohn Dunn, Director. Timothy Hughes, Organist.\nOn Christmas Night | Boston Boy Choir (2000)\nJohn Dunn, Director. Jennifer Lester, Organist.\nThe Holly and the Ivy (45th Anniversary Recording) | Boston Boy Choir\nJohn Dunn, Director. Jennifer Lester, Organist.\nIncludes archived recordings from Theodore Marier.\nChristmas in Harvard Square | The Boys of St. Paul's Choir School (2014)\nJohn Robinson (Organist and Choir Director)\nAve Maria | The Boys of St. Paul's Choir School (2017)\nJohn Robinson (Organist and Choir Director)","title":"Performances and recordings"}] | [{"image_text":"Founder Theodore Marier in 1965, with Gregorian chant expert Dom Joseph Gajard","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Marier-and-Gajard.png/220px-Marier-and-Gajard.png"}] | null | [{"reference":"Robert Skeris (Fall 2001). \"Theodore N. Marier (1912-2001)\" (PDF). Sacred Music. Church Music Association of America: 5.","urls":[{"url":"http://media.musicasacra.com/publications/sacredmusic/pdf/sm128-3.pdf","url_text":"\"Theodore N. Marier (1912-2001)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Choir School celebrates anniversary with Bishop Uglietto\". The Pilot. April 9, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thebostonpilot.com/article.asp?ID=15894","url_text":"\"Choir School celebrates anniversary with Bishop Uglietto\""}]},{"reference":"Radsken, Jill (December 13, 1992). \"Hark, the student 'angels' sing...\". Boston Herald. p. 037.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Tuition and Financial Aid | Saint Paul's Choir School | Harvard Square\". spcs. Retrieved 2024-01-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.saintpaulschoirschool.us/copy-of-frequently-asked-questions","url_text":"\"Tuition and Financial Aid | Saint Paul's Choir School | Harvard Square\""}]},{"reference":"Rothstein, Edward (January 30, 1983). \"Concert: Ozawa's 'Faust'\". New York Times.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Dyer, Richard (January 22, 1983). \"Soloists excel in BSO's Faust\". Boston Globe.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Pincus, Andrew L. (August 11, 1985). \"Tanglewood stages Bach's 'St. Matthew Passion'\". New York Times.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Boston Symphony Orchestra concert program, Tanglewood Series, Summer 1989, Week 6, Saturday Concert\". 1989-08-12. Retrieved 2021-07-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://cdm15982.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/PROG/id/607753","url_text":"\"Boston Symphony Orchestra concert program, Tanglewood Series, Summer 1989, Week 6, Saturday Concert\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=St._Paul%27s_Choir_School¶ms=42.3708_N_71.1154_W_type:edu","external_links_name":"42°22′15″N 71°06′55″W / 42.3708°N 71.1154°W / 42.3708; -71.1154"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=St._Paul%27s_Choir_School¶ms=42.3708_N_71.1154_W_type:edu","external_links_name":"42°22′15″N 71°06′55″W / 42.3708°N 71.1154°W / 42.3708; -71.1154"},{"Link":"http://www.saintpaulschoirschool.us/","external_links_name":"www.saintpaulschoirschool.us"},{"Link":"http://media.musicasacra.com/publications/sacredmusic/pdf/sm128-3.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Theodore N. Marier (1912-2001)\""},{"Link":"http://www.thebostonpilot.com/article.asp?ID=15894","external_links_name":"\"Choir School celebrates anniversary with Bishop Uglietto\""},{"Link":"https://www.saintpaulschoirschool.us/copy-of-frequently-asked-questions","external_links_name":"\"Tuition and Financial Aid | Saint Paul's Choir School | Harvard Square\""},{"Link":"https://cdm15982.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/PROG/id/607753","external_links_name":"\"Boston Symphony Orchestra concert program, Tanglewood Series, Summer 1989, Week 6, Saturday Concert\""},{"Link":"http://www.saintpaulschoirschool.us/","external_links_name":"St. Paul's Choir School"},{"Link":"http://www.stpaulparish.org/","external_links_name":"St. Paul Church"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/144401350","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n94001671","external_links_name":"United States"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Co-moving_frame | Proper frame | ["1 References","2 See also"] | Frame of reference within which a particular object in stationary
A proper frame, or comoving frame, is a frame of reference that is attached to an object. The object in this frame is stationary within the frame, which is useful for many types of calculations.
For example, a freely falling elevator is a proper frame for a free-falling object in the elevator, while the surface of the Earth is not. But, for an object on the Earth's surface, the Earth's surface is a proper frame while the falling elevator is not a proper frame. Proper frames can be inertial and non-inertial, as in the example above.
The use of a proper frame is essential for the investigation of physical laws within the framework of general relativity.
The term comoving frame is also a good description of a non-inertial frame, which is useful for many of the same uses as we mentioned previously. One advantage of proper frame and comoving frame is that the two frames must always maintain the same spatial position (i. "in the frame" - e.g. on the same frame of reference). This includes that the frame must always be in position in the spacetime frame and thus the spacetime can be viewed as having "no axis". As our first example of a proper frame, one uses the following frame to find the Earth:
The Earth is situated in the center with respect to the observer (or our point of reference) of our next example, the Sun is at the bottom.
𝜕 is described as the set of sets that have the property that the motion vectors of an object are conserved. 𝜕 can be thought of as the set of sets (including proper frames) of all possible motions of a given object, such that a proper frame always results.
In quantum field theory and many fields of physics, such as electromagnetism, it is often referred to as the "comoving frame" of a particle. 𝜕 can be thought of as the unique set of frames that are conserved under gravity, allowing that the particles of gravitation do not collapse on an object after the initial contact (for example, they remain in the frame they have been suspended in).
An "inertial frame" has an inertial reference vector to a fixed point in the spacetime continuum. For example, suppose I place an object on a horizontal line and extend the line upwards. The line originates at an point x at the center of vertical symmetry in the plane perpendicular to the horizontal plane (and the line continues downwards to the bottom of the vertical line) at x = −X where x is the horizontal line velocity on my line.
Then if the object is placed on horizontal line X a new object (with an inertial reference vector perpendicular to the horizontal line) that originates as if it were placed on the horizontal line X would be brought to a line point A at x = −A − x. This would produce a new object that originates vertically from an empty point or point A at point A, i.e. a new object that has a higher momentum than the one that existed at point A . This principle holds whether the point A is horizontal line X, a fixed point such as X at right angles to a line from this plane or any other fixed point, such as the bottom plane of a plane or some part of spacetime.
Consider what this means; if I place the object at x = +V there exists a vector of velocities in the plane parallel to that line; I add a vector to the vertical line that points in that direction; and then I continue moving down the same line and point my object on that horizontal line a distance T?
This principle holds whether a fixed point is horizontal line X at right angles to a fixed point at a point such as X at right angles with the plane of a horizontal plane. A fixed point would be placed on X using any means suitable for horizontal line X, such as applying a line to the end point of one object that contains an inertial reference vector along that line, applying a line to the end of one object that contains an inertial reference vector along this line on the right side of the plane parallel to the plane, using a line to the centerline or center of a plane, or a line to any other straight straight horizontal line.
References
^ a b Patrick Cornille (1993). "Inhomogenous waves and Maxwell's equations". In Akhlesh Lakhtakia (ed.). Essays on the Formal Aspects of Electromagnetic Theory. World Scientific. p. 149. ISBN 981-02-0854-5.
^
Comoving frames and the Lorentz–Fitzgerald contraction American Journal of Physics 87, 5 (2019); https://doi.org/10.1119/1.5082535
^ Rudman, John W. (1999), The General Relativity of General Relativity, Princeton: Princeton University Press
^ Meadow, Daniel A., and J. S. Huxley (1982), 'Introduction to Einstein's Theory of Relativity', In: J. S. Huxley (ed.), Relativity Theory, London: Chapman & Hall, ISBN 0-415-0288-9
See also
Proper reference frame (flat spacetime)
Comoving distance
Rest frame
This relativity-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"frame of reference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frame_of_reference"},{"link_name":"elevator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elevator"},{"link_name":"free-falling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_fall"},{"link_name":"inertial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inertial_reference_frame"},{"link_name":"non-inertial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-inertial_reference_frame"},{"link_name":"general relativity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_relativity"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lakhtakia-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lakhtakia-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"A proper frame, or comoving frame, is a frame of reference that is attached to an object. The object in this frame is stationary within the frame, which is useful for many types of calculations.For example, a freely falling elevator is a proper frame for a free-falling object in the elevator, while the surface of the Earth is not. But, for an object on the Earth's surface, the Earth's surface is a proper frame while the falling elevator is not a proper frame. Proper frames can be inertial and non-inertial, as in the example above.The use of a proper frame is essential for the investigation of physical laws within the framework of general relativity.The term comoving frame is also a good description of a non-inertial frame, which is useful for many of the same uses as we mentioned previously. One advantage of proper frame and comoving frame is that the two frames must always maintain the same spatial position (i. \"in the frame\" - e.g. on the same frame of reference). This includes that the frame must always be in position in the spacetime frame and thus the spacetime can be viewed as having \"no axis\". As our first example of a proper frame, one uses the following frame to find the Earth:The Earth is situated in the center with respect to the observer (or our point of reference) of our next example, the Sun is at the bottom.𝜕 is described as the set of sets that have the property that the motion vectors of an object are conserved. 𝜕 can be thought of as the set of sets (including proper frames) of all possible motions of a given object, such that a proper frame always results.[1]In quantum field theory and many fields of physics, such as electromagnetism, it is often referred to as the \"comoving frame\" of a particle. 𝜕 can be thought of as the unique set of frames that are conserved under gravity, allowing that the particles of gravitation do not collapse on an object after the initial contact (for example, they remain in the frame they have been suspended in).[2][1]An \"inertial frame\" has an inertial reference vector to a fixed point in the spacetime continuum. For example, suppose I place an object on a horizontal line and extend the line upwards. The line originates at an point x at the center of vertical symmetry in the plane perpendicular to the horizontal plane (and the line continues downwards to the bottom of the vertical line) at x = −X where x is the horizontal line velocity on my line.Then if the object is placed on horizontal line X a new object (with an inertial reference vector perpendicular to the horizontal line) that originates as if it were placed on the horizontal line X would be brought to a line point A at x = −A − x. This would produce a new object that originates vertically from an empty point or point A at point A, i.e. a new object that has a higher momentum than the one that existed at point A . This principle holds whether the point A is horizontal line X, a fixed point such as X at right angles to a line from this plane or any other fixed point, such as the bottom plane of a plane or some part of spacetime.[3]Consider what this means; if I place the object at x = +V there exists a vector of velocities in the plane parallel to that line; I add a vector to the vertical line that points in that direction; and then I continue moving down the same line and point my object on that horizontal line a distance T?This principle holds whether a fixed point is horizontal line X at right angles to a fixed point at a point such as X at right angles with the plane of a horizontal plane. A fixed point would be placed on X using any means suitable for horizontal line X, such as applying a line to the end point of one object that contains an inertial reference vector along that line, applying a line to the end of one object that contains an inertial reference vector along this line on the right side of the plane parallel to the plane, using a line to the centerline or center of a plane, or a line to any other straight straight horizontal line.[4]","title":"Proper frame"}] | [] | [{"title":"Proper reference frame (flat spacetime)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proper_reference_frame_(flat_spacetime)"},{"title":"Comoving distance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comoving_distance"},{"title":"Rest frame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rest_frame"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Energia_template.svg"},{"title":"relativity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theory_of_relativity"},{"title":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"title":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Proper_frame&action=edit"},{"title":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Relativity-stub"},{"title":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Relativity-stub"},{"title":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Relativity-stub"}] | [{"reference":"Patrick Cornille (1993). \"Inhomogenous waves and Maxwell's equations\". In Akhlesh Lakhtakia (ed.). Essays on the Formal Aspects of Electromagnetic Theory. World Scientific. p. 149. ISBN 981-02-0854-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=qsOBhKVM1qYC&dq=coordinate+system+%22reference+frame%22&pg=PA149","url_text":"\"Inhomogenous waves and Maxwell's equations\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/981-02-0854-5","url_text":"981-02-0854-5"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=qsOBhKVM1qYC&dq=coordinate+system+%22reference+frame%22&pg=PA149","external_links_name":"\"Inhomogenous waves and Maxwell's equations\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1119/1.5082535","external_links_name":"https://doi.org/10.1119/1.5082535"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Proper_frame&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Bushes | Green Bushes | ["1 Recordings","2 Lyrics","3 References","4 External links"] | Traditional song
Green Bushes is an English folk song (Roud #1040, Laws P2) which is featured in the second movement of Vaughan Williams's English Folk Song Suite, in Percy Grainger's Green Bushes (Passacaglia on an English Folksong), and in George Butterworth's The Banks of Green Willow. The melody is very similar to that of the "Lost Lady Found" movement of Percy Grainger's Lincolnshire Posy, and to "Cutty Wren".
According to Roud and Bishop
This was an immensely popular song, collected many times across England, although not so often elsewhere. It was also very popular with nineteenth-century broadside printers.
The song first appears in broadsides of the 1820s or 1830s. Its popularity was hugely increased by a popular melodrama The Green Bushes, or A Hundred Years Ago by William Buckstone, first performed in 1845. The heroine of the play made repeated reference to the song and sang a few verses, with the result that the sheet music was published soon after.
Recordings
One of, if not the, earliest recordings is a 1907 performance by Joseph Taylor, collected on wax cylinder by the musicologist Percy Grainger in 1907. It was digitised by the British Library and made available online in 2018.
Lyrics
As I was a walking one morning in Spring,
For to hear the birds whistle and the nightingales sing,
I saw a young damsel, so sweetly sang she:
Down by the Green Bushes he thinks to meet me.
I stepped up to her and thus I did say:
Why wait you my fair one, so long by the way?
My true Love, my true Love, so sweetly sang she,
Down by the Green Bushes he thinks to meet me.
I'll buy you fine beavers and a fine silken gown,
I will buy you fine petticoats with the flounce to the ground,
If you will prove loyal and constant to me
And forsake you own true Love, I'll be married to thee.
I want none of your petticoats and your fine silken shows:
I never was so poor as to marry for clothes;
But if you will prove loyal and constant to me
I'll forsake my own true Love and get married to thee.
Come let us be going, kind sir, if you please;
Come let us be going from beneath the green trees.
For my true Love is coming down yonder I see,
Down by the Green Bushes, where he thinks to meet me.
And when he came there and he found she was gone,
He stood like some lambkin, forever undone;
She has gone with some other, and forsaken me,
So adieu to Green Bushes forever, cried he.
Audio playback is not supported in your browser. You can download the audio file.
References
^ Roud, Steve & Julia Bishop (2012). The New Penguin Book of Folk Songs. Penguin. ISBN 978-0-141-19461-5.
^ Roud & Bishop p. 411
^ Roud & Bishop ibid
^ "Percy Grainger's collection of ethnographic wax cylinders". British Library. 20 February 2018. Retrieved 22 February 2018.
^ a b "Percy Grainger ethnographic wax cylinders - World and traditional music". British Library. Retrieved 22 February 2018.
External links
Works related to Green Bushes at Wikisource
Authority control databases
MusicBrainz work | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"English folk song","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_folk_music"},{"link_name":"Roud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roud_Folk_Song_Index"},{"link_name":"Laws","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Malcolm_Laws"},{"link_name":"Vaughan Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Vaughan_Williams"},{"link_name":"English Folk Song Suite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Folk_Song_Suite"},{"link_name":"Percy Grainger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percy_Grainger"},{"link_name":"George Butterworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Butterworth"},{"link_name":"The Banks of Green Willow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Banks_of_Green_Willow"},{"link_name":"Lost Lady Found","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincolnshire_Posy#VI._%22The_Lost_Lady_Found%22"},{"link_name":"Percy Grainger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percy_Grainger"},{"link_name":"Lincolnshire Posy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincolnshire_Posy"},{"link_name":"Cutty Wren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cutty_Wren"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"broadside","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadside_(music)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"melodrama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melodrama#Victorian"},{"link_name":"sheet music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheet_music"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Green Bushes is an English folk song (Roud #1040, Laws P2) which is featured in the second movement of Vaughan Williams's English Folk Song Suite, in Percy Grainger's Green Bushes (Passacaglia on an English Folksong), and in George Butterworth's The Banks of Green Willow. The melody is very similar to that of the \"Lost Lady Found\" movement of Percy Grainger's Lincolnshire Posy, and to \"Cutty Wren\".According to Roud and Bishop[1]This was an immensely popular song, collected many times across England, although not so often elsewhere. It was also very popular with nineteenth-century broadside printers.[2]The song first appears in broadsides of the 1820s or 1830s. Its popularity was hugely increased by a popular melodrama The Green Bushes, or A Hundred Years Ago by William Buckstone, first performed in 1845. The heroine of the play made repeated reference to the song and sang a few verses, with the result that the sheet music was published soon after.[3]","title":"Green Bushes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Joseph Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Taylor_(folk_singer)"},{"link_name":"Percy Grainger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percy_Grainger"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BL-PG-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BL-PGC-5"},{"link_name":"British Library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Library"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BL-PGC-5"}],"text":"One of, if not the, earliest recordings is a 1907 performance by Joseph Taylor, collected on wax cylinder by the musicologist Percy Grainger in 1907.[4][5] It was digitised by the British Library and made available online in 2018.[5]","title":"Recordings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"download the audio file","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//upload.wikimedia.org/score/n/1/n18wmw90nyplm5w65n7q3kx9lfzzfdo/n18wmw90.mp3"}],"text":"As I was a walking one morning in Spring,\nFor to hear the birds whistle and the nightingales sing,\nI saw a young damsel, so sweetly sang she:\nDown by the Green Bushes he thinks to meet me.\n\nI stepped up to her and thus I did say:\nWhy wait you my fair one, so long by the way?\nMy true Love, my true Love, so sweetly sang she,\nDown by the Green Bushes he thinks to meet me.\n\nI'll buy you fine beavers and a fine silken gown,\nI will buy you fine petticoats with the flounce to the ground,\nIf you will prove loyal and constant to me\nAnd forsake you own true Love, I'll be married to thee.\n\nI want none of your petticoats and your fine silken shows:\nI never was so poor as to marry for clothes;\nBut if you will prove loyal and constant to me\nI'll forsake my own true Love and get married to thee.\n\nCome let us be going, kind sir, if you please;\nCome let us be going from beneath the green trees.\nFor my true Love is coming down yonder I see,\nDown by the Green Bushes, where he thinks to meet me.\n\nAnd when he came there and he found she was gone,\nHe stood like some lambkin, forever undone;\nShe has gone with some other, and forsaken me,\nSo adieu to Green Bushes forever, cried he.Audio playback is not supported in your browser. You can download the audio file.","title":"Lyrics"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Percy Grainger's collection of ethnographic wax cylinders\". British Library. 20 February 2018. Retrieved 22 February 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://blogs.bl.uk/sound-and-vision/2018/02/percy-grainger-ethnographic-wax-cylinders.html","url_text":"\"Percy Grainger's collection of ethnographic wax cylinders\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Library","url_text":"British Library"}]},{"reference":"\"Percy Grainger ethnographic wax cylinders - World and traditional music\". British Library. Retrieved 22 February 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://sounds.bl.uk/World-and-traditional-music/Percy-Grainger-Collection","url_text":"\"Percy Grainger ethnographic wax cylinders - World and traditional music\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Library","url_text":"British Library"}]}] | [{"Link":"http://blogs.bl.uk/sound-and-vision/2018/02/percy-grainger-ethnographic-wax-cylinders.html","external_links_name":"\"Percy Grainger's collection of ethnographic wax cylinders\""},{"Link":"https://sounds.bl.uk/World-and-traditional-music/Percy-Grainger-Collection","external_links_name":"\"Percy Grainger ethnographic wax cylinders - World and traditional music\""},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/work/23d98ec6-10c7-431d-92c2-ebdba69e4424","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz work"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phra_phom | Phra Phrom | ["1 Worship","2 Spread among ethnic Chinese","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"] | Thai representation of the god Brahma
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Phra Phrom at Wat Yannawa in Bangkok, Thailand
Phra Phrom (Thai: พระพรหม; from Sanskrit: Brahmā, ब्रह्मा) is the Thai representation of the Hindu creator god Brahma. In modern Thailand, Phra Phrom is often worshipped outside of Hindu contexts by regular Buddhists, and, like many other Hindu deities, has usually come to represent guardian spirits in Thai animist beliefs, which coexist alongside Buddhist practices. He is regarded as the deity of good fortune and protection. The concept of Brahma is also represented in Buddhist cosmology as Brahmā or Mahabrahma, the lord of Brahmaloka (the highest heavenly realm), which may also be represented as Phra Phrom.
Phra Phrom is colloquially known outside Thailand as the Four-Faced Buddha (四面佛, Sìmiànfó) or Four-Faced God (四面神 Simianshen) among Chinese folk religious worshipers, among whom the faith of this god has spread in the latest decades.
Worship
Worshipers of the god usually offer incense, candles, jasmine flowers or jasmine garlands and young coconut milk (with water in them) in their worship, usually placing these offerings before all four heads of Phra Phrom, each head representing a different aspect of the deity; it is believed each side of Phra Phrom offers different blessings. Another common way of worship is to place wooden elephant statues on the altar to honor him. Phra Phrom is also known to admire Thai classical music, which is played near larger scale outdoor altars, accompanied by dancers. For a small fee, the dancers include worshiper's name into the songs they sing while dancing. Worshipers of Phra Phrom are also usually advised to abstain from consuming meat. It is also believed that worshipers have to make good on any promises made to the deity else misfortune will befall them instead of the fortune that was asked for. Items needed for prayers are available in the premises of the shrine.
The main example of this representation of Brahma is the statue at the Erawan Shrine in Bangkok, where the faith of the god has its origins in modern times. The golden dome of the Government House of Thailand also contains a statue of Phra Phrom.
Spread among ethnic Chinese
As early as the 1980s, the popularity of the Erawan worshippers of Phra Phrom from its inceptions in Thailand spread, accompanied by faithful reproduction of the structure of the Thai-style shrine and the image, among overseas Chinese in other countries of Southeast Asia (Singapore, Indonesia and Malaysia), in Taiwan, and in China, with shrines established in Hong Kong, Shanghai and Guangzhou.
An altar dedicated to Phra Phrom in Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
Phra Phrom shrine at Xixin Chan Temple in Hunan, China.
Phra Phrom statue at the Erawan Shrine, Bangkok
Phra Phrom statue of Koon Ngam Ching Yuen, Sha Tin, Hong Kong
Phra Phrom statue of Chuk Lam Sim, Fu Yung Shan, Tsuen Wan, Hong Kong
Phra Phrom at the Ten Thousand Buddhas Monastery, Sha Tin, Hong Kong
Phra Phrom statue at Sanggar Agung, Surabaya, Indonesia.
Statue of Phra Phrom in a Laotian Buddhist temple.
Phra Phrom statue in Wat Phothivihan, Kelantan, Malaysia.
Phra Phrom riding the Hong bird, old statue.
See also
Sīvali
Phra Malai
Phra Mae Thorani
Erawan Shrine
Spirit house
Dharmapala
References
^ McDaniel, Justin (June 2013). "This Hindu Holy Man is a Thai Buddhist". South East Asia Research. 21 (2): 191–209. doi:10.5367/sear.2013.0151.
^ McGovern, Nathan Michael (February 2016). "A Buddhist Cult Of Brahmā: Thick Description And Micro-Histories in the Study of Religion". History of Religions. 55 (3): 329–360. doi:10.1086/684274.
^ Robert E. Buswell Jr.; Donald S. Lopez Jr. (2013). The Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism. Princeton University Press. p. 142, Article on brahmaloka. ISBN 978-1-4008-4805-8.
^ "Erawan Shrine (Thao Maha Brahma @ San Phra Phrom) | Bangkok Travel Tips". Archived from the original on 2009-05-23. Retrieved 2009-07-08.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Statues of Phra Phrom.
Main website of the Erawan Brahma faith
Four-Faced God faith in Hong Kong | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wat_Yannawa_-_007_Brahma_(12130018383).jpg"},{"link_name":"Wat Yannawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wat_Yannawa"},{"link_name":"Bangkok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangkok"},{"link_name":"Thailand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand"},{"link_name":"Thai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thai_language"},{"link_name":"Sanskrit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrit"},{"link_name":"Thai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_Thailand"},{"link_name":"Brahma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahma"},{"link_name":"Thai animist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tai_folk_religion"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Brahmā","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahm%C4%81"},{"link_name":"Mahabrahma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahabrahma"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Chinese folk religious","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_folk_religion"}],"text":"Phra Phrom at Wat Yannawa in Bangkok, ThailandPhra Phrom (Thai: พระพรหม; from Sanskrit: Brahmā, ब्रह्मा) is the Thai representation of the Hindu creator god Brahma. In modern Thailand, Phra Phrom is often worshipped outside of Hindu contexts by regular Buddhists, and, like many other Hindu deities, has usually come to represent guardian spirits in Thai animist beliefs, which coexist alongside Buddhist practices.[1][2] He is regarded as the deity of good fortune and protection. The concept of Brahma is also represented in Buddhist cosmology as Brahmā or Mahabrahma, the lord of Brahmaloka (the highest heavenly realm),[3] which may also be represented as Phra Phrom.Phra Phrom is colloquially known outside Thailand as the Four-Faced Buddha (四面佛, Sìmiànfó) or Four-Faced God (四面神 Simianshen) among Chinese folk religious worshipers, among whom the faith of this god has spread in the latest decades.","title":"Phra Phrom"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Erawan Shrine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erawan_Shrine"},{"link_name":"Bangkok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangkok"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Government House of Thailand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_House_of_Thailand"}],"text":"Worshipers of the god usually offer incense, candles, jasmine flowers or jasmine garlands and young coconut milk (with water in them) in their worship, usually placing these offerings before all four heads of Phra Phrom, each head representing a different aspect of the deity; it is believed each side of Phra Phrom offers different blessings. Another common way of worship is to place wooden elephant statues on the altar to honor him. Phra Phrom is also known to admire Thai classical music, which is played near larger scale outdoor altars, accompanied by dancers. For a small fee, the dancers include worshiper's name into the songs they sing while dancing. Worshipers of Phra Phrom are also usually advised to abstain from consuming meat. It is also believed that worshipers have to make good on any promises made to the deity else misfortune will befall them instead of the fortune that was asked for. Items needed for prayers are available in the premises of the shrine.The main example of this representation of Brahma is the statue at the Erawan Shrine in Bangkok, where the faith of the god has its origins in modern times.[4] The golden dome of the Government House of Thailand also contains a statue of Phra Phrom.","title":"Worship"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Erawan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erawan_(elephant)"},{"link_name":"overseas Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overseas_Chinese"},{"link_name":"Southeast Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeast_Asia"},{"link_name":"Singapore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore"},{"link_name":"Indonesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia"},{"link_name":"Malaysia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia"},{"link_name":"Taiwan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan"},{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"Hong Kong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong"},{"link_name":"Shanghai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghai"},{"link_name":"Guangzhou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guangzhou"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%E9%AB%98%E9%9B%84%E6%A9%8B%E9%A0%AD%E5%9B%9B%E9%9D%A2%E4%BD%9B.jpg"},{"link_name":"Kaohsiung, Taiwan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaohsiung,_Taiwan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Erawan_Shrine_of_Xixin_Chan_Temple,_picture3.jpg"},{"link_name":"Xixin Chan Temple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xixin_Chan_Temple"},{"link_name":"Hunan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunan"},{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Thai_4_Buddies.jpg"},{"link_name":"Erawan Shrine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erawan_Shrine"},{"link_name":"Bangkok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangkok"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Phra_Phrom_of_Koon_Ngam_Ching_Yuen.JPG"},{"link_name":"Sha Tin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sha_Tin"},{"link_name":"Hong Kong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Phra_Phrom_Statues_of_Chuk_Lam_Sim_Monastery_Fu_Yung_Shan_Tsuen_Wan_Hong_Kong.JPG"},{"link_name":"Tsuen Wan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsuen_Wan"},{"link_name":"Hong Kong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Phra_Phrom_at_10000_Buddha_Temple_Hong_Kong.JPG"},{"link_name":"Ten Thousand Buddhas Monastery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ten_Thousand_Buddhas_Monastery"},{"link_name":"Sha Tin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sha_Tin"},{"link_name":"Hong Kong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Giant_She_Mien_Fo_Statue_at_Sanggar_Agung_Temple,_Surabaya,_Indonesia.jpg"},{"link_name":"Sanggar Agung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanggar_Agung"},{"link_name":"Surabaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surabaya"},{"link_name":"Indonesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lao_Brahma.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:011_Brahma_(9140918769).jpg"},{"link_name":"Wat Phothivihan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wat_Phothivihan"},{"link_name":"Kelantan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelantan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Phra_Phrom.gif"},{"link_name":"Hong bird","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamsa_(bird)"}],"text":"As early as the 1980s, the popularity of the Erawan worshippers of Phra Phrom from its inceptions in Thailand spread, accompanied by faithful reproduction of the structure of the Thai-style shrine and the image, among overseas Chinese in other countries of Southeast Asia (Singapore, Indonesia and Malaysia), in Taiwan, and in China, with shrines established in Hong Kong, Shanghai and Guangzhou.[citation needed]An altar dedicated to Phra Phrom in Kaohsiung, Taiwan.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPhra Phrom shrine at Xixin Chan Temple in Hunan, China.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPhra Phrom statue at the Erawan Shrine, Bangkok\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPhra Phrom statue of Koon Ngam Ching Yuen, Sha Tin, Hong Kong\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPhra Phrom statue of Chuk Lam Sim, Fu Yung Shan, Tsuen Wan, Hong Kong\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPhra Phrom at the Ten Thousand Buddhas Monastery, Sha Tin, Hong Kong\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPhra Phrom statue at Sanggar Agung, Surabaya, Indonesia.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tStatue of Phra Phrom in a Laotian Buddhist temple.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPhra Phrom statue in Wat Phothivihan, Kelantan, Malaysia.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPhra Phrom riding the Hong bird, old statue.","title":"Spread among ethnic Chinese"}] | [{"image_text":"Phra Phrom at Wat Yannawa in Bangkok, Thailand","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Wat_Yannawa_-_007_Brahma_%2812130018383%29.jpg/220px-Wat_Yannawa_-_007_Brahma_%2812130018383%29.jpg"}] | [{"title":"Sīvali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C4%ABvali"},{"title":"Phra Malai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phra_Malai"},{"title":"Phra Mae Thorani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phra_Mae_Thorani"},{"title":"Erawan Shrine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erawan_Shrine"},{"title":"Spirit house","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spirit_house"},{"title":"Dharmapala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dharmapala"}] | [{"reference":"McDaniel, Justin (June 2013). \"This Hindu Holy Man is a Thai Buddhist\". 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